NATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR ON HERBAL CONSERVATION, CULTIVATION, MARKETING AND UTILIZATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CHHATTISGARH “THE HERBAL STATE” DEC. 13-14, 2001
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NATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR
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| Contributor:Dr. Pankaj Oudhia QA and TEM | Reports Published item Free form Table of Contents Display Full eArticle | ID: 700 |
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| Abstract |
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| SOUVENIR CUM ABSTRACTS Edittor: Pankaj Oudhia NATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR ON HERBAL CONSERVATION, CULTIVATION, MARKETING AND UTILIZATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CHHATTISGARH “THE HERBAL STATE” DEC. 13-14, 2001 Organised by : Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI), Raipur (C.G.) India. Co-organised by : Chhattisgarh State Minor Forest Produce (Trading & Development) Co-Operative Federation Ltd. Raipur (C.G.) |
| Table of Contents |
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| CONTENTS | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Page No. Introduction i - ii Seminar organizing committees iii-iv Programme at a glance v-vi Information for the participants vii Technical Sessions viii-xix Abstracts 1-154 Index of authors 155-157 Advertisements 158 |
| INTRODUCTION | Return To Table of Contents |
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| According to World Health Organisation (WHO) more than 1 billion people rely on herbal medicines to some extent. The WHO has listed 21,000 plants that have reported medicinal uses around the world. India has a rich medicinal plant flora of some 2500 species. Of these, 2000 to 2300 species are used in traditional medicines while at least 150 species are used commercially on a fairly large scale. India and Brazil are the largest exporters of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants in India are estimated to be worth Rs. 550 crore, Ayurvedicethical formulations contribute the remaining sum. Cosmetic industry as well as aroma therapy are two important areas where Indian medicinal plants and their extracts, essential oilcan contribute globally. Medicinal and aromatic plants have a high market potential with the world demand of herbal products growing of the rate of 7 percent per annum. Chhattisgarh, the herbal state, is bestowed with a wealth of medicinal and aromatic plants, most of which have been traditionally used in Ayurveda, Yunani systems of medicines and tribal healers for generations. Chhattisgarh is rich in biodiversity. Many valuable and rare medicinal and aromatic plants have been reported from this state. Bastar, the southern plateau of Chhattisgarh, holds a reputed poistion in world bio-diversity map for its unique bio-diversity. The forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in herbs useful in treatment of common ailments to lethal diseases like blood cancer. Bhramar mar for cancer, Satawar, Safed Moosli, Kali Moosli, Asgandh for promising tonic, Kukronda and Adusa for respiratory trouble,Gudmar and Sadasuhagan for Diabetes, Bramhi and Bach for memory, Kalmegh for chronic fever, Sarpagandha and Arjun for heart troubles are some examples of miracle herbs found in Chhattisgarh. Sanjivni booty, the miracle herb used for the treatment of Lakshman, grows in abundant in this state. Due to different Agro climatic regions, the medicinal flora vary from different regions. For example the flora of Bastar is entirely different from the flora of Sarguja. This uniqueness has made the Chhattisgarh even more rich in terms of natural forest resources. About 300 rare and useful medicinal and aromatic plants have been reported from Chhattisgarh. From last two decades due to heavy exploitation of natural medicinal plants, its availability is continuously decreasing. Sarpagandha, Aloe and Gloriosa once in abundance, now they have became rare plants in these regions. The availablity of wonderful herb Safed Moosli is also continuously decreasing in the state. In order to reduce the tremendous pressure on forests generated due to heavy demand of these herbs in national and international drug markets, the conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants has become a need of the day. As mentioned earlier, Chhattisgarh is rich in bio-diversity. Inspite of huge bio-diversity and traditions of use of medicinal and aromatic herbs, we have not been able to utilize oppurtunities and exploit its hidden potential. Sadly many of the potential herbs are not known to the scientific world and of those known many are overexploited leading to their extinction or listing them as endangered or threatened plants. Somehow a way has to be found to domesticate and cultivate such herbs. Due to continuous efforts of many environmental agencies, now government is also planning to impose a ban on collection of medicinal and aromatic herbs from its natural habitat. Although a plant collected from the wild may fetch three times as much as a cultivated variety, but because of strict legal regulations, now farmers are trying to cultivate the medicinal plants. Today more than 500 farmers are cultivating about 30 species of medicinal and aromatic herbs in fairly large areas. Many species like Safed Moosli, are having largest acreage in the world. It is a plus point for the farmers of Chhattisgarh that the produce resulted from the cultivation of medicinal plants in crop fields are not much different to produce collected from the forests. This is due to the favourable situation and environment of the Chhattisgarh region. Many studies conducted on medicinal and aromatic herbs of Chhattisgarh have revealed that the differences in alkaloides content of major medicinal plants were negligible when the contents of cultivated and natural products were compared. The climatic and edaphic conditions of Chhattisgarh are suitable for commercial cultivation of more than 250 potential plants including Safed Moosli, Satawar, Asgandh, Akarkara, Sarpagandha, Bach,Ratanjot, Aloe, Senna, Gymnema, Mucuna etc. Chhattisgarh is known as 'Rice bowl of India'. Rice is one of the traditional crops of this state. But low production and poor market have made this crop high risk crop. Seeing the scope, demand and ease in cultivation, now more and more Chhattisgarh farmers are taking interest in commercial cultivation of medicinal and aromatic herbs, but due to lack of proper technical guidance, they are in dilemma. Lack of proper technical guidance in cultivation and poor information on processing and marketing, are discouraging the herbgrowers of the state as well as the young enthusiastic new farmers. There is a stong need to educate the farmers, young enterpreuners, local herb exporters, bank persons etc. about the different aspects of medicinal and aromatic herbs from identification to marketing in national and international drug markets. Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI) is a reputed herbal research institute and conducting research on various aspects of herbs and also engaged in herbal education. SHARI is conducting research on Agronomical aspects of wonder crop Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), processing aspects of Aloe vera, variety improvement of aromatic grasses, germplasm collection of wild herbs, in situ conservation of endangered species etc. This National seminar will provide a forum for the farmers, herbalists, forest officers, herb growers, entrepreneur, scientists, researchers etc. to interact with each other and formulate a new strategy for this new millennium in the field of herbs. 13 December, 2001 P. Oudhia Organising Secretary and Director (Research & Dev.) Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute |
| National seminar steering and organising committees | Return To Table of Contents |
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| (A) National Steering Committee Arun Kumar, IAS, Chief Secretary, C.G. Govt. J.L. Bose, I.A.S., Principal Secretary, M.P. Govt., {{Bhopal]e}. M.K. Raut, I.A.S., Secretary, Rural Panchayat, C.G. Govt. Sushil Trivedi, I.A.S., Secretary to Governor, C.G. State. R.C. Sharma, IFS, PCCF, Raipur. Rajeev Shrivastava, I.P.S., D.I.G., PHQ., Raipur. Amitabh Jain, I.A.S., Collector, Raipur. C.K. Khaitan, I.A.S., Jt. Secretary Public Relation, C.G. Govt. Ajit Kesari I.A.S., Collector, Muraina, M.P. Rakesh Chaturvedi , I.F.S., DFO, Raipur. V.K. Patil, Vice-chancellor, IGAU, Raipur. R.K. Singh, Vice-Chancellor, Gurughansi Das University, Bilaspur. B. P. Chandra, Vice-chancellor, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. A. Minj, Registrar, Pt. Ravishankar University, Raipur Baban Prasad Mishra, Managing Editor, Navbharat, Raipur. D.P. Panda, GM, NABARD, Raipur Subhash Mishra, Joint Director, Public Relation, C.G. Govt. S.B. Das, Senior Scientist, Khargone. R.S. Tripathi, Director (Research), IGAU, Raipur. S.C. Jain, G.M., B.S.P., Bhilai. P.W. Basarkar, {{Dharwad}e}. B. Lal, IGFRI, {{Jhansi}e}. Pramod Agrawal, Orissa Concrete & Allied Ind. Ltd., Raipur. Puran Lal Gupta, Forest Consultant, Nepal. Suraj Agrawal, Medical College Hospital, Raipur, Rudra Pratap, Indian Institute of Science, {{Banglore}e}. G.S. Sainger, Chief of Communication, B.S.P., Bhilai. Kishore Pithalia, R.M.E. Works, Raipur. M.K. Porwal, {{Bikaner}e}. Surendra Pathak, (Naturopath), Bhopal. Kamal Sharda, Chairman, Raipur Alloys, Raipur. Sanjay Verma, Chairman, Srishti Herbals, Raipur. O.P. Dubey, Herbal Consultant, Kawardha. P. Divakriti, Architect, Raipur. O.P. Verma, Ranchi. (b) Souvenir Committee P. Oudhia, Head (Mob.:-98271-15642) R.C. Sharma A.K. Singh B.P. Chandra Sanjay Verma Rakesh Chaturvedi (C) Transport Committee O.P. Dubey, Head (Mob.:- 98271-61665) Dinesh Agrawal Ashok Vishwakarma Dalip Thakkar Harnarayan Bhoi R.P. Sahu D.K. Kalihari (D) Registration and Stage arrangements C.K. Khaitan, Head D.D. Soni Raju Chandel Medha Singh Vandana Tiwari Anupama Verma Ashok Soni Arvind Neralwar Dalip Thakkar Kishore Pithalia Devendra Soni Mangi Lal Soni Anup Shrivastava Kamal Choudhary Subhash Mishra Shyam Yadav (E) Poster Session Committee Raju Chandel, Head (Mob.:- 98271-15457) Shivani Rai Alok Katiyar A.K. Singh Lalit Rao Vijay Sahu Alok Tiwari (F) Accomodation Committee Mangi Lal Soni, Head Manish Gupta P.N. Agrawal Girish Bansal Deepak Kawar Sandhya Rao (G) Food Committee Kishore Pithalia, Head Mangi Lal Soni G.L. Khandelwal A.K. Singh (H) Press Committee G.S. Sainger, Head Ravindra Ginnore Ramesh Vyas Rakesh Gajendra Rajesh Gajendra Sujan Saha (I) VIP Reception Committee R.C. Sharma, Head Sanjay Verma A.K. Singh S. Alok Arvind Boaz Mangi Lal Soni A. Farishta Prakash Pagaria Kishore Pithalia J.A.C.S. Rao Kamal Choudhary (J) Technical Committee P. Oudhia, Head Suraj Agrawal, Head Umakant Tiwari A.K. Jha Suneel Sharma Satish Pandey (K) Exhibition Committee (1) R.C. Sharma, Head (2) J.A.C.S. Rao (3) Vani Rao (L) Medical Committee (1) G.S. Badesha, Head (2) A. Farishta (3) Neeta Kanwar (4) Sandhya Rao (5) Vijay Sahu (M) Momento Committee (1) Nawal K. Soni (2) Harishankar Gupta (3) Atul Shrivastava (4) Ashok Agrawal (5) Anil Tuteja (6) H. S. Batra |
| For participants of the poster sessions | Return To Table of Contents |
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| INFORMATION FOR THE PARTICIPANTS A) For the speaker at the oral sessions. 1. The overhead and slide projection and LCD multimedia projector facilities have been arranged. 2. You may please hand over your slides in the correct position and sequence to the projectionist at the very start of your session. 3. If desired you may help him place your slides in the cassette in advance. 1. In the book of abstracts you shall get your identification (ID) P no. and the session no. in which your paper is included. 2. You may kindly collect the material required for fixing of your poster on the panel on the day of your poster presentation from Mr. Raju Chandel, Head, Poster session committee. 3. Please fix your poster in its complete from on the specified panel as per ID. 4. For fixing you may please take the help of volunteers. 5. It will be appropriate if the presenting author is present during the poster session in front of the poster. |
| Technical Sessions | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Oral (O) / Title of the paper & Authors Page No. Poster (P) No. 13 , December , 2001 Technical Session – I (Oral Presentation) 1.00 - 2.30 PM & 3.30 to 5.00 PM Technical Session – III A (Poster Presentation) 5.00 - 6.00 PM (1) Conservation of herbs. (2) Identification of herbs. (3) Scientific exploitations of herbs. O-1 Development of medicinal plants in Chhattisgarh : 2 Problems and prospects. Patil, V.K. O-2 Protection of Bio-diversity through Medicinal Plants 3 - 4 Conservation and Development in Chhattisgarh. Boaz, Arvind. O-3 Scientific exploitation of medicinal plant resources of 5 - 6 Chhattisgarh state- A concept paper. Ravishankar, B. and Shukla, V.J. O-4 Medicinal Trees For Forest Conservation And Health Care 7 With Reference to Chhattisgarh Region. Puri, Sunil O-5 Endangered species of medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh on the 8 verge of extinction and other species which are rare and becoming endangered, need immediate conservation. Bharat, Bishal. O-6 Parthenium : A Curse for Natural Herbs. 9 - 10 Mahadevappa, M., Das,T.K. and Kumar, Ashok. O-7 Biodiversity Conservation and Cultivation of Medicinal 11 Aromatic Herbs. Sahu, T.R., and Sahu,P. and Nonhare, B.P. P-1 Tissue Culture Studies in Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica. 12 Sampath, P., Muthuraman, and Jayaraman, P-2 Regeneration of plants from leaflet explants of tissue culture 13 raised Ruta graveolens, a multi purpose medicinal plant. Mishra, Yogeshwar, Shirin, F. and Mandal, A.K. P-3 Exploring possibility of induced vigour for rapid multiplication of black 13 Pepper by using Piper colubrinum rootstock. Patil B.P., Waghmare G.M. Shinde, A.K. , Pujari K.H. and Godse S.K. P-4 Coppice grafting technique for transforming local Aonla (Phyllanthus 14 embellica L) into improved variety. Deshpande, S.B., Patil, B.P., Kshirsagar, P.J. and Shinde, A.K. P-5 Studies on Withania somnifera : Effect of Na-dikegulac on biomass 14 production and withaferin A content Ghosh, S. and Gupta, K. P-6 Germination behavior of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth in association 15 with VAM fungi. Choudhury, S., Bhandari, J.B. and Gupta, K. P-7 Plant growth retardants and medicinal plants : Effect of BAS III 15 (a triazole), sodium Dikegulac and CCC on Sida spp. Seal, S. and Gupta, K. P-8 Documentation and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Bastar of 16 Chhattisgarh. Choudhary, V.K., Sharma, S.K. and Singh, A.K. P-9 Mushrooms and Forest Dwellers in Herbal State Chhattisgarh. 17 - 18 Shukla, R.V. P-10 Microwave Treatment For Protection of Herbal Plants in Chhattisgarh. 18-19 Srivastava, S.K. P-11 Role of Biotechnology in Herbal Conservation. 19 Singh, Medha. P-12 Micropropagation of Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene. 19 A.Bakruddin Ali Ahmed, Rao, A.S. and Rao, M.V. P-13 Ex situ conservation of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers. ex. Hook 20 F & Thoms. Mridula, K., Rao, A.S. and Rao, M.V. P-14 An Economic Study of Conservation Herbal Plants in Baster District 20-21 of Chhattisgarh. Pathak, H., Gauraha, A.K. and Choudhary, V.K. P-15 The use of traditional knowledge for the conservation of Herbs (in Hindi) 21 Ginnore, Ravindra P-16 Study of the measurement of Dielectric constant of different Herbal 21-22 plants at Microwave frequencies. Srivastava, S.K. and Saxena, R.K. P-17 Identification and Medicinal use of Oil-Bearing Jungle Seeds. 22 Nag, Jeevan Lal, Meshram, R.K. and Singh, P.N. P-18 In Vitro Micropropagation of Oxalis corniculata (L.) 22 Kumaresan, V. and Rao, M.V. P-19 A Spineless Morphotype of Kewda (Pandanus fascicularis) from the 23 Ganjam Coast of Orissa. Panda, Kamal K., Panigrahy, Rabindra K. and Panda, Brahma B. P-20 Study of Medicinal plants of North Eastern Plateau Sub Zone of Bastar. 24 Rajput, A.S., Nair, S.K., Nanda, H.C. and Shaw, S.S. P-21 Identification and Documentation of Medicinal plants in Goa state 25 Thangam.M, K.N. Samaga , S.Priya Devi, A.R.Desai and P.G.Adsule P-22 Establishment of botanical garden and herb conservation in people’s protected areas Sahu, A.K. and Nanhoriya ,Rajesh 26 - 27 P-23 Role of Tribal Women in Conservation of Indigenous Knowledge 28 Geeta Thakur and A.K. Pande P-24 A seasonal study on the Bark of mangroves with reference to 28 polyphenols____Rhizophoraceae. N. Veerappan, A. Balasubramanian and S. Natarajan* O-8 Chhattisgarh - The Herbal State 29-31 R.C. Sharma Technical Session – II (Oral Presentation) 1.00 - 2.30 PM & 3.30 - 5.00 PM Technical Session – III B (Poster presentation) 5.00 - 6.00 PM (1) Organic farming of herbs, (2) Cultivation of herbs. O-9 Can Agriculture boost herbal drug Industry ? 33 Gupta, Rajendra. O-10 Prospects of Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Chhattisgarh 34 Tripathi, R.S., Tuteja, S.S. and Oudhia P. O-11 Medicinal plants and their cultivation in Chhhattisgarh 35-36 Nayak, M.L. P-25 Prospects of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) 37 cultivation in Subtropical north India : Initial observations and future research needs Singh Aparbal, Khanuja, S.P.S., Singh, Saudan, Singh, U.B., Gupta, S.K. and Singh, Man. P-26 Evaluation of some yam(Dioscorea species) cultivars for 38 growth, tuber yield and quality under Chotanagpur plateu (Jharkhand). Kumar, Rajesh P-27 Effects of Crop Geometry on Leaf Yield of Senna 39 (Cassia angustifolia) Bhati, D.S. and Rathore, M.S. P-28 Effect of sewage water on Isabgol (Plantago ovata) cultivation 40 Ajay, Ramesh, P., Singh, P.K., Reddy, K. Sammi, Ramana, S. P-29 Agro-techniques influencing the production potential, productivity 41 And quality of yams and aroids. Kumar, Rajesh and George, James P-30 Current Status of Medicinal Plants Cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. 42 Kothari, S.K., Singh, C.P., Singh K., Rao, B.R. Rajeswara and Bhattacharya, A.K. P-31 Benificial effects of phytochemicals on food-fodder-MPTS 43 Production systems Lal, Banwari and Oudhia, P. O-12 Improved Cultivation Practices for Medicinal Crops : Glimpses 44 of Research at Farmer’s Fields in Chhattisgarh (India). Oudhia, P. P-32 Seed Dormancy and Germinations Studies in Medicinal Plant, 45 Cassia alata L. Pandian, P., Govindarasu, R., Savery, M.A.J.R. and Manian, K. P-33 Organic Farming of Medicinal Plants in the Drylands. 46 Sharma, Arun K. P-34 Response of Different Cymbopogon Species in Guava Orchards. 47 Singh, D.K. and Bajpai, N.K. P-35 Monitoring of Boron effect on germination of Rice cv. Mahamaya 47 Sarawgi, S.K. and Oudhia, P. P-36 Jojoba : A potential new shrub for wastelands of Chhattisgarh. 48 Sharma, Dhananjay, Malaiya, Sanjeev and Pal, A.R. P-37 Survey Study on Prospects and Problems of Medicinal and 48-49 Aromatic Plants Cultivation. Chaudhary, Vinod kumar. P-38 Prospects of Kheksi Cultivation in Chhattisgarh. 49 Sharma, Dhananjay, Singh, P.N. and Pal, A.R. P-39 Effect of Planting and Harvesting Dates on Yield and Quality 49 of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) Nemade, Seema, Ravankar, H.N. and Sarap, P.A. P-40 Growth and yield analysis of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- 50 graecum L) Under varying sowing times and fertility levels Sheoran, R.S., Pannu, R.K. and Rana, D.S. P-41 Chemical Manipulation to Increase Seedling Vigour of Solanum 50-51 nigrum Ilango.C, Manian, K. and Selvaraj P. P-42 Response of Harvest and Nutrient Management on Seed Yield 51 and Alkaloid Content in Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) under Sodic Soil Conditions. Singh, Ajai and Singh, Bajrang. P-43 Cotton Seed-Oil of Different Genotypes Influenced by 52 Environmental Factors. Tomar, A.K. P-44 Commercial Cultivation of Indian Herbs in North America. 52 Richter, Conrad, P-45 Flowering and maturity of different generations of fenugreek 53 crosses under two environments Singh, Ram Avtar and Jhorar, B.S. P-46 Performance of Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli L.) 53 cultivars in northern Karnataka Hegde, Laxminarayan. P-47 Future Prospects of Cultivation of Aromatic Plants in Chhattisgarh. 54 Geda, A.K., Dubey, P. And Tiwari, P.K. P-48 The Cultivation of Buch with Rice : A Study 54 Verma Deendayal P-49 High Technology in Agro Forestry 55-56 Bharat Vijay P-50 Influence of Propagation Methods on root quality and productivity 57 of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) Pandey, A.K. and Patra, A.K. P-51 Management of Medicinal and Herbal Plants in Chhattisgarh State. 58 Banafar, K.N.S., Gauraha, A.K., Jain, B.C. and Choudhary, V.K. P-52 Gap in Package of Practice in Hina Cultivation Under Farm Forestry 59 System. Singh, D.P., Prakash, H.G. and Singh, R.A. P-53 Agrotechnique practices for cultivation of Evolvulus alsinoides 60 (Linn.) Linn. (Fam: Convolvulaceae), an important medicinal herb. Kasera, Pawan K. and Saharan, Priya P-54 Suitable Intercrops for Safed Musli Cultivation 61 Tripathi, Ramashankar P-55 Safed Musli : Cultivation and Cheap Storage method 61-62 Tripathi, Rajaram P-56 Prospects of development of cropping systems involving 62 Medicinal herbs. Rao ,E.V.S. Prakasa, Puttanna ,K. and Mallikarjuna, K. P-57 Herbal Farming : An overview 63 Umesh Kumar Shrivastava P-58 Eco friendly pest management in herbal farming 64 Umesh Kumar Shrivastava P-59 Effect of method of planting and type of planting meterial on Growth 64 and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) H.G. Sharma, S. Agrawal and A. Pandey P-60 Effect of Nitrogen and sulphur on productivity and economics of 65 palmarosa grass cultivation in west bengal R.C. Samui and H.K. Nayak 13 December, 2001 Technical Session – IV (Oral Presentation) 6.00 - 8.00 P.M. 14, December' 2001 Technical Session – VI A (Poster Presentation) 10.30 - 12.30 PM (1) Pest management, (2) Post harvest management of herbs, (3) Quality control and standardization. O-13 Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Products. 67 De, Subrata, O-14 Ecofriendly weed and MPTS litter management in Herbal 68-70 Cultivation through allelopathic methods. Lal, Banwari and Oudhia, Pankaj O-15 IPM- An Ecologically Safe Plant Protection Approach. 70 Das, S.B. O-16 Pest Management in Medicinal and Aromatic Crops 71-72 Shah S.S., Ganguly, R .N. and Pophli, D. j. P-61 Standardisation of a ply herbal Ayurvedic drug-hutabhugadi curna. 72-73 Saraswathy, A. and Rukmani, S. P-62 First record of Orange banded blister beetle Zonabris pustulata Thunb. 73 (Coleoptera : Meloidae) on Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum L.) Oudhia, P. P-63 Phyllotreta crucifera Goeze : A new pest of medicinal crop Lepidium 74 sativum L. in Chhattisgarh (India). Oudhia, P. P-64 Importance of quality control and standardisation in Homoeopathic 74 medicainal plants. Subramanian, P. P-65 Evaluation of plant extracts against top borer Scirpophaga 75 excerptalis Walker. Singh, Suchita, Dixit, Anil and Yadav, Shambhu Singh P-66 Process Standardization for the Preparation of Whey 75-76 Based Mango Herbal Beverages. Prashanth, S. P-67 Room temperature dehydration key to post harvest management of herbs. 76 Meisheri, Lalit D. P-68 Piper colubrinum : A wilt tolerant rootstock for betel Vine (Piper betel). 77 Godse, S.K., Patil, B.P., Dalvi, M.B. Shinde A.K. and Pujari K. P-69 Quality control & marketing problems of medicinal plants. 77-80 Pusalkar, V.R. and Aruna P-70 Role of Phyto- Chemistry in Essential Oil Industries. 80-81 Geda, A.K. Pandey, R.L. Mishra, R.K. and Dubey, P. P-71 Preliminary Studies Of Pollinator Fauna Of Ashwagandha 81 (Withania somnifera Dunal)in West Nimar Of Madhya Pradesh. Paliwal, M. Das, S.B. Kandalkar, V.S. and Veda, O.P. P-72 Occurrence of aphid on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) 82 in West Nimar Of Madhya Pradesh. Paliwal, M. Das, S.B. .Kandalkar, V.S and Veda, O.P. P-73 Insect pests of Gmelina arborea-a medicinal tree. 82 Paliwal, M,. Das, S.B., Kandalkar, V.S. and Veda, O.P. P-74 Medicinal Herbs in Food Materials of Chhattisgarh Ginnore, Ravindra P-75 Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgreacum) extract for 83 preservation of ghee. Choudhary, P.L. P-76 Bio efficacy studies with the methanolic extract of Blumea solidaginoides 84 (Compositae). Prasad, Rajendra Y. and Punukolu, Baby P-77 Bioactivity of weeds against common fungi and insect pest of field crops. 84-85 Gautam, Kaushal and Chauhan, S.V.S. P-78 Post Harvest Technology of Selected Herbal and Medicanal Plants. 85 Srivastava, P. K. P-79 Pathogenic potential of Meloidogyne incognita on different cultivars of 86 Mentha arvensis. Haseeb, Akhtar and Shukla ,Prabhat Kumar P-80 Plumbagin: A natural occuring insecticide 87 Vijay Kumar Soni and Sunil Kumar 13 December, 2001 Technical Session – V (Oral Presentation) 6.00 - 8.00 PM 14 December, 2002 Technical Session – VI B (Poster Presentation) 10.30 - 12.30 PM (1)Herbal Marketing, (2)Ethnobotany, (3) Herbal and alternative systems of medicine. O-17 Naturopathy : An alternative tharaphy near to the nature (In Hindi) 89-90 Pathak, Surendra P-81 An Exploratory Survey of Medicinal plants flora of North Bastar 91 Region of Madhya Pradesh. Asthana, O.P., Trivedi, K.C. and Iiyamutullan, M. P-82 Ethnomedicobotany of certain plants used by the tribals of Sehore 91-92 District of M.P. for curing various ailments. Vinnu Kumar, K. Malhotra, Dolly and Khan, S.S. P-83 Rice as medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh (India) : A survey. 92 Das, G.K. and Oudhia, P. P-84 Some promising economic ethnomedicinal plants of Bastar District, C.G. 92 Nonhare, B.P. and Sahu, T.R. P-85 Production and Marketing of Esabgol (herbs) and Pacholi (grass) in 93 Maharashtra. Jadhav, M.S. Pagri, B.V. and Vaidkar, R.D. P-86 Ethno-Medico-Botanical Study of Hepatoprotective remedies in Some 93-94 Tribal Dominated Pockets of Kamrup District, ASSAM, India. Kotoky, Jibon , Das, Parama Nanda (Late) P-87 Conservation and marketing of herbal plants in Chhattisgarh state. 94 Jain, B.C. Guraha, A.K. and Banafar, K.N.S. P-88 Sustainable Marketing Strategies for Herbal Dairy Products. 95 Choudhary, K.K., Choudhary, P.L. and Choudhary, Vijay. P-89 Marketing of Mentha in Western, U.P. 95-96 Singh, Ajab, Mishra, J.P. and Singh, K.K. P-90 Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products. 96 Gauraha, A.K., Pathak, H. and Banafar, K.N.S. P-91 The Demand of Forest Herbs in Selected villages of 97 Mungeli District Tiwari, Umakant, Dhuriya S.S. and Agrawal Rashmi P-92 Medicinal Trees and Its uses in Pathargadhi (Mungali Region) : A Survey 98 (Mungali Region) : A Survey Tiwari, Umakant P-93 Major Diseases and its organic management in different medicinal, and aromatic crops of Chhattishgarh. 98 Tiwari, Vandana and Oudhia, Pankaj P-94 The rare medicinal herbs of Korur (Bastar) Region 99 Dubey, O. P. P-95 Study of potential of different medicinal plants in existing markets of 100 Chhattisgarh Rajput, A.S., Nair, S.K., Nanda, H.C., Umate, S.M. and Shaw, S.S. P-96 The Cultivation and marketing of medicinal herbs in Chhattisgarh 101 Bhagchand Jain P-97 Prospects of industries depend on herbal forest produce in bastar 102 D.K. Suryawansi, V.K. Choudhary, K.K. Sahu and K.N.S. Banafar 14 December, 2001 Technical Session – VII (Oral Station) 12.30 - 2.30 PM Technical Session – IX A (Poster Presentation) 3.30 - 4.30 PM (1) Aromatherapy, (2) Role of herbs for better health, (3) Herbal drug formulations and its use in chronic and incurable diseases, O-18 Systematic Studies of Crude drugs in Ayurvedic Formulation 104 Uniyal, M. R. O-19 Medicinal Mushrooms of Chhattisgarh. 105 Thakur, M.P P-98 Poential anti-thromboembolic activity of homoeopathic drug, 106 Digitalis purpurea q – an experimental approach. Kumar, Sunil P-99 Antioxidant activity of Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). 106 Borse, B.B. L., Rao, Jagan Mohan and Raghavan, B. P-100 Herbs of medicinal value and their importance. 107 Sharma, Dhanjay, Malaiya, Sanjeev and Pal, A.R. P-101 Remedial measures of hypertension by medicinal plants. 107 Gouthaman , T. and Rao, M.V. P-102 Possible regulation of steroid diabetes by some plant extracts. 108 Gholap, Sanjay and Kar, Anand P-103 Opportunity analysis for proper utilization of herbs for Better health care. 108 Mishra, D.K. and Naik, S.N. P-104 Effect of herbal detoxicants and liver stimulant on the performance 109 of broiler chickens. Bhaskar, Dolly, Sharma, R.K., Singh, Chauhan, Harpal S.S. and Kumar, Ashok O-20 Common Anticancer Herbs, vegetables and MPTs of India. 109-110 Pandey, Gyanendra and Lal, Banwari P-105 Application of botanicals for the smearing of bamboo Trays in sericulture. 110 R., Sugun. P-106 Some Herbs : Ovicides of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. 111 Khan, M.A., Tiwari, Siddharth and Joshi, Bhawana P-107 The Role of Medicinial Plants in the remedy of disease Hypertension. 112 Gouthaman, T. and Rao, M.V. P-108 Plants & Herbs in People’s life in Chhattisgarh 112-113 Atre, Subhash P-109 Seed Treatment with leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Solanum 113 tarvum Swartz Boosts seeds germination in sesamum. Gopalakrishnan, C. and Gnanamurthy, P. P-110 Inhibitory Nature of Two Ocimum Spp. on Plant Pathogenic Fungi of Rice. 114 Gopalakrishnan, C. and Gnanamurthy, P. O-21 The use of herbal remedies in Eye Diseases 115-116 Dinesh Mishra O-22 Haritaki : A Divine herb. 117-119 Krishna Diwan. P-111 Role of Non-Governemnt organizations for herbal conservation, 120 cultivation, marketing and utilization Raj vir Singh and Arun Sharma P-112 Plants used in the welfare of Tribal Women and Child Health Care in 121 the Villages within Nauradehi Wild Life Santuary of Madhya Pradesh Gayatri Dubey O-23 Medicinal Plants in Primary Health Care 121 K. R. Kohli P-113 Safflower-A Medicinal Herb 122 S.S. Rao and Richa Shukla P-114 Indian Orchids in Indigenous Medicine System 123 S. P. Das O-24 Potential Ornamental / Garden Plants, Suitable for cultivation in 124-125 Chhattisgarh, Yielding herbal derivatives. P. Dubey P-115 Distribution and usage of less known plants of medicinal value 126 V. K .Dixit 14 December, 2001 Technical Session – VIII (Oral Presentation) 12.30 - 2.30 PM Technical Session – IX B (Poster Presentation) 3.30 - 4.30 PM (1) Role of NGO’S, (2) Medicinal weeds and its uses, (3) Herbs as cosmetics. P-116 Crop enemies, human and livestock friends- weeds. 128 Suman, Manju P-117 Impact of pollens of wasteland weeds on human health. 128-129 Nalini, A.S. and Uppar, D.S. P-118 Leguminous medicinal weeds of Hubli-Dharwad (North Karnataka). 129 Nalini, A.S. and Uppar, D.S. P-119 Prominent Medicinal Weeds of Gird Zone of Madhya Pradesh. 130 Pandey , S.K. and Kushwaha, H.S. P-120 Allelopathic infuence of Parthenium extracts on the germination and 130 seeding growth of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Mehta, Rakesh, Sharma, P.B. & Singh, Pratibha P-121 Allelopathic effect of Parthenium leaf extract on germination and 131 seedling vigour of Urad. Mehta, Rakesh, Sharma, P.B. & Singh, Pratibha P-122 Useful weeds in rice fields and bunds : A boon for Indian farmers. 131 Oudhia, P. P-123 Traditional medicinal knowledge about an obnoxious weed Jal Kumbhi 132 (Eichhornia crassipes) in Chhattisgarh (India). Oudhia, P. P-124 Common Rice weeds used for First Aid by Chhattisgarh Farmers. 133 Oudhia, P. P-125 Weeds mentioned in holy Ramayana.. 134 Oudhia, P. P-126 Medicinal weeds in banana orchards : A boon for small farmers of 134 Chhattisgarh (india). Oudhia, P. P-127 Traditional medicinal knowledge about common crop weeds . 134-135 In Bagahera (India) Region : A Survey Oudhia, P. Pal, A.R. and Pali, G.P. O-25 The role of non-governmental organizations in the field of herbs 136 S. Aloke P-128 An important Medicinal weed : Argemone 137 Geeta Thakur, and C.S. Singh P-129 Medicinal plant sector : Opportunities and constraints in India 137-138 C.S. Singh and Geeta Thakur O-26 Chhattisgarh Emerging Valuable Herbal State 139 Gyanendra Pandey O-27 Agnihotra P.W. Basarkar Late Abstracts 140-154 |
