Traditional medicinal knowledge about Rice Black bug Scotinophara sp. in Chhattisgarh, India. Updated Version.

Traditional medicinal knowledge about Rice Black bug Scotinophara sp. in Chhattisgarh, India. Updated Version.

Pankaj Oudhia

Introduction

Entomophagy and Entomotherapy are well known in Asia since generations. Unfortunately not much work has been done to document valuable Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about Insects. Pankaj Oudhia is documenting this knowledge since year 1990. The present note “Traditional medicinal knowledge about Rice Black bug Scotinophara sp. in Chhattisgarh, India.”  is updated version of his previously published online research document available through pankajoudhia.com.

Keywords: Entomophagy; Entomotherapy; Medicinal Insects; Ayurveda; Chhattisgarh;

In Chhattisgarh, two species of Rice Black bug Scotinophara coarctata and S. lurida attack on Rice (Oryza sativa) crop. It infests the base of Rice plants. The seedlings are preferred. According to the reference literatures, when grown-up plants are attacked and reduction in yield is noted. During the Ethno-entomological surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains specialized in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy), very frequently use the Black bug as medicine. The adults are used most commonly. In form of dry powder the adults are added in herbal combination. This combination is burnt and patients are advised to inhale the smoke. Many times the healers use the dry insect alone for this purpose in same way. According to the traditional healers, the smoke provides great relief to the patients during attack. Also, in normal days the patients are advised to inhale the smoke atleast once in a week in order to delay further attack. Many healers informed that in small doses, the powder can be taken internally also, but most of the healers are not in favour of its internal use. In treatment of Mirgi, the adult bugs are used in another way. The full fed bugs are collected and boiled in base oil. When all watery contents evaporate the boiling is stopped and after filter, the oil is kept for future use. As base oil, Til (Sesame seed) oil is used. The special oil is massaged in sole of patients as treatment. According to the traditional healers, this massage is also beneficial for the patients as treatment. According to the traditional healers, this massage is also beneficial for the patients having mental depression. In order to increase the potential of special oil, many healers add medicinal herbs in it, but in most of the cases, the oil prepared form adult bugs serve the problem effectively. The Black bugs feeding on seedlings are considered more useful as medicine as compared to the bugs feeding on grown up plants. As mentioned earlier, the nymphs are preferred less. The traditional healers are not aware of other medicinal uses of Rice Black bug.

The name of Rice Black bug is not present in the list of medicinal insects mentioned in reference literatures. Many senior traditional healers informed that in early days when the medicinal rice varieties were undercultivation in different parts of Chhattisgarh the healers of that time were using the Rice Black bug feeding on specific medicinal rice variety as medicine in treatment of many complicated troubles. But now both the medicinal rice varieties and the healers are not with us. Through the on-going surveys, I am trying my best to gather more information on different medicinal uses of Rice Black bug in Chhattisgarh.

New comments added on May, 2014

Through recent surveys I have collected information about over 5300 Formulations in which Rice Black bug is added as important ingredient. These Formulations are used in treatment of diseases of nervous system. In Acrous based Formulations the Traditional Healers of Chhattisgarh frequently use it as important ingredient. It is added as secret ingredient and in most of the cases insect based Formulations are presented among the patients as herbal formulations. In Nardostachys based Formulations it is added as denary ingredient. The Healers collect Rice Black bug from 10 different types of medicinal rice crops and use it in Formulations. In Tacca based Formulations it is added as nonary ingredient. These Formulations are used both internally as well as externally. In Gardenia based Formulations it is added as octonary ingredient. These Formulations are used during early stage. In Terminalia and Cassia based Formulations it is added as septenary ingredient. The Traditional Healers of Odisha use it in treatment of Epilepsy internally. It is added as denary ingredient along with Oecophylla and Termites. These Formulations are popular among them. In Ilex based Formulations it is added as senary ingredient. Many times it is added as secondary ingredient. In Gluta based Formulations used for advanced stages of disease it is added as quaternary ingredient. These Formulations are not much popular among the Healers but from documentation point of view it is important information. In Holigarna based Formulations it is added as tertiary ingredient. In these Formulations the Healers add different types of wood mushrooms as important ingredient. They claim that presence of Rice Black bug in these Formulations enhances the performances of wood mushrooms. In Mastixia based Formulations it is added as tertiary and quaternary ingredients. Many times it is added as senary ingredient. In Medicinal Rice Baisur based Formulations it is added as octonary ingredient. In Telia Kand based Formulations for nervous exhaustion it is added as quinary ingredient. For complete information on Formulations and dosage please visit pankajoudhia.com

Thank you very much for reading the article.