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| (1) Technical Session - I (Oral Presentation) Technical Session - III A (Poster Presentation) (a) Conservation of herbs. (b) Identification of herbs. (m) Scientific exploitations of herbs. Development of medicinal plants in Chhattisgarh : Problems And prospects V.K. Patil Indira Gandhi Agriculaural University Raipur (C.G.) 492012 E-mail :- vk_patil@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh state has a very rich biodiversity of medicinal plants. The biodiversity remained intact in those districts where the tribal population is predominant. Some of such areas with high biodiversity in chhattisgarh are Bastar, Kanker, Dantewara, Surguja, Koriya, and Jashpur districts. The tribals of chhattisgarh, even now, depend upon the medicinal plants for treating their ailments. For example, the medicine to treat diabetes is Silosia and two important species of the same viz. S. .microsperma and S. Spunadis are available in plenty in the forests of Bastar and their roots and bark are used as medicine. Similarly Chomefera mukul, which is used in Ayurveda for treating obesity and other heart ailments, is abundant in chhattisgarh. Root crops like Fulreria tuberosis used for preparation of tonic and other purposes are available in the frosts of Bastar and Surguja. Now the importance of the medicinal plants is well recognized due to open economy and globalization. A number of progressive farmers in the state are coming forward to take up the cultivation of medicinal plants on commercial basis. However, there are several problems that are cropping up in development of the medicinal plants in the state. Some of them are : 1. Development of medicinal plants in a sustainable manner. This mainly depends upon designing appropriate property right structures and regimes to safeguard the tribal community, as they are responsible for preservation of these valuable materials since several centuries. 2. In the WTO regime, it is necessary to adopt suitable policies to honour the international commitments besides safeguarding the local tribal interests. 3. Conservation of the vast resource of medicinal plants needs a thorough planning and infra-structural development. This requires continuous investment, since generation humid of the project may be fairly long. Research and development activities are prerequisities for the commercial cultivation of the medicinal plants. The primary R&D activities that are needed for development of the medicinal plants in chhattisgarh are : 1. Resource inventory and mapping, through which a clear picture of the available medicinal plants in different parts of the state can be obtained. 2. Development of suitable agro techniques for some of the medicinal plants for viable commercial cultivation. The agronomy includes climate and soil suitability, time of planting, crop geometry, fertilizer application, plant protection etc. 3. Processing and marketing including export, for this purpose, some R&D institutions under ICMR can be contacted to have collaborative research programme with the universities in the state. This ascertains the validity of the medicinal plants against various diseases. 4. Encourage to the Pharmaceutical industries in chhattisgarh. Once, such R&D activities are developed, the state can prosper well through medicinal plant cultivation. In this paper attempts have been made to discuss each of the above issues with state perspective and some recommendations have been made for the development of medicinal plants in the state. Protection of Bio-diversity through Medicinal Plants Conservation and Development in Chhattisgarh *Arvind Boaz Chief Conservator of Forests, Chhattisgarh. ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh, the newly carved out state in the Union of India, has an extermely rich bio-diversity. Nearly 44% of its Geographical area is covered with forests. These forests comprise of rich Sal, Teak, and Miscellaneous Forest. The forests are mainly inhabited by indigenous people who are greatly dependent on the Medicinal Plants available in these forest for their health and economic well being. In India, over 7500 species are recorded as being used by 4635 ethnic communities for human and veterinary care. Over 1700 species have been documented in Ayurvedic texts, out of these species nearly 625 species have being identified and traded from the forests of chhattisgarh. It is estimated that the annual turnover in Medicinal Plants in the State of chhattisgarh exceeds Rs. 500 Crores. In the recent years there has been a heavy increase in the demand for herbal products. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has estimated a trade of US$ 60 billion per year. This has led to heavy destructive over exploitation. Nearly 95% of the species are subjected to heavy destructive exploitation due to insufficient knowledge and greed of collectors and end users. In a Conservation Assessment and Management Planning Work shop organised by I.I.F.M. Bhopal, out of the 40 commercially exploited species evaluated, two (2) were found critically endangered, 9 endangered and 14 vulnerable. Inspite of the massive demand for Medicinal Plants, less than 20 species are under cultivation. Cultivation is also an extremely risky proposition as most of the middle men involved in the trade heavily exploit the farmers because of their ignorance, both as far as species cultivation is concerned as well as the marketing aspect. The situation of the herbal cultivation is still worse as there is heavy exploitation by kochias and middle men of the poor ignorant collectors. The situation is so bad because there is little awareness in this field and there is absolute lack of primary and secondary data of the existing potential, area of occurrence, persent exploitation extent (collection and cultivation) demand and supply quantities/channels, rates of procurement etc., both at the collector/farmer, as well as the Organisation (Primary Forest Co-operative or Joint Forest committee) level. There is no forward or backward positive linkage between primary producers and the end users. There is no price control or any standardisation of procurement at any level. No value addition is taking place and only raw material is being plundered by the end users without any investment on their part for the conservation and development of medicinal plants. The era of this massive exploitation seems to be coming to its end, with the initiatives of the State Government. The declaration of the state of chhattisgarh as a herbal state and the initiatives being brought about, have served as a ray of hoe, not only to the forest collectors but also to the cultivators of Medicinal plants in chhattisgarh. A task force has been established and Peoples' Protected areas are being developed by the forest department. tHe Joint Forest Committees have been empowered with ownership right over medicinal plants as per provision of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. This has generated interest of the local communities in the conservation and development of this resource. Effective legal frame work with Special Acts have also come in force both in trade and transit. Transit rules have been amended to re-introduce control on transit of Aonla etc. and to control its destructive harvesting and specific periods of harvesting have been introduced. But, still, several initiatives are needed to make inroads in the Medicinal Plants collection, cultivation and trade and establish chhattisgarh as a herbal State. Some of the Steps proposed to be taken, are as under : 1. Authentic data bank to be developed through lunch of district-wise actual field surveys and compilation of actual exploitation data through survey of various medicinal herbs markets. 2. Carry out market surveys to pinpoint demand supply matrix-create marketing research cell in the chhattisgarh MFP Federation. 3. Initiate action for empowering JFM committees by gram sabhas as provided in the 73rd constitutional amendments and priorities trade in medicinal plants. If necessary pass a bill. 4. Prioritize Medicinal plants species for direct intervention by the samities in a phased manner. 5. Initiate action to establish workable link between JFM committees and the primary forest co-operatives to ensure availability of finances and marketing facilitation. 6. Intiate dialogue with industries for standardization of raw material/crude drugs and franchies arrangements with the samitis/cultivators for supply of value added material. 7. Facilitate 'captive cultivation' for endusers to ensure direct link and ensured marketing to cultivators and consequent curb on exploitative practices 8. Carry out extensive training/extension programmes for collectors and cultivators. 9. Ensure Investments by end users by creation of a State level Medicinal Plants Conservation and development fund. 10. Ensure value addition at the primary level through establishment of primary processing units at the farm and committee level. 11. Substantiate/co-ordinate RD effort of the industries/Govt.agencies/NGOs for development of plant resource inculding genetic engineering and large scale propagation of improved varieties of medicinal plants. 12. Co-ordinate effort of various Govt./semi-Govt./NGOS and Industries to ensure continuous flow of funds for medicinal plants development and curb on parallel research. 13. Intiate action for due legislation/implementation of laws to curb destructive harvesting and plundering of resource base by end users without any investment on there part. The initiatives of the State Govt. have started bearing fruits and the insitu conservation of medicinal plants, their sustainable harvesting, storage and marketing being set into motion by the forest Department Work in the exitu development is taking place with several farmers taken up cultivation of medicinal plants. These initiatives can be further strengthened by the proposed steps cited above. This will not only lead to a major increase in the earning of the forest dependent local communities but also the farmers and also bring about their whole-hearted co-operation in the conservation and development of the mega bio-diversity that exist in chhattisgarh. Scientific exploitation of medicinal plant resources of Chhattisgarh state- A concept paper Ravishankar, B. and Shukla, V. J. Institute of Post graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- Gujarat State. ABSTRACT Natural products including medicinal plant form a very important source material for the therapeutics in all the systems of medicines that exist now. Due mainly to the world wide back to nature movement, the world market in plant based pharmaceuticals, medicinal preparations used in Traditional systems of medicine, perfumery, cosmetics, fragrances and food flavors has seen phenomenal expansion in the past two decades. The present global trade in herbal products is estimated to be around 60 billion US $ and is predicted to reach the figure of 5 trillion US $ by 2050. At present our country's turn over in drugs used in traditional systems of medicine is around 2400 crore rupees with an export component of around 300 crore rupees. This clearly indicates that there is tremendous scope for increasing our country's share in global herbal trade. However, the attempt to commercially exploit our herbal wealth should be done in a scientific and sustainable manner otherwise we may end up losing this great wealth for short-term economical gains. Hence it is very important to formulate action plans for undertaking an integrated and multi-sectoral approach for this purpose. As a first step it would be useful to prepare a status paper on different aspects related to medicinal plants resources development in the Chhattisgarh, which because of its vast natural resources has great potential for the development of medicinal plant resources based entrepreneurial activity. For undertaking the developmental activity it is a pre-requisite to undertake appraisal of the following factors - 1. Availability of raw material (drugs) and other in puts 2. Product development taking into consideration present and future national and international health care requirements 3. Awareness and tradition of utilization of medicinal plant based products. Creation of an authentic database on all aspects of medicinal plant resources development is required. This will help in formulating suitable action plans for scientific and sustainable development of each of the above mentioned sectors. The database with regards to raw material should include details about availability and distribution pattern of medicinal and aromatic plant wealth of the state, list of rare, overexploited and endangered plants that require suitable conservation strategies and data on cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in the state. The data base with regards to product development would require survey of the utility pattern of medicinal plants in different categories of preparations similar to the ITCOT (Tamil nadu) report on ayurvedic medicines which provides detailed and comprehensive information about all aspects of product development and marketing of ayurvedic products. This data should be supplemented with the data with regards to the health status at national and international level. This is very important for determining the thrust areas for development of new formulations for the present and future. There would be requirement for initiating steps for market promotion, import substitution and export promotion of medicinal plant based preparations. This also requires authentic database. For long term and sustainable development of medicinal plant resources it is very essential to undertake standardization of all aspects of medicinal plant based drugs starting from raw drug collection and processing, manufacturing process standardization and standardization of finished products. This forms a very vital part of the efforts to globalize the utilization of medicinal plant based preparations manufactured in our country and to ensure repeatability and reproducibility of the therapeutic effects observed with the herbal drugs. In addition wherever required it may be necessary to undertake toxicological and pharmacological studies to provide proof of safety and biological efficacy of the products marketed. Further it is essential to create awareness about the utility of ISM both at national and international level by mounting campaign through information, education and communication techniques. Nutraceutics is an emerging field of therapy in the international scenario. It deals with utilization of plants or plant products for preventive or curative effects through controlled dietary consumption. Many Ayurvedic plants have increasingly been utilized for this purpose. Indian spinach, karela, turmeric, fenugreek, curry leaf, mint leaf, onion,garlic, ginger, nutmeg, Piper nigrum and Piper longum, Piper betle are some of the examples. . It is necessary to identify medicinal plants with large global potential and then initiate steps to develop them as important source for international trade. Agro-commercial modalities for ensuring credit support to medicinal plant based resources development activities have to be worked out. This may include support for cultivation of medicinal plants, semi-processing of medicinal plants or for integrated development of medicinal plant based resources as a whole. Another important requirement is the generation of high quality human resources for shouldering different types of responsibilities enumerated above. For this it is essential to create infra-structural facilities in the form of educational and research institutes. Further there would be requirement for drug testing laboratories or regional Pharmacopoeial laboratories to take care of regulatory aspects of herbal product development. From the above account it is clear that medicinal plant based resources development related activities are quite complex requiring the services and expertise of many diverse agencies. There will be requirement for establishing effective link between agencies involved from the primary production stage to user end. It is essential to have a co-ordinating agency that can co-opt any organization specialized in a particular area. A state level medicinal plant development board on the lines of the recently established national board would be ideal for this purpose. Further details on different issues mentioned above would be provided during the full paper presentation. Medicinal Trees For Forest Conservation And Health Care With Reference to Chhattisgarh Region Sunil Puri Professor & Head Department of Forestry, India Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur (C.G.) 492 012 ABSTRACT Tropical forests are the source of a large proportion of the world's recognized medicinal plants. It is variously estimated that there are between 2,00,000 and 7,00,000 species of tropical flowering plants. Such a wealth of identified species, which have been in no sense thoroughly investigated, constitutes an enormous potential source of plant derived chemicals useful to man. Tropical forests are disappearing at a frightening rate and we are unwittingly observing the decrease of our natural resources which are the "power house of evolution" and a major source of "Wild medicines" Chhattisgarh region is no exception. The disappearance of the natural vegetation and even its replacement with artificially established forests are changing the ecology of the environment with a consequent disappearance or change in occurrence of many medicinally useful species, thus depriving of their benefits to the rural communities of Chhattisgarh. How we can assist in the conservation of these species ? The most appropriate programmes appear to be those dealing with forest conservation and promotion of cultivation practices of useful species. In situ and ex situ techniques are needed to conserve and manage the medicinal tree resources. The former provides the opportunity to preserve the broadest range of species, but the latter is more appropriate when access to specific or threatened populations is desired. The paper briefly reviews the important medicinal trees of Chhattisgarh and their future scope. Some recent developments in the field of medicinal plants are examined in a historical perspective, focusing on continuing programs, trends and needs in the conservation and domestication of these resources. The vanishing of medicinal resource is attributed mainly to commercial exploitation of biomedical resources. At international level many agreements, like Convention on Biological Diversity and General Agreement on tariffs & Trade, have taken place in order to conserve and properly utilize medicinal resources. Unfortunately, indigenous people have been marginalized. This paper examines the need of indigenous perspectives and bioprospecting rules for the conservation of medicinal trees. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF CHHATTISGARH ON THE VERGE OF EXTINETION AND OTHER SPECIES WHICH ARE RARE AND BECOMING ENDANGERED, NEED IMMEDIATE CONSERVATION. BISHAL BHARAT MEDICINAL PLANT ADVISOR TO CHH. GOVT., THAKUR ROAD, {{JAGDALPUR}e}. ABSTRACT I ENCLOSE HEREWITH THE LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANTS WHICH ARE END ANGERED AND ON THE VERGE OF EXTINETION. OUT OR THE 16 DISTRICTS OF CHHATTISGARH BASTAR DIST; KANKER AND DANTEWARA DIST; OF BASTER DIVISION ARE RICH IN MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ARE STILL ON EXPLOITED. SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED BY ME AND IS STILL UNIDENTIFIED. RECENTLY IN MY MEDICINAL SURVEY TO DEPOSIT NO. 10 OF BACHELI I WAS SURPRISED TO FIND THAT THE SOUTHERN PART OF DEPOSIT NO. 10, ADJACENT TO DESERTED REST HOUSE OF THE BASTAR RULERS I FOUND MANY SPECIES WHICH I HAD NEVER SEEN IN MY LIFE. THIS IS A ASTONISHING THING AND NEED A VERY DELAILED SURVEY AND IDENTIFICATION. DR. H.F. MONEY THE THEN FOREST ADVISOR OF EASTERN STATES AGENCY, IN 1938 AND ONWARDS COMPILED VIII VOLUME OF HAINS FLORA WHICH DR. HAINS HAD MISSED AND GAVE HIS FINAL VERSION THAT THERE ARE NO MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE WORLD LEFT TO WRITE 8TH VOLUME. THANKS TO DR. MOONEY FOR THIS DISCOVERY. LATER NO. DR. S.D.N. TIWARY LATE SENIOR C.C.F. (D.G.F.) M.P. WROTE A BOOK ON THE GRASSES OF BAILADEELA. THIS AREA NEEDS CONSERVATION AND DETAILED STUDIES. THE ANOTHER SURPRISE WAS TO NOTE THAT DEEP HUMOUS OF FOREST EXISTS IN THE DEPTH OF 2' TO 3' FEET MY LEGS WERE STUCK UP IN THE STORAGE OF DEEP HUMOUS. THIS IS THE REASON WHY SUCH RARE PLANTS ARE NOTICED. I MAY BE VERY ASTONISHING AS WELL AS INTERESTING TO THE LEARNED BOTANISTS. THIS IS REALLY A HEAVEN FOR THE AYURVEDIC SCHOLARS. IF THE GOVT. AID IS GIVEN I AM SURE CHHATTISGARH PROVINCE WILL BECOME FAMOUS FOR THESE WORLD RENOWNED MEDICINAL PLANTS NOT REPORTED IN THE FLORAS ELSE WHERE. THIS PROVES THAT CHHATTISGARH IS VERY RICH WITH THE MEDICINAL EALTH BEYOND THE ESTIMATION OF ANY EDUCATION ALIST. WITH THIS INVITE THE LEARNED BOIANISTS TO THE RICH DISTS. OF BASTAR & DANIEWARA WHERE TREE LIKE BARUD AGAINST WHICH SNAKES DASH AND COMMIT SUICIDE. Parthenium : A Curse for Natural Herbs M. Mahadevappa, T.K. Das and Ashok Kumar ABSTRACT Plant succession is a natural phenomenon.It is, however, slow in some cases and fast in others. All man-made habitats are highly vulnerable to invasion by a plant/weed, which quickly occupies such areas unless properly cared for. A case in point is the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Commonly known as parthenium, congress grass, white top or carrot weed; family - Asteraceae), a herbaceous, annual and poisonous weed. Widelydistributed in wastelands, degraded soil, rock crevices, along water canals, bunds, road sides, railway tracks, coalfield areas and recently in cropped areas, parthenium has become a matter of grave concern. Because of its efficient biological activity, wider adaptability to varying soil and micro-environment, parthenium has replaced dominant flora in a wide range of habitats cutting across state boundaries and agro-climatic region. Very little or sometimes no vegetation could be seen in parthenium dominated areas. Wherever it invades, it forms a territory of its own replacing the indigenous natural flora including medicinal herbs utilized by man as a source of medicine. It is parthenium's allelopathy, which causes inhibition of germination, suppression of natural vegetation including medicinal herbs and thereby poses a strong threat to biodiversity. Besides, its high fecundity [Nearly 7000 cypsella (fruits) & 10,000-15,000 seeds per plant} and small and light weight seeds capable of long distance travel through wind, water and other means, made parthenium highly proliferative. It is an ideal example of naturalized weed, which is more virulent and highly adapted with viable huge standing population all through the year to its new places/countries of introduction that its original homestead. Its maximum importance value incex (IVI) reported in both cropped and uncropped aeas itself depicts its higher competitive ability, strong adaptive, reproductive and regenerative potential. Since time immemorial, a variety of natural herbs have become the basis of traditional systems of medicine for treatment of several diseases in various parts of the globe. These traditional systems have been existing since remote past in countries such as China (Chang and But, 1986) and India (Kapoor, 1990). The traditional medicinal systems continue to be of vital importance. It has been estimated by World Health Organization (WHO) that nearly 80% of the world's human population depends on the traditional systems for primary health care (Fransworth et. Al., 1985). Amongst the world's ancient civilization, India has been recognized as a rich repository of natural herbs, which are being used in different indigenous systems of medicines e.g. Ayurveda, Siddha and Homoeopathy. Presently there are 9,500 plant herbs used in traditional medicinal systems as well as fold medicines., Terrain and longitudinal position encompassing different climatic zones from arid to temperate region, rainfall zones from highest to lowest ones and phyto-geographical regions from rich humid tropics to the alpine vegetation made India the home for natural herbs. Our rich heritage and mosaic ethnic culture too preserve the diversity of natural herbs widely distributed in different phyto-ecological zones of the country. The medicinal herbs viz., Swertia chirata, Rheum emodi, Gentiana kurroa, Picrorhiza sp, Centella asiatica, Aconitum sp, Inula racemosa, Artimissia sp, Bunium persicum, Onosoma bracteatum, Orchis latifolia, Saussurea lappa occur abundantly in the western Himalayas. In estern and north eastern and north eastern region,Chlorphytum sp, Dioscorea sp, Swertia sp, Aconitum sp, Rheum, sp, {{Coptis teeta}e}, Aristolochia sp, Mucuna pruriens, Cymbopogon sp, Solanum sp, Croton tigleum, Curcuma aromatica, Piper cubeba and Rauvolfia serpentina are available. The deccan peninsular and southern region (Western ghats and Malabar region) is rich in Chlorophytum sp,Curculigo orchioides, {{Celastrus paniculatus}e}, Plumbago zeylanicum, {{Gymnema sylvestre}e}, Strychnos nux-vomica, Curcuma sp, Piper sp, Dioscorea sp. In gangetic plains, the prominent medicinal herbs are {{Psoralea coryifolia}e}, Tinospora cordifolia, Sida sp, {{Phyllanthus fraternus}e}, Cymbopogon sp and Vetiveria sp. Under arid and semi-arid region, Calotropis sp, Aloe barbadensis, Tribulus terrestris, Withania somnifera are common. Indian forests are also the reservoir for medicinal herbs. They supported and accelerated the evolution and speciation of a large number of natural herbs. The medicinal herbs are adapted to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions and soil texture. Some of them also prefer to grow under degraded soil and wastelands. However, these areas are being quickly captured/occupied by parthenium. They, therefore, undergo continuous struggle/interference with parthenium, in which parthenium definitely becomes the winner. And thus the existence of economic herbs in these very areas is under threat. Parthenium lacks natural enemies. Even cattle do not feed on it. As a result the food chain gets disturbed, the trophic structure changes leading to ecological imbalance. The chemical constituents mainly sesquiterpence lactones (parthenin & coronopilin) present in almost all the plant parts impart it a number of ecological and biological advantages. Parthenin is responsible for toxicity, contact dermatitis and allelopathic properties. Besides alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, unsaturated sterols, some phenolic acids viz., caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, anisic and ferulic acids are also present in its aqueous extract as well as in root rhizosphere soil. All these cause inhibition of germination of other plant/herbs at the vicinity and allow parthenium to dominate. Parthenium causes considerable yield reduction to the tune of 40% in agricultural crops ({{groundnut}e}, {{cotton}e}, rice, hybrid {{sorghum}e}, {{maize}e}, soybean, safflower, {{sunflower}e}, {{pea}e}, niger, {{horse gram}e}, sesamum, castor, sugarcane, mulberry, millet, hybrid Napier grass, vegetables like bean, chilli, tomato and potato and up to 90% in forage production in grassland. Even horticultural crops like coconut, sapota, guava, {{grapes}e}, {{banana}e}, mango and arecanut are not spred. Parthenium grows well in almost all soil. The growth is more luxuriant in black soil as compared to laterite soil. It prevails all the year round due to its day-neutral habit, temperature insensitivity, drought tolerance and absence of seed dormancy. Under arid conditions, the weed has very high survivability due to low photorespiration and emerges through out the year, where other plants/herbs hardly withstand. Its seed germinate on a wide range of soil pH from 2.5 to 10.0 Soil alkalinity may suppress its growth with rains. High regenerative and reproductive potential of the weed are the other favourable reasons for its widespread. Root stumps, petiole and even detached midrib have the ability to regenerate. However, most of the natural herbs are not equipped with these versatile characters and as a result, they cannot withstand in close competition with it and their population is under gradual decline. Biodiversity Conservation & Cultivation of Medicinal Aromatic Herbs T.R. Sahu & P. Sahu & B.P. Nonhare Deptt. Of Botany, Dr. H.S.G.V.V., Sagar. ABSTRACT Madhya Pradesh and chhattisgarh are rich in Biodiversity and have given high priority for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants because they occupy an important place in the economy of tribal. The state, are dominated by tribal people living in forest, whose source of livelihood is minor forest produce by the medicinal plants, Thus over exploitation of medicinal plants has resulted into extinction of many important species of medicinal plants. At present collection and trade of medicinal plant is very unsystematic. These are mostly collected by the tribal with traditional knowledge and techniques and therefore, they get very low price on one hand on the other hand due to nonscientific collection some of the plant species are in danger for their survival. In the world trade. Today, the demands that the plant based material viz. Drugs and perfumery natural products is on the increase day by day. In this regard, promotion and cultivation of economically viable medicinal and aromatic plants on the state has been emphasized to boost economic status of tribal and farmers and biodiversity conservation. Farmers can earn more by cultivating medicinal plants. Than the traditional forming. Howeverm the International trade of medicinal/other plants should be controlled by CITES. Government of M.P. has given strong priority/support for conservation of Biodiversity in M.P. In pursuance of the above Govt. of M.P. has constituted a Biodiversity Board, under the Chairmanship of Shri Digvijay Singh, Hon'ble Chief Minister, Govt. of M.P. Internationally renowned scientisT, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is advisor, I am (senior aultior )one of the subject expert of this standing committee of the biodiversity Board. Looking into the importance and priority given by the Govt. of M.P. the Council has proposed to develop centres in various potential areas like Chitrakoot, Mandsaur. These centers will impart demonstration of agro-technologies of cultivation and propagation of medicinal plants developed by National Institutes like RRL, Jammu and Bhubneshwar, CIMAP, Lucknow to local people. For biodiversity conservation, important plants of respective area will also be planted, various activities of training/demonstration/cultivation/conservation are emphasized by networking of universities/colleges, NGO's Government agencies at district and block level with the objective, to provide broader scope and magnetite for rural employment and generate resource to the poor as a part of internal rural development. I am happy to note that in a newly borne state i.e. chhattisgarh, which a is a centre of lot of natural resources, where many rare and valuable medicinal plants are abundantly found in the forests, SHARI (Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute) is only reputed herbal Research Institute conducting research on various aspects of herbs. This seminar will be mile stone and will provide a forum for scientists of all disciplines, students and researcher and administration policies makers to discuss on the matter of Herbal resource from chhattisgarh and formulate the new strategies for their sustainable utilization and conservation looking to the requirement of local Indigenous tribal people. TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES IN BACOPA MONNIERI AND CENTELLA ASIATICA. SAMPATH, P.1, MUTHURAMAN, G.2 & JAYARAMAN, P.3 1& 2 - DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, PRESIDENCY COLLEGE, CHENNAI-5. 3 - INSTITUTE OF PLANT ANATOMY, CHENNAI. ABSTRACT Two medicinal plants of high therapeutic potency namely {{Bacopa monnieri}e} and {{Centella sciatica}e} used for improving memory were selected in this study. Suitable biotechnological methods for improvement and conservation were studied. Different explants for shoot and callus initiation was studied. The frequency of shoot induction was higher in nodal and leaf explants of Bacopa monnieri. Leaf explants produced around 13 adventitious shoots on average. In Centella asiatica nodes and stolons responded favourably producing shoots. The induction of calli from various tissues in the presence of different auxins were studied. Picloram and 2,4 - D were found to increase the callusing capacity at high concentration. IAA did not cause any callus at any concentration. Optimum concentration suitable for both auxins are also studied. Rate of growth of calli from leaf explants of both species were calculated. Experiments were conducted for optimization of explant preparation and cutting techniques for induction of multiple shoots which are useful for micro propagation. Thidiazuron was found to be the best cytokinin to increase the fresh weight of the cultures and solid media was found to be better than liquid medium. The growth of the calli in Centella asiatica with 2,4-D in culturing media was more suitable than IAA. For adventitious shoot induction in leaf explants of Bacopa monnieri, different cutting techniques were carried out. In the explants with two or more produced nearly twenty five shoots for every explant. For long term storage of In Vitro plants suitable culture media which were amended were tested and suitable amended media is suggested for Bacopa monnieri. This reduces sub culturing and to avoid damage to tissues for long term strage. Regeneration of plants from leaflet explants of tissue culture raised {{Ruta graveolens}e}, a multipurpose medicinal plant Yogeshwar Mishra, F. Shirin and A.K. Mandal Tropical Forest Research Institute P.O.-R.F.R.D., Mandla Road, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA ABSTRACT {{Ruta graveolens}e} is a member of Rutaceae and native of the Mediterranean region. The herb is considered to resolvent, diuretic, stimulant, antispasmodic and rheumatism. The entire plant is used as indigenous system of medicine. Shoot bud regeneration was achieved from leaflet explants of Ruta graveolens on MS semi-solid medium with graded numbers of adventitious buds were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2mg/1 BA and 1 mg/1 2,4 D.86.66% rooting of in vitro regenerated shoots was obtained on half strength MS semi solid medium supplemented with 3 mg/1 IBA. In vitro raised plantlets were successfully hardened with 100% survival. Exploring possibility of induced vigour for rapid multiplication of black Pepper by using Piper colubrinum rootstock Patil B.P., Waghmare G.M. Shinde, A.K. , Pujari K.H. and Godse S.K. Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle 416516, Dist. Sindhudurg. (MS) ABSTRACT Black pepper is both a medicinal plant as well as spice very commonly used in Indian homes. It is usually multiplied by stem cuttings of non-fruiting vines. Recently Piper colubrinum has been reported as compatible and phytophthora wilt resistant rootstock for black pepper. Investigations at the Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle (MS) revealed that the root stock imparts added vigour to the grafted black pepper than a cutting propagated from non fruiting vine. This prompted to exploit rootstock induced vigorous growth of black pepper for rapid multiplication in place of non-fruiting vines usually used. Piper colubrinum grafted black pepper can be planted at a close distance under artificial shade nets (50%) for multiplication purpose. Because of fast growth of the grafted pepper mature cuttings could be removed for raising pepper seedlings at frequent intervals. This method can save the cost of beds and big shades which are normally used for multiplication of black pepper and enable mass multiplication of black pepper at rapid rate. Coppice grafting technique for transforming local Aonla (Phylanthus embellica L) into improved variety S.B. Deshpande, B.P. Patil, P.J. Kshirsagar and A.K. Shinde Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle ABSTRACT Aonla (Phylanthus embellica), is the most popular premium medicinal plant having diverse medicinal properties. No other medicinal plant is exploited on such a large scale as aonla. The indigenous Aonla types are usually having small fruits and low yield. With a view to evolve nursery technique to transform such local types investigations were carried out at the Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle (MS). For this purpose, the local seedling plants were cut at one metre height from ground level in the month of October and entire crown was removed. The main trunk started sprouting within four weeks and produced number of small and big sprouts called coppices. These coppices (sprouts) were ready for grafting in the month of January-February. Out of the several coppices four healthy and vigorous sprouts were selected for grafting.The softwood grafting method with wedge grafting technique was used for transforming the selected four coppices into the high yield variety N.A. 7 with big fruit size (35 to 40 g/fruit). Mature terminal shoots (15cm long) were selected as scion sticks (1/2 cm thick) for grafting. The graft union was successful after 3 weeks when the scion sticks started sprouting. For early sprouting of the graft scion stick were covered by plastic bag which were removed after spronting started after grafting. The investigation provided evidence for successfully transforming the local aonla plants into improved high yielding type by coppice grafting and could be widely exploited for mass transformation of the low yielding local types into high yielding ones with big fruit size acceptable in market fetching premium price to this widely used medicinal fruit. Studies on Withania somnifera : Effect of Na-dikegulac on biomass production and Withaferin A content. S. Ghosh and K. Gupta. Department of Botany, Burdwan University, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT Withania somnifera, the Indian Ginseng, which does not grow in West Bengal in wild condition was attempted to cultivate both in rainy season and winter in loamy clay soil of the district of Burdwan, W.B. Seedlings were raised in nursery beds and transplanted after 90 days. Overall growth and dry weight of root and shoot was relatively much higher in plants grown in rainy season. Withaferin A content in terms of dry weight basis was also high in rainy season. Na-Dikegulac, a plant growth retardant (500-750 ppm) effectively increased the leaf number per plant there by increasing overall dry mass in both the season. The content of withaferin A increased in both the seasons by the application of Na-Dikegulac but the extent of increase was much higher in rainy season. It appears that plant growth retardant like Na-Dikegulac can be effectively explored in increasing biomass and withaferin productivity for commercial purposes. Germination behavior of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth in association with VAM fungi. S. Choudhury, J.B. Bhandari and K. Gupta Department of Botany, Burdwan University, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT Freshly harvested seeds of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth after sundrying exhibited no visible germination at laboratory condition i.e. at 250 C in light or dark. Increase or decrease in the temperature profile did not show any change. Pretreatment with germination promoters like GA3 and KNO3 of different concentrations was not effective in case of gerrmination of R. serpentina. Due to presence of hard seed coat, treatments like acid scarification with sulfuric acid, de-coating by sodium hypochloride and different alternate temperature alone or in combination when subjected to the seeds of R. serpentina, altogether failed to produce germination though imbibition percentage (weight basis) increased. Normal seeds showed 15% germination when they were associated with VAM fungi. Germination percentage increased when seeds were exposed to alternate temperature (35%), sodium hypochlorite (60%) and sulphuric acid (80%) pretreatment in association with VAM fungi. Initiation of germination also accelerated with these treatments. Root cortex of the seedlings showed presence of endotopic mycorrhizal fungal colony. Plant growth retardants and medicinal plants : Effect of BAS 111 (a triazole), sodium Dikegulac and CCC on Sida spp. S. Seal and K. Gupta Department of Botany, Burdwan University, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT The genus Sida, with about 200 species, is reported as medicinal plant since remote past for treatment of different diseases especially asthma and other chest ailments. However, no scientific effort has been made for systematic analyses of the genus and to increase productivity either biomass or alkaloids. The present study showed that the performance of plants sown in premonsoon is distinctly superior to monsoon and post monsoon grown plants. Plant growth retardants like BAS 111 and sodium dikegulac at mode rate concentration were highly successful in increasing leaf and root productivity but CCC failed to do so. Ephedrine, choline and Betaine content increased substantially when evaluated spectrophotometrically, through TLC and finally through HPLC. Agronomic prospect of such chemicals in medicinal plants, therefore, suggested. DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BASTAR OF CHHATTISGARH V.K. Choudhary, S.K. Sharma and A.K. Singh* * Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur - 492012 Chhattisgarh. ABSTRACT The study aims to examining an inventory of different medicinal plant species and to documents various conservation methods and use to medicinal plants in Bastar Districts of Chhattisgarh. To collect the information, 60 numbers of households were randomly selected from 2 villages of Jagdalpur Block of {{Bastar}g} District. Information about various medicinal plant species and their uses were also collected from, Baigas, Ayurved, local practitioner, local markets etc. The study reveals that the number of medicinal plants are found in study area and utilized by the tribals for medicinal purpose. The important medicinal plants uses by tribal people are Chirayta, White Musli, Anwla, Ashwagandha, Harra, Bahera etc. Anwla and Ashwagandha is used for diabetes and worm problem and tuberculosis. Bybring Harra, Bahra, Musli, Satavar and several medicinal plants are use to cure most of the disease by the tribals and also collected and marketed. The medicinal plants material collected and marketed by tribals through Government and NGOs who export such material outside the country and supply to different agencies which the country. Study suggested that there is an urgent need to identification and documentation of various medicinal plants species. Looking to the potential of some of the medicinal plant species and non-timber forest products resources, there is a need to establish pharmaceutical industries and forest based small scale industries in the region. MUSHROOMS AND FOREST DWELLERS IN HERBAL STATE CHHATTISGARH R.V. Shukla Department of Botany C.M.D. College Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001, INDIA ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh is a newly borne state consisting moist and semi moist red wood forests which are well known for their rich biodiversity. Besides the forests there are innumerable edible mushrooms like Amanita, Agaricus, Cantharellus, Coprinus, Lactarius, Lentinus, Psilocybe, Pleurotus, Russula, {{Termitomyces]e}, {{Volvariella]e} etc. The tribal population is the only measure source for the commercial prodction of these mushrooms, as the collection of large number of edible mushrooms is available in vast area of different forest ranges. During per&post mansoon season tribal used to collect mostly termitomyces, Geastrum, Volvariella, during early hours and sells in their local market. It seems to be general agreement about the superior nutritive value of Termitomyces locally called "putu" When compared with other edible mushroom. Many mushroom species such as Boletus, Cantharellus, Russula, and Lactarius, Geastrum are nearly always found associated with certain tree species such as Shorea robusta, Dandrocalamus sp., Tectona grandis, Pinus roxburghii, etc. Besides the ectomycorrhizal assosiation there are edible mushrooms obtained from different habitats like fresh plant residues, compost materials, soil & humps, megalithic lateritic monuments, wood logs, paddy straw heap etc. Local people are not familiar with the need for in situ conservation to maintain yearly availability. However they posses some understanding of ecological inter relationship of the various components of forest. In Chhattisgarh none of these species is cultivated for commercial exploitation. Number of attempts made to popularize the cultivation of pleurotus sps. But it did not yield tangible results. The cultivation of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is not feasible due to high atmospheric temperature. There are no available data on the microbial diversity particularly of tropical mushroom primarily due to the lack of mycologists for working in most geographical region of the state. However in my experience Agaricus, Cantharellus Lentnus Pleurotus, Russula, Volvariella are the important for their number of species in different forest ranges. During an ecological study in Puerto Rico, Lodge (1988) estimated that 20-30 percent of the Agaricus, she found were new species. Dennis (1970) listed 2412 species of macro fungi in his fungal biota of {{Venezuella}e}. There is no incentive to conserve tropical mushrooms of Chhattisgarh which is deemed for herbal state. As a consequence measure of in-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation are not supported at government level, even when for instance wild relatives of important food crops are threatened. Mushrooms present a real and potential medical interest, since their metabolites releases essential substances (enzymes) active upon a given function of the body or efficient inhibiting the development of parasite and they may improve human health by supplying trace elements and vitamins. Antitumar effects have been reported while the extracts of various edible fungi including Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus etc. compounds extracted from Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, Coprinus comatus have been r4eported to have antifungal and antibacterial properties. The tribal communities in Chhattisgarh occupy forested regions where for a long period in their history. They have lived in isolated but in harmony with nature. They draw their sustenance largely from the forests. Even in areas where forests do not exists, the tribal still visit distant forests periodically and try to get their traditional requirement. They have a very close linkage with their forest habitat which they regard as their mother deity. The most interesting in tribes in Chhattisgarh the Baigas which are familiar with number of biological species. They have developed a Pharmacopoeia based upon wild mushrooms which remains almost unknown to scientists. Thus appropriate use of knowledge of Baigas and other tribes in the distribution of mushrooms may add a significant dimensions to the mushroom technology. Under present consequences of deforestation and the influence of marginal environment in undulating topography of the hilly regions places a severe limitation on irrigation as a support to agriculture. The production of rice has gone down and animal husbandry is also equally threatened and the tribal population suffer from acute protein mal nutrition and throughout the state, the existing knowledge of native flora & fauna and their use by the aboriginal people is disappearing due to shifting of the tribal from natural habitats to other States. Today many agencies from out side the state are involved in exporting Termitomyces and germplasm collection of wild mushrooms. And no corresponding information is being gathered on local uses of these indigenous varieties of mushrooms. The social structure of the tribals can be profitably utilized for In situ conservation of mushrooms. Since the production of mushroom is a labour intensive programme hence with lot of unemployment and poverty in both urban & rural area mushroom technology would be more appropriate. Therefore, more emphasis should be given for the conservation of herbacious flora rather than cultivation. Microwave Treatment For Protection of Herbal Plants in Chhattisgarh S.K. Srivastava Astt. Professor, Deptt. Of physics & Electronics Govr. P.G. College, Ambikapur (C.G.) ABSTRACT The advancement in the microwave theory and techiniques due to the tremendous research and development efforts has widened its horizon and now a days microwave system are being extensively used in various disciplines such as radar telecontrol, tlemetry, television, radio astronomy, radio bacon, satellite communication and many others. Due to smallest wavelength and higher frequency, microwave have been used for industrial, scientific and medical application at frequencies 896, 950, 2450, 3300, 5800, 10525 MHz. Most industrial application of microwaves utilised the heating effect of microwaves in the industrial process like cooking, baking, puffing, drying, curing, evaporating, sterlising, moulding etc. many industries such as food, chemicals, rubber, textiles, plastics, paper, ceramic, cosmetics etc uses microwave energy. From above literature review it is found that microwave energy are much more important in daily events which are happening in nature. In the present investigation our aim is to apply the microwave energy obtained for protection of herbal plants. Since chhattisgarh region having plenty of herbal plants, therefore for cure and maintance purpose microwave energy is much more useful. Microwave energy obtained from Klystron source is passes through solotted line section and wave guide of required dimension. Frequency of incident signal is measured using frequency meters, VSWR meter is also linked with istrument to measure standing wave patterens. It is found that some selected frequency in X band are partially absorbed by the plants depending upon the selection of incident frequency. High frequency of microwaves also destroy the colonies of insecticide which is present in herbal plants. Microwave high fequency viberation technique (MHFVT) is applied to predict the life style of herbal plants and this techinque is also useful for protection from insecticide. Details measurement and analysis will be discussed in full papers. ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN HERBAL CONSERVATION MEDHA SINGH Facucity Member, Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute, SHARI, Raipur. ABSTRACTS Biotechnology is a technology using biological phenomene for copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substances. Biotechnology has its scope and importance in all fields. It has also revolutionise research activities in the area of agricultire. A herb is any plant that is useful to man, ;valued for its medicinal, savory and aromatic qualities. It has its our importance in medicines, perfumes, herbal capsuled, cosmetics etc. herbs and medicinal plants continue to be the source of proven medicaments and of new revolutionary drugs. The usual forms of herbs are tinctures, Decotion, Syrups, essential oils, creams etc. Chhattisgarh is rich in herbal wealth due to supportive climatic conditions, soil, teroperature and rainfall to herbal cultivation. It is endoved with several herb like Awevera, R. Serpentina, Lemon grass, etc., Some rare species are also found in Chhattisgarh. Proper and essential steps are required in Chhattisgarh in herbal conservation as these are the natural cunenay contributing in rise of economic level of the state. Biotechnology has helped in reimbuising the wet and rare plant species through (I) Plant Tissue, cell and organ cullire. (II) Genetic engg. Leading to transformation to give transgenic plant. (III) Somatic hybridization. MICROPROPAGATION OF PHYLA NODIFLORA (L.) GREENE. A.Bakruddin Ali Ahmed*, A.S. Rao** and M.V. RAO* *Department of Plant Science, **Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, T.N. ABSTRACT Phyla nodiflora, (Verbinaceae) commonly known as poduthalai, is an aromatic crop grown extensively for its essential. It is being used to cure ulcers, indigestion, problems in children and as a diuretic. Many compounds such as glucosides, flavanoids and steroids have been investigated. Micropropagation is one of the in vitro methods, which is widely used for mass propagation. In this study. P.nodiflora nodal explants were cultured on MS basal medium in combination with dirrerent concentrations (0.5-5 0mg/lo of cytokinins (BA and KN). The highest number of multiple shoots were produced in BA (2.5 mg/l) and GA3 (0.2mg/l). elongated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 1.0mg/l IBA and reduced concentration of sucrose (500mg/l). Ex situ conservation of Tinopora cordifolia (Willd). Miers. ex. Hook F & Thoms K. Mridula*, A.S. Rao**, and M.V. Rao* *Department of Plant Science, **Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024, Tamil Nadu. ABSTRACT Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) commonly called ad 'Guduchi' finds extensive use in pharmaceutical industry because of its high medicinal properties. It contains various compounds grouped under the class alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavanoids and lignans. Various in vitro methods are being extensicely used for mass propagation of Tinospora cordifolia. In micropropagation, various explants (shoot tip, axillary bud and cotyledonary node) were used. These explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.1 to 5.0 mg/l) of various plant growth regulators (BA, KN AND AdSO4) KN at 3.0 mg/l proved to be the best for shoot induction. Axillary bud and cotyledonary node showed good response when compared with shoot tip explant. Multiple shoot buds (3-4) were induced in KN+AdSO4 combination medium. Shoot elongation was found to be best in KN (3.0 mg/l)+GA3 (0.5mg/l). Since phenolics were found to hamper in vitro growth of Tinospora cordifolia, various antioxidats (citric acid, sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, PVP and charcoal) at various concentrations (10mg to 1g/l) were tested. PVP at 0.1% proved to be efficient in controlling phenolic exudation. AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF CONSERVATION HERBAL PLANTS IN BASTAR DISTRICT OF CHHATTISGARH H. Pathak, A.K. Gauraha, and V.K. Choudhary* ABSTRACT An economic study of conservation of herbal plants in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh was attempted with the objectives to prepare an inventory of plant species, to determine changes in number of plant species and the factor affecting the changes and suggest some policy measures for the improvement of tribal economy and conservation of herbal plants. The study was conducted in the three purposively selected villages of Narayanpur tehsil of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The findings of this study reveal that the bioresources contributed signficantly towards the tribal economy. However, in the last few decades, there was rapid loss of bioresources due to various factors like deforestation, biotic pressures etc. To conserve the herbal plants of the region it has been suggested that the first step would be to undertake inventorization and documentation of traditional knowledge of available plant species. In-situ and ex-situ conservation methods would be useful in preserving and multiplying the plant species in homesteads, nurseries, wastelands and through large scale cultivation by providing good quality seeds, improved technology, price support and other incentives. Looking to the vast potential of medicinal plants, there is a need to establish pharmaceutical industries in the region. Awareness must be created about the usefulness of various plant species. Precautions be included before making developmental plants. Developmental activities be taken up in those are only where bioresources are least affected. Study of the measurement of Dielectric constant of different Herbal plants at Microwave frequencies S.K. Srivastava, R.K. Saxena+ Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Physics, Govt. Post. Graduate College Ambikapur. (C.G.) +Director, Distance Education, G.G.University, Bilaspur (C.G.) ABSTRACT The ground based studies of the dielectric properties of different earth constituents at microwave frequencies are important as they provide a successful interpretation of various remote sensor's data 1,2 . The dielectric constant of herbal plants are found to be strongly dependent on moisture content. The measurement of dielectric constant of herbal plants as a function of moisture content has been carried out over a wide frequency range 2 to 12.50 GHz., J.S. Yadav et all suggested a simple microwave technique to measure the dielectric property of the solids and their powder. Dube et al suggested a new methodology to determine the dielectric parameter for films at microwave frequency. On this basis, authors have attempte to measure the dielectric constant of differents herbal plants at microwave frequency. The present study has veen undertaken to have a comprehensive idea of dielectric properties of different herbal plants of Sarguja district. In this paper the experimentally determined values of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant have been shown for different herbal plants sample with varied moisture content. It is found that dielectric constant of herbal plants varied with moisture content present ih herbal plants. Different herbal plants shows different dielectric parameter. Therefore on the basis of dielectric parameter we can predict the medicinal use of herbal plants. This techinique is simple, efficient and low cost mechanism much useful in present analysis. IDENTIFICATION AND MEDICINAL USE OF OIL-BEARING JUNGLE SEEDS. JEEVAN LAL NAG*, R.K. MESHRAM & Dr. P.N. SINGH** ** Head of The Department of Horticulture, I.G.A.U. Raipur (C.G.) *Research Associate. ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh is natural reservoir and provide hundreds of medicinal plants. There is great potential of increasing the production of medicinal oil-bearing Jungle Seeds, some of which are pharmacopoeial while others are used in indigenous medicine. From earliest times mankind has used planting and attempt to cure diseases and relieve physical suffering. Fatty oil also known as fixed oil are compound of Glycerol and (Glycerin) and fatty acids (Glycerides), unlike or like the essential. Various uses of different fatty oils depend on their chemical and physical composition and behaviour. Neem oil is said to have medicinal properties and is used in skin diseases. Mohua fatty oil is used for soap making as an illuminants and ever for edible purposes, when fresh and fruits pulp and dry husk may abe utilised for making the absolute alcohol (Fosler & Dinanath 1922). Sal fat is used in soap industry. The deoiled sal meal is which in protein, strach, sugar etc. Moringa oleifera is commonly known as Ben oil and is used locally for edible purpose, illumination and cosmetic. Karanj is used for soap making and as an illuminant and seed is used locally in the treatment of skin diseases rheumatism. IN VITRO MICROPROPAGATION OF OXALIS CORNICULATA (L.) V. Kumaresan and M.V. Rao Department of Plant Science, School of Live Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli-620024 T.N. ABSTRACT Oxalis corniculata, belongs to the family Oxalidaceae, is one of the important medicinal plants. Its leaves contain citric acid, tartaric acid. Leaf juice is given to counteract the intoxication produced by the seeds of Datura. An infusion of leaves is used to remove the opacities of the cornea. The present study aims at mass propagation of Oxalis corniculata via micropropagation. Induction of shoot bud was observed from nodal explants on MS medium supplemented with BA (3.0mg/l). Kinetin at 5.0mg/l induced the highest number of shoot buds. Root formation was observed on MS basal medium (without growth regulators). A SPINELESS MORPHOTYPE OF KEWDA (PANDANUS FASCICULARIS) FROM THE GANJAM COAST OF {{ORISSA]e} Kamal K. Panda, Rabindra K. Panigrahy and Brahma B. Panda Genecology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany Berhampur University, Berhampur 760 007, Orissa ABSTRACT Kewda (Pandanus fascicularis Lam.) is a dominant species of the coastal vegetation of India. The plant is growing abundantly in the coast of Ganjam district of Orissa that6 has been supporting the local economy by way of providing the raw material, male inflorescence, for the perfume industry. In comparison to the plant populations from the rest of the coastlines of the country, the aromatic principle extracred from the inflorescence of the plant populations of Ganjam coast, reportedly, is of higher quality. Owing to the baenefits that the local people derive, the plant is being conserved and propagated (as a cash crop) in large scale along the coast of Ganjam. With an objective to explore the genetic resource of P.fascicularis for better flower quality and perfume yield, a survey in the region has bheen initiated. Physical and chemical factors associated with the soils sampled from 24 sites in the aforesaid coastline covering an area of approximately 675 square km were analyzed. During the course of our survey, hitherto not reported, we have encountered with a spineless morphotype of P. fascicularis that is devoid of any spine along the midrib and margin of leaf or spathe of the inflorescence. The quality of perfume extracted from the said morphotype, apparently, is comparable to that of the spiny wild type. The frequency of occurrence of the spineless type in the Pandanus population is very rare owing to the ract the spineless type is not being preferred. |
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| Study of Medicinal plants of North Eastern Plateau Sub Zone of Bastar. A.S. Rajput, S.K. Nair, H.C. Nanda and S.S. Shaw Network Project on Tribal Area Crops Shahid Gundadhur College of Agriculture & Research Station, IGAU, Kumhrawand, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh 494005 ABSTRACT Bastar is one of the predominated tribal division of chhattisgarh. It lies in South East of State in between 170 46, and 200 34, 'North latitude and 800 16' and 820 15' East longitude. This division is divided into six Sub Agroclimatic Zones including North Eastern Plateau Sub Zone having maximum geographical area in this division. This sub zone has ten block with 21,292,281 ha. area under forest and 2,54,852 ha. area under cultivated land. This cultivated land area is about 55% Marhan & Tikra, 22% mal and 23% Gabhar. Soil is mostly of red & yellow type and in some area black type of soil also occurs. Tribal people of this area survive by cultivation of crops, collection of forest products and medicinal plants. To know the status of medicinal herbs and flora and also to explore the important medicinal species seems to be endangered for their conservation and evaluation in future. For this purpose extensive exploration trips were made to the above said zone is recorded to be the house of many medicinal plants and trees, which are being commonly used by the tribals as well as by the traders. High diversity among medicinal herbs were recorded for Safed musali (Chlorophytum sp.), Kali musali (Curculigo orchioides), Satawar (Asparagus sp.), Suran (Ammorphophalus sp.), Wild taro (Colocasia esculenta), Teekhur (Curcuma aungastifolia), Sadasuhagan (Castuna regour), Tulsi (Ocimum sp.), Dukheela kand (Dioscorea sp.) and other wild Dioscorea wild tubers in all the forest pockets surveyed. Similarly moderate diversity was recorded for Sarpagandha, Hadzod, Jamalghota, Vantulsi and Chitrak. Very low diversity or endangered species were Gloriosa superba., Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestris), Akarkara and Tapioca (Mannihot esculenta). Occurrence of more than one species was also recorded in Safed musli, Hadjod, Tulsi, Sadasuhagan, Teekhur, Keukand, Colocasia, Satawar, Suran and Dioscorea wild tubers. Hence further researches on evaluating these herbs is needed, so that their proper and economic exploitation can be suggested. (2) Technical Session - II (Oral Presentation) Technical Session - III B (Poster presentation) (c) Organic farming of herbs, (d) Cultivation of herbs. Can Agriculture boost herbal drug Industry Rajendra Gupta Zhandu Pharmaceutical Works B-I/46, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi-110063 ABSTRACT The world market in herbal drugs and related industries is growing at a faster pace in western economies which has brought a boom in market both in number and diversity of products and growing number of users over a short span of time. The global trade is projected around 62 billon (US)$ annually and WHO estimates it to grow to 3 trillions by year 2020. India has inherent advantage in this sector but have failed to harness the potential. Our annual export of herbal drugs account for Rs 436 crore against Rs 22,000 crore ofChina and Rs 10,000 crore of Thailand. It is now realised that all species having bulk demand in industry be introduced into cropping system for planned production and develop protocols to maintain quality standard of raw materials in storage. There is a need to develop and modernise market facilities including information system to facilitate trading. It needs sizable investments on R&D to device innovative production methods, analytical tests, value addition and development of new products with clinical and toxicological data. Herbal raw materials come from varying species of herbs, shrubs and trees. Considering current price scenario on raw materials in the country, many species do not produce economic returns when grown as a sole crop. Therefore, different conceptual models on farming have been suggested and some of these, which have given profitable yield, will be illustrated through lead examples. The rich bio-diversity existing in native medicinal plants provide good source for selection of genetic material with target characters like higher biological yield, increased bioactive substances, shorter crop duration, and genelines amenable to grow over sub-marginal soils or tolerant to drought and excessive moisture. Although the search has begun recently, it has provided interesting new findings, which we propose to present. Agriculture research opens-up possibility of evolving high yielding short duration varieties through breeding, exploiting hybrid vigour and combing desired traits through molecular biology to make cultivation more profitable. It can diversify trade into production of different phytochemicals to serve source of new industrial products. It is time the state Agricultural universities establish division of medicinal plants, introduce these crops in extension activities, promote support system like seed production and market access for raw materials to accelerate location of herbal drugs and related industries in every state of India. Prospects of Cultivation of Medicinal Plant in Chhattisgarh R.S. Tripathi, S.S. Tuteja and P.Oudhia* Department of Agronomy IGKV, Raipur. *Director (Research & Dev.) Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI), Raipur. ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh State is having subtropical as well as temperate climatic conditions with high rainfall and moderate to extreme temperature variation. This is rich in forest and under the forest many medicinal plants are growing naturally. Due to deforestation and exploitation of medicinal plant the production is deereasing to greater extent. The soil as climate is very much favourable but effort are to be made to cultivate the medicinal crop keeping in view the quality. Marketability, processing and profitability. The the medicinal crops, which can be grown successfully and economically are Safed Musli, Ashwagandha, Sarpgandha, Kalmegh, Isabgol, Mucuna, Jatropha, Aloe vara, Gudmar, Jawa citronella, Jamarosa, Mentha, Kiwach, Kalihari. The development of production techniques for these crops is an important aspect to raise the productivity as well as quality of the crops. The agronomical package and practice has to be developed and demonstrated to the farmers, so that it can be cultivated in unutilized soil or crop based cropping system.The plants parts have got many medicnal value as well as ecoomical the farmers. The plant part will be also used for controlling the insect pest and decease of the plants so that it can help in developing integrated pest management with reduced chemical use. The efforts are also aimed to find ot the quality oil under different management practices. Some of the weeds has got medicinal value and can be marketed Nationally and Internationally. The list of the potential medicinal plant of the plain area of chhattisgarh has been discussed. The selection of crop based upon soil type, typography, fertility status, irrigation and drainage facilities are very important factor for successful cultivation of medicinal plant. Other important factor is the market potential of different medicinal plants for which the processing unit has to be developed by the medicinal industries. The farmers choice its interest and economic condition also play a major role in the cultivation of medicinal plants. The Indira Gandhi Agricultural University is now planning to develop high yielding varieties of some of the medicinal plants, which can be grown in this region. the list of the medicinal weeds found in the rice field has been discussed in the paper and there is very good scope of marketing of these weeds provided the market is available in this region. MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR CULTIVATION IN CHHATTISGARH M.L. Nayak Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) Abstract Medicinal plants have attracted the attention of human being probably with the dawn of man in the earth. Treatment system with natural products viz: Ayurveda, Unani and Siddhahad been in practice in India, since time immemorial. However, documented records about them have appeared very late. The earliest record, so far known is the Atharvaveda. This has then been followed by a large number of works, but mainly from India. Nature, probably has taken care to evolve plants and animals for the cure of ailments. In this direction. plants have been preferred more by the nature to be the agents for curing the ailments. Till about the late ninteenth century, natural products and /or non-chemical methods had been the only method for curing the ailments. However, since about the late ninteenth century, with the discovery of antiseptics and antibiotics, allopathic system of treatment became more attractive. The allopathic system, with its medicines, dominated as treatment system during the entire 20th Centurysystem. The system depends mostly on extracted or synthetic, defined chemicals. The trend was mainly towards synthesising new chemicals in the laboratory, with known or expected properties. It took a lng time to realise that the capability of man is limited. Man can not go on synthesising new chemicals, every now and then. It is far better and easier to go to the nature for the search of new chemicals. The fact, well set in the mind of man, the man moved to the nature. Although it was a well known fact, but it took a very long time for man to realise the diversity of nature. Man found that nature is already producing almost all the chemicals, which he is trying to synthesise in his laboratory with much energy, money and mind involvement. Thus, begining since about the last quarter of the 20th century there has been a sudden change in trend with a rush towards the forests for searching the plants and their chemicals for therapeutic uses. Every plant carries genes in thousands. Each gene produces a different chemical. Although some of the genes are common between the different organisms, but many of the genes are different between different organisms. Taking the number of angiospermic plant species to be about 45,000, we can expect the total number of different genes in angiospermic plants only, to be in millions. Each gene producing a different chemical, thus results in producing an equal types of chemicals. We are still far-far behind knowing the different types of chemicals being produced by the plants. Significance of knowing the types of chemicals being produced by plants could judged from a single example. In Costa Reca country, a group of scientists have formed an organization, named INBio. The organization has entered in to a contract in 1991,with the world famous, medicine manufacturing Company, the Merck. According to the agreement, Merck will pay one billion dollars to the INBio, within two years, for exploration of the types of chemicals in the plants, present in the natural forests of the country, and to have patent rights over the chemicals. Merck will pay 5% of the royalty, they will get out of such patents. The Costa Rican Govt. will get 10% of the money paid to the INBio and 50% of the royalty, obtained through the patents. Chhattisgarh state is fortunate that most part of its area is covered by the sal forest, because sal forests have been found to be better places for medicinal plants as compared to the teak forests. Recognising the medicinal plant variety of the state, the Chhattisgarh Govt., has declared the state as the herbal state. The theme of declaring the state to be herbal state is mainly to explore, conserve and promote cultivation of medicinal plants. The people residing in and around the forests are much simple and docile, resulting in overexploitation of the plants. We are loosing very fast the plants like Chlorophytum spp. (Musali), Elaeocarpus (Rudraksh) etc. Overexploitation has been taken seriously now, but still the poaching and sending abroad of the medicinal plants from the state is going on at an alarming rate. Facinated by the news about the demand for medicinal plants, many of the farmers have taken up large scale cultivation of medicinal plants. Nevertheless, unfortunate fact is that a proper market for such produce is still to be established. Cultivation and sell of medicinal plants in raw form is very less profitable. To earn more profit from the medicinal plants it is important to process the plants to a more costlier product. Hence, with the promotion of cultivation of medicinal plants, it is equally important to set up a processing unit, either by the farmers, themselfly or in co-operative or public sector. Conservation of medicinal plants has become a much talked problem. A common understanding is that we should conserve our biodiversity. However, conservation policy is decided upon the priority of the species to be conserved. In this priority determination, the plants, currently in more demand are placed at the top in the list of plants, to be conserved. In the current conservation policy, very little if any significance is attached to the future, possible utility of the species. Thus, every chances are there, that we may be neglegient about the conservation of a species, which carries lesser significance, presently, but may be discovered to be of much significance with some later discoveries. By that time we may have got reduced the gene pool of the species or we may have already lost the species. Thus we must assign values to the species, taking under consideration both their present as well as future, possible uses. Medicinal plant term, to a general public means a green plant, the root, stem, leaf, flower or fruit of which is used as a medicine. However, many of the drugs are being obtained from the plants, which are not green in colour. Many of the fungi have become a good source of medicine. It is the right place to mention that feeding the public with good nutrition will keep them off from the ailments, hence proper nutrition could be considered to be a good medicine. Fungi are rich in proteins and vitamines and many of them could cultivated easily. One such fungus is Vovoriella, the straw mushroom. It could be cultivated easily with rice straw. Whey, the common waste liquid generated after the extraction of butter, could be used for culturing such protienaceous food items as Candida intermedia, Candida krusei, Kluyveromyces fragilis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. These are already being used in foreign countries as food items. Thus we should introduce the cultivation or culture of such plants which would fetch more money, comparative to the cultivation of green, medicinal plants. Prospects of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) cultivation in Subtropical north India : Initial observations and future research needs Aparbal Singh, S.P.S. Khanuja, Saudan Singh, U.B. Singh, S.K. Gupta and Man Singh Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015 ABSTRACT Substantial phenotypic variation was observed in Chlorophytum borivilianum population with respect to various morphotypic characters like plant growth habit, maturity period and leaf characteristics such as number of leaves per plant, leaf length, width and thickness, and leaf arrangement and angle from crown. Plant growth and root development and root yield recorded during crop growing season, 2001 indicated high potential for Chlorophytun cultivation in subtropical north India. Fresh and dry root yields were observed to be as high as 70 and 10 q/ha, respectively. Important observation is that the crop may require greater attention for the pest and disease management in sub tropical north India compared to other Chlorophytum growing areas in the country (M.P., {{Maharastra}e}, Gujrat and Rajasthan). Development of elite genotypes leading to high yielding varieties with desired drug principle should deseve priority. Germplasm evaluation holds promise in this direction. Economising the cost of planting material through micropropagation and through the use of seeds should be explored. Optimizing time of planting in north India is important which may ccause wide variations in crop duration and rot productivity. Since Chlorophytum is susceptible to iron deficiency, and the deficiency symptoms in plants raised at CIMAP, Lucknow were frequently observ ed, management of iron deficiency should from major component of future research programmme in north India where iron deficiency is frequently encountered due to high CaCO3 content in the soil. To ensure still a better return from safed musli cultivation, studies on co-cultivation of Chlorophytum and other compatible medicinal, aromatic and agricultural crops need to be taken up. Evaluation of some yam (Dioscorea species) cultivars for growth, tuber yield and quality under Chotanagpur plateu (Jharkhand). Rajesh Kumar Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006, Jharkhand. ABSTRACT Yams (Dioscorea species) are important group of tropical tuber crops, grown and consumed by the tribals and other weaker sections of society in Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand state. The yams possess unique ability to grow under marginal land under rainfed condition and can withstand adverse climatic cosntion. The unlimited potenial of this group of crop are properly exploited and people are also unaware of its rich nutritional and medicinal properties. Therefore, the present investigation aims to study the growth, tuber yield and quality of some yam cultivars collected from diverse regions of our country. The present study was conducted to evaluate the eighteen accessions (collections) of yams in Department of Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi during kharif seasons of 1997 and 1998. the study revealed the accession E.Ac.