Related References

Oudhia, Pankaj and Thakur, B.S. (1996). New record of the leaf beetle on a weed. Current Research 25: 218.

Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1996) Allelopathic effect of Datura stramonium L. on linseed. Agril. Biol. Res. 12 (1&2) : 12-17.

Oudhia, P. (1997) Evaluation of host specificity of Blumea leaf beetle (Chrysolina sp. nr. madrasae Jackoby). Insect Environment. 3 (3): 80.

Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1997).Allelopathic potential of Calotropis gigantea R.Br. World Weeds.4:109-119.

Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1997) Germination and seedling vigour of Soybean as affected by allelopathy of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Legume Research. 20 (3/4): 227-229.

Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S.(1997) Allelopathic effect of white top (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on chickpea. Legume Research. 20 (2): 117-120.

Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998). Allelopathic potential of Datura stramonium L. Crop. Res. 16 (1): 37-40.

Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998) Allelopathic effect of Blumea lacera L. on Rice and common kharif weeds: Oryza 35 (2) : 175-177.

Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998). Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on Kodo, Mustard and problematic weeds. Proc. First International Conference on Parthenium Management (Vol. II) UAS, Dharwad 6-8 Oct. 1997: 136-139.

Oudhia, P. and Ganguali, R.N. (1998). Is Lantana camara responsible for Sal-borer infesttation in M.P.? Insect Environment. 4 (1): 5.

Oudhia, P. (1998). Medicinal insects and spiders. Insect Environment. 4(2): 57-58

Banwarilal and Oudhia P. (1999). Beneficial effects of Allelopathy: I . Crop Production.Indian J. Weed Sci. 31(1&2): 103-105

Oudhia, P. (1999) Effect of some botanicals on hatchability of Blumea leaf beetle eggs. Insect Environment. 4(4): 154

Oudhia, P. (1999). Studies on Allelopathy and medicinal weeds in chickpea fields. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter (ICRISAT) 6: 29-33.

Oudhia, P. (1999) Blumea leaf beetle in Chhattisgarh Plains. Insect Environment. 5 (1): 22.

Oudhia, P. and Ganguli, J. (1999). Outbreak of Tortoise beetle Aspidomorpha miliaris F. (Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae) in Chhattisgarh plains. Insect Environment 5(3): 110-111.

Oudhia, P. (1999). Effects of Total Solar Eclipse on activities of some insects and mites. Insect Environment 5(3): 113-114.

Oudhia, P. (1999). Traditional medicinal knowledge about Red velvet mite Trombidium sp. (Acari : Trombidiidae) in Chhattisgarh. Insect Environment 5(3): 113.

Oudhia P., Pandey N. and Tripathi R.S. (1999). Allelopathic effects of obnoxious weeds on germination and seedling vigour of hybrid rice. Internaitonal Rice Research Notes (IRRI). 24(2): 36.

Oudhia P, Pandey N, Ganguli RN & Tripathi RS (1999) Gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) infestation in hybrid rice as affected by agronomical practices. Insect Environment 4: 123–124.

Oudhia P, Pandey N, Tripathi RS & Ganguli RN (1999) Effect of nitrogen and water management practices on gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) infestation in hybrid rice. Insect Environment 4: 119–120.

Oudhia P, Pandey N, Tripathi RS & Ganguli RN (1999) Reaction of hybrid rice varieties to gall midge (Orseolia oryzae).. Insect Environment 4 (4): 134.