-3 of Dioscorea alata recorded the maximum vine length (6.60m), while E.Ac.-2 of the same species recorded maximum tuber weight (2.60 kg/plant) with highest tuber yield (18.56 t/ha). Dry matter and starch content were found maximum in E.Ac-11 of Dioscorea rotundata, while it was followed by E.Ac.-14 of Dioscorea bulbifera. and E.Ac.-2 Dioscorea alata respectively. The edible quality and market acceptability was highest in E.Ac.-11 (Dioscorea rotundata) followed by E.Ac.-2 and E.Ac.-3 of Dioscorea alata. *Present address : Senior Scientis (Horticulture), Division of Crop Production, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariymam, Thiruvananthapuram-695 017, Kerala. Effects of Crop Geometry on Leaf Yield of Senna (Cassia angustifolia) D.S. Bhati and M.S. Rathore Agricultural Research Station (Rajasthan Agricultural University) Mandor, Jodhpur – 342304 (Raj) ABSTRACT Senna (Cassia angustifola), belonging to the family Leguminosae is a medicinal crop. It is contraindicated in spastic constipation and in cases of colitis, The leaves and immature pods are the economic parts, containing sennosides which are responsible for its laxative properties. Senna leaves contain 3.0 to 4.25% sennosides. It is cultivated in {{Tinnevelly}e}, Madura and Trichonoply districts of Tamil Nadu and small area of Karnataka state of South India. During resent years farmers of Western Rajasthan have started cultivation of senna crop. It is a crop of unexploited and underutilized group. Hence, so far there is no sufficient work has been done on agronomical aspects. Therefore, looking to its importance a field experiment was taken to find out the effect of crop geometry on leaf yield of senna at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor during the year 1996-97 and 1997-98. the experiment consisted 3 inter-row (30, 45 and 60 cm) spacing and 4 intra-row (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) spacing. The experiment was sown on August 7, 1996 and was continue for two years, i.e. second year it was taken as Raton crop. Every year 4 cuttings were taken. During both the year, crop planted at 45 cm row spacing produced higher senna leaf and produced 1298 and 1207 kg/ha during 1996-97 and 1997-98 respectively. During 1996-97 it was followed by 60 cm (1260 kg/ha) where as during 1997-98 it was followed by 30 cm (1180 kg/ha). Two year mean leaf yield was recorded maximum, when crop was sown at 45 cm row spacing (1253 kg/ha). during 1996-97 intra row (plant to plant) spacing could not influenced leaf yield of senna. Where as during 1997-98 intra row spacing of 10 cm produced maximum leaf yield (1290 kg/ha). on the basis of two year mean 10 cm plant to plant spacing produced maximum leaf yield of 1257 kg/ha. Effect of sewage water on Isabgol (Plantago ovata) cultivation Ajay, P. Ramesh, P.K. Singh, K. Sammi Reddy, S. Ramana Environmental Soil Science Division, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal (MP) Abstract The Isabgol (Plantago Ovata, var. GI2) was subjected to grow with normal and sewage irrigation @ 25/m2-season at Institute farm. The sewage is a good source of nutrient as nitrogen and phosphorus content was around 2.5 and 3.5mg/L, respectively. The soil and plant analysis for Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb was carried out by standard procedure. The yield parameters and biochemical analysis were performed at the time of harvesting. Though, the yield parameters and protein% was not significant, but the trends in the grain yield (434g/plot) and protein% (20.27%) was showing higher value than the control (404.33g/plot and 18.40%). However, the fodder yield was more in control (1131g/plot vs 1061g/plot). The oil% was showing higher value significantly at sewage treatement (8.36% vs 7.89%). Biochemical constituents showed significant changes in NO3, phenol and ortho-dihydric phenol in straw and grain. Surprisingly, the NO3 content was slightly higher in straw (18.83 vs 17.16 µM/g FW) in control and grain (3.70 vs 2.38µM/g FW) in sewage treatment. Similarly, the phenol and ortho-dihydric phenol content in straw were higher (15.62 vs 9.28 µg/g DW and 3.25 vs 1.23ppm) in control. However, in grain, the phenol content was showing higher value (5.44 vs 2.16µg/g DW) in sewage, but the value of ortho-dihydric phenol showed similar trend as straw (0.15 vs 0.05ppm in control and sewage, respectively). The changes in heavy metal content in soil were significant and considerably reduced before start and harvest the crop. For the reduction in Cd was from 3.39 to 0.82ppm, in Cu 1.42 to 0.53ppm, in Ni 0.41 to 0.09ppm, in Zn 2.23 to 0.09ppm and in Pb 3.48 to 1.77ppm. Similarly, there was uptake in crop in straw and grain. The uptake was slightly higher in grain. The changes in soil quality by measuring TOC, available N, P, K showed better improvement in sewage treated soil. For eg increase in TOC was 0.19 to 0.24%, in N 33.72 to 50.50kg/ha, in P 3.52 to 24.55kg/ha and in K 211.51 to 335.89kg/ha. Agro-techniques influencing the production potential, productivity And quality of yams and aroids. Rajesh Kumar and James George Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram-695017, Kerala. ABSTRACT Among tropical tuber crops, yams and aroids are primary staple food and source of carbohydrate in a sizeable number of and subtropical countries of the world. The edible species of crops under both these groups are versatile vegetables and can be boiled, baked, roasted, grilled or fried and served sliced, as balls, mashed, chipped and flaked, tubers of yams and aroids acontribute a sizable portion of food stuff for tribal and people of weaker section in our country. However, cultivation of yams and aroids are limited, due to the unexploited potentials of these crops and the unawareness or lack of popularization of their medicinal as well as nutritional properties. A large number of species under these two groups, possess unique ability to grow in marginal submerged/marshy lands and even under rain fed conditions. Hence, there is need to grow yams and aroids with improved agro techniques and elicit information regarding their production potential, productivity and quality. There are several species of Dioscorea. Some like D. hispida and D. dumetorum are poisonous due to high concentration of an alkaloid Dioscorine (C13H1902N). D. cirrohosa is a natural source of tannins.Some species, vize D. deltoidea, D. floribunda and D. bulbifera contain high amount of Saponins, which is the principal raw material for production of steroid, a pharmaceutical product. The tubers of edible yams, D. alata, D. esculenta and D. rotundata have a high dry matter percentage (32-44%), starch having mainly carbohydrate component (51-90% of dry matter), mucilage (1.4-20%), mainly composed of glucoproteins. Aroids also consists of a number of plants under genus Colacasia, Xanthosoma and Amorphophallus etc. whose tubers as well as other vegetative parts are used as vegaetables. Apart from the use as food, their tubers are also utilized for medicinal preparations. Amorphophallus tubers are reported to have a significant role in ayurvedic preparations for the cure of piles and dysentery. Developing agro techniques in yams and aroids is an important aspect for the rapid production and multiplication of these crops. Not many reports are available, but some agro techniques developed for these crops at Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum have enhanced their production potential. Agrotechniques like proper land preparation, planting method, quality and quality of planting material, staking methods (in case of yams), organic manuring and bio-fertilizers, nutritional management, stages of weeding, intercultural operations, moisture levels, stage of harvest have significantly influenced the production potential, productivity and quality of some of the (edible) species of yams and aroids. CURRENT STATUS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS CULTIVATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH S.K. Kothari, C.P. Singh, K. Singh,B.R. Rajeswara Rao and A.K. Bhattacharya Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Field Station, Boduppal, P.O. Uppal, Hyderabad – 500 039, India ABSTRACT Globally there has been an upsurge in demand for phytomedicines of herbal drugs, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and raw medicinal plants for management of human health with least toxic effect and at an affordable cost. Andhra Pradesh with diverse agro-climatic conditions, large bio-diversity and strategic geographical location is likely to emerge a leading producer and supplier of medicinal plant species. Currently, medicinal plants are cultivated in about 10,000 acres of land, beside large area under forests where several medicinal plant species are found in abundance. The important crops being cultivated are Senna (Cassia angustifolia; 1,200 acres), Wintercherry (Withania somnifera; 1,000 acres), Kavach ({{Mucuna cochichinesis}e} / pruriens; 600 acres), Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus; 500 acres), Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum; 300 acres), Piplamool (Piper longum; 300 acres), Ghee kunwar (Aloe vera; 300 acres), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina; 200 acres), Sweet flag (Acorus calamus; 200 acres) akkarkara (Spilanthes acmella; 150 acres), Akkalakara ({{Anacylus pyrethrum}e}; 100 acres), Brahmmi ({{Bacopa maonnieri}e} and Centella asiatica; each 100 acres), Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata; 100 acres) and Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestre; 100 acres). Further, Malkangni (Celastrus paniculata) Biabidanga ({{Embelia ribes]e}), Shatavri ({{Asparagus racemosus}e}), Chandrasur (Lepidium hispidum), Isabgol (Plantago ovata), Perwinkle ({{Catharanthus roseus]e} / alba), Chitrak ({{Plumbago zeylanica}e}), Tulsi (Ocimum spp.), Pashanbhedi ({{Coleus forskohlii}e}), Guggul (Commiphora mukul), Bavchi (Psoralea cordifolia), Amla (Embelica officinalis), etc. and many other medicinal plants are grown in unspecified areas in many herbal gardens and farmers fields. In Andhra Pradesh Medicinal plants are cultivated in isolated patches and each being grown ints favourable soil and agro-climatic conditions, e.g., Senna, Wintercherry and Gheekunwar are cultivated in dry areas of {{Telangana}e} and Rayalasema as rainfed crops while the cultivation of Piplamool is confined to black cotton soils of Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. The economics of medicinal plants cultivation varies largely for crop species and soil and climatic conditions but, in general, their cultivation is more remunerative compared to traditional agricultural crops. Presently, the growers are facing little difficulties in rural areas. However, this problem in likely to be overcome shortly once the Medicinal Plants Board starts functioning and begins procurement of raw medicinal herb at assured prices. Beside development of marketing network, intensive research work needs to be undertaken on war footing to develop high yielding cultivars, package of cultivation practices, integration of mediculture into agriculture with multi – tier cropping system / agroforestry and development of technology for processing of raw medicinal herbs and value addition. Benificial effects of phytochemicals on food-fodder-MPTS Production systems Banwari Lal and P. Oudhia* Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, {{Jhansi}e}-284 003. *Convenor, SOPAM (Society for Prathenium Management), 28-A, Geeta Nagar, Raipur-India. Abstract Weeds in general are unwanted plants crop production. However, they have medicinal value in human life and livestock production due to production of phytochemicals that generally refer to the secondary metabolites. These phytochemicals produced from weeds as well as donor species to the crop plants as receiver and vice-versa. These phytochemicals play greater rolein reduction as well as enhancement of germination, growth, development and final produce. The study was conducted at IGFRI, Jhansi, IGKVV, Raipur SOPAM, Raipur, and IARI, New Delhi in field as well laboratory conditions. The interaction of field crops, forage sp., range legumes and MPTS were tested. Soaking 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12% dry biomass in distilled water prepared the aqueous extract of litter biomass for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Aqueous extract thus obtained was filtered through whatman filter paper No.1. Counted seeds of each crop were sown in pertidishes. In laboratory, the seeds were moistening with 10 ml of extraction first day and 5 ml on subsequent days. Distilled water was used as control. Residues of cereals and legumes were also applied in the field crops in combination with high analysis nitrogen fertilizers to supplements the nitrogen requirement. The lower concentration up to 4% of dry biomass that contain different types of phytochemicals in the process of decomposition viz. Heterogeneous substances of tannins, turpins, steroids, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin etc. significantly increase germination of food materials from seeds to shoot as well as roots growth and final biomass production of food, fodder, commercial crops and MPTS. However, the higher concentration i.e. > 4% of cereals as well as legume dry biomass drastically reduce the germination, growth and final biomass production of crops. The combined application of cereals as well as legume residues with high analysis urea fertilizer breakdown the negative effects of such phytochemicals by increasing decomposition rate. Thereafter, such litter biomass serve the purpose as source of organic matter to supplement and enhancement of soil-physico-chemical properties. Abstract cum Souvenir National Research Seminar on Herbal Conservation, Cultivation, Marketing and Utilization with Special Emphasis on Chhattisgarh, The Herbal State, 13-14th December, 2001 IMPROVED CULTIVATION PRACTICES FOR MEDICINAL CROPS : GLIMPSES OF RESEARCH AT FARMER’S FIELDS IN CHHATTISGARH (INDIA) P.Oudhia Internationally Acknowledged Herb Expert, Convenor, IPRNG, SOPAM, 28-A, College Road, Geeta Nagar, Raipur-492001 {{India]e} ABSTRACT Medicinal and aromatic plant resources have been the vital component in the health care of the Indian people since time immemorial. Forest ecosystem have been and still in continue to be the store houses of medicinal and aromatic plant resources in India. India is bestowed with wealth of medicinal plants, most of which have been used in Ayruveda, Unani systems of medicines and tribal healers for generations. Inspite of huge biodiversity and traditions of use of medicinal herbs, we have not been able to utilize opourtunities and exploit its hidden potential. Sadly, many of the potential herbs are still not known to the scientific world and of those known many are over exploited leading to their extinction or listing them as endangered or threatened plants. Due to over exploitation of Chhattisgarh forests, the availability of medicinal and aromatic plants (particularly the plants having the economically important underground parts) are decreasing very rapidly. Due to lack of information regarding selection of planting matieral, supply of healthy seeds, improved cultivation practices, improved and ecofriendly pest management, scientific harvesting, storage and processing etc, farmers are in big problem. To root out these problems, series of experiments were conducted at farmer’s fields in different districts of Chhattisgarh. The main objective was to develop an improved cultivation practices for different important medicinal crops in Chhattisgarh (India). The field experiements were conducted in Bastar, Kanker Dhamtari, Raipur, Mahasamund, Rajnandgaon, Durg and Sarguja districts of Chhattisgarh. The innovative and progressive farmers cultivating the medicinal crops under technical guidance of author were selected in each farm and using standard statistical methods and experimental designs (viz randomized block design, split plot design etc.), the experiments were laid out. In most of the cases the experiments were replicated thrice and repeated twice. On the basis of the findings, the recommendation were prepared. Some useful experimental findings are discussed in this paper. SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATIONS STUDIES IN MEDICINAL PLANT, Cassia alata L. Dr. P. Pandian, R. Govindarasu, M.A.J.R. Savery and K.Manian ABSTRACT Seed Science and Technology Unit, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agruculture and Research Institute, Karaikal-609 603, U.T. of Pondicherry. Cassia alata L. is a medicinal plant recommended for use in ringworm infection, snakebites, constipation, bronchitis, asthma and eczematous patches and skin diseases. As there are no basic seed technological studies on this medicinal polant, an investigation was carrided out converctively for two years (February 2000 and February 2001) at Seed Science and Technology Unit, P.J.N. College of Agriculyture and Research Institute, Karaikal to standardize suitable methods for breaking seed dormancy and methods for seed germination. Four months old seeds of Cassia alata L. collected from Karaikal Region of Pondicherry State were subjected to various dormancy breaking treatments such as Hot water soaking, Sulphuric acid scarification, Mechanical scarification (sand and sand paper), Pre-chilling, Potassium nitrate, Ethrel, Kinetine, GA3, IAA, Ethanol, Thiourea, Salicylic acid etc. Seeds were germinated using Between Paper (BP) methods at 300 C + 20 C. Germination count was taken on 10th day. From the results, it was found that Hot water soaking and Mechanical scarification recorded the highest germination (50-68%) as compared to Water soaking (4%) and Control seed without treatment (0%) Further study conducted on standardizing the duration of selected treatments revealed that Scarification by sand for 40 mts., Scarification by sand paper for 20 mts., Hot water (800 c) for 10 mts and Hot water (500 c) for 40mts. Recorded the highest mean per cent Germination (96,80,80 and 72, respectively). Root length, shoot length, dry matter production and vigor index were also recorded the highest values. Study conducted to find out the method for seed germination revealed that the temperature range 250 C to 350 C and paper medium (BP method) and sand medium were found to be suitable for germination test. The first and final count of germination tests can be taken on 2nd day and 10th day after sowing, respectively. Organic Farming of Medicinal Plants in the Drylands Arun K Sharma Scientist, Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur-342002, Rajasthan. Technical Session – B ABSTRACT Drylands cover about 60% of the geographical area of the country, mainly situated in the low rainfall (below 800 mm/yr) areas. Various biotic and a biotic pressures in these areas insert uncertainty in crop production and need have been felt since long time for alternative crops. Decreasing availability in natural habitats and increasing demand, making the medicinal plants as a lucrative alternative to the conventional crops. Also not only fruit but also root, stem and almost all the parts of medicinal plants are used thus least chances of crop failure due to drought, besides most of the medicinal plants are not lied by animals. The soils of the drylands are comparatively untouched by fertilizers, pesticides and Irrigation (FPI). The use of FPI is highly risky due to climatic conditions, moreover the marginal farmers are unable to use these costly inputs. On the other hand animals dominate the farming systems of these regions and excreta of animals can improve the properties of poor soils. These, which are seen as limitation for food grain production, are opportunities for medicinal plants cultivation. Further in the case of medicinal plants, quality (i.e. No. residue of pesticide/fertilizer) is more important than the quantity, which is only possible in the organic farming. Cultivation of Gloriosa superba in Tamil Nadu with heavy use of pesticide and fertilizers ended with great failure and suicide of the farmers and this story should not be repeated. The emphasis must be given on the medicinal plants production only with organic farming. Farmers of western rajasthan have made an example by growing senna (Cassia angustifolia) in abour 3000 ha area, completely organic. RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT CYMBOPOGON SPICEIS IN GUAVA ORCHARDS D.K. Singh and N.K. Bajpai Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Anta – 325202, Baran (MPUA & T Udaipur) ABSTRACT Cymbopogon species are the perennial grasses used for scented oil and can be easily grown in fruit orchards. To utilize the intra-row space of orchards a field experiment was conducted to study the growth and survival of different Cymbopogon species like C. flexurosus (Lemongrass), C. winte-rianus (Cintronella) and C. martini (palmarosa) during the year 1999-2000. The two rows of lemongrass, citronella and palmarosa varieties Kaveri, Manjusa and Trishna respectively were planted along the rows of 10 years old guava orchards. The survival of citronella was maximum (82.3%) followed by lemongrass (72.2%) and palmarosa (64.7%). The number of suckers/plant were recorded maximum in lemongrass followed by citronella and palmarosa. Therefore, after the establishment of orchard the waste space of intra-row can be utilized for the cultivation of citronella, lemongrass and palmarosa. Monitoring of Boron effect of germination of Rice var. Mahamaya S.K. Sarawgi and P. Oudhia Agronomy Department, Indira Gandhi Agri. University, Raipur-492001 (C.G.) ABSTRACT Seed is the terminal and starting point in the life cycle of the mother plant. Germination of seeds and growth of springing up seedlings are dependent process accountable for the intitial establishment of plants. Germinaiton is a natural process governed both by internal mechanisms within the seed and by external environmental variations. The numerous water pollutants may be detrimentally affecting these growth phase. Boron, a well known water pollutants can exist in acid water. The crop irrigated with water contaminated with B, is likely to suffer in several manners due to its phytoxicity. The present paper deals with deleterias consequences of Boron on seed germination of Rice cv. Mahamaya. The response to the treatment of Borax (Na2B4O7) depended upon concentration of the solution and duration of the treatment. At 0.1 ppm and 1.0 ppm of borax, there was stimulation in germination percentage in all the continuous and presoaked treatment. Maximum seed germinaiton frequencies was recoverded at lower concentration of Boron followed by 1.0 ppm. However, treatment with 2.0 ppm Borax solution drastically disturbed the temporal distribution of relative germination frequencies (23.4%) in pre treatments with solution for periods of 24 hours before transferring them to distilled water, after thorough washing. JOJOBA: A POTENTIAL NEW SHRUB FOR WASTELANDS OF CHHATTISGARH Dhanajay Sharma1, Sanjeev Malaiya and A.R. Pal Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT The possibilities of commercial cultivation of this promising crop in Chhattisgarh, the Herbal state, have been discussed in this paper. The constraints, problems and its possibilities have also been suggested. Simmondsia chinensis is commonly known, as Jojoba and is a native of Mesico and Baja California. It is a woody evergreen shrub of gray-green bark colour with height of 10-12 feet. The seed contains about 45-55% oil or liquid wax, chemical properties of which are identical to those of body fat obtained from sperm whales. Jojoba oil can be used in cosmetics, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, factice, cooking oil, alcoholas & acid derivatives and hydrogenated wax. The Jojoba industry has grown from a fledgling new comer in the world of agriculture and industry to the point where more than 1000 tons of oil are produced each year for use in a variety of commercial products marketed all over the world. Approximately 6600 ha. of cultivated Jojoba are now producing in excess of 2000 tons of Jojoba seed annually. The total world market potential for Jojoba oil has been projected by some sources to be 64000 tons to 200000 tons per year. SURVEY STUDY ON PROSPECTUS AND PROBLEMS OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS CULTIVATION Vinod Kumar Chaudhary Department of Basic Sciences University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, {{Solan}e}-173230 (Himachal Pradesh) ABSTRACT Use of plants for medicinal purposes has been known throughout the world from the time immemorial. The holistic approach of ancient systems of medicines has been appreciated more and more in the present day when harmful effects caused by administration of drugs of the modern system of medicine are receiving increasing attention of intellectuals, scientists and public at large. Herbal remedies with a greater emphasis on promotive and preventive aspects of health care are the legacies of our ancient sciences which are still to be fully rediscovered for the benefit of mankind. The production, processing and use of medicinal and aromatic plants has a great potential for employment generation particularly at the village levels. The recent emphasis on rural development and particularly on tribal development shows that medicinal and aromatic plants have a prominent role to play in this direction, if properly managed. Keeping this in view, a survey study was under taken in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh to identify the prospectus and problems of medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation by using stratified random sampling for this purpose. It was found that some farmers of Kullu Valley were about the importance of aromatic and medicinal plants and started the cultivation by using stratified plants for improving their economic condition. However, facing many major problems in the field of medicinal and aromatic plants are sbsence of proper survey, identification, marketing, storage facilities, processing, transportation, communication and demonstration on cultivation, etc., It is suggested that this study may also be very helpful to the policy makers and research workers for making the future strategies on aromatic and medicinal plants for the HERBAL STATE-Chhattisgarh. PROSPECTS OF KHEKSI CULTIVATION IN CHHATTISGARH DHANAJAY SHARMA1, P.N. SINGH2 AND A.R. PAL3 Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT Kheksi (Momordica dioica) commonly known as spine gourd is a highly nutritive vegetable maynly grown in some tribal belts of chhattisgarh. It is a dioecious, perennial with tuberous roots and ovate fruit densely covered with conical spines. It contains high amount of protein with faire amount of phosphorus, calcium and iron. It is a low water requirement crop and can be grown as rainfed crop, which is immediate need of uplands of chhattisgarh. This crop requires a systematic research for improvement and standardization of horticultural practices. Rainfed areas of Surguja, Raigarh, part of Mahasamund and Bastar has very good scope for its cultivation. It has good market value and presently imported from Orissa. 1. Corresponding author 2. Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture IGKVV Raipur 3. Professor and Head, Department of Land and Water Management IGKVV Raipur Effect of Planting and Harvesting Dates on Yield and Quality of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) Seema Nemade, H.N. Ravankar and P.A. Sarap Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, {{Akola}e}-444104 (MS). Abstract The present investigation was undertaken on Kalmegh during kharif 2000-2001 on the farm of Nagarjun Medicinal Plant Garden, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, {{Akola}e}. The experiment was laid out in a split plot with 12 treatments as four planting dates viz., planting in 27th meteorological week (2-8 July), 29th MW (16-22 July), 31st MW (30 July-5 Aug.), 33rd MW (13-19 Aug.) in main plots and three harvesting dates viz., harvesting at 42nd MW (15-21 Oct.), 44th MW (29 OCT.-4 nov.) and 46th MW (12-18 Nov.) in subplots, replicated four times. All growth and yield attributes of Kalmegh were significantly influenced with dates of planting, early planting (27th MW )being significantly superior. Date of harvesting had no significant influence on growth and yield attributes. Early planting (27th MW) and delayed harvesting (46th MW) produced significantly maxmimum dry foliage yield. As regards the quality, planting dates did not affected andrographolide contect but it was significantly higher due to early harvesting (42nd MW). Iron content was significantly highest with planting in 31st MW and harvesting in 42nd MW. Total andrographolide and total iron yield was significantly higher with early planting (27th MW) where as effect of harvesting dates were not significant. 1. Agronomy PG student, 2. Associate PROFESSOR AND 3. SRF, Deptt. of Agril Chemistry and Soil Science Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola Growth and yield analysis of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) Under varying sowing times and fertility levels R.S. Sheoran, R.K. Pannu and D.S. Rana Forage Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, {{Hisar}e}-125004 ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out during winter season of 1995-96 and 1996-97 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of three dates of sowing (November 16, December 16) and four level of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2 O5 /ha) on two fenugreek genotypes (HM 65 and T 8). The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, low in available nitrogen and phosphorus, rich in available potash and slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.6). the treatments were replicated thrice in a split-plot design. The results revealed that genotype HM 65 was superior to T 8 in terms of leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation and seed yield, respectively, than T 8. The crop sown on December 1 performed better than November 16 and December 16 dates of sowing for these characters. The crop sown on December 1 gave 9.8 and 33.2 per cent higher seed yield than November 16 and December 16 sowing, respectively. Increasing levels of phosphorus upto 60 kg/ha significantly increased the growth parameters viz., plant height, LAI, LAD, dry matter accumulation and seed yield over their lower doses of phosphorus. An increase of 27.6 and 6.9 per cent in seed yield was recorded with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha over control and 30 kg P2O5/ha respectively. However, the harvest index remained unaffected under different levels of phosphorus. |