Oudhia P, Pandey N, Tripathi RS & Ganguli RN (1999) Effect of different fertility levels on the gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) infestation.. Insect Environment 4 (3): 66-67.

Oudhia, P. and Ganguli, R. N. (1999) Chrysolina madrassae: A potential bio-control agent for Blumea lacera. VIII Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science held at BHU, Varanasi 5-7 Feb. p 134.

Gupta A., Thakur M.P. and Oudhia P. (2000). Effects of different Homoeopathic drugs prepared from common weeds on radial growth of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus membranaceus) under in vitro condition. Research on Crops 1(2):255-257.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Studies on host specificity and preference of the metallic coloured Tortoise beetle (Aspidomorpha miliaris F.) Ecol. Env. And Cons. 6(3):357-359.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Effects of leaf extracts on Metallic Coloured Tortoise beetle Aspidomorpha miliaris F. Insect Environment 5(4): 165.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Toxic effects of Parthenium leaf extracts on Aspidomorpha miliaris F. and Zonabris pustulata Thunb. Insect Environment 5(4): 168.

Oudhia,P. (2000).Evaluation of some botanicals against orange banded blister beetle(Zonabris pustulata Thunb.).Crop Research 20(3):558-559

Oudhia,P.(2000).Record of Orange Banded Blister Beetle Zonabris pustulata Thunb.(Coleoptera: Meloidae) on Safed Moosli(Chlorophytum borivilianum).Insect Environment.6(3):138

Oudhia,P.(2000).Effect of some leaf leachates on hatchability of Blumea leaf beetle(Chrysolina madrasae Jackoby) Eggs.Indian J. Weed Sci. 32(3&4):206-207.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Traditional medicinal knowledge about green leaf hopper, Nephotettix spp. in Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes.25 (3):40

Oudhia, P. (2000). Common housefly Musca nebulo Wiedemann (Diptera: Muscidae) as medicinal insect in Chattisgarh. Insect Environment. 6(1):36-37.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Germination and seedling vigour of kodomillet as affected by Allelopathy of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Indian J. Plant Physiol. 5(4) NS: 383-384.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Parthenium hysterophorus: a new weed in upland rice fields of the Chattisgarh Plains(India).International Rice Research Notes (IRRN).25.1:34.

Oudhia, P. (2000). Positive (inhibitory) Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus leaves on germination and seedling vigour of sunflower.Crop Research 20(3):560-562.

Oudhia, Pankaj (2000). "Problems perceived by safed moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) growers of Chhattisgarh (India) region: a study." Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 22.4a (2000): 396-399.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Traditional medicinal knowledge about Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera in Chhattisgarh, India. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter.8:14-15.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Allelopathic research on chickpea seeds in Chattisgarh (India) region: An overview. Ecol. Env. and Cons.7(1):31-34.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Stimulatory Allelopathy of Ageratum conyzoides L. on soybean.Agri. Sci. Digest. v.21(1):55-56.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Medicinal insects of Kharif crops and weeds of Chattisgarh (India). VII National Science Conference, Bharitya Krishi Anusandhan Samitee, Directorate of Cropping System Research, Meerut, India, 12-14 April.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Record of Aphis craccivora Koch.(Hemiptera: Aphididae) on medicinal crop Mucuna pruriens L. in Chhattigarh (India). Insect Environment. 7(1):24.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Traditional medicinal knowledge about Bed Bug Cimex lectularius L.(Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Chhattisgarh (India). Insect Environment. 7(1):23.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Phyllotreta crucifera Goeze: A new pest of medicinal crop Lepidium sativum L. in Chhattisgarh (India).In: Souvenir cum Abstracts. National Research Seminar on Herbal Conservation, Cultivation, Marketing and Utilization with Special Emphasis on Chhattisgarh, ‘The Herbal State’. Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI) and Chhattisgarh Minor Forest Produce (Trading & Dev.) Co-operative Fedration Ltd., Raipur (India), 13-14 December, 2001. p.74.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Improved cultivation practices for medicinal crops: glimpses of research of farmers' fields in Chhattisgarh (India).In: Oudhia P, editor. Souvenir-cum-abstracts. National Research Seminar on Herbal Conservation, Cultivation, Marketing and Utilization with Special Emphasis on Chhattisgarh, The Herbal State, Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI), 13-14 December 2001. p 44.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Evaluation of Allelopathic effects of some fruit tree leaf extracts on emergence and seedling vigour of Lathyrus var.Biol-212.Legume Res. 24(3):207-208.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Germination and seedling vigour of wheat as affected by allelopathy of some obnoxious weed.Agric.Sci.Digest. 21(4):275-276.