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| Chemical Manipulation to Increase Seedling Vigour of Solanum nigrum. Ilango.C*, Dr. K. Manian** and Dr. P. Selvaraj* *Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, 609603 U.T. of Pondicherry, **Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Tamil Nadu. ABSTRACT Among few thousands of herbals used for Indian systems of Medicine, only few herbals are under cultivation. Others are collected from wild sources indiscriminately which leads a high demand for most of the herbals in Pharmaceutical industries and Practitioners of Indian systems of Medicine. Solanum nigrum is one of the herbals having high demand as evidenced by the inclusion of this crop in the call ilist of Medicinal Plants Board. Agro technologies, start from seeds to seeds, is lacking in this herbal. Studies were conducted with different kinds of chemicals (nine) of various concentrations including plant Growth Regulators (four) along with five physiological manipulations of seeds to find out the influence of these treatments. Dry seed sowing forms as control so as to have total treatments of thirteen. The pooled analysis of the results indicated that beneficial and adverse effect on germination percentage, growth performance of the seedlings and the seedling vigour of Solanum nigrum was evident. The maximum germination percentage (88%) was observed for the treatment of KNO3 as against 42% in control. The growth performance of the seedlings also significantly varied among the treatments. The maximum height of the seedlings was observed for the treatment GA3 which was followed by IAA and KNO3. the computed vigour index was high for the treatment of KNO3 (286) as against 130.3 for control. In-depth analysis indicated that the KNO3 treatment favourably influeanced both germination percentage (46% increased over the control) and the growth performance of the seedlings (5% increased over the control). This clearly indicated that the KNO3 treatment forms a agro technology to get the vigorous seedlings of solanum nigrum for higher productivity of this herbal. Response of Harvest and Nutrient Management on Seed Yield and Alkaloid Content in Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) under Sodic Soil Conditions. Ajai Singh and Bajrang Singh National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (U.P.)-226001 Abstract Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) is a plant of family Solanaceae and is being used in modern medicine. The important alkaloids in the plant are hyoscyamine and hyoscine. These alkaloids are mainly used in diseases of respiratory and intestinal as well as urinary bladder pain to control spasms. Its cultivation package has not been properly developed yet, therefore some agronomical experiments were conducted to optimize its yield and alkaloid contents on moderately sodic soil of U.P. Henbane responded well to fertilizer application at Banthra Research Station (NBRI), Lucknow, U.P. There was two major treatment i.e. harvest and nutrient management during 2000 & 2001 in 2 & 4 subtreatments, respectively. The result indicated that no leaf harvesting and application of 60:40:20 kg/ha NPK (50% N as basal + 50% N as top dressing) recorded the highest seed yield (565 kg/ha) followed by organic manuring with celrich (3 ton/ha), which rendered slightly lower yield (505 kg/ha). Leaf harvest in full bloom alongwith 60:40:20 kg/ha NPK recorded more alkaloids in leaf as well as seeds in comparison to the treatments in which leaf was not harvested. But there is no significant difference in alkaloid content under the treatment of NPK and celrich applications in harvested leaf conditions. However, plant growth attributes i.e. plant height, no. leaves/plant, no. branches/plant responded well to NPK and celrich application corresponding to the yield status. COTTON SEED – OIL OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS A. L. Tomar*, Subhod Kumar Jain** and K.C. Mandloi*** B.M. College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Khandwa, ** Zoology Department, Dr. H.S.Gour V.V., Sagar, *** B. M. College of Agriculture JNKVV, Khandwa. ABSTRACT Cotton is a major fiber crop of global importance. For multiple uses of cotton fibre and its other by-products it refer to as White Gold. The cottonseed oil plays an important role for human nutrition, medicine and as well as industry too. The oil content varies from 19-22 % and rich in essential fatty acids found in different genotypes. Environmental factors such as temperature, growing season and light considerably influence the fatty acid composition besides affecting the oil content. COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION OF INDIAN HERBS IN NORTH AMERICA. Conrad Richter, Vice-President, Richters Herbs, Goodwood, Ontario, L0C 1A0, Canada. ABSTRACT Indian herbs are grown commercially on a limited scale in North America for the botanicals market. Quality concerns with imported Indian herbs such as gotu kola (Centella asiatica) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) have led some manufacturers to contract with North American growers to produce these herbs. Plans by North American regulators to introduce mandatory Good Manufacturing Practices at the processing and manufacturing levels will increase quality expectations among buyers of raw botanicals and will add more pressure on suppliers to deliver Indian herbs with acceptable quality assurance and traceability documentation. The North American potplant market for Indian herbs is small, but growing due to increasing interest in ethnic herbs among home gardeners. Flowering and maturity of different generations of fenugreek crosses under two environments Ram Avtar Singh and B.S. Jhorar Forage Research Section,Deptt. of Plant Breeding CCS Haryana Agricultural University, {{Hisar}e}-125 004 ABSTRACT Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important multipurpose cash crop grown during rabi season. It is attacked by a number of diseases and among them powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni DC is the most devasting. This disease usually appears at later crop stages but if appeared before flowering, it causes even 100% yield losses. Early flowering and early maturing genotypes usually escape from this disease resulting in minimum yield losses. Therefore, performance of six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of four crosses viz., NLM x HM 350 (R x R), NLM x T 8 (R x S), HM 350 x HM 65 (R x S) and T 8 x HM 65 (S x S) was studied under inoculated (E1) and natural (E2) environments for days to flowering and days to maturity. The parents, HM 350 and T 8 in E2 took minimum and maximum days to flower, respectively. The F1s were generally intermediate between the parents for both flowering and maturity except HM 350 x HM 65. The F2s showed inbreeding depression under both environments except NLM x HM 350 for days flower. The earliness and lateness of flowering and maturity of backcross generations was related to their respective recurrent parents in both E1 and E2. The disease had no effect on days taken to flower, whereas it reduced significantly the days of maturity in case of susceptible parents as well as crosses. Performance of Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli L.) cultivars in northern Karnataka LAXMINARAYAN HEGDE Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, (University of Agricultural Sciences, {{Dharwad}e}) Arabhavi - 591 310, Dist. Belgaum, Karnataka ABSTRACT Patchouli is a shade-loving herbaceous aromatic crop. The oil from the dried leaves is used mainly in agarbatti industries, because of its fine fixative property. The oil is also used in aromatherapy due to its curative properties. The contract cultivation is being promoted in western Karnataka by many user industries in large acres. Five different cultivars (Johore, Mysore Johore, Java, Singapore and Local) were evaluated for their performance under replicated trial in northern Karnataka condition. Only two harvests could be obtained in a year. Cultivars Java and Singapore were significantly taller, while local cultivar was shorter type. The pooled data of two harvests also showed significantly higher fresh and dry herbage yield per plant in cvs. Java and Singapore. The herbage yields per hectare were 35.69 and 36.19, respectively, whereas oil yield was high in cv. Singapore (417.30 kg/ha). Lowest yield was in cv. Johore (47.50 kg/ha). Cultivar Mysore Johore yielded 118.90 kg oil per hectare. Quality analysis of oils is being carried out. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC PLANTS IN CHHATTISGARH. A.K. GEDA*1, P. DUBEY2 AND P.K. TIWARI3 ABSTRACT The newly born Chhattisgarh state, have richest flora of medicinal plants and also good potential for cultivation of aromatic plants. Aromatic plants, contains volatile odoriferous substance, the so called essential oils. The essential oils have been claimed to possess antibacterial, antiseptic, antifungal, anthelmintic, germicidal, insect-repellent and fly-repellent properties. Looking the these properties of essential oil, they are used in perfumes, cosmetics, beverages and in pharmaceutics industries of National and International markets. The environment condition of Chhattisgarh like soil type, rainfall, temperature are to be made more suitable for cultivation of aromatic plants. A research is needed to carriedout a systematic study on cultivation practices and introduction of extraction of essential oil from plants. The quality of the oil is a prime importance like percentage of principal component present in it and olfactory assessment of oil. There quality characters are responsible for marketing and trading of essential oils. The commercially available aromatic plants and their hybrid strains of Palmarosa, Jamrosa (geraniol 60-70%), Lemongrass (citral 80-95%), Javacitronella (citronella 60-70%), Clocimum (eugenol 70%), mentha spp (menthol & menthone 50-80%) has been developed by CSIR laboratories. For these hybrid strain desire a research component on package of practices and transfer of technology for extraction of essential oil and its quality assessment could prove an achievement of this region. The essential oil of these hybrid strains has been accepted by the traders and industrialists, gives better returns. Some essential oil bearing herbs are also commercially available in market that could be encourage for extraction of oil, providing additional benefits. Lastly experiments could be framed out for utilization of uncultivated land for aromatic plant in forest area, which also support for the upliftment of tribal farmers. * Corresponding author. 1 Sr. Scientist, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; 2 Scientist, Department of Horticulture; 3 Scientist, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur. Influence of Propagation Methods on root quality and productivity Of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) A.K. Pandey and A.K. Patra Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, (Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education) Chhindwara 4880001 (M.P.) INDIA ABSTRACT Withania somnifera Dunal (Winter cherry, Ashwagandha or Asagandh), family Solanaceae is an important medicinal plant in Indian traditional systems of medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. It is nicknamed as Indian ginseng due to its restorative properties. Its is used to cure diseases like leprosy, nervous disorders, intestinal infection, rheumatism, {{leucorrhoea}g}, {{spermatorrhoea}g} and menstrual troubles. W. somnifera is characterized by the presence of steroidal lactone (withanolides), alkaloids like withanine, somniferine and flavonoides. It is cultivated for its roots over about 4000 hectares in India mainly in north-western Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh comprising Manasa, {{Neemuch}e}, Jawad and Bhanpura tehsils of the Mandasur and Neemuch district and nearby Nagaur district of Rajasthan. Withania somnifera is cultivated in sandy loam or light red soils having a pH of 7.5 to 8.0 with good drainage. It is a late rainy season crop. It requires relatively dry season, and its roots are fuly developed when one or two late winter rains are received. The areas receiving 65-75 cm rainfall are best suited for its cultivation. Withania somnifera is mainly grown on residual fertility and hence no manuar or fertilizers are recommended. Since it has the potential to grow under rainfed conditions, there is need to extend its cultivation in newer areas. Farmers employ different propagation practices for the cultivation of ashwagandha like broadcasting of seeds and transplantation of seedlings raised in nursery. However, the quality of roots varies with different propagation methods. A field experiment was conducted at Chhindwara to find out the best method of its propagation. The study revealed that method of direct seed sowing (broadcasting) is the best method for cultivation of ashwgandha as it yielded better quality of roots and more economical. MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND HERBAL PLANTS IN CHHATTISGARH STATE K.N.S. Banafar*, A.K. Gauraha*, B.C. Jain**, andV.K. Choudhary** ABSTRACT In India almost 47 thousand Herbals are available out of which about 10 thousand species have medicinal values among those about 750 medicinal plants are used as Ayurvedicmedicines. In the last few decades the herbal and medicinal plants are disappeared specially in tribal areas due to deforestation and over exploitations and other external influences. However, these medicinal plants are used by the tribals since age for their treatment and other uses. The traditional knowledge of various uses of medicinal plants are also distinct because of the knowledge of traditional treatment is not being transferred generation to generation. The traditional knowledge about medicinal plants is not documented properly. Similarly the conservation Herbal and medicinal plants are not done systematically. The package of practices of different economically important Herbal plants are not available to the farmers of the region. Market for these plants are very limited it means there is monopoly market of medicinal and Herbal plants due to these market structure the collectors and producers are not getting remunerative price of their products. There is an urgent needs to documentation and identification of medicinal and Herbal plants. To develop suitable and economically viable package of practices of Herbal and medicinal plants there is a multidisciplinary team of scientist is needed. Looking to the availability of raw material the pharmaceutical industries may be established alongwith institutional marketing structure assuring support price of different medicinal and Herbal plants. These arrangements should increase the income and employment of tribal farmers. *Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) **Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) GAP IN PACKAGE OF PRACTICES IN HINA CULTIVATION UNDER RARM FORESTRY SYSTEM D.P. Singh, H.G. Prakash and R.A. Singh C.S. Azad University of Agricultural & Technology, Kanpur-2 ABSTRACT An investrigation was conducted in four village viz. Jabalpur Punwara, Pendabad, Raipur Laraita and Hirapurwa of district Kannauj (U.P.) during 1998-1999 by using PRA tools and techniques. Major Hina growing areas were grouped into two Agro-ecological situations (AES) i.e. I (Ioamy sand) and II (sandy loam). The study reflects that none of Hina growers were using recommended varieties of Hina because of non-availability of high quality germplasm. Cutting per pit were significantly (P<0 .05="" a="" aes.="" both="" fertilizer="" href="http://ecoport.org/ep?searchType=glossaryShow&glossaryId=47623&viewType=S" in="" of="" recommendation="" style="color: #a14e00; text-decoration: none;" than="" the="" use="">FYM |
Agrotechnique practices for cultivation of Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Linn. (Fam: Convolvulaceae), an important medicinal herb
Pawan K. Kasera and Priya Saharan
Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of botany
Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur 342 001, India.
ABSTRACT
Evolvulus alsinoides is an annual herb found during rainy season in open & rocky aras, garden, lawns, along roadsides, and also in cultivated fields. The species flourishes wellin humid and shady places. It is locally know as Shankhpushpi/Shankhahulli. The whole plant is used medicinally, which contains important alkaloids such as evolvine, betaine, and B-sitosterol. It is an astringent, hot, aphrodiasic, rejuvenating, which are used to treat neuroulogical disorders. It has also got antidysenteric and antiseptic properties. Shankhpushpi is used as a brain tonic in increasing memory. Looking nito the medicinal importance of the plant species, an attampt has been made for development of agrotechniques for cultivation of E. alsinoides under harsh environmental conditions of Indian Thar desert. Therefore in the present studies, experiments were conducted on various agrotechnique aspects at the Botany Department, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, during rainy season 2000 * 2001. The various experiments conducted were: )a) nutritional treatments: control, AM (Arbascular mycorrizhae): 100 g plant-1; Compost: 25 q ha-1; FYM (farmyard manure): 8, 10 & 14 t ha-1; Hexameal (an organic manure): 25 q ha-1; NPK: 60:40:30 kg ha -1; & NPK + Hexameal, (b) spacing: 25 x 25, 35 x 35 & 50x 50 cm, (c) plant density: singly, 2, 3, 4, & 5 plants in a groups, 9d0 differernt irrigation schedules: control, 5, 10 & 15 days, and (e) under & overcanopy.
The experimental results revealthat plantation at 25 x 25 cm spacing with plant density of three plant in a group gape maximum plant growith and biomass yield. The nutritional treatments results reveal that FYM @ 8 t ha-1; was suitable for obtaining maximum plant growth and biomass under field conditions. The irrigation at an interval of 5 days was better for obtaining optimum plant growth. To achieve maximumplant biomass, the crop should be harvested within two months after transplanting under field conditions. E alsinoides being a shade loving plant, so it flourishes well when grown under the canopy of trees (undercanopy) as compared to control 9overcanopy).
Prospects of development of cropping systems involving
Medicinal herbs
E.V.S. Prakasa Rao, K. Puttanna and K. Mallikarjuna
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Field Station, Allalasandra, GKVK PO, Bangalore-560065
ABSTRACT
Out of some 8000 plant species known to be in use for medicinal purpose in India, about twenty plants are consumed in large quantities by pharmaceutical industries. Also, a large number of plants are being used in indigenous systems of medicines. There is a short supply of genuine raw materials because 95% of the supply is from wild sources, which are dwindling due to biotic pressure and excessive exploitation. Further, the world market for these materials is growing faster than the supply. There is an urgent need to culativate these plants to ensure sustained supply of quality raw materials for pharmaceutical industries. In order to make the cultivation of medicinal plants economically viable, adaptation of intercropping/polycropping, improved agrotechniques, organic methods, etc., is necessary. The quality of raw material as affected by the environment, cultivation and harvesting practices and post harvest handling should be monitored. Details will be presented on the research methods to be adopted such as (1) selection of species appropriate for the agroclimate, (2) design of statistically valid experiments, (3) growth studies, (4) estimation of land use efficienciencies, (5) economics, (6) post harvest handling techniques, (7) standardisation of quality and (8) formulation of package of practices.
(3)
Technical Session – IV (Oral Presentation)
Technical Session – VI A (Poster Presentation)
(E) Pest management,
(F) Post harvest management ho herbs,
(G) Quality control and standardization.
Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Products
Dr.Subrata De,
Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Lab.,
Institute of P.G. Teaching and Research in Ayurved,Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar-361 008.
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda, one of the renowned traditional systems of medicine is practiced in India since centuries for curing various ailments. With the increase in the interest in Ayurvedic and herbal medicine throughout the world the trend of manufacturing the drugs has been shifted to commercial manufacturing on large scale from the earlier tradition of preparation of drug by the physicians them selves. As a result of this trend the standardization and quality control of Ayurvedic drugs have gained much attention and importance and also have become the need of the hour. Analysis or quality control is basically the check functions carried out at different stages so that the batch-to-batch variation can be controlled and product of uniform quality can be produced. For doing this check functions standardization of protocols is necessary. In case of allopathic drugs the finished products can be analyzed completely and the results of the analysis, if found within the prescribed limit, can be taken as a proof of batch quality. But in case of Ayurvedic drugs it is difficult to prescribe such a comprehensive analytical protocol.
For minimizing batch-to-batch variation it is essentials to carry out- (i) Quality Control of raw materials, (ii) Process validation, (iii) quality control of finished products and quality control of packaging materials. In the G.M.P. of A.S.U. drugs, which has been included in the ‘Schedule T’ of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, emphasis has been given on various aspects of Q.C. along with documentation of various steps involved in manufacturing and storage of drugs.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia committee has finalized the formats for preparing monographs of single Ayurvedic drugs and compound Ayurvedic formulations. WHO has published general guidelines for methodologies and evaluation of traditional medicines and also quality control methods for medicinal plant materials.
In spite of the availability of such guidelines lot of difficulties are faced for evolving analytical protocols for Ayurvedic formulations. Evolving standards for single Ayurvedic drugs/raw materials is comparatively easier in comparison to evolving standards for compound formulations. About 50% of the formulations included in A.F.I. contain over 10 ingredients. Lack of knowledge about the therapeutically active ingredients and limited knowledge about the processing/preparation of different formulations are the main constrains for preparing Ayurvedic drugs having uniform therapeutic efficacy.
A detailed presentation will be made covering all these aspects with illustrations based on the data generated in our laboratory during studies carried out on different aspects of standardization including evolving protocols for analyzing single and compound Ayurvedic drugs and the changes brought about in chemical profile due to the influence of cultivation and different processing and manufacturing techniques.
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| Ecofriendly weed and MPTS litter management in Herbal Cultivation through allelopathic methods. Banwari Lal and Pankaj Oudhia* Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003 * Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI), Raipur ABSTRACT Introduction to Allelopathy The plants being the original source of organic matter, as they convert the solar energy in to the chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Under natural conditions, the tops and roots of trees, shrubs, grasses and other native plants annually supply large quantities of organic residues. Under arable cropping systems 1/10th to 1/3rd plant tops commonly fall to soil surface and roots remain in the soil except some of the commercially used modified roots etc. This shows in the natural process that the residues of higher plants provide food for soil organisms and maintain soil organic directly absorb organic matter. Although this opinion was later on discarded by the advancement in the scientific knowledge. However, the amino acids such as alanine and glycine can be directly absorbed by higher plants from the soil system to of decomposition of added organic matter number of alleochemicals produced and take part in the physico-chemical properties of soil advancement.The whole phenomenon thus reflect as allelopathy. Allelopathy is the emerging science in day to day life for future generations. It is the joint effort of interaction among plant to plant, plant to animal and plant to microorganisms. Allelopathy is generally referred to the harmful effect of one plant on another plant till the middle on 20th century. But recent studies clearly indicated the new dimension in stimulatory/beneficial effects of allelopathy in general and crop production in particular. Allelopathy is govern by Allelochemicals that Allelochemicals refers mostly to the secondary metabolites produced by the plants and are by products of primary metabolic processes. These secondary metabolites/ Allelochemical play greater role in reduction as well as enhancement of germination, establishment, growth, development and final biomass production of various species. This whole process can be understand as allelopathy. Major weeds in Herbal fields Parthenium hysterophoirus L. - A green cancer in India Parthenium hysterophoirus L. is an annual weed with wide amplitude of ecological adaptability. This plant prefers moist shady and organically rich habitats. It has wider adaptability in terms of photoperiodicaly as well as thermoperiodically. Various plant organs of Parthenium release over two dozen allelochemicals which influence the neighboring plant species. It has rapid colonizing capacity and cause dermatitis and other allergies to human beings. Healthy plants of this noxious weed produce on an average of 7000 fruits (cypsela). Therefore, it is prolific seed producer. The seeds are extremely lightweight and armed with papus and wind, water, birds and animals disseminate them. Although the farmers in general and human as well as livestock in present day agriculture facing problem of Parthenium, but its difficult to control Parthemiun by any single approach. We are more and more concerned to control this weed on cultivated and adjoining wastelands. At this stage we are hopeful to get some useful allelochemicals from the extract of this noxious weed for human as well as livestock. Chemically Parthenium contain (0.08 to 0.11%) oil with allelochemicals viz. germacrene-D (8.37%), Geroionol (7.84%), Oct. Len-3ol (2.3%), Trans-ocimene (1.52%), b-myrecene (4.16%), geranyl acetate (1.45%), Caryophyleene (2.43%), caryophyllene (2.27%). Uses of Parthenium yet tobe identified for large scale testing and adaptation. Lantana camara L. – A unhealthy aroma Lantana camara an erect perennial shrub is a weed of cultivated, wasteland, fence lined, roadsides etc. It grows well on dry as well as wet regions. The stem is uually four-angled, covered with recurred prickles. The whole plant is strongly aromatic with number of allelochemicals. Lantana camara is widely distributed in the tropical, sub-tropical to temperate regions. It is most serious weeds in coffee in Indonesia, Oilpalm in Nigeria, cotton in Turkey, coconut in Fiji and Trinidad, cropped areas in India. Numbers of herbicides/ arboricides have been tried but regrowth of shoot is the major problem in cropped area. Since the whole plant is aromatic, which may be a boon for the herbal industry in future as it grow on all types of climate and soil with little effort. Its leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds viz.Protocatedhuic acid, gentistic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, o-coumaric acid, t-cinnamic acid, vanillin,methyl coumarin. The phytotoxicity of its leaf extracts was due to complex interactions between these phenolic compounds. The plant extract of Lantana camera deyed the sccd germination and scriously inhibited the root, shoot and leaf development in most field crops. Use : Medicinal uses of Lantana yet to be indetified for large scale testing and adaptation. Cyperus rotundus L. – A nutsedge without kernels Cyprus rotundus is a perennial herb with linear leaves, apparently looking like a grass. Purple nutsedge type weed is one of the most difficult weeds of the world, particularly on heavy soil. The rhizomes give rise to underground tubers, which proliferate intensively. Most of the tubers grow in the top 12-cm of the soil and store food for other part of the plant and serve as very effective means of propagation. Although it is serious weeds in many dry land and irrigated crops in India. The Cyprus rolundus plant parts contain different phytochemicals. Cypra esculantus L contained inhibitory compounds (p-hydroxybonzoic, vanillic, syringic, ferulic, p-coumaric acid) which inhibit the germination of oat, sugarbeet,peas, lettuce, tomato, clover etc. while Cyperus kyllingia is rich in terpenses-a-cypernose, pselinene, a-humilene. Different plant parts of Cyprus show different symptoms when associated with field crops. In most cases higher concentration of extract definitely influence the physiological stages of plant growth. Cyprus rotundus, which may be a boon for the herbal industry in future as it, grow on all types of climate and soil with little effort except temperate regions. Uses : Medicinal uses of Cyperus yet to be indentified for large scale testing and adaptation. Datura innoxia Linn.- Thorn aple : A dedicated plant to Lord Shiva Datura innoxia is a perennial broad leafy weed with long size of white, purple and pink flowers. It occurs mostly no wastelands and sides of railways tracks as well as roads. It bears a cricket ball shape-size fruit with thorns on it. That why its called Thorn apple. It propagatcs mostly through seeds. Its seed lcachate contain tropanc alkaloids (scopolamine and hyposeyamine) which enhance the germination as well as shoot/root elongation. Uses : The leaves are used as plaster on the Baatt pain when put the leaves after putting ghee and salt. The pitti also cured when leaves powder applied as lapes. The green leaves with high temperature can cure the wounds. Fruits used in curing the skin diseases when burnt ashes are used. Cynodon dactylon L. (pers).- ever green hariyali Cynodon dactylon is a perennial grass with long runners, which strike roots at the nodes and extensive underground rhizomes. It occurs throughout the tropical, sub-tropical and Semi-arid region of the world. It propagates vegetatively more than by seed as the seeds being less important for its dispersal. It is a variable species with some varieties used as lawn grasses. Uses : Number of diseases like nakseer dysentry, etc. Ageratum conyzoides L. – A Goat weed Ageratum conyzoides is an erect softly hairy and 50 to 90 cm tall annual herb. It is distributed in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is grouped as winter annual. It is prolific seed producer. Wind and water spread seeds, and they germinate under a wide range of condition. It is a common weed in tea gardens in north as ell as south India. Ageratum conyzoides contain chroncecs (68.1%), Monotcrpcncs (10.8%), Sesquiterpense (18.97%) and Hydrocoarbon, phenol, acids (0.11%). Chemically Ageratum conyzoides contain Percocen I (23.34%), Percocen II (43.99%), b-caryoplyllene. Uses : Snake bite, Kidney stone Sorghum halepense L. Pers. Sorghum halepense is the worst weed in the world and causes severe reduction in the yield of maize, sugarcane, soybean, cotton etc. Leaf, rhizome extract seed germination and seedling development of most field crops weather cereals or legumes. The seed germination and seedling growth of crops inhibited owing to the presence of inhibitore such as chlorogenic, p-coumeric, fernlic p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, dhurrin, vanillin, taxiphyllin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the in fresh and decomposed leaves as well as rhizomes. In general p-coumaric acid present In the entire plant in the carly stagcs of crop growth while chlorogenic acid and dhurrin are present in leaf and rhizome respectively. Uses : Medicinal uses of Sorghum yet to be identified for large scale testing and adaptaion. {{Avena}e} spp. Its two species A. fatua L. and A. steriles sub. Spp. ludoviciana are serious weeds an arable areas and reduce the yield of wheat, barley, flax, green gram, lettuce etc. The presence of ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, scopolitin, vanillic etc. A ludoviciana enhance the growth of wheat but possible reason due to release of allelochemicals on vegetative growth yet to be identify. Number of ointments, turpins substances have been manufactured from the in Homeopathic as well as Ayurvedic process. On the other side oat is one of the best forage crop in the arid and scmi-arid tracts of the world and liked by horses. Major MPTS in Herbal fields Porential allelopathy in the field of ariculture have been extensively reviewed and talked about. However, meager emphases have been given to the MPTs as well as orchard for better utilization in agroforestry systems. Because replant problem has been reported in apple, grapes, cherries, plum, peaches, apricots, guava and citrus. Apple p-hydrocinnamic acid, Phlorizin (avonoide), Quercetin, Kaempferol, Epicatechin, Carechin, Phloroglucinol, p-hydroxy acid, patulin. While, Juglans nigra L. (Blach walnut) Jugons (quinone) (5-hydroxy-a napthaquinone), Psidium guajava L. (Guava) Phenolic, Terepenoides, Prunus persica L. Batsch (Peach) Amygoderlin (HCN, p-hydroybenzaldehyde), Citrus jambhiri, Lush (Rough lemon) Homovanillic acid fat soluble phenolics. Orchrads could be easily managed using compalible allelopathic legume cover crops as understriiry and as mulches to supply biological nitrogen fixation, control weeds, and repel pests. The plant which have suppresive capacity for nematodes, arthopods, vertibrates etc may be selected. The silviculture trees in India planted on large scale as per need and aavailable resourees and play vital role in the economy of the people. Time to time the interest of farmers and farm women shifted to wards the use of such trees. Eucalytus spp have been talked about very much in few decades as it created several problem to the field crops by releasing number of volatile oils viz. A-pinen. Review work of harmful effects of plants on weeds In general weeds competing annual crops in two ways-above ground competition for solar radiation, CO2 and space for shoot growth and under ground competition for nutrient, moisture and space for root growth. The plants which release S-hydroindole, 3 acetic, 5 hydrotryptophen increase the growth of wheat, com and bean (Hagin, 1989). Similarly sowing of wheat in mixture with Agrostemna githago increased the seed yield in comparison to sole wheat crop. Root exudates of Cynodon dactylon stimulated the seed germination and dry matter and had no adverse efect on the nodulation in soybean (Pope, et al, 1985). Its roots exudates also promoted the growth and yield of green gram (Peswani, 1981). in field condition grain yield of wheat increased when sown in mixture with Agrostemma githago (Gajic, 1966). The work of other worker compiled and presented in Table-I. Similarly the beneficial weeds for human health through phytochemicals have been listed in Table-2. Conculsion Allelopathy is the emerging science in day to day life for future generations. It is the joint effort of interaction among plant to plant, plant to animal and plant to. Allelopathy is the emerging science in day to day life for future generations. It is the joing effort of interaction among plant to plant, plant to animal and plant to microorganisms. In general weeds competing annual crops in two ways-above ground competition for solar radiation, CO2 and spade for shoot growth and under ground competition for nutrient, moisture and space for root growth. Beneficial effect of weed residues on arable crops is a great concern in the present day agriculture because use of high analysis artificial fertilizer and chemicals linearly increased in past half century. But their residual effect on human as well as livestock’s cant be ignored for environmental point of view. Although the farmers in India are totally not removing the weed flora from wastelands as well as adjoining to the cultivated fields as they are in day to day use for human as well as livestock health. IPM- An Ecologically Safe Plant Protection Approach S.B. Das Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University,{{KHARGONE}E}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT India is endowed with a rich wealth of herbal plants which includes both medicinal and aromatic plants. The major herbal plants commercially grown in the country and whose cultivation has attained priority in the country are Belladonna (Atropa belladonna Linn.). Cinchona (Cinchona calisaya Wedd., C. ledgeriana Moens, C. officinalis, C. succirubra Pavan). Dioscorea (Dioscorea floribunda). Foxglove (Digitalis tanate Ehrn). Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk), Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linn.), Rauwolfla (Rauwolfia serpentina Benth) Senna (Cassia augustifolia Vahl), Sowa (Anethum graveolens Linn.) among the medicinal ones and Bach (Acorus calamus L.), Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis DC), Pippermint (Mentha piperita Linn.), "Rajanigandha" (Polianthus tuberosa L.), Muskmello (Abelmoschus moschatus media) are among the aromatic plants. Inspite of the importance of hernbal crops and their contribution in the agricultural economy the optimum production has still not been harnessed. The reason being that, several blotic and ablotic stresses limits their production. Among the biotic ones, Insect pests pose a serious threat in the realisation of potential yield of these crops. The major insects of herbal crops are generally soil insects viz. White grub, cutworm and termites are reposted to damage the roots. Besides these some of the crops are also attacked by folliage feeders, which includes leaf miners, leaf rollers, aphids, thrips, white fly, hairy caterpillars and red pumpkln beetle etc. Earlier, research on these crops were negligble or received very little attention Cosequently development of plant protection techniques for effective management of major insect pests Infesting these cropps has not taken place. Recently efforts have been made by seientists towards development of shitable Integrated Pest Management technology of the achieved in this direction. In this present paper, efforts have been made to review the progress made so far on different methods of pest management and adoption of the available technology by the farmer’s and their impact on the farmer’s fields. STANDARDISATION OF A POLY HERBALAYURVEDIC DRUG-HUTABHUGADI CURNA A.Saraswathy and S.Rukmani Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug ReSEARCH institute For Ayurveda Arumbakkam (CCRAS) Chennai 600106 ABSTRACT Recently there has been an increase in interest and use of herbal medicine for the treatment of various ailments, though the use of herbal drugs in healthcare is as old as the mankind itself. Traditional medicine has also been steadily gaining interest and acceptance even amongst the practitioners of modern medicine. With this the market potential of herbs and herbal products has increased significantly. In view of the increased market potential, many pharmaceutical companies are diversifying in the manufacture of herbal drugs. With the resurgence of interest in herbal products all over the world, the global market for herbal products expanded with a concurrent demand for good quality herbal raw material as well as herbal products. In this context, the need for ensuing the efficacy and safety have to be established. Hence an attempt was made to evolve the pharmacopoieal standards for a polyherbal drug-Hutabhugadi curna. One sample was prepared using authentic ingredients in small scale and four samples were procured from different regions (Patiala, Jaipur, Almora and Jamnagar) of the country, all of them were subjected to pharmacognostic, physico-chemical, TLC/HPLC and microbial studies and the data have been evolved. Piperine, thymol, piperonal and tannic acid were used as "Chemical marker" The evolved parameters can be used for fixing pharmacopoeial standards. First record of Orange banded blister beetle Zonabris pustulata Thunb. (Coleoptera : Meloidae) on Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum L.) P. OUDHIA Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492001 India E-mail – Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT Safed Moosli (family : Liliaceae) is one of the important medicinal crops of India. In Indian systems of medicine Safed Moosli holds a reputed position. It is widely used as natural sex tonic. In Chhattisgarh,. Its commercial cultivation has started in 1999-2000 for the first time. In Safed Moosli, as commercial crop no major infestation have been reported in India and abroad. A survey was conducted in Safed Moosli fields of different districts of Chhattisgarh. From each field, 100 plants were selected randomly and percentage infestation was noted. In Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh, heavy infestation (80%) of Orange banded blister beetle Zonabris pustulaa Thunb was noted. This is the first record of this beetle on Safed Moosli. Average 3-4 beetles/plant have been observed. Serious infestation of this beetle on more than 32 plants of Chhattisgarh region including Ipomoea. Datura, Lantana, Hibiscus etc. have been observed. These beetles were found eating the flowers of Safed Moosli. For commercial breeding programme formation of seed in an essential process. Thus these beetles are causing serious damage. In farmer’s fields where Safed Moosli in propagated from fleshy roots. it is not causing much problem. Phyllotreta crucifera Goeze : A new pest of medicinal crop Lepidium sativum L. in Chhattisgarh (India). P. Oudhia Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492110 India. ABSTRACT The commercial cultivation of Garden cress (Lepidum sativum L : family Cruciferae) has started in Chhattisgarh from year 1997-1998. Lepidium is a native to West Asia and its leaves are consumed raw in salads and seeds are used as vegetable. Medicinally it is used as tonic. Seed mucilage is used as substitute for tragacanth and gum Arabic. In early years of commercial cultivation of Lepidium in Chhattisgarh, no insect infestation was observed. In the year 1999-2000, in Mahasamund district, where it is being cultivated in larger area, heavy infestation of flea beetle Phyllotreta crucifera Goeze (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) was observed. At flowering stage, average 20-22 adults per plant were observed. As the use of chemical insecticides is restricted in medicinal plans and due to nonavailability of biocontrol agents, heavy damage have been observed Lepidium crop and 40-50 percent reduction (observations from farmer’s field) in yield was observed in heavily infested fields. Next year (i.e. 2000-2001). Again heavy infestation was observed in 4 districts of Chhattisgarh (for the first time in 3 districts) including Mahasamund. "IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDISATION IN HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINAL PLANTS". P. SUBRAMANIAN Homoeopathic Drug Research Institute, B-1433, Indira Nagar, Lucknow-226 016 (U.P.) ABSTRACT The object of the present paper is to highlight the reliability and validity of certain chemical parameters adopted for standardization of Homoeopathic medicinal plants. It is utmost importance to provide affordable the quality also includes organoleptic, physical and analytical. The seeds of Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) found to cytosine, an alkaloid of nicotine type. The extract of seeds is used in diagnosis of human blood sub-groups A and AB and also in forensic medicine as putative paternity. Analysis of seeds reveals moisture content 7.2% w/w, total ash 3.87% w/w, acid insoluble ash 1.05% w/w. Mother tincture was prepared in 75% alcohol by percolation method. Analytical value of the mother tincture are wt. Per ml 0.9 g, total solids 1.56% w/v, pH 5.2 and alcohol content 71% v/v. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) shows two prominent spots having Rf value at 0.4 and 0.72 (orange red) using methanol : ammonia (100 : 1.5 v/v) as mobile phase and Dragendroff reagent as detecting agent. Diluted mother tincture (1 part of Q with 99 parts 75% alcohol) when scanned in the U.V. Spectrophotometer, exhibited two distinct peaks at 273.0 nm and 221.5 nm. The observed data and methodology adopted may serve as pharmacopial standards and also ensure the availability of quality medicine with assured efficacy to the common public. Evaluation of plant extracts against top borer Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker SUCHITA SINGH *ANIL DIXIT** AND SHAMBHU SINGH YADAV*** Uttar Pradesh Ganna Kisan Sansthan, Lucknow ABSTRACT The leaf extract of Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, Nicotiana tabacum, Cannabis sativa and Calestrimon strinus at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent concentration were tested against Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker in laboratory as well as in the field conditions. The results indicated that at 2.0 percent concentration the mortality percentage of larvae was 90 percent in spraying of leaf extract of C.procera, A. indica and E. globules after 24 hours, while after 72 hours, all the tested leaf extracts used for experimental purpose resulted 90 percent mortality in laboratory conditions. In the field conditions spraying leaf extract of all the plants were significantly superior over control. The effect of spraying at 3 percent concentration of C. Procera. A. indica and E. globules leaf extract resulted incidence 1.73, 1.88 and 1.97 (First brood), 2.39, 3.19 and 2.12 (Second brood) 2.88, 3.99 and 2.78 (Third brood), and 8.15, 9.62 and 7.84 percent (at harvest ) over 27.90 percent in check of top borer. * Subject matter specialist (Entomology), U.P. Ganna Kisan Sansthan, Lucknow. ** Reader, Christ Church College, Kanpur (Zoology department). *** Director, U.P. Ganna Kiasan Sansthan Lucknow. Process Standardization for the Preparation of Whey Based Mango Herbal Beverages. S. Prashanth Department of Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKVV, Raipur, ( C.G.) ABSTRACT Various recipes were evaluated for preparation of Whey Based Mango Herbal Beverages containing dairy whey (acidity 0.23%, fat 0.2% and total solids 5.95%), mango (Neelum, Banganapalli and Langra ), sugar, stabilizer and three different levels of ginger extract (50% solution) i.e. 1,2,& 3 percent. The investigation was carried out with the view to asses the suitability of different mango varieties, assessment of overall acceptability and to evaluate the shelf- life of beverages at refrigerated (8 ± 2 O C) temperature up to 30 days of storage at an interval of 10 days. Techno - economic feasibility of the product was also estimated. The whey was analyzed for fat, solid not fat, acidity and pH. Mango, pulp and beverage samples were analyzed for average weight, stone percent, pulp percent, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, acidity, pH, ascorbic acid and sensory characteristics. Average weight (196 g) and stone percent (22.4%) of Banganapalli mango variety was found to be highest, Langra recorded the highest pulp percent (58.2%), total soluble solids (24 O B), ascorbic acid (11.33 mg/100 g) and acidity (0.45%). Total sugar (16.7%) and reducing sugar (8.21%) of Neelum variety was found to be highest. Further, it was observed that during storage of the products at (8 ± 2 O C ) the total soluble solids and total sugar remained unchanged. Acidity was increased in the preserved products, pH value decreased. Ascorbic acid content reduced significantly. Where as reducing sugar increased significantly. The results revealed that product prepared from Langra mango variety having composition of 20 % pulp, 8 % sugar, 0.1 % stabilizer and 69.9 % whey with 2% level of ginger extract, was found to be excellent for beverage preparation. It is also resume that by addition of ginger extract will provide quality products with longer shelf life as well as increase the palatability and overall acceptability of the final product. The product was found to be techno- economically feasible. |
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| ROOM TEMPERATURE DEHYDRATION KEY TO POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF HERBS Lalit D. Meisheri, B.Tech.(Chem.), Proprietor, TECH KNOW CONSULTANTS B-138, Ghatkopar Industrial Estate, off L.B.S.Marg, Ghatkopar(w), MUMBAI 400086. ABSTRACT Herbs are natural plant material either with wild growth or cultivated, depend on season for their production in form of agri produce If end use of these herbs is targeted as Medicinal , mankind will require it round the year .During the season one would use it as fresh and rest of the period in preserved form. Dehydration or Drying ,as normally known is simplest method of preserving such agri produce. Even though with evolution of science &technology, Drying has moved from very primitive mode of sun drying to high tech region of Freez Drying , depending upon objects and purpose behind process. Key to dehydration of herbs lies in preserving their natural chemical composition so that as and when they are used during off season, their efficacy would be as good as they were fresh. Paper written by a qualified chemical technologist from IIT, Mumbai and an renowned expert in Value Addition to Agri Produce by processing them suitably , evaluates various drying technologies which are available today in various process industries keeping Herbs (Medicinal ) in mind. With in house process development facilities author has, he proposes new innovative method for Dehydration of Herbs which can keep its chemical compositions /colour /flavour /taste intact at very economically viable scale. His unique method dehydrates HERBS at room temperature ,27-34 degree centigrade without vacuum and use of any fuels .System is totally eco-friendly in its truest sense. System operates at ambient conditions of pressure and temperature ,making plant cost relatively cheap. Paper covers practical aspects of Dehydration with respects to wide field of friuts, vegetables, flowers, Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Piper colubrinum : A wilt tolerant rootstock for betel Vine (Piper betel) S.K. Godse, B.P. Patil, M.B. Dalvi, A.K. Shinde and K. Pujari Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle 416516, Dist. Sindhuddurg (MS) Abstract The microclimate in the betel vine garden is very conducive for the development of soil borne wilt pathogens viz., Phytopthora and Sclerotium. Chemical control of such soil borne pathogens is very difficult. The betel vine is highly susceptible to these pathogens and hence little success is achieved with the application of fungicides with no recovery of partially wilted plants. To overcome this problem efforts are being made at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle, Dist. Sindhudurg to find out wilt tolerant rootstock for betel vine to these pathogens causing heavy economic losses to the farmers. For this purpose a known rootstock for wilt viz., Piper colubrinum, which was reported to be Phytopthora resistant in black pepper, was tested for compatibility of grafting in betel vine. The rootstock viz., Piper colubrinum can easily be multiplied on mass scale in shortest time with cutting and such sprouted cutting of four months age was found most compatible for soft wood grafting of betel vine plants showed more vigour as compared to the cuttings plant at the same time. The further study is in progress. In near future this potential technology promises eco-friendly control of betel vine wilt. QUALITY CONTROL & MARKETING PROBLEMS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BY V.R. PUSALKAR / ARUNA Shriman, 5/96 Q, NETHAJI STREET, ALAGAPURAM, SALEM 636016. ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have become a vibrant topic in recent years. Modern medicines dominated in the major period of 20th century but after 1970, scientists started realizing that although allopathic medicines could cure practically all the ailments, it is more difficult to cure the side effects of these drugs. Allopathy cures once upon a time fatal diseases likemalaria, typhoid, small pox, cholera, heart ailments etc. but also it brings The side effects which include Diabetes, blood pressure, prostate, eye, sexual, nervous & orthopedic problems with alarming increase in sleeplessness, constipation & cancer. Due to these severe side effects, the developed countries showed aversion towards the allopathic drugs after 1970. The medicinal plants being nature’s gift, preferred in the place. The consumption of medicinal plants went up drastically and the natural resources started depleting with alarming speed. The major cultivation efforts started only after 1980. The so far neglected area definitely needed a lot of work in {{genetics}g}, agronomy, hybridization etc. Several countries started working on agronomic aspects. Several Indian institutes like {{CIMAP}g}, NBRI, IIHR etc. focussed more on cultivational aspects whereas European companies focussed on potent molecules and standardized extracts. Last decade withnessed the large scale cultivation. Of the developed countries started cultivating medicinal plants in a big way with modern technology. Before we select a medicinal plant for the cultivation, it is necessary to find out the details of its usage. The medicinal plants are consumed by 1. Ayurvedic or Siddha Industries 2. Pharmaceutical Industries Ayurvedic / Siddha Industries These industries make the products as per the old traditions or texts. Most of the herbs are available in wild. However, some plants are cultivated due to its shortage in wild. 1. Centella asiatica 2. Withania somnifera 3. Phyllanthus amarus 4. Mucuna pruriens 5. Chlorophytum borivilianum 6. Bacopa monnieri 7. Kaempferia galanga 8. Rauvolfia serpentina 9. Ocimum sanctum 10. Tinospora cordifolia 11. Hibiscus rosa sinensis 12. Adathoda vasica 13. Aloe vera 14. Solanum trilobatum 15. Plantago ovata These plants can be cultivated easily. There is no restriction regarding the quality since most of the plant are used as a whole and not for single active principle. Tips for growing & marketing : Select right soil & climate. No restriction on fertilizers or pesticides but it is advisable to use mild pesticides only. Cultivate more varieties on smaller extents. Have mixed plantation of trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs etc. since this industry needs many plants in relatively smaller quantities. Pharmaceutical Industry This Industry needs medicinal plants to make standardized extracts or to isolate active principle (pure product). Standardized Extracts There are several plants from old texts as well as from new research, where the active principle is known. E.g. Curcumin in Turmeric, L-dopa in Mucuna pruriens etc. These plants are used in the form of extract which is standardized to a certain percentage of active principle e.g. Passiflora extract with 1% isovitexine. The extracts are prepared by using water, alcohol or liquid CO2 Today most of the plants are used in this way. Coleus forskohlii Cassia angustifolia Passiflora incarnata Capsicum frutescens Matricaria chamomilla Centella asistica Polygala senaga Valeriana officinalis Mucuna pruriens Withania somnifera Phyllanthus amarus Cultivation technologies are available for most of the plants. The cultivation is simple. However, the quality parameters are stringent and many times the consignments are rejected for various reasons. Poor demand (It can be due to over production or may be that the product comes cheaper from wild or may be that it is cultivated in other country more economically.) Adulteration (Valuable medicinal plants usually adulterated with a cheaper substitute like Merremia with Centella asiatica, Brinjal root with Vinca, Rauvolfia roots etc.) Faulty processing (Plant is harvested earlier than the maturity or dried in intense sunlight, under moisture etc.) Poor quality Pure products Very few plants give the clinical products which are used in Pharmaceutical Industries as active principle in direct or converted from. These are marketed in the form of tablets, creams injections etc. along with the allopathic drugs. Ephedrine hydrochloride from Ephedra spp. Ajmalicine from Vinca rosea roots Vinblastine & Vincristine from Vinca rosea leaves Aloin from Aloe vera Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica Colchicine from Gloriosa superba Reserpine from Rauvolfia spp. Nicergoline from Ipomoea hederacea Proscillaridin from Urgenia indica Cortico-steroids (dexamethasone, betamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, testosterone) From Dioscoria floribunda, D. composita, D. deltoidea etc. Atopine form Atropa belladona Quinine from Cinchona Strychnine, Brucine from Strychnos nux-vomica Cultivation technologies of most of the plants are available. There are no restriction on pesticides, contamination etc. since it is extracted into pure from and mostly converted into the derivatives. These crops are purchased on the basis of the percentage of active principle. Growing & marketing tips Cultivation only through promoters with financial assistance & purchase assurance Use liberal quantity of manure & fertilizer and necessary dosage of pesticides but keep the crop under stress for a month or fortnight before the harvest. Select best variety with known percentage of active principle Follow the guidelines of experts in the field. Several quality problems arise For the plants which are used in Pharmaceutical Industry, Therefore it is necessary to have a network of farmers, promoters, industry & Research Institutions. Immediate contace of farmers is the promoter. We have suggested above mentioned solutions not on theoretical basis but practically proved on large scale in Tamilnadu for las 20 years. Our achievments are self explanatory. EXTENT OF ACHIEVEMENTS FOR Gloriosa superba, we had several collaborative projects with Gandhi krishi vidnyan kendra, University of Agricultural sciences, Bangalore during 1985 to 91.Lot of iinformation on agronomy, hand pollination, disease control, germination of seeds etc has been published in various journals, M. Sc. & Ph. D. Thesis were awarded to students working on it. The research students and their guides visited the plantations often in Salem area for getting the first hand knowledge of crop and then the trials for its improvement. For {{Coleus forskohlii}e}, the collaborative project was with Tamilnadu agricultural university, Coimbatore during 1988 to 1990. (Wrong choice of soil or altitude-e.g. Artemisia, {{Plamarosa}e} {{Coleus}e} etc.) poor variety of planting material (In many essential oil plants latest variety gives higher yields thus the old variety gives poor returns. E.g. Aromatic plants, Coleus, Senna etc.) Pesticide residues (Several pesticides used in India are banned in developed countries due to toxic residues which cause carcinogenic & allergic effects. Residues come either from the pesticides sprayed on the plant or nearby fields or used for the previous crops. These residues are difficult to wash in the extraction process.) Unhygenic methods (Presence of human & animal excreta near the drying place lead to dangerous microbial contamination E.coil,.) Aflatoxins (Fungal & bacterial infections on the crop as well as developed during the rotting of produce while drying, produces toxic chemicals which are harmful & difficult to remove.) Worldwide access has brought us big business but we should not forget that we have to compete with other countries in Quality & price because practically there is no produce which is coming only from India. Thus the chances of putting our terms for quality & rate are remote. Regulations regarding Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) have became very strict for these medicinal plants which are used in direct or simple extracted forms. Tips for growing & marketing : Cultivate medicinal plants only under the guidance of a promoter who knows all the technical details regarding that plant and can advise on GAP. Cultivate only for promoters, established export houses or companies. Transparency of relationship between promoter & exporting company. Satisfactory part record of promoter. fInformation about the final destination & use of the produce. Farmer has basic right to know the use of the produce which also helps them to handle the product properly. Produce only the required quantity. The rate of the commodity is crashed with Over-production and shoots up with the under-production. First situation is bad for the current year while the second is bad for the next year. Do not cultivate without financial assistance from the buyer. The Advance Amount is not much important but the binding on the buyer to purchase the produce is more important. It also reveals whether the buyer has serious thoughts about the business with the farmer) Enter into supply-purchase agreement with fixed price. There are two ways. Either agree for a mutually suitable suitable price and forget the price in the market or agree to supply 10-20% difference than the market price (lower in case of high market and higher in case if market in crashed.) There are some enterprising farmers who do not wish to enter into agreement with any promoters and negotiate the rate when the pro0duce is ready. It may be remunerative sometimes but in such cases farmer is cut off from some vital technical guidelines and the future market prospectus. It is important to select a pesticide before its use, Only Pyrethroids, DDVP,Bordeaux mix., Neem pesticides etc can be used. DDT, {{BHC}g}, Lindane, {{Chlorodane}g}, Aldrin, Chlorpyriphos, Phorate must be avoided strictly since these residues are carcinogenic and can not be removed even from the soil from the soil for several years. Selected research findings were transferred in the field which helped to improve the crop quality & quantity considerably. The classic example being the hand pollination of Gloriosa superba for higher yields. Such network of Industry, Research Institutes, Promoters & Farmers was possible because of the firm support on long term basis from M/s Indena spa, {{Milan}e}, Italy Apart from export, the domestic market for medicinal plants is large enough which gets its near total supplies from forest at the cost of loss to bio-diversity. If the other companies also could plan well in advance, they can develop such networks which will be most ideal not only for them but also for th farmers & the bio-diversity of the country. We introduced & commercialized following medicinal plants in last 20 years in Tamil nadu Name of the plant Year of Introduction Current extent {{Gloriosa superba}E} 1978 2500 acres Coleus forskohlii 1981 500 acres Passiflora incarnata 1989 50 acres Ipomoea hederacea 1983 300 acres Mappia foetida 1994 100 acres Under the collaboration with M/S INDENA SPA, MILAN, ITALY. Abstract for National Research Seminar on Herbal Conservation, cultivation, marketing and utilization with special emphasis on Chhattisgarh, "The Herbal State" Role of Phyto- Chemistry in Essential Oil Industries A.K.Geda*, R.L.Pandey, R.K.Mishra and P.Dubey1 Deptt of Plant Breeding & Genetics Deptt of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur 492012 ( C.G.) ABSTRACT Centuries ago, it has been known that certain aromatic plants contains volatile odoriferous substances, called ‘essential oil’ or ‘ethereal oil. Its active components are responsible for flavor and frangences. In the essential oil industries it has been used in perfumes, cosmetics, beverages and pharmaceuticals industries as antiseptics and flavoring agents. The essential oil or extracts of plants and animal origin having odours/flavors consists of acyclic, alicyclic, aromatic and hetrocyclic compoents. These are obtained either by steam/hydro distillation or extraction of solvents. They largely comprise terpenic compounds which constituted two or more isoterpenyl units. Most of the plant parts, are distilled with the help of steam. At laboratory scale, determination of the percentage of oil, calculated as v/w or w/w on fresh weight basis(FWM) or dry weight (DWB) is done by Clevenger apparatus. The most commercial essential oils bearing plants are Palma Rosa, lemongrass, mentha spp, Java citronella, vitiver, jamrosa etc are obtained by steam distillation process. The quality evaluation involves the determination of physico-chemical contents, identification of isolates/constituents and their percentage by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and performance of organoleptic tests. The preliminary physico-chemical contents of essential oil are compared with standard commercial sample developed by different organizations. These specifications are - appearance color, flavor, specific gravity, refractive index, ester value after acetylation, alcohol contents, carbonyl value and phenyl content. ISI regularly publishing bulletins for procedures and tools used them presently in those determination. Secondly, the quality evaluation of E.oil is being done by GLC. It is a more specific and sensitive analytical technique required to distinguish various isomers and percentage of chemical components present in the oil. The market quality of the oil depends upon a specific component present in it like Palma Rosa content geraniol and geranyl acetate. High amount of free geraniol / lowest amount of geranyl acetate, and presence of esters in traces results a good quality of oil; lemongrass, it serve a good source of citral (neral+geranial) for preparation of ionones,geraniol and vitamin ‘A’. Oil fractions are also used in flavour formulation; java citronella components like citronellal, citronellol and geraniol are commercially important; oil of mentha spp to separate l-menthol by freezing, rectification and other ancillary process, used in flavor industries. Dementholised oil are also used in pharmaceutical and confectionary preparation. A series of E.oil has been reported for its commercial use with the presence of specific components. Thirdly, organoleptic quality of oil evaluated the odour as well as taste using olfactory and gustatory method. Hence, organoleptic evaluations are of primary importance specially in case of nature of oil and isolates. It may differ only due to the presence of trace components which could be detected by GC-MS. Therefore for marketing and trading of essential oils these quality characters has much more importance of judging the essential oils of natural origin. *corresponding author Preliminary Studies Of Pollinator Fauna Of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal)in West Nimar Of Madhya Pradesh. M.Paliwal, S.B. Das, V.S.Kandalkar and O.P. Veda Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, {{KHARGONE}e}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) (Solanaceae) raised during late Kharif 2001-2002 at Zonal Agriculture Research Station. JNAU, Kharagone (M.P.) was in bloom during October-November. Preliminary observations revealed that some important insect pollinators were visiting the crop. Insect pollinators that were visiting the flowers mostly included honey bees, were collected from 0600 to 1800 hours at two hourty intervais by using standard insect collecting hand-net. Such sampling of insect pollinators was done for 5 minutes throughout the flowering period. The collected pollinators were later sent for identification. The prelimenary studies are very interesting and also encouraging as it gives a good indication that with the introduction of Ashwagandha cultivation, prospects of spiculture are very bright in the area. |
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| Occurrence of aphid on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) in West Nimar Of Madhya Pradesh M.Paliwal, S.B. Das, V.S.Kandalkar and O.P. Veda Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, {{KHARGONE}e}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) (Soloanaceae) is an important medicinal crop. While studying the insect pest/s of Withania somnifera Dunal during late Kharif 2001-2001 at Zonal Agriculture Research Station, JNAU, Khargone (M.P.), aphids were found to be the major pest Aphids were first recorded during the second fortnight of October. It was further noticed that the newly emerged, tender leaves harboured more aphid population than the older ones. Detail studies on population dynamics of the pest is being carried out. The aphids collected were later went for identification. Insect pests of Gmeline arborea-a medicinal tree M.Paliwal, S.B. Das, V.S.Kandalkar and O.P. Veda Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, {{KHARGONE}e}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Gmelina arborea Linn. (Verbenaceae) is an important medicinal tree and grown for timber in agrosilviculture system. Observations were made at weekly intervats on the insect pests infesting Gmelina arborea which were planted at a spacing of 4x4 metres during {{Kharif}g} 2001-2002 at Zonal Agriculture Research Station, JNAU. Khargone (M.P.). Twenty five plants were randomly selected and insect pests found feeding on the plants were collected and reared in the laboratory to confirm their feeding nature and symptoms of damage etc. The insects recorded were aphids, jassids, mites, white fly and lady bird beetle. The insects collected were later sent for identification. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraum) extract for preservation of ghee Dr. P.L. Choudhary Assoc. Prof. College of Dairy Technology, IGAU, Raipur. ABSTRACT Oxidation of lipids has detrimental effect on colour, flavour, texture and nutritional value of foods. Addition of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) can control lipid oxidation in foods. However use of such compounds has been related to health risks resulting in strict retulation over their use in food products. Increasing consumers concern over such risk has stimulated research for alternative antioxidant sources which has led to use of natural antioxidants such as Tocopherols in place of BHA, BHT and TBHQ. Fenugreek leaves contains many natural antioxidants such as tocopherols, flavonoids and oleoresins which prevent oxidation of fat. 500 ppm and 1000 ppm pure fenugreek seed and leaf extract gives significant (P<0 .05="" 0.58="" 12="" 40="" acid="" and="" at="" br="" c="" for="" g="" ghee="" malonaldehyde="" mg="" months="" of="" preserved="" sample.="" samples="" stability="" to="" value="" was="" were="" when=""> Bio efficacy studies with the methanolic extract of Blumea solidaginoides (Compositae) Rajendra Prasad Y. and Punukolu Baby Division of Organic Chemistry Govt. (P.G.) College, (Andhra University), {{Rajahmundry}e}-5333105 ABSTRACT Blumea solidaginoides (fam. Compositae), the wild tobacco plant grows abundantly in all tropical lands, inside gardens, road sides etc,. bearing small ball like red inflorescences. In the rural areas of East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, the aerial parts of the herb are kept near birds in the poultry at night and in the morning lices of the bird are attracted to the herb and thus eliminated. In the present investigation by efficacy studies were carried out with the leaf ash and methanol extract of aerial parts. The anti feedant activity against S. litura on Castor leaves, grain protectan activity against {{Callasobruchus chinesis}e} on grains and pulses, anti microbial activity adopting filter paper disc method were carried out with the herbs. It should good anti feedant activity, grain protectant activity at 2% (w/w) with different grains and pulses and microbicidal or microbistatic activity withsome of the organisms tested. Bioactivity of weeds against common fungi and insect pest of field crops. Kaushal Gautam and S.V.S. Chauhan Dept. of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, AGRA, U.P. ABSTRACT Survival of rapidly growing population is dependent on the ensured production of food grains but simulatenously the environment may also not be ignored. Therefore, use of biopesticides in agroecosystemis emerging as one of the prime means to protect crop produce and environment from chemical pollution. Experiments were conducted during 1998-99 and 1999-2000 in the Department of Biologycal Sciences, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar and Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra to screen the weeds of the family Asteraceae found at around Pantnagar University Campus for their bioactivity against fungi i.e. {{Rhizoctonia solani}e} Khun, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and {{Sclerotium rolfsii}e} Sacc insect i.e. Spilosoma oblique Wk, bacteria i.e.Erwinia chrysanthemi pv zeae and Xanthomonas campestris pv oryzae causing major disease and pest incidence of field crops of this region. Twenty four species were collected duing their flowering and dried in shade. Organic and aqueous extracts were prepared and used at concentrations i.e. 1000, 200 and 40ug mL-1 and at time intervals i.e. 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h (fungicidal), 24, 48 and 72 h (insecticidal), 0, 12, 36, and 48 h (antibacterial) activity. All plants showed fungicidal, insecticidal and antibacterial activityin different time intervals and concentrations. Maximum activity against R. solani was noted in Xanthium strumarium L with acetone extract 1000ug mL-1 at 60 h while in Youngia japonica L. with 200ug mL-1 at 72 h. Activity was maximum in Ageratum conyzoides L. methanol extract with 1000 and 200ug mL-1 at 72 h. Maximum activity against M. phaseolina was obse4rved in Emilia sonchifolia acetone extract 1000ug mL-1 at 60 h while it was maximum in Chrysanthemum coronarium methanol extract 1000ug mL-1 at 72 h. Ageratum conyzoides L. acetone extract 1000ug mL-1 showed maximum activity against Sclerotium rolfsii at all time intervals while its methanol extract 1000ug mL-1 had maximum activity at 48, 60 and 72 h. Maximum mortality of S. oblique was noted in acetone extract of Blumea sp. With 1000 and 200ug mL-1 concentration at 72 h while inmethanol extract it was maximum in S. heteromala with 1000 and 200ug mL-1 concentrations at 72 h. Maximum activity against E. chrysanthemi was noted in acetone extract of 1000ug mL-1 concentration while maximum activity against X. compestris was observed in acetone extract in C. arvense, B. pilosa and T. procumbens at 12, 24 and 36 h repectively. Activity was also maximum in T. procumbens at 48 h. Post Harvest Technology of Selected Herbal and Medicanal Plants* Prof. P.K. Srivastava Chairman and Dean Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 ABSTRACT India is endowed with a rich wealth of serval medicinal, herbal and aromatic plants, which have been making a significant contribution sinced times immemorial in development of Indian material madica. Even today, many of such plants are in great demand in traditional systems of medicines viz. Aurveda, Siddha and Unnai as well as in folk lore prescriptions. The modern pharmaceutical industry also requi4es a large quantity of such plants for manufacturing several drugs. These plants may belong to different habits as well as habitats of India. Their curative properties are mainly due to the presence of complex chemical substances of varied composition present as secondary plant metabolites, grouped as alkaloids, glycosides, corticosteroids, essential oils etc. Extraction of such active principles and manufacture of drug formulations is a little sophisticated and capital intensive technology which may involve a gamut of several unit operations such as drying / dehydration, extraction, fractionation, purification, packaging etc. These post harvest operations ensure quality. Some of these unit operations, especially primary processing operations viz. drying / dehydration, pachaging, extraction etc. may be carried out at farm level to constitute a promising rural industry with attractive rumeneration. The semi-processed products have a ready market with, herb dealers and pharmaceutical industries. In view of above, this paper presents an overview of post harvest technologies of selected herbal plants viz. Tulsi ({{Ocimum basilicium}e} Linm), Mehandi (Henna / Lawsonia inermisLinn), betelvine (Piper betle L.), Neem, Papaya, Chicory ({{Chichorium intybus}e}). Pathogenic potential of {{Meloidogyne incognita}e} on different cultivars Of {{Mentha arvensis}e} Akhtar Haseeb and Prabhat Kumar Shukla Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India ABSTRACT Mints, Mentha spp. (family Labiatae) has been grown and utilized since ancient times. Mints were introduced in India during 1954 at Regional Research Labortory, Jammu. Since then, as a result of the efforts made by the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow and Essential Oil Association of India, New Delhi our country now rank first in the export of mint oil. In India, the highest area under commercial cultivation of mint has been in Uttar Pradesh, but during past few years its cultivation has expended to several more states especially in north and north west. Among different oil yielding species of mint, (M. Piperita), spearmint (M. spicata), Bergamot mint (M. citrata)and Scotch spearmint (M. cardiaca) respectively. Being economically most important species of mint, efforts were made to develop high oil yielding disease resistant cultivars of M. arvensis. In order to determine the pathogenic potential of M. incognita on different recently bred cultivars of M. arvensis studies were made under controlled conditions. Observations indicated that the increase in initial number of nematodes per pot, resulted increased reduction in plant fresh and dry weights, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency of leaves and essential oil content in fresh herb of different cultivars. Significant reduction in above-mentioned test parameters was observed in Hybrid-77 at Pi of 500 J2 larvae/pot (5kg soil), in Gomti at 1000 J2/pot, in Shivalik and Kosi at 2000 J2/pot and in Himalaya at 5000 J2/pot. Thus, among different cultivars, Hybrid-77 was found most susceptible to M. incognita followed by Gomti, Shivalik, Kosi and Himalaya respectively. Reproduction of M. incognita and extent of galling on roots and suckers were observed directly proportional to susceptibility of cultivars. Production and Marketing of Esabgol (herbs) and Pacholi (grass) in Maharashtra M.S. Jadhav, B.V. Pagri and R.D. Vaidkar Department of Agricultural Economics, M.P.K.V., {{Rahuri}e} ABSTRACT The cultivation of medicinal herbs in Maharashtra State is a recent one. The area under different plant species, cultivation in the state has been recorded as 32 hectare. Day by day the farmers of Maharashtra State are being attracted towards the cultivation of different medicinal plants/herbs. Now a days people are preferring the Ayurvedic medicines than the adopatic as they do not have or very little side effects and as such, the demand for the Ayurvedic medicines will be increase very largely in near future. For this, the scientific and large scale cultivation of these plants/herbs is of prime importance. The present paper focused on the cost of cultivation, returns and marketing cost of esabgoal and pacholi are the important medicinal plants. The per hectare cost of cultivation of esabgoal and pacholi was Rs. 9866.33 and Rs. 80786.78 respectively. The major contribution in cost ‘C’ was of the as hired human labour charges, irrigation charges, family labour charges and manure cost etc. the per quintal cost of cultivation of esabgoal was Rs. 448.46 and Rs. 323.15 of pacholi. The per hectare returns were Rs. 12775 and Rs. 250000 from esabgoal and pacholi respectively. The per hectare return of pacholi was maximum than the esabgoal. Because esabgoal is planted in long time but pacholi is very short time. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.26 and 2.00 for esabgoal and pacholi, respectively indicating that the highest profit from pacholi. The per quintal cost of marketing of esabgoal and pacholi was Rs. 20.00 and Rs. 21.83, respectively. "An Exploratory Survey of Medicinal plants flora of North Bastar Region of Madhya Pradesh". O.P. Asthana, K.C. Trivedi* & M. Iiyamutullan** Dept. of Agril. Botany, College of Agriculture, J.N. Krishi Vishwavidyalaya’s Campus : Gwalior (M.P.) ABSTRACT An initial exploratory attempt was made to study the prevalent medicinal plants flora on North Bastar region, which is a potentially rich heritage of floristic elements of medicinal and therapeutical value. Total number of species recorded for medicinal plants alone were 88, belonging to 39 angiospermic families of these 34 families were dicotyledonous and 5 were monocotyledonous, the ratio being 1:6,8. The species being 88, of which 68 were dicots and 20 monocots respectively, the ratio being 1,3,4. The first six dominant families observed were in the order Leguminosae, Acanthaceae, Liliaceae, Diocoreaceae, Vitaceae and Zingiberaceas amounting to 44.3% of total species of medicinal plants flora recorded during survey. However, the proportion of recorded medicinal plants flora to the total vegetation surveyed was in the ration of 1:2.68. ETHNOMEDICOBOTANY OF CERTAIN PLANTS USED BY THE TRIBALS OF {{SEHORE}e} DISTRICT OF M.P. FOR CURING VARIOUS AILMENTS K. VINNU KUMAR, DOLLY MALHOTRA & *S.S. KHAN. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, M.V.A.M. BHOPAL *DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, SAIFIA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & EDUCATION,BHOPAL. ABSTRACT Sehore District of Bhopal Commissioner’s Division lies in the Central part of Madhya Pradesh. The extremities of the Sehore District measures from 22033’ to 23054’ North Latitude & from 76028’ to 78002’ East Longitude. The tribal live in forest environments in close association with plants. The tribal experimented with plants to cure numerous ailments even with the advancement of chemotheraphy & radiotheraphy. The majority of tribal are still sticking to their age old traditional medicines, the knowledge of which came from their forefathers in the form of oral folkores. Some wild plants of ethno medicinal importance are : a) Phyllanthus niruri - against jaundice b) Enicostema hyssopifolium - against fever. c) Butea monosperma - against swelling. d) {{Bacopa monneiri}e} - against diabetes & problems e) Euphorbia hirta - against asthma & dysentery f) {{Chlorophytum arundinanceum}e} - for smooth delivery. g) Tectona grandis - against pimples. h) {{Asparagus recemosus}e} - against epilepsy. Other relevant information about plants, forest environment, tribal & ethno medicines will be dealt in detail in the paper. * |
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| Rice as medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh (India) : A survey G.K. Das and P.Oudhia Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492001-India ABSTRACT Due to non-availability of any information regarding medicinal values and uses of traditional rice varieties in Chhattisgarh (India), a survey was conducted in purposively selected districts namely Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Rajnandgaon and Sarguja. The survey revealed that more than 50 traditional rice varieties posses medicinal properties. Some promising economic ethnomedicinal plants Of Bastar District, C.G. B.P. Nonhare* and T.R. Sahu** *Divisional forest officer (W.P.), Jagdalpur, Distt. Bastar, (C.G.). ** Department of Botany, Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, {{Sagar}e}, (M.P.). ABSTRACT The old Bastar district is very rich in biodiversity and well known for its luxuriant sal forests and forest dwelling tribes. The main tribes of Bastar are, Muria, Madia, Bhatra, AndGond. The main forest types are sub tropical moist and dry deciduous type. These forests are chief source of ethnomedicinal plants of economic importance. They also provide food, fodder, shelter and enormous ethnomedicinal plant wealth to cure various ailments. In this paper 50 plant species are described, which have high economic value because of their ethnomedicinal uses. These plant species have been classified in to two main categories : 1. Herbs, shrubs and trees which are found in abundance. 2. Herbs and shrubs which are not found in abundance. Though every ethnomedicinal plant is very important, as its use is concerned but certain ethnomedicinal plants that have high commercial value are exploited much. Due to over exploitation from natural forests, they are depleting rapidly. The occurrence of frequent fire, overgrazing, soil erosion, deforestation, excessive interference by men & faulty practices of exploitation have accelerated the rate of depletion of these economically valuable ethnomedicinal plants. This depletion can be checked by intensive forests conservation methods and promotion of medicinal plants cultivation among tribal people. Production and Marketing of Esabgoal (herbs) and Pacholi (grass) in Maharashtra M.S. Jadhav, B.V. Pagri and R.D. Vaidkar Department of Agricultural Economics, M.P.K.V., {{Rahuri}e} ABSTRACT The herbs and plants are being used for medicinal purposes in different parts of the world since ancient times and its an age-old practice in many countries viz., India, China, etc. Today, 2000 medicinal plant species have been found and grown in different climatic conditions in India. MPKV, Rahuri has collected 442 such plant species and these plant species are being grown in an area of 4 ha. It is called as "Dhanvantri Garden" of MPKV, Rahuri in Maharashtra. The area under medicinal plants in Maharashtra has been recorded as 32 ha. and under dufferent plant species. Recently plants such as Aswagandha, Sonamukha, Esabgoal, Ranwaghi, Roshagavat, Javasectronali, Burphad, etc. are being cultivated in different parts of Maharashtra State on commercial basis. Now-a-days, some farmers are attracted to grow the medicinal plants viz., Corphad, Esabgoal and Pacholi in large scale because of finding or having good returns and profit from these medicinal plants. Amongst these medicinal plants, the Esabgoal and Pacholi are used in making medicines and scented oil, respectively on large scale. The present excurse has been carried out with the views to know the estimated cost of cultivation of these plants, the cost involved in the marketing of these plants and the returns. Ethno-Medico-Botanical Study of Hepatoprotective remedies in Some Tribal Dominated Pockets of Kamrup District, ASSAM, India. Jibon Kotoky*, Parama Nanda Das (Late) Medicinal and Economic Plants Section, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advance Study in Science & Technology, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, {{ASSAM}E} India ABSTRACT Indigenous knowledge of Plant used in the preparation of ethno-medicine was gathered from the people inhabited in some parts of {{Kamrup}e} district of {{Assam}e}, a North-Eastern state of India. The information collected from the tribal and rural people who were experienced and knowledgeable informants practicing indigenous medicine based on plants. As the area is prone to liver ailments due to many reasons, we had concentrated our focus on the plant-based remedies for liver-ailments. The ethno-Medico-Botanical survey was conducted in some tribal dominated pockets of Kamrup. This report deals with 15 plant species used as herbal remedies for the treatment of liver-ailments in some places of the district. Some of the remedies given by the people of these areas have been found to be effective against liver ailments, which was ascertained by interactions with the users/patients. Each entry includes the botanical and prevalent local name(s), part(s) and mode of use. Many plants used by the local people of these areas for curing the liver ailments need to be evaluated for actual efficacy scientifically. We have selected two plants out of the list claimed to have hepatoprotective activities, viz. Sida cordifolia (root) and Leucas lavendulaefolia (leaves) and these showed encouraging results against experimental animal models. Keywords : Ethno-medico-botanical, hepatoprotective, folk medicine, herbal remedies, North-Eastern Region. Summary : There are some practitioners who practice herbal remedies in some rural and tribal dominated parts of Kamrup district of Assam, a North-Eastern India are found to be effective, which was ascertained on the basis of the interactions with the actual patients treated by the herbalists. Two plants have been studied against experimental models and show encouraging results. Many such remedies based on plants, which are found to be effective need to be evaluated scientifically. CONSERVATION AND MARKETING OF HERBAL PLANTS IN CHHATTISGARH STATE B.C. Jain* A.K. Guraha ** K.N.S. Banafar** *Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) **Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT Potential of Herbal & medicinal plants are well recognized in chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh is universally famour for its rich tribal culture, beautiful hills, hillocks, forests covered, natural caves, perennial rivers, spring and valleys and rich sources of very precious minerals and ores. The main source of income of tribals for their livelihood are forest and agriculture. In forest products non-timber forest products which includes medicinal & Herbal plants play very important role in tribal economy. Mainly tribals are collecting the herbal & medicinal plants from nearest forest and sell it in the local market at very low price. There is no support price of different herbal plants due to these the collectors of medicinal & herbal plants are fully exploited by the middleman. Similarly the tribal people don’t know about its appropriate price. Most of the medicinal & herbal plants are exported from this region to other parts of country. The cultivation of medicinal & herbal plants are no;t popular in this region due to lack of knowledge about its technologies, as well as its market. Looking to the rich biodiversity in the region there is a need of systematic survey of available medicinal & Herbal plants including identification, uses, valuation etc.Considering the agro climatic & practices of Herbal & medicinal plants involving local farmers. Biodiversity board should be established to conserve the biodiversity of the state. The board should be given emphasis on indexing of herbal plants, collection centers, preparation of herbal medicines, cultivation, marketing and export of herbal and medicinal plants. SUSTAINABLE MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR HERBAL DAIRY PRODUCTS Dr. K.K. Choudhary*, Dr. P.L. Choudhary* & Vijay Choudhary** *Assoc. Prof., College of Dairy Technology, I.G.A.U., Raipur. **Assoc. Prof., College of Agriculture, I.G.A.U., Raipur. ABSTRACT The medicinal and aromatic plants have a high market potential with the world demand for herbal products growing at the rate of 7% per annum with the current growth rate of 0.5% per year in India has emerged in the world first position. Medicinal plants in India are estimated to be worth rupees 550 crores per year and total turn over of Ayurvedic and herbal products is about 23 hundred crores major over the counter products contribute around 12 hundred crores. Ayurvedic ethical formulation constitute the remaining sum. The export market for medicinal plant is growing faster than the Indian domestic market. Till today under liberalization export promotion was nullified by the policy of import liberalization, consequently the export potential has been restricted to only 46 emerging medicinal plants, those are potentially used for preparation of herbal dairy products. About 7% of world medicinal plant flora have been utilized in India by the pharmaceutical Industries. The present study was performed with an objective to make an efforts to obtain maximum pay off from the present market situation, constant monitoring, redefinition of the product, adoption and revaluation of objectives and strategies, it’s implementation and control are widely needed. Elimination of trade barriers make possible the mushrooming growth of new institutes in the markets with other high quality herbal dairy products. Marketing of Mentha in western, U.P. Ajab Singh*, J.P.Mishra** and K.K.Singh*** * Senior Research Fellow, NDUAT, Kumarganj Faizabad. U.P ** Prof. And Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. ***Assistant Prof., Deptt. of Agricultural Economics, NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. ABSTRACT Marketing system in mint oil industry reveals that are good number of mint oil buyers in mint growing region. Local buyers purchase mint oil from producer’s and sell to local traders. These local traders generally sell their mint oil to big trader located at town, tehsil and district head Quarters. These big traders sell their mint oil either to processing unit or exporter. Mint oil and processed products are being used in tobacco, panmasala, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, toothpaste, hair oil, chewing gums, pain relieving balm, food and beverage industries. The study was carried out to examine prevailing marketing channels, costs and margin in mint industry with a view to examine these aspects of marketing, Shambhal and Badaun Markets, serving as the main market of the sample area were purposively selected. In order to study the various service provided by the commission agents to the mint growers, 10 intermediaries from each selected market were selected randomly and relevant information regarding source of purchase, transportation etc. were collected from the commission agents.Price spread were studied at the point of times in the selected markets. In mode method, modal price at different levels were obtained to work out the gross margin of various agencies. There were three marketing channels through which the farmers sold their marketed produce. channel –I (producer-processor –home industry), channel- II (producer –trader –processor-exporter), channel-III (producer-local trader-trader processor-exporter).Marketing channel – I, II and III are used by 13.33, 66.67 and 20.00 percent of the small farms and by 25.00, 52.50 and 22.50 percent of the large farms, respectively. Of the total volume sales of mint oil, lower farms accounted 13.24, 66.76 and 20.00 percent in channel-I,II and III, respectively and upper farms accounted 24.94, 52.50 and 22.56 percent respectively. Among different channels, majority of farms used channel-II (producer-trader-processor-exported) followed by III and I, primarily because of price fluctuation and low retention power of the farmers which compelled them to sell the producer immediately after the produce. The producer received the maximum share of the home industry/exporter’s rupee (74.60 percent) in channel –I and minimum in channel III (61.22 percent) in Shambhal market. In Badaun market maximum share of the home industry/exporters rupee was 73.47 percent in channel –I and minimum i.e. 59.34 percent in channel –III. However, the trader’s margin, processor’s margin and total marketing cost were high in channel III compare to that of channel-II and channel –I in Shambhal and Badaun market. The result showed that producer’s share in home industry/exporter’s rupee decreased with increase in the intermediaries. The share of producer in home industry/exporter’s rupee in each channel-I, channel-II and channel-III was more in Shambhal market than that of corresponding channel in Badaun market. It is therefore, inferred that the Shambhal is efficient compared to Badaun market. MARKETING OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS A.K. Gauraha, H.Pathak and K.N.S. Banafar* ABSTRACT The study aims at examining the marketing of non-timber forest products in Bastar district. The study was conducted in three purposively selected village of Narayanpur Tehsil of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The major source of income and imployment were agriculture and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). About. 75 percent of NTFPs collected were marketed. Non-institutional markets (middle men) played an important role in the procurement of NTFPs. About 33.95 percent of the total quantity were traded to the institutional markets. Rest of the quantity were traded to villagers and co-villagers (21.10%) and non-institutional markets e.g. local merchants, wholesalers and retailers (44.95%), out of the total quantity traded. It was observed that the primary wholesalers (54.82%) cum retailers were the key individuals in procuring NTFPs from the Collectors among the non-institutional markets. Study suggested some measures to boost the economics of NTFPs which included strengthening of market intelligence and marketing extension, elimination of exploitative middlemen, availability of markiting finance to tribals, and an effective role of cooperatives. Study of potential of different medicinal plants in existing markets of Chhattisgarh A.S. Rajput, S.K. Nair, H.C. Nanda, S.M. Umate and S.S. Shaw Shahid Gundadhur College of Agriculture & Research Station, IGAU, Kumhrawand, {{Jagdalpur}e}, {{Chhattisgrh}e} 494005 ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh region is divided into three major Agro climatic zones on the basis of climatic and edaphic factors that lead to occurrence of different micro and macro flora. These floras include many plants that have medicinal values and is consumed by ;the local population. Its medicinal properties fetches market value, which can be utilized for improving the economic condition of tribals of this region. On contrary, due to injudicious consumption, these medicinal plants are exhausting day by day from tribal dominating state. This study aims at conservation and judicious marketing of these medicinal plants. To investigate the above fact a specific survey conducted at different market places of chhattisgarh viz. Raipur, Mahasamund, Gariyabad, Mawapara, Durg, Balod, Rajnandgaon, Khairagarh, Mungeli, Bilaspur, {{Ambikapur}e}, Bhanupratappur, {{Narayanpur}e},Kanker, {{Jagdalpur}e}, {{Sukma}e} etc. and about 2-3 questionnaires from each places were interviewed separately for this study. Data obtained from above survey were quite encouraging and hence summarized as below: In general some of the medicinal plants possessed high market values in all the locations surveyed while some were area specific like Rasnajadi in Narayanpur. The real value of each medicinal plants were also assessed as (i) High valued (>Rs. 20/kg.), (ii) medium (Rs. 10-20/kg.) and (iii) low ( Based on overall observations plants like Safed musali (Chlorophytum sp.), Satawar (Asparagus sp.), Tikhur (Curcuma sp.), Kamraj and Hathjod were found to be widely accepted, high valued and hence may given priority for their conservation and safe marketing. |
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| (4) Technical Session – VII (Oral Presentation) Technical Session – IX A (Poster Presentation) (K) Aromatherapy, (L) Role of herbs for better health, (N) Herbal drug formulations and its use in chronic and incurable diseases, Systematic Studies of crude drugs in Ayurvedic Formulation Dr. M. R. Uniyal (Director-Farm) M.A.P., Noida. ABSTRACT In the Indian Systems of Medicine, comprising Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha drugs of plant, animal and {{mineral}g} origin, are used in their natural or so called "Crude" forms singly or in their mixture or combination, to make a compound preoaration or formulation. Nearly 90% of the crude drugs are obtaind from the plant sources while remaining of the drugs are derived from animal and mineral sources. The drugs of plant origin especially of herbaceous nature are frequently used as whole plant; otherwise their parts, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seed, fruit modifications of stem and root, bark of a stem or root, wood and their exudates or gums etc. constitute as single drug. These herbs are either used in dried forms or sometimes as whole fresh or their juice. The study of Gignosco- to these crude drugs made with a view to recognize them is called Pharmacognosy (Pharmakon-Drug; Gignosco- to acquire knowledge of), is meaning the knowledge of science of drugs. In Pharmacognosy a complete and systematic study of a drug is done, which comprises of (I) origin, common names, scientific nomenclature and family, (ii) geographical source (and history), (iii) cultivation, collection, preservation and storage, (iv) Macroscopic, Microscopic and sensory (organoleptic) characters, (v) Chemical composition, wherever possible, (vi) identity, purity, strength and Assay, (vii) substitute and adulterants etc. Systematic study of a drug as complete as possible, is claimed to be the scientific or pharmacognostical evalution. As mentioned each crude drug derived from the vegetable kingdom consists of a definite part of plant e.g., leaf, stem, fruit, seed, wood, bark, root etc. Morphological or Macroscopically details of the respective part are given by observing it with a naked eye or with the aid of a magnifying lens. In these description general conditions of the drug viz. size, shape, outer surface, inner surface etc are referred to. Drugs can be identified with the aid of the above, only if they are available in entire condition. Sensory or organoleptic characters describe colour, odour, taste, consistency etc. The microscopic examination of different parts of the drug provides several diagnostic characters. In case of leaves, surface preparation and transverse section, preferably through midrib, are made and nature of {{epidermis}g}, {{trichomes}g}, stomata, arrangement of tissues, like palisade cells,vascular bundles and nature of cell content are studied. Similarly in case of bark, root, rhizome and {{wood}g}, transverse and longitudinal sections are made and from characteristic arrangements of tissues of each drug and from diagnostic elements, like stone cells, fibres, vessels etc as also from the study of the cell deposits like crystals, starch etc; the drugs are identified. The studies of diagnostic elements are helpful especially when the drugs are in powdered condition and give clues in the identification of drugs. Linear measurements and other methods of quantitative microscopy give further aid in the identification of the drugs. The sections or the powdered drug samples are cleared by clearing agents, mostly chloralhydrate solution, before mounting on to the side. Medicinal Mushrooms of Chhattisgarh. M.P. Thakur Mushroom Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Agricultural, University, Raipur-492012 Chhattisgarh. ABSTRACT Mushrooms have unique chemical composition (both plant and animal origin) and are known as rich source of essential nutrients due to which these are considered as nutraceuticals. They also possess many useful medicinal attributes which made them as pharmaceuticals. There are several mushrooms which have both the properties and may be designated as ‘{{neutraceuticals}g}’. These are refined/partially refined extract which is consumed in the form of capsules or tablets as a dietry supplement and has potential therapeutic applications. Since time immemorials people have developed a taste for mushrooms and have been treated as a special kind of food. The Greeks regarded mushroom as providing ‘strength for warriors’ in battle. The Pharoahs prized mushroom as a ‘delicacy’. The {{Romans}e} regarded mushroom as the "Food for the Gods’. The Chinese treasured mushroom as "elixir of life" , {{Korean}e} as ‘longevity mushroom’ and {{Japanese}e} as "mushrooms of immortality". Besides the attributes which make mushrooms ‘the ultimate health food’. Recent investigations have proved the empirical observation of the Oriental Herbalists that certain mushrooms possess potent medicinal attributes due to active costitutents present in them. These are polysaccharides, triterpenes, due to active costitutents present in them. These are polysaccharides, triterpenes, lentinan adenosine, lingzhi-8, PSK, PSP, PSPC and eritedanine, butyric etc. which have been isolated and fully characterized. Immunostimulating polysaccharides of B-1, 3 & B-1, 6 linkages from medicinal mushrooms are currently the center of attraction due to their {{anti-tumor}g}, {{anti-hypertension}g}, hypoglycemic, {{hypolipidemic}g}, {{hypocholesterolemic}g}, hepatoprotective activities. Among various medicinal mushrooms, Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Grifola frondosa (Maitake) Lentinus edodes (Shiitake), Coriolus versicolor have received greater attention in present days as a number of properietory products in the form of tablets, capsules, extracts have been developed and marketed as medicines and tonic in different parts of the world (USA, Australia, Japan, India). In 1991, the value of world mushroom crop was estimated at 8.5 billion dollars of which 1.2 dollars was estimated to have been generated from medicinal mushroom products from mushroom. Wild mushrooms from India is exported in abundance. It is being processed and pharmaceuticals are being produced. In India, six species of Ganoderma have been reported to possess therapeutic values, proprietory products have been developed and have been recommended for the treatment of various ailments. A number of species of Ganoderma has been observed in forest areas of Chhattisgarh state. In addition to these, species of Pleurotus, Volvariella, Auricularia, Agaricus,Boletus have also been reported from Chhattisgarh and known to possess very useful medicinal attributes. Some of these products have already been developed in the form of capsules, and dry powder and recommended for the patients suffering from diabetes, blood pressure, gout etc. It has also been recommended to pregnant ladies for strengthening health, stimulating digestion and resisting diseases. Information on pharmacologically active principle, their mechanism, products in the market, their dosages and use against various ailments/physiological disorders have been discussed. POENTIAL ANTI-THROMBOEMBOLIC ACTIVITY OF HOMOEOPATHIC DRUG, DIGITALIS PURPUREA Q – AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH. SUNIL KUMAR Homoeopathic Drug Research Institute B-1433, INDIRA NAGAR, Lucknow-226 016, (U.P.) Technical Session – E ABSTRACT Homoeopathic preparation, Digitalis purpurea Q was examined for its Anti-thromboembolic activities at a dose level of 50 ul/100 g.b.w. exhibited percentible, preventive effects, P<0 .001="" 0.1="" 0c="" 1.8="" 15-30="" 15="" 20="" 27="" about="" against="" agent="" aggregating="" ambient="" an="" at="" br="" collagen="" dissolved="" distilled="" ear="" epinehrine="" for="" g.b.w.="" held="" i.e.="" i.v.="" in="" injection="" marginal="" mg.="" mice="" minutes.="" mixture="" ml.="" of="" seconds.="" temperature="" the="" through="" ul.="" vein="" water="" were=""> The histopathological studies also revealed no occlusive and thrombus conditions in heart, kidney & liver even after treatment with the test drug, digitalis purpurea Q. Whereas, the alcohol fed control and 0.9% physiological saline treated animals showed marked toxic effects in various organs/tissues and finally lethal, responding no protection / preventive effects against thromboembolic challenge under identical conditions at a dose level of 50 ul/100 g.b.w. Hence, the drug Digitalis purpurea Q possessed most potent, safe, non-toxic, protective / preventive effects against thromboembolic challenge in albino mice. Further, probe in this area would be rewarding in order to locate the mechanism of action of Digitalis purpurea Q as an Anti-thromboembolic agent. Antioxidant activity of Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) B.B. Borse, L. Jagan Mohan Rao and B. Raghavan Department of Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour Technology Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570013 ABSTRACT Synthetic antioxidants are finding disfavour throughout the world. Butylated hydrosy toluene is banned in many countries including India. It is in this context that many plant materials are being investigated for their antioxidant activity in foods. This report is the result of the investigation carried out on various extracts obtained from sweet basil and examination of their antioxidant activity by a modified, more rapid B – carotene – linoleic acid assay method. Results suggest that hexane extract shows maximum activity. (90.64%) compared to volatile oil (76.43%), methanol extract (62.80%) and aqueous extract (59.31%) when incorporated at 200 ppm concentration in the B- carotene – linoleic acid model system, While butylated hydroxy ansisole exhibited an activity of 90.56% at the same concentration. The maximum activity of hexane extract is mainly due to eugenol (44%) and other phenolic compounds present in sweet basil. HERBS OF MEDICINAL VALUE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE Dhanjay Sharma, Sanjeev Malaiya and A.R. Pal Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT The medicinal plants play an important role in the world traditional system of medicines. World Health Organization estimate 80% population of developing countries almost exclusively uses herbal medicines. The traditional system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy and Folklore of various countries depends on higher plants for their medicinal preparations. Research work is going on herbal medicinal plants and their related aspects in CIMAP, Lucknow and also in other institutions in the country. It is estimated that such plant based drugs worth Rs. 8000 millions are produced annually in the India. Presently, India is exporting herbal materials and medicines to the tune of Rs. 550 crores. In view of this great demand of the medicinal plants and their products some known plants are listed and certain aspects are discussed. REMEDIAL MEASURES OF HYPERTENSION BY MEDICINAL PLANTS T. Gouthaman and M.V. Rao Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, T.N. ABSTRACT Plants are one of the excellent creations of Mother Nature. Plants provide food, shelter, medicine and various other materials to man and animals. The usuage of plants is not a recent phenomena and is decade of generations old. Similarly the knowledge about the various diseases and their cure also dates back to many decades. One of such an important disease is ‘Hypertension’ or ‘High blood pressure’. The present study discusses with the nature of disease ‘hypertension’ and its remedial measures by various systems of medicine. It is very vital to get more comparative information on allopathic, ayurvedic, homeopathic and siddha systems. This paper emphasizes on a comparative account of above said systems and a detailed account on a database on medicinal plants both endogenous as well as exotic in nature and their pharmaceutical importance with reference to hypertension. Possible regulation of steroid diabetes by some plant extracts Sanjay Gholap* and Anand Kar School of Life Sciences, UTD, DAVV, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore-452017 Type-II diabetes is the most common form of diabetes mellitus, which some times results from chronic elevation of corticosteroids. Investigation on this type of steroid diabetes is meager. A study was therefore made to evaluate the role of ten different indigenous plant extracts in the regulation of werum concentrations of cortisol and glucose. The plant extracts were administered daily for fifteen days in female mice and their effects on serum cortiol and glucose were evaluated. The extracts of Inula racemosa, Boerhaavia diffusa and Ocimum sanctum decreased the serum concentrations of both cortisol (as estimated by radioimmunoassay, RIA) and glucose significantly. However, other plant extracts viz. Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Convolvulus pluricaulis and Gymnema sylvestre could exhibit only marked hypoglycaemic activity. Thus it appears that the hypoglycaemic effect of first three plant extracts might be mediated through their cortiol inhibiting activity and they may be used to ameliorate hyperglycaemia in case of steroid diabetes. Of course, standardization of dose and duration are to be made before human use. OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS FOR PROPER UTILIZATION OF HERBS FOR BETTER HEALTH CARE D.K. MISHRA and S.N. NAIK Center For Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110012. Technical Session - E ABSTRACT Large number of herbs bearing medicinal properties is found in the forest areas. In such areas apople follow herbal system of medicines, herbs play a pivotal role. Uses of herbs are mostly based on the experience of folk practitioners or Vaids. Use of kujri oil for treating tuberculosis, vaivharang for leucorrhoea etc. in certain tribal areas are some of the examples which are only based on the experience of practitioners or the medicine men, but these uses have not yet been proved by the scientists and researchers. Thus, there exit some scope for R & D activities, through which a number of formulations could be prepared for treatment of different diseases. Study also need to be done to examine the properties of some less know herbs, so that there extensive utilization could be done by making some useful product. Based on the technical findings and their economics some viable enterprise can also be established in rural areas. EFFECT OF HERBAL DETOXICANTS AND LIVER STIMULANT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS Dolly Bhaskar, R.K. Sharma, Harpal Singh, S.S. Chauhan and Ashok Kumar Department of Animal Science G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar-263145 ({{Uttarnchal}E}) ABSTRACT Aflatoxins have been found to reduce growth and feed efficiency, suppress immune system, and cause mortality in poultry which causes severe economic losses to farmers. In India, due to hot and humid climatic conditions, improper handling and storage, poultry feed ingradients often get contaminated with the aflatoxins especially in rainy season. In recent years, some herbal preparations have been reported to posses hepatogenic, hepatoprotective and growth stimulating properties. In view of the above facts, the present investigation was undertaken on two hundred forty day old broiler chicks which were randomized into 8 groups and fed 8 dietary treatments. It was observed that significantly higher 6-week body weight gain of 1467.26 g was obtained on the diet D7 containing AFB1 200 ppb + toxiroak (250 g) + Livfit Vet Concentrate (750 g) as compared to control diet D1 (1325.56 g). There were no significant differences in the FCR and maximum mortality (23.33 %) occurred on diet D2. There were also non-significant differences in the dressed and eviscerated yields and weight of liver, heart, kidney, spleen and bursa. Crude protein and energy retention were found significantly higher (79.44; 82.02 %) on diet D7 as compared to diet D2 (69.08; 73.22 %). No aflatoxin residue was found in the liver tissues of any dietary group. It may be concluded that supplementation of Toxiroak and Livfit Vet Concentrate alone or in combination is beneficial as it improved growth and reduced mortality in broiler chickens by better protein and energy utilization. Common Anticancer Herbs, vegetables and MPTs of India Gyanendra Pandey and Banwari Lal* Reginal Ayurvedic Research Institue, Jhansi-284 003 *Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, {{Jhansi}E} – 284 003 Abstract Cancer is a malignant growth, formed by the abnormal rapid reproduction of cells. It is no clear so far why cancer occur. Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of last century and spreading further. About 2% of the world’s population do get cancer. Although series of experiments have been conducted on cancer with multi-disciplinary approaches inorder to find out perfect remedy for this most dreadful disease. In the recent past interest of developed world arise on indigenous system. The drugs belonging to cthnobotanical, as tribal medicines are quite useful in comparison to classical text as well as drug investigated through experiments and studies. Almost all vegetables, herbs, fruits, seeds-grains in rare loaded with phytochemicals. Thousands of chemicals found in tomatoes, cabbages, cauliflower, green-red chilies, cumin, citrus, cucumber as flavnoids, turpins, tannins etc. While in tropical climate esiablishment of food-fodder-timber-fuel production system is the prime requirement of the users. The fruit trees in India viz.Mangoes, guava, melon, tamrinds, jackfruit, banana, yam, papaya are used as home remedies, which can be termed as gold mines of phytochemocals. The common vegetable viz. Cauliflower has phytochemicals sulforaphane, Indole-3 that whisks carcinogens out of cells, citrus contain flevanoid, tomatoes, chillies, pineapple, strawberries- P- coumaric acid, onion and garlic Allelic sulfides, soya-Genisein, red chillies-Capsaicin. These phytochemicals are having unique characters to binding of DNA with preventive measure to protect the cells from cancer attach. So far we are very much particular towards the cancer in human being but no one realize the epidemic effect of cancer in livestock health. Since nature created such a balance to synthesize phytochemicals in the body of plants which automatically goes to elementary canal of livestock. Acacia with tannin, Cajanus, Chenopodium, Cynodon, Cyperus, Melia, Mangifera, Ricinus, Saccharum, Syzygium, Terminalia, Triticum, Vigna and Zizyphus are some of the food-forage-MPTs having anlicancer phylochemicals. These might be having protective mechanism to control cancer inlivestock’s. I lowever, the research in this direction waited in near future. |