Oudhia, P. (2001). Phyto-sociological studies of rainy season wasteland weeds with special reference to Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Raipur (India) district. Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech & Env. Sc.3 (1-2):89-92.

Oudhia, P. (2001). My experiences with world’s top ten Indian medicinal plants: Glimpses of research at farmer’s field in Chhattisgarh (India).In: Abstract. Workshop cum Seminar on Sustainable Agriculture for 21st Century, IGAU, Raipur, India, 20-21 Jan.

Oudhia, P. (2002). Traditional medicinal knowledge about common insects and mites in India. Eco. Env and Consv. 8(4):339-340.

Oudhia, P. (2002). Rice-Acorus intercropping: a new system developed by innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh (India).International Rice Research Notes. 27 (1):56.

Oudhia, P. (2002). Traditional medicinal knowledge about Red Ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Chattisgarh, India. Insect Environment.8 (3):114-115.

Oudhia, P. (2002). Traditional medicinal knowledge about Fireflies, Photuris sp.(Coleoptera : Lampyridae)in Chhattisgarh (India). Insect Environment, Vol.8 (1):25

Oudhia, P. (2005). Traditional Knowledge about medicinal insects and mites in Chhattisgarh, India: An overview. International Conference on “Promotion and Development of Botanicals with International Coordination: Exploring quality, safety, efficacy and regulations”. February 25- 26, 2005 Supported by: Drug Information Association, USA Secretariat: School of Natural Product Studies Jadavpur university, Kolkata 700032.)

Costa-Neto, E. M. (2005). Entomotherapy, or the medicinal use of insects.Journal of Ethnobiology, 25(1), 93-114.

Oudhia, P., 2007. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands

Oudhia, P., 2007. Agave americana L. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants/Plantes médicinales 1. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Oudhia, P., 2007. Cordia myxa L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. . Accessed 27 April 2014.

Oudhia, P., 2008. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants/Plantes médicinales 1. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Oudhia, P., 2008. Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster. In: Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). Prota 11(1): Medicinal plants/Plantes médicinales 1. [CD-Rom]. PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Oudhia, P. (2008). Series on Wilderness medicines (Expedition medicines) of Indian state Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). The Indian experiences on organic farming of medicinal and aromatic crops useful for African herb growers. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). New record of Aspidomorpha miliaris F. (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) on Shorea robusta in Gariaband region of Indian state Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). One summer day with Traditional healers, Herb Collectors and forest of Gariaband and Rajim regions of Indian state Chhattisgarh. Part-I. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Dataiya (Paper Wasp) in Biodiversity rich Indian state Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Note on Scientific Report titled ‘Traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs and herbal combinations used in treatment of Type II Diabetes in India with special reference to Chhattisgarh’. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). That’s how Climate Change is affecting Traditional Healing. 1. Interactions with Traditional Healers having expertise in use of medicinal mite Trombidium in Indian state Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Extremely Complex Traditional Formulations are important in treatment of Type II Diabetes and associated troubles. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). The search for Man faced bug Catacanthus incarnatus in Indian state Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Through Bhavri and Medicinal Herbs Epilepsy is treated in Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Impact of Globalization on Biodiversity with Special emphasis on Livelihood of poor and marginalised: A case study of Raigarh Region, Chhattisgarh, India. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Search for New Medicinal Insects and Mites in Indian State Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Prevent and cure Chikungunya through traditional medicinal knowledge this time. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Bird diversity of Barnawapara wildlife sanctuary, Chhattisgarh , India . http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Are all Gram caterpillars possess same medicinal properties? (New comments and results of recent [year 2005 onwards] Ethnobotanical surveys). http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Some unique traditional ways of herb collection in Chhattisgarh, India. (New comments and results of recent [year 2005 onwards] Ethnobotanical surveys). http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Status of Mexican Beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister in Chhattisgarh, India. (New comments and results of recent [year 2005 onwards] Ethnobotanical surveys). http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). My observations and experiences with Parrots of Chhattisgarh with special reference to Barnawapara wildlife Sanctuary region. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Recent Interactions with Farmers of Barnawapara wildlife sanctuary region, Chhattisgarh, India having traditional knowledge about organic farming. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Recent interactions with farmers of Chhattisgarh Plains , India facing problem of Monkey nuisance. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Traditional Shurbut (Sherbet) based 365 days schedule (XVIII) for Heart patients (at second stage) suggested by Traditional Healers of Indian state Chhattisgarh. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey in Ghata Rani Forest region of Indian state Chhattisgarh during July. 2008. Part-I. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey in Ghata Rani Forest region of Indian state Chhattisgarh during July. 2008. Part-II. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Ethnobotanical survey in Ghata Rani Forest region of Indian state Chhattisgarh during July. 2008. Part-III. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Possible ways to protect Biodiversity of Indian state Chhattisgarh from increasing number of tourists and pressure created by them. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Remain fit during this Deepawali festival season with the help of traditional medicinal knowledge. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, P. (2008). Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and insects: Interactions with the natives of village Khudmudi, Chhattisgarh, India: New comments.. http://www.Ecoport.org