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| APPLICATION OF BOTANICALS FOR THE SMEARING OF BAMBOO TRAYS IN SERICULTURE SUGUN. R Karnataka State Sericultute Research and Development Institute, Bangalore-62 Karnataka State ABSTRACT Sericulture is an agro-based highly lucrative industry and in recent years spreading to many new areas. In traditional sericulture areas the farmers are rearing silkworms in the bamboo trays smeared with the cowdung which smoothens the surface of the trays and also increases the tray durability. However, the recent studies conducted indicate that the cowdung smearing harbours harmful bacterial populations and other micro-organisms causing silkworm diseases leading to heavy crop loss affecting the productivity, production and quality of silk. Hence attempts were made to find out an alternative method to suit the requirement of the farmers and which also facilitates the production and sustainable sericulture. In this direction some of the eco-friendly, medicinal, easily available botanicals were studied and combinations of these in the form of paste tried as an alternative to cowdungsmearing for bamboo trays. All the botanicals selected for the purpose were tested and confirmed for their antimicrobial activity following the "In Vitro" studies. Results indicate that these combinations are encouragins and can replace the cowdung smearing and satisfy the farmers with respect to smoothening and durability of the bamboo trays. Some Herbs : Ovicides of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton M.A. Khan, Siddharth Tiwari and Bhawana Joshi Department of Entomology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar – 263145, India. ABSTRACT Plants since antiquyity have been known as a rich source of bioactive organic chemicals. They are known to harbour a diverse range of compounds such as terpenoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, flavonoids, amino acids, sugars, etc. These compounds have been exploited in insect-pest management strategies as repellents, feeding deterrents, ovipositional deterrents and disruptors of behaviour and physiology of the insects. So far 2121 plant species have been reported to possess pest control properties. In view of this perspective, five herbs were evaluated for their ovicidal property against, the eggs of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: {{Galleridae}e}), which is a serious pest of diverse stored products. A known number of freshly laid eggs of Corcyra were placed on the filter-paper lined petriplates. The known concentration of each herbal extracts derived in acetone was sprayed by atomizer, evenly on the eggs in each petriplates, separately. The same number of eggs was kept as control in the petriplates, treated with only acetone. After the lapse of about 48 hours, the number of treated eggs that did not hatched was recorded as an efficacy of the herbal extract as ovicide. Among the five herbs tested, Parthenium hysterophorous Linn. gave highest percent of unhatched eggs with 40.00, followed by Lantana camara Linn. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. each with 36.66, Amaranthus spp. and Tagates minuta Linn. yielded 23.33 and 26.66, respectively. All were significantly different with that of control (13.33%). Hence results confirm that these tested herbal plants do possess some chemicals or factors, which have ovicidal property for C.cephalonica and it, may certainly help in paving the way for the usage of plant products in the storage ecosystem. Detailed information on the hydrocarbon profiles of different herbs and their impact on important storage pests are of considerable importance. The elucidation of the chemical constituents in the herbal plant extract and their commercial synthesis on large scale may further push forward the cause of using phytochemicals in checking the menace of storage insect pests. The Role of Medicinial Plants in the remedy of disease Hypertension T. GOUTHAMAN AND M.V. RAO Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. ABSTRACT Plants are one of the excellent creations of Mother Nature. Plants provide food, shelter, medicine and various other materials to man and animals. The usuage of plants is not a recent phenomena and is decades of generation old. Similarly the knowledge about the various disease and their cure also dates back to many decades. One of such an important disease is "Hypertension" or "High Blood Pressure". The present study discusses with the nature of disease ‘hypertension’ and remedial measures by various systems of medicine. It is very vital to get more comparative information on allopathic, ayurvedic, homoeopathic and siddha systems. This paper emphasizes on a comparative account of above said systems and a detailed account on a database on medicinal plants both endogenous as well as exotic in exotic in nature and their pharmacetical importance with reference to hypertension. SEED TREATMENT WITH LEAF EXTRACTS OF OCIMUM SANCTUM AND SOLANUM TARVUM SWARTZ. BOOSTS SEED GERMINATIONIN SESAMUM. C. Gopalakrishnan and P. Gnanamurthy Agricultural Resarch Station (TNAU) Bhavanisagar. ABSTRACT Ten plant species were evaluated for their role in seed germination, seedling growth and seedling vigour of seasmum CV. SVPR – 1. Cold and hot aqueous extracts of these plant products were prepared at 10% concentration and used for treating the seasmum seeds.The seeds were mixed with the plant products and kept for 12 hours before sowing by following blotter technique. The seed germination was counted on 7th day. Root and shoot length and seedling vigour was calculated. Both cold and hot aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum at 10 percent concentrationrecorded the highest percentage of seed germination which was 14.4% and 13.2% increase respectively over control. Cold and hot aqueous extracts of Solanum tarvum recorded 6.3% and 10.3% increased germination respectively over control. All the ten plant extracts have recorded increase in seedling root growth, shoot growth and seedling vigour over control. INHIBITORY NATURE OF TWO OCIMUM SPP.ON PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI OF RICE. C. Gopalakrishnan and P. Gnanamurthy Agricultural Resarch Station (TNAU) Bhavanisagar. ABSTRACT Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of extracts of two Ocimum spp. namely Ocimum santum and Ocimum basilicum against major seed borne diseases of rice. Cold water and hot water extracts of two Ocimum spp. at three different concentrations viz. 2.5, 5 and 10 percent were prepated. Rice seed samples comprising three ruling varieties namely ADT-36, ADT-38 and IR-20 were collected from different localities. The seeds were treated with Ocimum extracts at different concentrations and shade dried for one hour. The treated seeds were studied for their presence of seed borne pathogens using blotter technique. The treated seeds were also sown in the field. The Ocimum extracts were sprayed prophylatically on 45 and 75 days after transplanting and the disease incidence in the field was recorded at periodical interval. Both the species of Ocimum at three different concentrations have markedly reduced the incidence of blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae, brown spot casued by Helminthosporium oryzae and sheath rot caused bySarocladium oryzae upto 60% and yield increase of about 20% over control. Extracts at 10% concentrations gave better control of the disease than at 5 and 2.5% concentrations. The cold water extracts inhibiyted the diseases more effectively than hot water extracts. Crop enemies, human and livestock friends- weeds Manju Suman Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003 ABSTRACT Weeds are generally considered and detined as unwanted plants in thee food, fodder, MPTS (Agroforestry) systems. However, their medicinal, aromatics and aesthetic values have been well-recognized in human life and livestock’s rearing since time immemorial. A preliminary survey for screeing of weeds for drug samples consisting of shole plants were carried out in central India with major emphasis in Bundelkhand region to know medico-botanical exploration of north plains of India. The literature was consulted for their medicinal value in the day to day life. As the common people allow these weeds on the farm channels, bunds, wastelands, banks of rivers, road, railway tacks- other then the crop fields. A schedule for survey of 30 farmers and farmwomen ineach groups of small, medium and large holdings were personally interviewed. To know their day use pattern of weeds in terms of vegetable, medicinal, aromatic and aesthetic point of view. The results revealed that all most all farm women were know to the medicinal values of woods viz. tulsi (Ocimum sanctum, Linn), Makoi (Solanum nigrum, Linn), Aamcrbcl (Cuscutta reflexa, Roxb), crops viz. Zinzer (Zingiber officinale Robx), Azbain (Trachyspermum amme, Linn spraugaue) and Haldi (Curcuma Longa, Linn) and MPTS Aonla (Emlica officinalis, craertn), Neem (Azadirachta indica). Thought the male farmers in general are less concerned with the Ethno-medical value of weds-crop and MPTS. However, one or two farmers ineach community are very much concerned and recognized with such practies. They kept such top secrets as traditions/indigenous knowledge in day to day life. The weeds that we monoculture people call them as enemies for crops have been proved most beneficial friend for human and livestock’s as they produce many lives saving drugs from the weeds/plant parts. IMPACT OF POLLENS OF WASTELAND WEDS ON HUMAN HEALTH A.S. Nalini and D.S. Uppar Department of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agril. Sciences, Dharwad. ABSTRACT To find out the allergenic effect of pollens of wasteland weeds, a skin patch test was performed. The pollen gains of 11 weed species were selected of r the investigation. The incidence of allergy due to pollen of wasteland weeds was recorded by considering different parameters such as sex, age, weight and clinical history. The studies indicated out of 11 species, the pollen grains of two weed species namely Abitulon indicum and Croton bonplandianum exhibited high allergenicity on individuals tested. They caused the allergy to the extent of 19 per cent and 17 per cent respectively. The allergenicity, however was less in Cynodon dactylan, Dichanthium annualatum and Eupatorium odoratum. The individuals of the age grout 21-30 years were susceptible to many of the weeds studied. Weeds such as Abitulon indicum, Cynodon dactylon, Dichanthium annulatum and Eupatorium odoratum showed high Allergenic response in the individuals of the weight group between 41-50. The pollen grains exhibited extremely less incidence in males tested with Lantana camara, Tridax procumbens and Amaranthus spinous. However, it was high in Croton bonplandianum, Cassia hirsute and Abitulon indicum. The individuals who were not susceptible to panthenium showed allergenicity to the other weed species studied. In general, the incidence of alleregenicity was less in Lantana camara, Tridax procumbens, Bideus pilosa and Cassia hirasuta. The pollen grains of these weed species although found in the atmosphere, exhibited less percentage of allerginicity. Hence, these can be considered as less prolific and safe for human health and considered as eco-friendly and can safely be conserved to maintain ecological balance. LEGUMINOUS MEDICINAL WEEDS OF HUBLI-DHARWAD (North Karnataka) A.S. Nalini and D.S. Uppar Department of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, University of Agril. Sciences, Dharwad ABSTRACT Due to ideal climatic conditions, Hubli-Dharwad, one of the major cities in northern Karnataka is rich in floristic composition. The city is flooded with large coverage of wastelands in which there is a great deal of diversity of weed flora grown in three major seasons. The botanical survey of wastelands of Hubli-Dharwad was conducted during December- March 1999-2000 and April-November 2000. A total of 11 localities were randomly selected for the survey and were visited twice in a month. The weed species in different areas were identified and locationwise list was prepared. A total of ‘216’ weeds belonging to ‘40’ angiospermic families were identified from selected 11 areas of wastelands. The flora was dominated by the members of poaceae (25 sps) followed by Leguminosae (23). Most of the identified leguminous species such as Clitoria, Casia occidentalis, C. sericea, C. tora, C. auriculata, Indigofera echinata, I. Parviflora, Crotolaria calycina, C. stricta, Desmodium triflorum, D. diffusum, Zornia gibbosa, etc., have medicinal importance which needs to be explored. The importance of the weeds in the native medicine is discussed with special reference to first-aid-treatments and also perhaps help the layman to exploit them for curing various ailments. Prominent Medicinal Weeds of Grid Zone of Madhya Pradesh S.K. Pandey and H.S. Kushwaha, J.N.K.V.V. College of Agriculture Gwalior-474002 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Weed flora in different crops of Grid zone was reviewed from literature and survey reports. The prominaent weeds common in every part of the zone were identified with the help of questionnaires prepared. Help of rural Vaidhyas, Tantriks and Ayurvedic doctors was also taken to finalize the information. The study revealed that 10 prominent weeds have medical value with the possibility of economic return from them. The details of these weeds and parts out of leaf, stem, flower, root and seed used medicinally are are presented in the paper alongwith specific medicinal uses. |
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| Allelopathic infuence of Parthenium extracts on the germination and seeding growth of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Rakesh Mehta, P.B. Sharma & Pratibha Singh Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls P.G. College (Auto) Bhopal (M.P.) Z.A.R.S. J.N.K.V.V. Powarkheda (M.P.) 461111 ABASTRACT Parthenium hysterophorus L. is an exotic weed and one of the major environment pollutants of today which has toxic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of various field crops. Present experiment was conducted in order to find out the Alleopathic effects of different concentrations viz. (100%, 50%, 25%, 10% and 1%) of aqueous extracts of Parthenium hyterophorus leaf on Cajanus cajan. The extracts of different concentrations from parthenium leaf had both positive and negative effect on seed germination and vigour of the crop species studied. The leaf extract usually showed inhibitory effects which increased with increasing concentrations. Measurement on root and shoots revealed that leaf extract of different concentration particularly 1%, 10% and 25% significantly promoted germination and elongation of root, shots and fresh weight. Higher concentrations of extracts 950%, 100%) significantly inhibited the fresh as well as dry weight of seedlings. However, lower concentration of extracts could produce stimulatory effect on elongation of root, shoot and biomass accumulation. Allelopathic effect of Parthenium leaf extract on germination and seedling vigour of Urad Rakesh Mehta, P.B. Sharma & Pratibha Singh Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls P.G. College (Auto) Bhopal (M.P.) Z.A.R.S. J.N.K.V.V. Powarkheda (M.P.) 461111 ABASTRACT A laboratory experiment was conducted during Kharif 2000 at Z.A.R.S. Powarkheda, to assess the effect of parthenium leaf extract on germination and seedling growth of urid (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) The PLE at 1% concetration did not show toxicity but with increase in the concentration of PLE, the adverse effect on different parameters of germination and seedling growth was recorded. However, the reductions in germination and growth with 25% and above concentrations were found to be significant. Useful weeds in rice fields and bunds : A boon for Indian farmers. P. Oudhia Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur – 492001 – India ABSTRACT In general, weeds are always considered as unwanted plants. Weeds invade commercial crops, pastures, forests and wastelands in rural and urban setting and if unchecked reduce, quantity and value of useful products. But all weeds are not unwanted plant. In ancient Indian literatures it is mentioned that every plant on this earth is useful for humanbeings, animals and for other plants. Many medicinal, industrial and allelopathic uses of weeds have been reported. Many studies conducted at Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (India) have indicated that farmers can earn additional income by selling different valuable parts of useful weeds (after handweeding) in national and international markets with the help of village level co-operatives. The utilization of weeds can not only recover the cost of handweeding but also provide an additional income to the farmers. Besides this, utilization of weeds as medicine, food, fodder etc. can also help in minimizing the heavy use of weedicides in rice fields. India is rich in bio-diversity. More that 50 weeds invade rice fields in India. Out of these 50 weeds, about 90% weeds are useful weeds and its uses are well documented in literatures. But due to lack of awareness, farmers are wasting energy in destroying these valuable plants. In many parts of India, specially in Chhattisgarh rice bunds cover about 10% area of rice field. The bunds are a potential source of useful weeds. More than 60 weeds in bunds are identified as useful weeds. About 300 international and national drug dealers are eager to purchase the medicinal weeds of rice fields and bunds. The study suggested that there is a strong need of (i) Documentation of valuable knowledge about weeds in rice fields (ii) Survey of the crop fields with reference to different land situations, soil types etc. (iii) Identification of villages having higher density of particular useful weed (iv) Establishment of proper linkage between village level co-operative societies and national and international dealers (v) Development of grading and processing methods for useful weeds according to international standards. Tradional medicinal knowledge about an obnoxious weed Jal Kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes) in Chhattisgarh (India). P. Oudhia,* Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur – 492001 India *Present Address : Director (Research & Dev.), Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI), 66, Jairam Complex, Raipur . ABSTRACT Water hyacinth is the most predominant, persistent and troublesome aquatic weed in India. It was first introduced as an ornamental plant in India in 1896 from Brazil. In Chhattisgarh, water hyacinth grow as pond weed and also as rice weed in lowland fields. In ancient Indian literatures, it is clearly mentioned that every plant on this earth is useful for humanbeings, animals and also for other plants. Many medicinal, industrial and allelopathic uses of common weeds have been reported. The natives of Chhattisgarh use many common weeds to treat their health problems. In order to list out the existing medicinal uses of obnoxious weed Eichhornia, a survey was conducted during year 2000. the survey was conducted in six selected districts of Chhattisgarh state. From each selected district, two blocks were selected and from each block, a random sample of four villages was taken to make a sample of 100 respondents. Information regarding existing uses was collected though personal interviews. The survey revealed that many natives are using the water hyacinth as medicinal plant. It is mainly used as a remedy to treat the goiter disease. Two basic formulations were identified as most frequently used formulation. (1) Fresh plant of waterhyacinth, table salt and Pippali (Piper longum), a common herb, are mixed in equal quantity. 12 gms. of this mixture is prescribed for a patient daily till the relief. (2) Air dried plant of water hyacinth, is burnt and taken with fresh cow urine is also believed to cure the goiter. In Chhattisgarh, waterhyacinth is also used as styptic. The natives apply the fresh juice of this weed in fresh wounds. It is belived that it stops further spread of infection. For rice farmers it is one of the best first aid remedies for minor injuries. In septic wounds, it is applied with vinegar. The above mentioned uses of water hyacinth have not been reported in available literatures. The survey suggested that there is a strong need to identify the potential medicinal uses of this obnoxious weeds so that it can be used for the welfare of humanbeings. Common Rice weeds used for First Aid by Chhattisgarh Farmers. P. Oudhia* Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur – 492001 India ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh (India) is rich in bio-diversity. Many valuable medicinal plants grow in the region as weeds. Chhattisgarh is known as "Rice bowl of Eastern India". Many medicinal weeds infest the rice fields of Chhatisgarh. Majority of native people still have faith in traditional system of medicines and they treat their health problems with plants available in their surroundings, specially during fields work where they invest their major time period, far from medical facilities. During fields works, farmers use common weeds as first aid measures. Due to non-availability of any systematic information, a survey was conducted by Department of Agronomy, IGAU, Raipur to list out the common rice weeds used for first aid by Chhattisgarh farmers. A detailed ethnobotanical survey was conducted in whole Chhattisgarh region including Raipur. Bastar, Sarguja, Rajnandgaon, Durg districts. The survey was done during 1997-1999. the help of specially prepared questionnaire was taken. Total 150 respondents were selected randomly from different districts for the survey. In survey, seven ailments were identified as major ailments which requires first aid and also which are most common to farmers. These ailments are minor injuries, scorpion bite, snake bite, sunstroke, headache, toothache and indegestion. The survey revealed that farmers use 13 common weeds for first aid. These weeds are Tridax procumbens, Cynodon dactylon, Caesulia axillaris, Blumea lacera, Eclipta alba, Sida acuta, Achyranthes aspera, Leucas aspera, Spilanthes acmella, Ocimum basilicum, Xanthium strumarium and Scoparia dulcis. These are common weeds of rice fields and. In case of injury, cuts, wounds etc. farmers apply fresh juice of crushed leaves in injured part. In majority of cases, the bleeding stops and fast healing of wounds occur. For bleeding fresh juice of whole plant of Caesulia is useful. It is general belief in Chhattisgarh, that keeping the Achyranthes root in foot wears, repell away the scorpion. In case of scorpion bite, as first aid measure farmers apply fresh juice of crushed leaves in affected part. Leucas aspera, locally known as Gumma, is one of the popular potherbs. It is general belief that person taking Leucas leaves as potherb for long period develops specific smell in his body which repells the snake away. In case of snake bite, farmers apply the fresh juice of crushed plant affected part. For severe toothache, during field work, farmers chew Spillanthes fruits. The bitter taste of this fruit juice mixed with saliva relieves toothache immediately. For acute headache farmers apply paste of Ocimum leaves in affected part in Northern-hilly part of Chhattisgarh, farmers wear the Xanthium fruits as earring to cure headache. In hot summers, sun-stroke is a common ailment. To prevent and also to cure sunstroke farmers use the decoction of Scoparia. During field work, while working under open sky, farmers chew Scoparia leaves to prevent sunstroke. Mature fruits of Cucumis trigonus, locally known as Kolhi kekdi, is a popular on field breakfast for farmers. This fruits cure indigestion and help farmers to work for long times. The survey suggested that the documenentation of this ethnobotanical knowledge and scientific recognition of these medicinal properties are essential. This documentation will provide a base to researcher for developing new drugs from these problematic weeds. Weeds mentioned in holy Ramayana. P. Oudhia Convenor, WAP (War Against Parthenium). 28-A, College Road, Geeta Nagar, Raipur (M.P.) 492001 ABSTRACT A study was conducted to find out the weed names mentioned in holy ramayana. With the help of ancient and modern hteratures and discussion with senior citizens, the study was conducted. The study revealed that total 7 weeds species ae mentioned in the holy Ramayana with the help of L. Kand/Doha/Chaupai of Ramcharit Manas and valmiki Ramayanathe local names and scientific names of these weed species are described in this paper. MEDICINAL WEEDS IN BANANA ORCHARDS : A BOON FOR SMALL FARMERS OF CHHATTISGARH (INDIA) P. Oudhia Department of Agronomy, Indira Ganchi Agricultural Universiy, Raipur-492001, India. ABSTRACT A detailed ethnobotanical survey was conducted in whole Chhattisgarh region and identify the existing weed flora of banana orchards enlist medicinal, allelopahic and industrial potential of common weeds and search the possible markets for the useful weeds. He study revealed that more than 80 weeds, having well documented medicinal, allelopathic and industrial uses infest the banana orchards in Chhattisgarh every yea. Out of which 10 common weed had been found as medicinal uses to cure the human diseases. TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT COMMON CROP WEEDS IN BAGBAHERA (INDIA) REGION : A SURVEY P. Oudhia, A.R. Pal* and G.P. Pali* Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492001, India *Department of Land and Water Management. ABSTRACT To list out the traditional medicinal knowledge about common crop weeds of Bagbahera region (India), a survey was conducted during kharif, 2000. The survey revealed that out of 56 weeds, that infest the crop fields, total 30 weeds were identified as medicinal weeds. The most important ethnomedico knowledge of 11 selected medicinal weeds are also discussed. Chhattisgarh, a newly formed state of India, is rich in ethnomedico knowledge about common plants. The tribals of Chhattisgarh still use many common plants for the treatment of their health related problems (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1999a). In general, weeds are considered us unwanted plants as it complete with agricultural crops for light, moisture and nutrients and harbour diseases and insects harmful to crops. In Chhattisgarh, common crop and wasteland weeds are treated as medicinal plants by the natives (Oudhia, 1999a, b, c, d; Oudhia and Tripathi, 1999b). Bagbahera region of chhattisgarh is rich in natural biodiversity (Odhia and Pal, 2000). Thick forest and rocky hills are common features of the region . Rice,groundnut, urbdean, moongbean, soybean, kodo millet, prosomillet and sesamum are common kharif crops in this region. To list out the traditional medicinal knowledge about common crop weeds of this region, a survey was conducted during kharif 2000. A detailed floristic survey waw conducted in more than 75 villages of Bagbahera region including Phoolvari, Maulimuda, Kassibahera, Navadih, Basladabri, Bhadrasi, Bihajhar, Kalyanpur, Basti Bagbahera, Tendukona, Mongrapali, Saraipali, Bhaluchuan, Litiadadar, Khairat, Kulia, Kasekera Kumharimuda, Bagarpali, Pandarikhar etc. a proportionate sample of villagers from each selected village was taken to give a total sample size of 500 respondents. The data were collected with the help of personal interview according to a well prepared interview schedule. For knowledge of medicinal uses of common weeds in crop fields, the help of reference literatures was also taken. The weeds were collected during intensive visits to the targeted villages of interval of 15 days. Visual assessments were made in different crop fields. The survey revealed that more than 56 weeds infest the dirrerent crop fields of Bagbahera region. of the 56 weeds, over 28 weeds were found in abundant. Late Abstracts MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE K. R. Kohli Prof. & Head(Ex- WHO Consultant) Dept. Of Kayachikitsa R. A. Podar Medical College, Worli, Mumbai-400018 ABSTRACT Ayurveda has been practiced in India since more than 5000 years ago. The written literature of Ayurveda is as old as around 1000 BC. Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagwat Gita and Puranas all have evidence of the Ayurvedic practices being followed in and around their times. Medicinal Plants form the mainstay of Ayurvedic management. Around 90% of the Ayurvedic remedies are herbal in origin. Even when we talk of herbo mineral or metallic preparations, they are never with out the use of medicinal plants which can be in the form of Shodhan Processes or in the form of Bhavana Dravyas. The use of Medicinal plants have a lot of advantages over the current trend of Western medicine. Now the Governments have started planning to give Ayurveda a proper place in Health Care Delivery system of the nation. Hence the role of Ayurvedic herbs must be evaluated to find out what they can offer in Primary Health Care. Advantages Of Indian Systems In Primary Health Care are many and are listed as under: - • They are low cost, available locally • Free from serious side effects • Can be grown in similar conditions anywhere • High amount of acceptability • Very near to nature Through this presentation a few of the most commonly used medicinal plants of Ayurveda will be discussed for the most common indications as advocated in Ayurveda. Safflower-A Medicinal Herb S.S. Rao and Richa Shukla Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT Safflower, Kusum, Kardi is one of the important quality {{oilseed}g} crop, can be grown in Chhattisgarh under marginal lands under rainfed/irrigated condition. The whole plant parts are having economic importance. Its oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (Linolinic acid, 78%). Young leaves and thinnings are eaten boiled, as a vegetable side dish with curry or rice in Chhattisgarh. Petals of safflower can be used for curing so many human diseases and also be used as dye, coloring food and cosmetic. Farmers of the Chhattisgarh will be benerited by encouraging its cultivation with ensuring the remunerative price for its oil and explore the market for its petals. From time immemorial safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Kusum, Kardi has been under cultivation in India either for its brilliantly coloured florets and the orange-red dye (Carthamin extracted from the florets. Now it is totally replaced by synthetic dyes and food colorants and very good oil from the seed. However, time has come for awareness regarding using natural dyes. In recent past research carried out at IGKV, Raipur revealed its true potential as a dry crop or with limited irrigation. Safflower oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (Linolinic acid, 78%) that are support to play an important role in reducing blood cholesterol level. About 30,000 hectares area is under safflower cultivation (Bemetara area) grown as mixed / intercropped with principal {{rabi}g} crops. The prevailing yield of 300 kg/ha. Is much below the productivity potentials realized through improved methods of crop husbandry on farmers field (10 to 15 q/ha) and is owing to poor management and extreme stress conditions. Safflower can be used as purgative and alexipharmic (antidote) effects, as well as in a medicated oil, to promote treating and cure fevers. Safflower dyes are particularly used to the carpet weaving industries. It can also be used to cotton cloth. From the records it has been learnt that tea made from safflower foliage, used to prevent abortion and infertility by woman. Young leaves and thinning are eaten boiled, as a vegetable side dish with curry or rice in Chhattisgarh. Two or three rows or boundary patches of safflower around a cereal or gram field can help to keep free-ranging cattle out of the grain. Petals can be extremely used for coloring food and cosmetics, dyes, medicines. Many clinical and laboratory studies support the use of safflower medicines for menstrual problems, cardiovascular disease and pain and swelling associated with trauma. Safflower dilates arteries reduces {{hypertension}g} and increases blood flow and have {{Oxygenation}g} of tissue. From reports it is also envisaged that safflower decoctions have been used successfully for treatment of male sterility and dead sperm excess disease. Treatment with safflower resulted in pregnancy in infertile woman had been infertile for 1.5-10 years, safflower prescriptions have been also used to treat respiratory diseases including prussic and chronic bronchitis. Safflower petals can be used to treat so many diseases of any type. Seeing the importance of the use of petals in view an experiment was carried out for collection of petals. The results revealed that about 110-120 kg of petals could be collected from one hectare of safflower crop. The farmers of Chhattisgarh will be benefited by encouragement for its cultivation and explore its marketing of petals. Indian Orchids in Indigenous Medicine System S. P. Das NRC for Orchids, ICAR {{Pakyong}e} – 737 106, Sikkim ABSTRACT Orchids belong to one of the three largest plant families on earth-Orchidaceae. Today economic importance of orchids is mainly because of their ornamental value. However, history of orchids probably started with their use as medicinal plants. As early as 200 BC the Chinese pharmacopoeia – “ the Sang Nung Pen Tsao Ching”, mentions Dendrobium as a source of {{tonic}g}, astringent, analgesic, anti-inflammatory substances. In Europe, in the medieval belief of the doctrine of signatures, tubers of some of these plants were thought to confer virility and potency. In India also orchids have been in use in indigenous system of medicines since Vedic period. “Ashtawarga” – a group of 8 drugs in Ayurvedic system, which are used for preparation of tonics, such as ‘ Chyavanprash’, consists 4 orchid species, viz., Malaxis muscifera(Lindl.) Kuntze, Malaxis acuminata D. Don, Habenariaintermedia D. Don and Habenaria edgeworthii Hook. F. India is home to about 1300 species of orchids, of which around 40 are being used in indigenous medicine system (Singh, D. K. 2001). Important orchid genera in India that are being used as medicinal sources are Acampe, Bulbophylum, Calanthe, Cleisostoma, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium,Dactylorhiza, Dendrobium, Epipactis, Eria, Eulophia, Flickingeria, Habenaria, Liparis, Luisia, Malaxis, Pecteilis, Pholidota, Rhynchostylis, Satyrium, Taprobanea, Vanda andZeuxine. In the present paper the medicinally important orchid species in terms of their distribution, morphology, cultural requirements and utility in the indigenous medicine system will be discussed. |
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