Oudhia, Pankaj and Paull Robert E. (2008). Monkey Jack Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., Moraceae p485-487. Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts - 2008, J. Janick and R. E. Paull -editors, CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom

Oudhia, Pankaj and Paull Robert E. (2008). Butter tree Madhuca latifolia Roxb. Sapotaceae p827-828. Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts - 2008, J. Janick and R. E. Paull -editors, CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom

Oudhia, Pankaj and Paull Robert E. (2008). Chironji Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae p14-15. Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts - 2008, J. Janick and R. E. Paull -editors, CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom

Oudhia, Pankaj and Paull Robert E. (2008). West Indian Almond Terminalia catappa L. Combretaceae. p273-276.. Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts - 2008, J. Janick and R. E. Paull -editors, CABI,Wallingford, United Kingdom

Oudhia, Pankaj (2009).Management of Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia grisea [=P. oryzae]) in Rice (Oryza sativa) crop. B. Azadirachta indica based formulations. [Internet]. Version 1. Knols of Pankaj Oudhia. 2009 Oct 6. Available from: http://pankajoudhiaknols.wordpress.com/article/management-of-magnaporthe-grisea-3nerdtj3s9l79-15/.

Horgan, F. G., & Crisol, E. (2013). Hybrid rice and insect herbivores in Asia. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 148(1), 1-19.

Majumdar, Ushinor (2013). A fight to save Traditional Medicines. Tehelka. 2013-07-27, Issue 30 Volume 10. http://www.tehelka.com/a-fight-to-save-traditional-medicines/

Oudhia, P. (2014). Medicinal Rice Maharaji with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Farmer's lung. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2014) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com

Oudhia, P. (2014). Medicinal Rice Maharaji with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Fast heartbeat. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2014) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com

Oudhia, P. (2014). Medicinal Rice Maharaji with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Fatal granulomatosis of childhood. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2014) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com

Oudhia, P. (2014). Medicinal Rice Maharaji with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Fecal incontinence. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2014) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com

Oudhia, P. (2014). Medicinal Rice Maharaji with Red, Brown and Black Rice based Traditional Herbal Formulations for Fibrolamellar carcinoma. Medicinal Rice Formulations (1990-2014) in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database at pankajoudhia.com

Citation

Oudhia, Pankaj (2014). Traditional medicinal knowledge about Rice Black bug Scotinophara sp. in Chhattisgarh, India. Updated Version.  pankajoudhia.com