Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-23

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Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXVIII. Karayal (Nigella sativa) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved During my visits to Mungeli region of Chhattisgarh, for the first time I saw the commercial cultivation of Karayal or Kalaunji. It is under cultivation in other parts of Chhattisgarh also. Its seeds are used as spice and condiment. In Chhattisgarh, it is grown as hardy spice crop. The growers informed me that this crop can be raised without much care and in even worst conditions, it gives good returns. The natives use Karayal in preparation of different dishes. There is a good demand of Karayal in local markets. The growers claim that the production of Chhattisgarh is even not capable of fulfilling the demand and that is why, Karayal seeds from neighbouring states particularly from Maharashtra, occupy the local markets. During the Ethnobotanical surveys, conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have seen Karayal growing in wild. According to the experts it is escaped from the cultivated fields. In reference literatures, its occurrence as crop weed in Agricultural fields have been reported. For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Karayal is a valuable medicinal herb. Before describing the traditional medicinal uses in Chhattisgarh, I am giving details regarding its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a herb with erect stem and having height upto two feet, many flowered, finely downy, especially near the ground; Leaves capillary, cut into numerous fine segment, not involucrating the flower; petioles downy; Flowers naked, dirty white; Anthers ovate, obtuse; Capsules muricated, united upto the very point into an ovate fruit, terminated by five erect styles; seeds angular. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the presence of Karayal seeds in different dishes help in its proper digestion besides providing good taste. Its medicinal seeds are used as an integral part in many popular herbal combinations used as sex tonic and aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region use the seeds in treatment of Amenorrhoea alone or in combination with other herbs. Its leaves are also used for this purpose. In general, the healers suggest the natives to use Karayal seeds judiciously as medicine, because the nature of its seed is hot and overdose can cause harmful effects. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the aqueous extract of Karayal roots in combination with Kukurmutta (Blumea lacera) roots in treatment of bleeding piles. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. In treatment of headache, in many parts of Chhattisgarh the healers apply the aqueous paste of its seeds on affected parts to reduce the pain but as other promising and cheap alternatives are available, it is used less commonly. The traditional healer of Mudpar village use the Karayal seeds in combination with other herbs in treatment of urinary system troubles. The above mentioned traditional medicinal uses are not enough to establish Karayal as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh but it indicates that there is a good scope in this field. I am trying to gather more information on its traditional uses to proceed in this direction. In Chhattisgarh, the irrigation facilities are poor and most of the areas are rainfed. I personally feel that the crops like Karayal can be promoted among the poor farmers for good promising returns. I am confident that after establishing it as medicinal crop, we will help these farmers in more better ways. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Bavasir (Piles) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Mahasamund region use the Hulhul herb very frequently in treatment of Piles both internally and externally. Similarly, I have observed the frequent use of Hulhul in Southern Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Mahasamund region suggest the patients having the problem of Piles to use the leaves of Hulhul as pot herb and prepare a special curries using fresh curd (Dahi). I have tasted the curry. Although it is not much tasty but as medicine it can be taken. The addition of curd makes it slightly tasty and also more promising. For the preparation of curry, the new leaves are used. The old leaves or leaves collected after flowering are rejected. The patients are advised to use it atleast once in a day till the availability of new leaves. More than three times a day can cause harmful effects - the healers add. During its consumption, the patients are instructed to avoid the use of milk. According to the traditional healers this curry is a boon for the patients specially those having the problem of bleeding piles. The older leaves of Hulhul are used for external application. By boiling, the older leaves in water, a decoction is prepared and anus is washed by this decoction. It stops the bleeding immediately. Later in the season when seed formation starts, the seeds are collected and used internally, in treatment of piles. One part of seeds and two parts of sugar is given once in a day. In this way, the traditional healers of this region use the Hulhul at different stages of its growth wisely in treatment. They simply say that its use in this way i.e. upto one life cycle, cures the patients forever. The scientific name of Hulhul is Cleome viscosa. In my previous articles, I have mentioned that how the healers of different parts of Chhattisgarh use it in different ways. I also suggest you to consult the previous articles for its botany, and reported medicinal uses in detail. In general, Hulhul is considered as waste plant. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh frequently use different plant parts of common herb Kareel in treatment of Piles. The healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use its roots inform of decoction. The roots spreading in north direction are collected and before use, dried in shade. After drying it is converted into powder. The healers prepare a decoction by boiling it in water. About 200ml. Of decoction is given once in a day preferably in morning time as treatment. In general, the healers give the powdered roots to the patients and patients prepare the decoction by adopting standard method. As you know, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh strictly avoid the use of old and stored decoction. According to the healers, the use of Kareel decoction helps the patients in many ways. Its use upto a week stops the bleeding whereas its use upto a month cures the trouble upto great extent. In case of complications, the healers suggest the patients to take it twice a day instead of one dose. In such conditions, they give more herbs or add the herbs in decoction to nullify its associated effects. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the bark of Kareel in place of roots and they use it in herbal combinations having many other herbs. As the name of Kareel is coming for the first time in my articles, I am giving the details regarding its botany, I have noted from reference literatures Botanically, Kareel (Capparis decidua) is nearly leafless glabrous shrub or small tree; bark corky, grayish-white, longitudinally furrowed, thorns in pairs, straight; Leaves only on young shoots, glabrous, linear-oblong with spinescent apex, caduceus, buds pubescent; Flowers red or scarlet, about two cm across, in short corymbs on short lateral shoots; Fruits globose, smooth and red in colour when ripe. Flowering time March-April whereas fruiting time May-July in Chhattisgarh conditions. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the roots of medicinal tree Ankol both internally as well as externally. Internally they mix the dried root powder with Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) and give it to the patients. The patients are advised to take few pinches of combination twice a day. Externally the dried roots are burnt and patients are advised to expose the anus in fumes. According to the traditional healers, both uses at a time cure the patients effectively. The scientific name of Ankol is Alangium salviifolium. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region use Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum) seeds for this purpose. Nirmali is burnt and ash is collected. The patients are advised to apply the ash externally on anus and swallow, the small globules, prepared by mixing ash in water. I have yet not observed this use in other parts of Chhattisgarh. The healers of this region also use the seeds of Imli (Tamarind) for this purpose. The seeds are converted into ash and used both internally and externally in same manner. In case of chronic problem, the healers suggest to use the ash with Dahi (curd) internally. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the common natives having the problem of Piles or having the possibilities of Piles in future to consume the raw corms of Jimikand daily morning empty stomach. The corms are cut into small pieces and ten pieces at a time are given as treatment. The scientific name of Jimikand is Amorphophallus campanulatus. The above mentioned traditional medicinal uses are less known and limited to specific healers. I am thankful to the healers for showing faith on me and also on on-going project on documentation of traditional knowledge about herbs. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the interactions with the traditional healers of Narharpur region, I have got many valuable information on use of common herbs in form of herbal oil, in treatment of Paralysis. I am giving the details. The traditional healers of this region take the roots bark of Kaner, seeds of Gunja and leaves of Dhatra in equal quantities and after mixing it, they prepare a mixture. This mixture is further mixed in base oil and solution is boiled. When all watery contents evaporate, the boiling is stopped and after filteration, oil is stored for future use. This herbal oil is considered as a boon for the patients having the problem of paralysis. Oil is massaged gently in numb parts. It is used as minimum as possible because by nature, it is very hot and in large amount, it can cause harms to skin. Sarson (Mustard) or Til (Sesamum indicum) seed oil is used as base oil. One of the main ingredients of this oil, Kaner (Nerium indicum syn. N. odorum syn. N. oleander is a common herb planted in home gardens for its fragrant flowers. The nearby forest of Narharpur are rich in natural population of Gunja (Abrus precatorius). The healers use the leaves of black flowered Datura species. All herbs are used fresh. In general the healers do not prefer the old, stored plant parts. The healers prepare this oil in bulk and distribute it to the patients having problem. Many healers use the oil under their own supervision with the help of workers at their homes. The healers do not disclose the ingredients to the patients and in most of the cases, the patients do not ask for this because they have deep faith in healers. You will be surprised to know that many healers use the same herbal oil as aphrodisiac also. The oil is massaged on male genitals before intercourse for this purpose. The healers also informed me about one more useful herbal formulation. In this formulation, the leaves of different herbs are used. The healers mix the Andi (Ricinus communis), Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea), Sahadevi (Vernonia sp.), Munga (Moringa oleifera), Asgandh (Withania somnifera) and Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) leaves in equal proportion and prepare a mixture. After mixing, juice is extracted and after mixing the juice in base oil, the solution is boiled and herbal oil is prepared. This oil is also considered as promising. All the herbs used in this oil are commonly available in Narharpur region except the Asgandh. The healers delete this herb from the list of ingredients. When I disclosed and discussed this formulation with the traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh, I came to know that the healers use this formulation with slight modifications. The modifications are based on the availability of herbs in that particular part. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region use this oil with Asgandh leaves. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains add Sonth (Dried Ginger) powder in this formulation in order to make it more stronger. The healers of Dhamtari region do not add the leaves of Munga and Nirgundi in the formulation. Although all herbs are mixed in equal proportion in this oil but in different parts it is known as different names like Andi Tel, Dhatra Tel, Fudhar Tel etc. Kuth (Saussurea lappa) is not found in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region add the Kuth roots in this herbal oil. They purchase it from local herb shops. This oil is available in variations and all variations are giving promising results. I personally feel that there is a need for scientific study on this interesting aspect. Unfortunately, none of the variant is available in form of patent drug in markets. As all ingredients are locally available and the formulations are local, there is tremendous scope to establish small cottage industries in Chhattisgarh based on this project. The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region use, Kuth in combination with Kalonji or Karayal (Nigella sativa) seeds to prepare a special herbal oil. This herbal oil is also in use in this part of Chhattisgarh. Kalonji is used in other formulations also. The healers of Gandai region add Kalonji seeds, Ajwain (Carum copticum), Akarkara (Spilanthes acmella) and rock salt and by boiling it in base oil prepare a herbal oil. The healers of Bhopalpatnam are also aware of this combination. They add Asgandh also in this combination. There is a slight variation in method of preparation also. Before boiling the mixture in base oil, the healers boil the mixture in water and prepare a decoction. This decoction is boiled in base oil and finally prepared a herbal oil. During recent visit, I informed the traditional healers of Gandai region about this modified method adopted by the healers of Bhopalpatnam region. They assured me to try this method also. The healers of Gandai region use Akarkara herb in combination with Mustard (Sarson) seeds also. This combination is used externally but in different way. Both herbs are mixed with the help of Shahad (Honey) and massaged gently on tongue. According to the healers, this application helps the patients to get early recovery from one sided paralysis. I have started a new series of articles based on less known traditional medicinal uses, because the formulations described in this series are limited to very few healers and ending with them. The healers do not want to transfer this knowledge to their young generations for many reasons. The fear of misuse is one of the main reasons. I am confident that when once it will come in documentation form, it will remain safe for future generations. This is good sign that the healers are under standing the importance of documentation work. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Safed Daag (Leucoderma) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In general, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialized in treatment of Leucoderma instruct the patients to avoid the use of Baigan (Brinjal) as vegetable. According to them, its intake increases the intensity of trouble. You will be surprised to know that although its internal use is restricted but the traditional healers use the special oil prepared from Baigan fruits in treatment of Leucoderma externally. They collect the fresh fruit, boil it in water and collect the extract. This extract is further boiled in base oil. When all water contents evaporate, the oil is collected. This herbal oil is considered as a boon for the patients having the problem of Leucoderma. I have seen its practical uses many times and also got opportunity to interact with the patients. According to them, this herbal oil acts fastly and fade up the spots in very less time. Baigan is one of the very popular vegetable crops in Chhattisgarh. According to the traditional healers, the use of Baigan as vegetable is responsible for many health problems but unfortunately the natives are not much aware of this fact. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, frequently use Karayal seeds in treatment. The seeds are mixed in Sirka (Vinegar) and an aqueous paste is applied. The patients are advised to expose the spots in sunlight after the application of this paste. To make this paste more powerful the healers add many more herbs including Bemchi (Psoralea corylifolia), Dhatra (Datura stramonium) seeds and yellow old leaves of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea). Based on intensity of problem, the healers add these herbs in different proportions. Karayal is under cultivation in Chhattisgarh whereas Bemchi, Dhatra and Fudhar are common medicinal weeds that grow in wastelands. The traditional healers of Bastar region use Peng seeds in treatment. The seeds are dipped in cow urine upto a month and after this duration seeds are washed and oil is extracted. This oil is used externally. This use is very popular among the healers. The scientific name of Peng is Celastrus paniculatus and it is one of the well known non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having good demand in national and international drug markets. The traditional healers of Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the seed oil of Sirsa in treatment of Leucoderma. The healers advise the patients to apply the seed oil on spots and massage it gently. In my previous articles, I have written a lot on use of Bemchi both internally and externally in treatment of Leucoderma. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional knowledge on this aspect. The healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use Bemchi in combination with Imli (Tamarind) seeds. I was not aware of this use earlier. The seeds of both herbs are crushed and converted into powder. After making powder, both are mixed in equal proportion. This combination is applied externally on the white spots. According to the healers, within a week the change in colour starts. To make this combination more strong, the healers add the root powder of Doomar (Ficus glomerata) in this combination. From the traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region, I got the information on use if different types of Haldi in treatment. The healers mix Haldi (Curcuma longa), Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia), Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada) and seeds of Charota (Cassia tora) in equal proportion and after adding water, prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is applied in same manner. The healers informed me that unlike other combinations, this combination produces no irritation on skin and this is the reason it is more popular among the healers. As Kali Haldi is rare herb, many healers delete it from the formulations but most of the healers consider the formulation incomplete without this important herb. The traditional healers use the Cobra snake with common herbs to prepare a special solution. I have seen practically the process of preparation of solution. The snake is killed and cut in its length. The healers fill the leaves of Sarphonk (Tephrosia purpurea) and seeds of Charota (Cassia tora) in this cut. After filling the herbs, the cut is sewed. After this process, the body of snake is burnt on fire. Within very short time, the liquid oozes out from the body. This liquid is collected and stored for future use. This liquid is applied externally on spots. It is considered as one of the promising remedies in treatment of Leucoderma. I have yet not seen this use in other parts of Chhattisgarh. Many of the above mentioned traditional uses have not been reported in reference literatures. I am proud to write about the unique traditional medicinal knowledge our healers are having Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Jaundice in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved To make the colour of eyes yellow to normal in case of Jaundice, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use many common herbs. Karayal is one of these herbs. The healers take seven seeds of Karayal and mix it with cow milk. Two - three drops of this solution is applied inside the nose, to normalize the colour. The scientific name of Karayal is Nigella sativa. In general, the healers also suggest the patients to apply lemon juice inside the eyes for the same purpose. During cropping season of vegetable crop Mooli (Raphanus sativus), the traditional healers, suggest the natives to prepare a special pickles using Mooli and Sirka (Vinegar). This pickle is considered as boon for the patients having the problem of Jaundice. As it is very tasty, the patients feel happy while using it. The traditional healers of Mungeli region of Chhattisgarh prepare a decoction by boiling Karayal in water. This decoction is also used for the same purpose. While this use, the patients are advised to wear yellow coloured cloths. The healers have no scientific explanation that what is the importance of this yellow cloth. I am trying my best to search the scientific explanation. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, popularly use the seeds of Raksi in treatment. The seeds are converted into powder and mixed with Shahad (Honey) it is given internally. The healers suggest the patients to eat rice and dal (Pulse) as meals during this treatment. The scientific name of Raksi is Abutilon indicum. It is a common weed in rice fields of Chhattisgarh. The healers also use, the flowers of another medicinal tree Babool, common around rice fields, in treatment of Jaundice. Its flower is given internally with sugar. This treatment is given as supplement to main treatment. As supplement, the fresh juice as well as the decoction of Kasaundi (Cassia sophera) leaves are also used. The traditional healers of Durg region use the pods of Babool for this purpose. Young pods are used. The pods and Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruits are mixed in equal proportion and decoction is prepared by boiling this combination in water. This decoction is considered a boon for the patients having the problem of Jaundice. The traditional healers of Shikakai rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the decoction of its pods in treatment of Jaundice. They also use the new sprouts of Indrajau (Wrightia tinctoria) for this purpose. The juice of sprouts is used internally. In previous articles, I have given detailed information on traditional uses of herbs in treatment of Jaundice. The above mentioned uses are limited to few healers. This article can be considered as supplement to previous articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Hichki (Hiccup or Hiccough) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In treatment of Hichki, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use some specific herbs both internally and externally. In general, they do not disclose the formulations. This is my third article on Hichki. In present article, I am giving the details of herbs and herbal formulations that are less known to the natives and also to many other healers. These herbs and herbal formulations are used in case of complication. In general, through home remedies and common herbs manage this trouble without any problem. I have collected the information on these unique formulations through regular visits and interactions with the traditional healers. I have also seen the practical uses of many herbs. Many of these uses have yet not been reported to references literatures. I am feeling proud to document the traditional knowledge through this article. In treatment of Hichki, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use many herbs in dry form. The herbs are burnt and the patients are advised to inhale the fumes coming. Many healers have developed Herbal Cigarettes using dry herb for the convenience of the patients. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the dry leaves of Aam (Mangifera indica) for this purpose. The leaves of indigenous Aam trees are preferred. The leaves from trees having fruiting stage are not used. The healers also use the dry husk of Chana (Chickpea) and Rahar (Cajanus cajan) in same way. The traditional healers of Durg region use the whole herb of Urd (Vigna mungo) in same manner. The herb before fruiting is used. Chana, Rahar and Urd are popular pulse crops in Chhattisgarh. The healers of Bastar region use the Coconut (Nariyal) Coir (Boonch) internally in treatment of Hichki. The coir is burnt and ash is collected. This ash is mixed in water and when it settles down completely, water is taken internally as treatment. This use is also popular among the healers of Bhopalpatnam region. The traditional healers of Mungeli region use the seeds of Karayal (Nigella sativa) with Makkhan (Butter). Both ingredients are mixed and the patients are advised to take it in little doses at definite intervals till complete relief. I have already mentioned the use of Babool spines (both dry and wet) in form of decoction in treatment of Hichki. The healers add Shahad (Honey) in this decoction to make it more effective. This use is popular among the traditional healers of Babool (Acacia nilotica) rich areas of Chhattisgarh i.e. the rice belts. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also use Zeera (Cumin) by boiling it in Sirka (Vinegar). The healers of Bilaspur region use the seeds of Kamal (Lotus) in treatment. Its seeds are given with water internally. I always ask the healers that among all these traditional uses which one is most promising and which one is least. They reply that all uses are effective. That is why all uses are popular. In many cases, they select the herbs on the basis of patient's vitality and intensity of problem but it is not common observation in all cases. The healers also say that the long list of traditional uses give them opportunity of using the common herbs. All herbs are not found in all areas. They are very true. This unique approach is one of reasons responsible for the success of our traditional healers. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 62. Mamuri (Flacourtia indica; family Flacourtiaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Mamuri is the name of this herb in Oriya. I have seen this herb in areas near to Chhattisgarh. Orissa border and also found that the traditional healers of these areas have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb. The drummers use this herb very frequently in case of body pain and to get rid from it in very less time. Its seeds and leaves are used for this purpose. The seeds are mixed in water and an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied all over the body. The healers also add Neem leaves and Haldi (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder in this paste to make it more powerful. The leaf juice is applied externally like seed paste. Also, the decoction of leaves is given internally. The healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh use Mamuri alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of Migraine and rheumatic pain. Its fruits are one of the popular edible fruits of Chhattisgarh. According to the reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the fruit posses diuretic properties. The healers of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of this property. In combination with other herbs, they use it in enlarged spleen. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the roots in combination with parts in treatment of Kidney pain and to flush out the stones. Although Mamuri is a common medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh but this is really surprising that the traditional healers are not much aware of its medicinal properties and uses. The herb is not in the list of medicinal herbs having regular demand in national and international markets. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Mamuri (Flacourtia indica syn. Gmelina indica syn. Flacourtia sepiaria syn. F. ramontchi) is a deciduous shrub or small tree, with young branches and leaves pubescent; spines axillary; leaves ovate to almost orbicular, veins prominent, pubescent, margins crenate to serrate, apex obtuse to acute, Male flower in short branched clustered racemes, sometimes on the thorns; Female flowers on short branches, solitary or impairs. Fruits globose and seeds obovoid. Flowering and fruiting time from March to June in Chhattisgarh conditions. It is not wrong to write that its use to provide relief to drummers, has established this herb in Chhattisgarh. This use is still very popular. The other uses are less popular because the healers have other promising alternatives. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used for safe delivery in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used for safe delivery. The herbs are used to hasten the process of delivery. In previous articles, I have written a lot on use of herbs in form of Herbal Mala, Locket etc. popular among the natives of Chhattisgarh. In present article, I am giving details of some less known traditional medicinal uses. The traditional healers of Bamboo rich regions of Chhattisgarh use new Bamboo leaves for this purpose. The decoction is prepared by boiling the leaves in water. For more promising results, they add Mehndi (Lawsonia alba) leaves in Bamboo leaves, in equal proportion, and use it in form of decoction. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region always keep the Kenchuli (out skin) of snake with them. In order to hasten the process of delivery, they burn the Kenchuli and suggest the woman to inhale the fumes. This use is also popular in other parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Mungeli region use to decoction of Karayal (Nigella sativa) for this purpose. The decoction is prepared by boiling the seeds in water. The traditional healers of Durg region informed me about the use of Doomar (Ficus glomerata) roots for this purpose. The fresh roots are boiled in water and decoction is used in same manner. As Doomar is very common tree in Chhattisgarh, the healers prefer to collect the fresh roots in case of need. In general, they avoid the use of stored roots. Like the roots of Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera), the healers of Tilda region suggest the patients to tie the roots of Sarphonk around the waist. According to them, this use helps in Safe delivery and checks excessive bleeding. The roots are collected before flowering stage. The roots spreading in north direction naturally are used. To tie the roots, the healers use red string. I have written about many such unique uses in my previous articles. I have observed that these uses alone are not capable of managing the problem. It is used as supplementary to main herbs. But the popularity of these uses among the healers clearly indicates its effectiveness. The scientific name of Sarphonk is Tephrosia purpurea. It occurs as wasteland plant in Chhattisgarh. The healers of Gandai region use the Indrayan roots externally for Safe delivery. The roots are mixed with cow ghee and paste is prepared. This paste is applied inside the vagina to hasten the process of delivery. The traditional healers of Jashpur region use the roots of wild Banana for this purpose. The roots are tied around the waist with the help of black string before delivery. After completion of delivery process, the roots are removed. The healers do not consider the roots of cultivated Banana useful for this purpose. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region use the roots of Andi (Ricinus communis) for this purpose. The roots are mixed with cow ghee and given internally. The use of Andi seed oil is also popular among the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the Lemon (Citrus medica) herb for this purpose. Its roots are tied around the waist like the roots of Chirchita and Sarphonka. The healers mix the roots in equal quantity of Mahua (Madhuca latifolia) bark and with Shahad (Honey) and ghee, this combination is given internally. The traditional healers of Rajim region informed me that they use the dry peels of Kharbooz (Musk melon) for this purpose. The peels are put on fire and woman is suggested to inhale the fumes. The healers also use it in combination with Saunf internally in form of decoction. The use of decoction of Pudina (Mentha viridis) herb is also popular among the healers. Through on-going surveys, I am getting more information on this aspect. The natives also have rich traditional knowledge on this aspect. I will write more about this knowledge in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of respiratory troubles in Southern Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Last week, I received the filled questionnaire from different parts of Chhattisgarh specifically from Southern parts. Since few months I traveled Southern Chhattisgarh extensively, interacted with the traditional healers and natives and collected a lot of new information on traditional medicinal uses of common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of many common diseases. I have sent simple questionnaire to small towns where I have not visited during this survey. Through this recent surveys, I got new information on herbs used in treatment of respiratory troubles particularly in treatment of Asthma. I am giving these details in present article. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the common wasteland herb Fudhar very frequently in treatment. I have written a lot on different ways by which Fudhar is used in treatment of Asthma but surprisingly through this survey, I got additional as well as effective use of Fudhar plant parts. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region use the immature bud of Fudhar in combination with Pippali (Piper longum) and common salt. These ingredients are mixed in 2:1:1 ratio and small globules (at the size of Ber, Ziziphus mauritiana fruits) are prepared. The patients having the problem of Asthma are advised to take one globule once in day in normal days. During the period of attack, two-three globules are given. The healers of Kondagaon region prepare a herbal combination in which Fudhar root bark is used as main ingredient. In this combination along with Fudhar root bark, Munga (Moringa oleifera) root bark and Pippali fruits are used. During winter season, when the winter weed Gorakh mundi emerges the traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the Mundi heads (Sphaeranthus indicus) with the leaves of Fudhar in treatment of Asthma. I have mentioned in previous article about the use of Mundi herb alone for this purpose. The traditional healers of Bijapur region use the roots of Kala (Black) Fudhar in combination with Ajwain (Carum copticum) internally. I have yet not seen the rare species of Fudhar Known as Kala Fudhar in this part. In reference literatures related to flora, the Fudhar herb having black plant parts is not mentioned. The healers informed me that Kala Fudhar possess more medicinal properties as compared to the normally occurring Fudhar. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis gigantea. In every fourth article, you will find the name of this herb. It is used both internally and externally in treatment of many common diseases and natives and healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this valuable herb. The healers truly say that the mother Nature has given us Fudhar as a gift. It is boon for the poor natives because they have not to pay charges for its use. When I read my research papers published several years back in which I have mentioned it as a problematic weed, I feel shame. The traditional healers of Bijapur region, prepare special herbal combination by using specific method. They mix the juice of Adrak (Ginger), Piaz (Onion), Lason (Garlic) and Dhikuar (Aloe Vera) with Shahad (Honey). All liquids are mixed in equal proportion. After mixing, they put the solution in earthen pot and bury the pot inside the ground, after covering its mouth. After thirty days, the pot is dug out and solution is given to the patients. This method seems very simple but there are many hard rules. The pot is buried on Purnima (Full moon day). The pot is buried under Pipal (Ficus religiosa) trees only. It is protected from water. No one is allowed to visit that place upto a month. The healers perform special worship before burring the pot and also before giving it to the patients. The solution is not given to pregnant woman. Indigenous species of Onion, and Adrak are used. These hard rules make this solution valuable. The preparation of this solution requires lot of patience. This is the reason the healers use it specially for the serious patients. I have used this precious solution and experienced its miraculous effects. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this solution. They add or delete one or more herbs in this solution. The healers have no scientific explanation for these hard rules, but they informed me that the shade of Pipal tree and phases of Moon play a vital role in making the solution effective. The traditional healers of Bijapur region recommend its use upto limited period. According to them, its long term use have many harmful effects but they add that these harmful effects can be easily nullified by the use of other common herbs. In general, the natives use the solution under supervision of the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh suggest the natives to eat the fruit pulp of Ritha (Sapindus emarginatus) in order to get protection from respiratory troubles. Ritha is a common medicinal tree in this part of Chhattisgarh. During this survey, I got information on use of Vajradanti herb in treatment of Asthma. The healers collect the small herb of Vajradanti and dry it in shade. After drying it is converted into powder. In general, the healers suggest the patients having the problem of respiratory system to take a fistful of powder empty stomach daily morning. According to the healers, its use in specific months in a year, from childhood, helps the children to remain free from respiratory troubles upto long time. The use of Vajradanti in this way, is not reported. The scientific name of Vajradanti is Barleria prionites. It is valuable herb for the natives and healers of this region. The senior natives of Jagdalpur region informed about the unique use of Gahun (Wheat) seeds and Haldi (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder in treatment of respiratory troubles. They put the Gahun seeds into fire and collect the ash. Gahun ash and Haldi powder are mixed in equal proportion and combination is kept for future use. A teaspoonful of this combination is taken daily morning with water empty stomach. According to the senior natives, its long term use, makes the respiratory system enough strong to face different troubles successfully. Through Shri B.Rao Godbole, I got information on herbal combination used by the traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region. In this herbal combination, Bemchi (Psoralea corylifolia) seeds, Haldi powder, Pippali fruits, Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada) powder, Kali Mirch (Black Pipper), black salt (Kala Namak), Chitrak (Plumbago zeylenica) and Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) are used. Based on the vitality of patients and the seriousness of trouble they mix the herbs in different proportions. In general, all the herbs are mixed in equal proportion. The healers consider this combination as promising combination in treatment of Asthma. All herbs used in this formulation are locally available in nearby forests. I will give the details regarding herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of other diseases, in coming articles. The new slot of information clearly indicates that I have to go far and write continuously to document the traditional knowledge of Chhattisgarh in this small life. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXVII. Choupatia (Marsilea minuta, family Marsileaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Choupatia is a common herb grows as weed in rice fields in Chhattisgarh. As you know, Chhattisgarh is known for its potherbs also. The natives use many common herbs mostly weeds as potherbs. Choupatia is among popular potherbs of Chhattisgarh. The natives consume it for taste. For the traditional healers of the state, it is a valuable medicinal herb. The patients having the problem of Insomnia are advised by the healers to eat the curry prepared by using Choupatia leaves. Very few natives are aware of this medicinal use but they know that it must be consumed during night time as it is very difficult to do heavy field work after its consumption. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also use this herb in treatment of Migraine. They prepare a decoction by boiling its leaves in water and give it internally during attack. Before attack, it is given as preventive. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers use its leaves in combination with other herbs in treatment of intestinal worms. But as other promising and cheap alternatives are available it is used less frequently. Choupatia is not in the list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having regular demand. As it is easily available, it is not sold as priced vegetable in local markets. According to reference literatures, Choupatia is a common on fern; Rhizome wide-creeping, rooting in mud; Fronds erect, stipe length depends upto the depth of water, usually upto 30 cm; Leaflets 4, cruciform, oblanceolate or obovate, size depends upon ecological conditions, thin shining dark green; Margins entire to crenate, if water is plenty, leaflets are of bigger in size, much reduced in xerophytic conditions; Sporocarps plenty, stalked, comprising of two types of spores, the large megaspore and smaller microspores. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, I have yet not found the details regarding its medicinal properties and uses as medicinal herb. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying my best to gather more information on its traditional medicinal uses in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used as Eye tonic in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the common weed Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus) as eye-tonic very commonly. This herb occurs as weed in winter season agricultural crops in Chhattisgarh. The healers of different parts use it in different ways. I am giving the details of most commonly used method. The healers take Gorakhmundi flower heads and sugar in 1:3 ratio. At first the flower heads are dipped in 1.5 litres of water over night. Next morning the solution is boiled and when one third (of initial quantity) of solution remains, boiling is stopped. The sugar is added in this decoction and given to the patients empty stomach. According to the traditional healers, this simple use improves the eye sight to great extent and also keeps the eyes trouble free. As this herb occurs only in winter, the healers never miss the chance to utilize it. Its off-season use is generally not preferred. Masoor (Lens esculenta) is a popular pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. You will be surprised to know that the traditional healers instruct the patients having eye troubles to avoid the consumption of Masor in any form. According to them, it reduces the eye sight. Soybean is not native to Chhattisgarh. Now its area is increasing in Chhattisgarh. It is under cultivation as oil seed crop. The traditional healers are not in favour of using Soybean in any form. They consider it harmful to eyes. Soybean is one of the major crops in many countries of the world. Through this article, I would like to attract the attention of the Soybean researchers towards the experiences and recommendations of the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, suggest the patients to mix the Piaz (Onion) bulb juice with equal quantity of Shahad (Honey) and apply the few drops in eyes daily. According to them, this regular use, keeps the eyes free from diseases and also acts as eye tonic. The healers instruct the patients to use only pure honey for this purpose as adulteration may cause harmful effects. The traditional healer of Mudpar village, prepare a special herbal combination to use it as Kajal or Surma. He takes fifteen Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum), 50 Pippali fruits (Piper longum), so Chameli flower buds (Jasminum grandiflorum), and 80 flowers of Til (Sesamum indicum). All herbs parts are mixed and Kajal is prepared. He suggests the patients to apply the Kajal daily inside the eyes to make the eye sight good. According to him, it is a boon for the patients having the problem of poor eye sight. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) juice in unique way. They dip a piece of cloth for specific period in Sirsa juice and after drying the cloth in shade, it is burnt in Chameli oil. The Kajal is prepared and applied inside the eyes for the same purpose. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed me that the use of Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum) is good for eyes. They suggest the patients to rub the Nirmali in stone, with the help of water and prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is applied inside the eyes. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region recommend the use of Arhar leaf juice as eye tonic. Arhar (Cajanus cajan) is a popular pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Charama region prepare a herbal combination using Harra fruit stone (Terminalia chebula). The fruit stones are converted into powder and after adding five Pippali fruits and five Kali mirch, prepared the combination. Ten fruit stones are used in this combination. All these ingredients are mixed in Aonla fruit juice (Phyllanthus emblica) and when the colour of solution changes into black, small globules are prepared. In case of use, the globules are mixed with water and applied into the eyes as eye tonic. This combination is very popular among the healers of this region. Many of the above mentioned traditional uses have yet not been reported. I am proud to write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not only aware of these uses but also they are using it in their regular practice. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used as Eye tonic in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the common weed Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus) as eye-tonic very commonly. This herb occurs as weed in winter season agricultural crops in Chhattisgarh. The healers of different parts use it in different ways. I am giving the details of most commonly used method. The healers take Gorakhmundi flower heads and sugar in 1:3 ratio. At first the flower heads are dipped in 1.5 litres of water over night. Next morning the solution is boiled and when one third (of initial quantity) of solution remains, boiling is stopped. The sugar is added in this decoction and given to the patients empty stomach. According to the traditional healers, this simple use improves the eye sight to great extent and also keep the eyes trouble free. As this herb occurs only in winter, the healers never miss the chance to utilize it. Its off-season use is generally not preferred. Masoor (Lens esculenta) is a popular pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. You will be surprised to know that the traditional healers instruct the patients having eye troubles to avoid the consumption of Masor in any form. According to them, it reduces the eye sight. Soybean is not native to Chhattisgarh. Now its area is increasing in Chhattisgarh. It is under cultivation as oil seed crop. The traditional healers are not in favour of using Soybean in any form. They consider it harmful to eyes. Soybean is one of the major crops in many countries of the world. Through this article, I would like to attract the attention of the Soybean researchers towards the experiences and recommendations of the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, suggest the patients to mix the Piaz (Onion) bulb juice with equal quantity of Shahad (Honey) and apply the few drops in eyes daily. According to them, this regular use, keeps the eyes free from diseases and also acts as eye tonic. The healers instruct the patients to use only pure honey for this purpose as adulteration may cause harmful effects. The traditional healer of Mudpar village, prepare a special herbal combination to use it as Kajal or Surma. He takes fifteen Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum), 50 Pippali fruits (Piper longum), so Chameli flower buds (Jasminum grandiflorum), and 80 flowers of Til (Sesamum indicum). All herbs parts are mixed and Kajal is prepared. He suggest the patients to apply the Kajal daily inside the eyes to make the eye sight good. According to him, it is a boon for the patients having the problem of poor eye sight. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) juice in unique way. They dip a piece of cloth for specific period in Sirsa juice and after drying the cloth in shade, it is burnt in Chameli oil. The Kajal is prepared and applied inside the eyes for the same purpose. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed me that the use of Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum) is good for eyes. They suggest the patients to rub the Nirmali in stone, with the help of water and prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is applied inside the eyes. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region recommend the use of Arhar leaf juice as eye tonic. Arhar (Cajanus cajan) is a popular pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Charama region prepare a herbal combination using Harra fruit stone (Terminalia chebula). The fruit stones are converted into powder and after adding five Pippali fruits and five Kali mirch, prepared the combination. Ten fruit stones are used in this combination. All these ingredients are mixed in Aonla fruit juice (Phyllanthus emblica) and when the colour of solution changes into black, small globules are prepared. In case of use, the globules are mixed with water and applied into the eyes as eye tonic. This combination is very popular among the healers of this region. Many of the above mentioned traditional uses have yet not been reported. I am proud to write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not only aware of these uses but also they are using it in their regular practice. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used as Memory tonic for old patients in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I am not sure whether the memory tonics for old patients recommended by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, are also useful for common person or not? But the old patients taking these herbal combinations are satisfied with the recommendations. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected limited but useful information on this aspect. The traditional healers of Pendra region use Bach roots (Acorus sp.) for this purpose. I have mentioned in previous articles that two species of Bach grow naturally in this part of Chhattisgarh. As memory tonic for common person, the healers prefer the use of Acorus calamus whereas for old patients they use Acorus gramineus. The roots are boiled in sugar solution and sweet dish is prepared. The patients are advised to take this sweet dish in little doses every morning. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use but due to non-availability of Acorus gramineus in other parts, they use Acorus calamus for this purpose. The traditional healer of Mudpar village prepares a special herbal combination for old patients. In this combination, he adds Harra fruit (Terminalia chebula), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) bark, Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruits, Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) nuts, Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) and Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia) in equal proportion. With the help of Shahad (Honey), he prepares sweet herbal solution. The patients are advised to take this solution daily morning empty stomach. According to him, this preparation can be used round the year but he prefers its use in winter season. When I disclosed this preparation to the traditional healers of Narharpur region, they replied that the formulation is incomplete. They add few drops of Bhelwa (Semecarpus anacardium) oil in this formulation, before adding the Honey. The traditional healers of Bastar region objected on use of Kali Haldi. According to them, one must use Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada) in place of Kali Haldi. As all the healers are not passed out from same institution and also they have no communication among them, these variations are common in popular herbal combinations. Every healer have his own explanation for the use of specific herb. When I informed the traditional healer of Mudpar village about the comments, I received from Narharpur and Bastar, he replied that Bhelwa oil is not added because it is not suitable for every one. It is allergic to many patients and as we are using the formulation for old patients, we have to be very careful. On the use of Curcuma amada, his response was that he is aware of this use but Curcuma caesia is more effective as compared to Curcuma amada for this purpose. When during next visit, I met the healers of Narharpur region, using Bhelwa oil in this formulation and informed them about the comments. They replied that the herbs present in formulation are enough to nullify the effect of Bhelwa oil and if you are not using the Bhelwa oil, there is no need to add so many herbs. I am expecting more outcomes from next visits. Although it is very difficult to act as bridge among thee healers but I feel it is very essential for the documentation in true sense. You can simply imagine, that I have collected information on hundreds of herbs and herbal formulations. And to gather the comments on these formulations from the healers of different parts is a big task and requires lot of patience. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Kullu Gond (Kullu Gum) obtained from Sterculia urens in herbal formulations used as Memory tonic. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region, prepare a herbal combination by mixing Kullu Gond, Nagarmotha nuts and Sonth (Dried Ginger) in equal proportion. All herbs are converted into powder. The old patients are advised to take this powder daily upto a week as medicine. The healers decide the quantity on the basis of the patients vitality. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the common medicinal herb Bramhadandi (Tricholepis glaberrima)for this purpose. The whole herb is collected and washed thoroughly in running water. After washing, it is dried in shade. After drying it is converted into powder. The patients are advised to take a teaspoonful of powder with cow milk upto a month. It is considered as promising memory tonic for old patients. The healers instruct the patients to not to drink more water during the period of its intake. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the Kullu Gond alone for this purpose. They dip a piece of Gum in water over night and next day, give the leachate to the patients. It is used as supplement to main treatment. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region suggest the patients to take Bhelwa fruit in small doses daily to get rid from this problem. The traditional healers using above mentioned herbs and herbal combinations are satisfied with the results. According to them, they are using it since generations without any modification. As all herbs used in these formulations are commonly available, the healers have not to invest much for preparation of formulations. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXX. Mitha Neem (Murraya koenigii, family Rutaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Mitha Neem is one of the common herbs in home gardens of Chhattisgarh. Like other parts of India, the natives of Chhattisgarh also use its aromatic leaves for flavouring curries. Although it is not native to Chhattisgarh, but I have seen it growing in wild and waste places. According to the natives, it spreads very rapidly in nature. The natives of rural and forest areas fulfill their requirement from Mitha Neem growing in home gardens or in surroundings but the natives of urban areas purchase this herb from local markets. It is also under cultivation as commercial crop in many parts of Chhattisgarh but not as extensive cultivated crop. The natives use the leaves just for taste but for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Mitha Neem is a valuable medicinal herb. They use it in treatment of common diseases. According to the healers, its use with curries is a boon for the patients having the problem of Piles. The healers suggest the patients also to use the fresh juice of Mitha Neem leaves internally to get rid from Piles, specially the bleeding piles. In general, Mitha Neem is considered and used as blood purifier and alone or in combination with other herbs used internally in treatment of skin related troubles. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the leaves of Mitha Neem in combination with other herbs in treatment of Leprosy. Its use is very popular among the healers. The natives engaged in Tantra activities, use the dry leaves to repel away the evil spirits. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives burn the dry leaves to repel away the flies and mosquitoes in rainy season. The innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh engaged in commercial production of Indian medicinal and aromatic crops are using Mitha Neem herbs as guard crop by planting it in the periphery of crop fields. According to reference literatures there is a heavy demand of its leaves in international markets. Unfortunately, the farmers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this huge demand. The climatic and edaphic factors of Chhattisgarh are suitable for its commercial cultivation. I personally feel that there is a strong need of its promotion among the farmers of Chhattisgarh. I am giving the details regarding its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Mitha Neem (Murraya koenigii syn. Bergera koenigii) is a deciduous, strong-scented shrub or small tree; bark brownish; Leaves after 30 cm long; leaflets 9-25, usually oblique-ovate obtuse, acuminate, notched at tip, crenulate; Flowers in corymbs or panicles, white; Sepals acute; Petals linear, oblong, obtuse; Ovary 2 celled, style cylindric; Fruits ovoid, rugose, black when ripe; seeds embedded in mucilage. Flowering and fruiting between December to July in Chhattisgarh conditions. This is positive sign that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its medicinal properties and uses. I am confident when the information on medicinal uses in form of popular articles will reach to the natives, they will use the leaves for many purposes other than its use to give flavour to the curries. I am feeling proud to write that this article is the first written document on traditional medicinal uses of Mitha Neem in Chhattisgarh, India. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used for Abortion in Chhattisgarh, India. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs useful in Abortion. Unfortunately, the early workers have not written much on this important aspect in Chhattisgarh. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. I am giving the details in present article. The traditional healers of Mungeli region of Chhattisgarh, use the bark of common medicinal tree Munga (Moringa oleifera) for this purpose. A decoction is prepared by boiling the bark and Gud (Jaggery) in water. This decoction is given internally for Abortion. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the seeds of common winter weed Bathua (Chenopodium album) for this purpose. They boil the 25 gms. of seeds in half litre of water. When half quantity (of initial quantity) of solution remains, boiling is stopped and decoction is given internally. Many healers use whole herb in place of seeds for this purpose but the use of seeds is more common. The healers of this region also use the aqueous paste prepared by mixing the fresh flowers of Jason (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) in water. This paste is applied externally on Pedu for this purpose. The traditional healers of Gunderdehi village informed me about the use of Anar fruit rind for this purpose. According to him, the rind is put in fire and woman needing Abortion is advised to inhale the fume. I have yet not seen its practical use. Anar (Punica granatum) is a popular fruit tree in Chhattisgarh, commonly planted in home gardens. The traditional healers of tribal belts of Chhattisgarh use Indrayan for this purpose. The fruits are squeezed and juice is collected. A piece of cotton having the juice is kept inside the vagina. It is popular among the healers. The scientific name of Indrayan is Citrullus colocynthis. The healers also use young twigs of Andi (Ricinus communis). The twigs are dipped in Andi seed oil and kept inside the vagina in same manner. The healers of Kanker region informed me about the use of Punarnava roots. The root piece is kept side the vagina. Many healers dip the root piece in herbal solutions before use. They use many common herbs for this purpose. Ghikuar (Aloe vera) is one of these herbs. The healers of Untkatara (Echinops echinatus) rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the aqueous paste prepared by rubbing its roots in water externally for Abortion. During my surveys in Kondagaon region, I got information on herbal combination prepared by mixing the Gel of Aloe vera, roots of Boerhaavia diffusa and seeds of Madhuca latifolia in equal proportion. By mixing these herbs small globules are prepared and kept inside the vagina. All herbs used in this formulation are locally available. The natives of Chhattisgarh are also well aware off many of these uses but they use these herbs under strict supervision of the traditional healers because they are aware that the wrong use can result in harmful consequences even death of the patients. Aware of misuse of formulation, in general, the healers hesitate to disclose the formulations. I have also faced the problem in collection of these information's. I am expecting that through on-going surveys, I will be able to collect more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used as Sex tonic and Aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh, India. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the recent ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on common herbs and herbal combinations used as sex tonic and Aphrodisiac. In previous article, I have written a lot on this aspect but the information I collected was based on single herb use. Through the recent surveys. I collected information on herbal combinations in which many herbs are mixed and according to the healers, the combinations are more powerful as compared to single herb based use. The traditional healers of Bastar region prepare a special herbal oil by mixing common herbs. The seeds of Peng (Celastrus paniculatus), Kuchla (Strychnos nuxvomica) and Parsa (Butea monosperma) are mixed in equal proportion and dipped a litre of cow milk over night. Next morning, the combination is boiled in base oil. When all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and oil is stored for future use. As base oil, Til (Sesamum indicum) or Sarson (Mustard) oil is used. The healers of different parts of Bastar add or delete one or more herbs in this oil. Many healers add the whole herb of indigenous species of Akarkara (Spilanthes acmella) to make the oil more useful. This herbal oil is applied externally on male genitals just before intercourse. According to the healers, its regular use increases the retention time to great extent. The healers informed me that the natives having soft skin, may feel irritation after its use upto long time. To nullify this effect, the healers use the goat milk in place of cow milk for dipping the herbs. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains are also aware of this combination. They add the excreta of Pareva (wild Pigeon) in this combination. The herbs used in this combination are commonly available in Chhattisgarh. The healers of Bastar region also use the whole plant juice of Dhatra (Datura stramonium) and Peng seeds for preparation of special oil. The Peng seeds are mixed with Dhatra juice and in this combination, a piece of white cloth is dipped. Cloth is kept as such in solution upto one month. After this duration, it is taken out and dried in shade. The dried cloth is put in Til (Sesame) oil and herbal oil is prepared by adopting above mentioned method. Although many healers are aware of this herbal oil but I have found this oil with very few healers. Possibly due to long time required for its preparation, is the main reason for this. The natives who have used (or using) this oil are its fan. They are ready to pay high price for this herbal oil. But the traditional healers give it to the patients only. According to them, it is medicinal oil and not fit for all the natives. Many healers informed me that in normal cases, they use only Dhatra juice for preparation of oil. In such preparation, they dip the cloth in juice only upto 20 days. They further informed that little more time is required to get desirable effect from Peng and Dhatra combination. This is the reason they keep the combination upto a month. Dhatra herb collected before flowering is considered best. Dhatra herb growing with Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) herb in nature is not preferred. Why? The healers have no scientific explanation. Whether the presence of Fudhar destroys or minimizes the medicinal properties of Dhatra herb or there is any other reason- I am trying hard to get scientific explanation. I personally think that with the help of Allelopathy science, we can provide the scientific explanation in more promising ways. Dhatra and Fudhar both are waste land herbs in Chhattisgarh and the scenes having Dhatra and Fudhar growing side by side are common. I have written a lot on traditional uses of Fudhar but never heard that the healers do not prefer the Fudhar herb growing by the side of Dhatra herb. Dhatra and Fudhar are common herbs in many parts of the world. Through this article I would like to request the researchers to pay attention on this relationship between these herbs in their parts of the world. As aphrodisiac, the use of fresh latex of Fudhar is also popular among the traditional healers. The healers mix the latex with cow ghee in equal proportion. I would like to mention here that the healers add it in different proportions also. Many healers add Shahad (Honey) in this combination. Fudhar latex, ghee and Shahad are mixed in equal proportion. All types of combinations are in use in different parts of Chhattisgarh. After mixing the ingredients, the combination is kept as such for at least 12 hours. In every hour, it is stirred lightly. After completion of duration, this combination is applied externally on male genitals. Many healers suggest the patients that after massage do not wash it and also do not perform intercourse upto at least two hours. There are healers that suggest the patients to perform intercourse just after its application. The healers that are against the use of Shahad claims that presence of Shahad in combination acts as contraceptives. Hence its use should be avoided. The healers that are in favour of its use claim that its role as birth control measure is additional benefit of this combination. The traditional healers using Fudhar latex, ghee and Shahad, strictly instruct the patients, not to perform oral sex as the intake of combination can act as poison. All these information seems complicated, atleast for me but for the healers and users, there is no problem. This is me who have talked to different healers. The healers have no communication among them, so they are not aware of these variations existing in different parts of Chhattisgarh. In routine research papers of academic importance you will not find these details but I feel as researcher it is my moral responsibility to write about all aspects without any alteration in original information. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India specially in Ayurveda, many Fudhar based formulations have been mentioned but the ways the healers of Chhattisgarh use it, are not mentioned. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region prepare another herbal combination using both Fudhar root and Dhatra whole herb juice. They add other herbs also in this combination. Kaner (Thevetia neriifolia), Dhatra, Bhang (Cannabis sativa) and Fudhar roots are mixed in equal proportion. After mixing, the mixture is crushed and converted into powder form. This powder is then converted into small globules with the help of Dhatra whole herb juice. The patients are advised to keep these globules with them and before intercourse mix the globule in human urine and massage the paste on male genitals. This combination is very popular among the healers. It is cheap in price because most of the ingredients grow as common wasteland herb in this part of Chhattisgarh. According to the healers, this combination helps in increasing the retention time. Although the users claim that it gives extra pleasure but the healers say it is another way of saying the same thing. In my previous articles, I have mentioned a rare herb Telia kand. I have still not found its botanical name. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region informed me that they use Telia kand in combination with Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada) for this purpose. The rhizomes of both herbs are converted into powder and mixed in equal proportion. After mixing, with the help of water aqueous paste in prepared. This paste is applied on male genitals, two hours before the intercourse. According to them, they use it in their routine practice. Every time when I provide traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs used as sex tonic and aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh, through my research articles at Botanical.com and post it to different groups, suddenly hundreds of e-mails flood my inbox. Many want to know more about this, many send the details of their products, many send the address of adult websites, Now, I have developed enough resistance to delete and block all these mails. The internet has provided us many facilities and with these facilities, there is no problem if I have to face little trouble. I am happy and satisfied that atleast through this modern tool, the valuable knowledge is spreading all over the world. Thank you very much for reading the article. Potential markets of wonder crop Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) : Some new observations Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved 'Our Japanese company is interested in processed powder organic Safed Musli. We want to start dealing with small quantity and gradually increase the quantity. In Japan, if one wants to sell any imported item, which human being consume, needs to submit the govt. dept. and test for non-toxicity for safe use. And fees for such testing are around value of Indian rupees Rs. 3 to 5 lakhs. Our company will do all the necessary formalities before starting selling Musli, can you send the informations regarding potential supplier?' This is one message out of many messages I am receiving from different parts of the globe in response to my research articles at Botanical.com on wonder crop Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). The whole world is taking keen interest in this new potential crop and they are appreciating the efforts and initiatives taken by the innovative herb growers of India. The eagerness of multinational companies to know more about this wonder crop is good news for the Indian growers. Now the time is coming to reap maximum profit through this medicinal crop. This is the brighter side of this news. And the darker side of the news is surprising and shocking. In response to these inquiring messages, I contacted over 50 herb growers and many more traders engaged in Safed Musli business. Unfortunately, no one is ready to supply initially the samples and later, the tubers in bulk quantities. The traders have the mixture of different species. Most of the samples are not from the matured Musli herbs in wild. It is collected at green stage as common practice with wild Musli species. It is very difficult to get the dry Musli with traders true to the species. the companies are asking for Chlorophytum borivilianum but the samples are available of C. tuberosum, C. arundinaceum, C. attenuatum etc. these species are less in Saponin content. As you know, Saponin is the responsible natural chemical for the medicinal properties of Safed Musli. In India where the advanced laboratories are less in number, the common buyers can be cheated easily by supplying inferior produce in the name of Chlorophytum borivilianum, but it is impossible to supply poor material to the buyers at international levels. I also contacted many growers engaged in cultivation of true species. But they also failed to supply the dry Musli because there is a huge demand of wet roots used as planting material in domestic markets. The new farmers are eager to purchase the wet material at any cost. This is the reason, no one in showing the willingness to dry the Safed Musli tubers and to take the headache of its peeling. Many growers gave me that sample of dry Musli but when I tested it with the help of advanced laboratories at Metros, surprisingly, all samples are from chemically grown Musli crops. In many samples, we found more residues of pesticides than the vegetable crops in which the growers use pesticides indiscriminately. I always give the example of Musli growers of Chhattisgarh, adopting the organic cultivation of this medicinal crop. Although the organic inputs decrease the yield but from quality point of view it is far superior from chemically grown produce. On this wonder crop, I have written over 20 articles and in all articles, I gave emphasis on organic cultivation but practically on farmers fields when I see the use of heavy doses of pesticides, I become depressed to think about the future of Safed Musli in India. In recent experiments, to evaluate the stimulatory Allelopathic effects of common weeds on Safed Musli growth, we have found the aqueous extract of whole herb of common weed Kaua-Kaini (Commelina benghalensis) very promising in order to increase the vigour of Safed Musli crop. This year due to heavy rainfall, the Safed Musli crop grown without treatment is looking less vigorous but the Kaua-Kaini treated tubers are still vigorous and leaves are engaged in active photosynthesis. The aqueous extract of KauaKaini can be used as tuber treatment. We have found that soaking of tubers prior to sowing in this extracts is very promising. As Kaua-Kaini is a common weed, its availability is not a problem and also it is very cheap. Kaua-Kaini is found in almost all parts of India. Our experiments are at final stage. We are expecting that from next season it will come in general recommendation for organic cultivation of Safed Musli. I personally feel that such experiments are needed in different parts of India so that the farmers interested in organic cultivation can be guided well. I will write more about this in coming articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used in treatment of Spleen related troubles Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In case of complication in spleen related troubles, the traditional healers of Bastar region prepare a special herbal combination. In this combination they use many common herbs. The seeds of Kasni (Cichorium intybus), Kaner root bark (Nerium odorum), seeds of Kakdi (Cucumis melo var. utilissimus), seeds of Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) and dry flowers of indigenous Gulab (Rosa indica) are taken in equal proportion and with the help of Makoi (Solanum indicum) herb juice, small globules are prepared. This globule is given internally twice a day till complete cure. It is considered as one of the promising herbal combinations. This combination is limited to very few healers and in general they do not disclose it to the patients. The healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are aware of this combination upto some extent but they add more herbs in it. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, I have found the healers of Bastar region using this formulation with confidence and their patients are getting relief in less time. The ingredients used in this combination are commonly available. It is surprising to see the herbs of Kasni in Chhattisgarh. But it is present in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh where new agricultural technologies have reached. Kasni is introduced in Chhattisgarh as weed with fodder crops and spread all over the state. The traditional healers still remember that in early days they were purchasing the seeds of Kasni from herb shops or through herb vendors but when they found it around the crop fields, they started its use. Although in reference literatures of weed sciences, the mixture of weed seeds with crop seeds is not considered good practice but many times this bad practice supports the healers. The spread of Kasni is not very rapid and problematic in Chhattisgarh. The healers aware of its use are glad that they are getting genuine material. Another ingredient Makoi is a common field as well as wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers use this herbal combination in special cases and in normal cases, they simply try other herbs. In normal cases, they use Mooli (Radish) very frequently. Its juice is given with common salt internally. Externally, Mooli and Til (Sesamum indicum) seeds are mixed in equal proportion and applied externally in form of aqueous paste. According to the healers, both internal and external use of Mooli as a time, cures the trouble in very less time. The healers also use Mooli alone and by mixing it in Sirka (Vinegar) apply it in externally in same manner. Mooli is a popular vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, suggest the patients having the problem of spleen to prepare a special Herbal Mala having Piaz (Onion) bulb. According to them, the use of this Herbal Mala during treatment helps the patients to get early relief. This was new information for me. Although the healers have no scientific explanation for this use but their confidence and faith in this unique use, have forced me to find out the scientific reasons. In my previous articles, I have mentioned, that the natives keep the Onion bulb with them during summer days in order to protect them from hot winds and sunstroke. This traditional use is in existence since time immemorial. Through this article. I would like to request the researchers to help me to find out the scientific explanations. The traditional healers of Northern hilly region of Chhattisgarh use the dry leaves of Kareel (Capparis decidua) in combination with Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) internally in treatment of spleen related troubles. I have yet not observed this use in other parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region, use the roots of medicinal herb Chita (Plumbago zeylenica) in combination with Sirka (Vinegar) in treatment. The roots are dried and converted into powder. With the help of Sirka, an aqueous paste is prepared and applied externally. According to the healers, they are using this combination since generations without modification. In general, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the patients to increase the consumption of Ajwain (Carum copticum) during treatment. This herb is considered very promising in these troubles. As above mentioned traditional uses are limited to few healers, the patent drugs based on these formulations are not available in markets. Many healers are against the commercialization. According to them, during commercial manufacturing, the companies ignore the importance of traditional collection procedures and in most of the cases, sub standard herbs are used. They are very true. This is the reason you can find clear difference in effects between the combination prepared by the healers and the same combination available at market. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about medicated wooden bowls prepared from Jhau in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In my previous articles, I have written a lot on different medicated herbal glasses used by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh in treatment of Heart troubles, Piles, Asthma, Constipation, Diabetes etc. Through recent ethnobotanical surveys I got new information on use of Jhau bowls in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of the state, prepare small wooden bowl from Jhau wood and use it in treatment of Spleen (Tilli) related troubles. The patients are advised to keep the water in bowl overnight and next morning drink the water having leachate empty stomach. It is considered as one of the promising treatments useful in Spleen enlargement. From their experiments, the traditional healers select the potential Jhau trees for the preparation of bowls. I got the opportunities to visit the forests with the healers in search of these potential trees. I have noted that the healers prefer old trees and also give emphasis on uninjured trees. According to them, the herbs present in surroundings play an important role in making the common Jhau tree, a potential Jhau tree. The healers perform special worship before cutting the trees. In general, on first day they select the potential trees and by giving invitation and information they come back. Next morning before sunrise they again visit to same places, try to cut down the trees as soon as possible. Many healers collect the wood in Amavas, the darkest night of the month. They have explanation for this. According to them, during the process of cutting, our shade should not come on any part of tree. In general days, it is not possible to avoid this and during morning time, many wild animals return to their homes, the healers prefer the night of Amavas. After collection of wood, it is washed using well water and dipped in herbal solution upto three hours. The healers do not want to disclose the ingredients of herbal solution but they informed me that this dipping process is to eliminate the harmful natural chemicals of Jhau, not for increasing its medicinal properties. After completion of this period, the healers prepare small bowls. The healers are confident about its utility. I have interacted with many patients that have got relief by this bowl. Its popularity in different parts of Chhattisgarh among the healers also clearly indicates its efficacy. The bowl prepared once is used only upto 15 days. After 15 days, the healers suggest the use of new bowls but in most of the cases, the patients get relief in this duration. This medicated bowl is not available in market. Also I have yet not found about its description in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am filing proud to write on this aspect and also to document this important traditional knowledge. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also use different parts of Jhau specially the leaves in treatment of Spleen related troubles. Both fresh and dried leaves are used for this purpose. Dried leaves are given internally with sugar whereas the juice of fresh leaves is given in combination with other herbs. The healers use the leaves, with regular use of Jhau bowls to decrease the duration of treatment. The scientific name of Jhau is Tamarix dioica. It is a small tree commonly occurs in rive bed. I am giving the details regarding its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is small tree with branches having drooping tips; Leaves scale-like, obliquely-branched, apex acute, base amplexicaul; Flowers dioecious, numerous pink, in drooping panicles spikes, bracts triangular; Petals linear-oblong; Capsule 3-valved, not longer than the corolla. Flowering and fruiting time from July to November in Chhattisgarh conditions. Many other species of Tamarix are found in Chhattisgarh. In general all are known as Jhau but the healers using the Jhau tree for bowls is T. dioica. Its twigs are used for making baskets and also it is a source of tannin. In reference literatures, it is mentioned that the shade of this tree is harmful to human health. When I informed the healers, they showed ignorance. Like the initiatives taken by the young researchers of Mumbai in Bael herbal glasses, I would like to request the researchers to come forward to study the effects of Jhau bowls so that it can be used for the benefit of the world community. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used in treatment of Ringworm. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. I have collected information on rarely used herbs and herbal formulations in treatment of Ringworm by the traditional healers. These herbs are used rarely because these are used in case of complicated cases and also the traditional knowledge about the uses is limited to very few healers. In general, the healers want to keep this 'secret' as secret forever but aware of my documentation work, many healers disclosed the formulations for the benefits of whole humanity. In previous articles, I have written a lot on this aspect, but it is not possible to document all the information in few articles. Also only through regular visits and interactions the healers understand the seriousness of work and start to talk without hesitation. Although this article is a supplement to previous articles on Ringworm but you will find more future articles on this aspect. I have mentioned the use of Charota plant parts in treatment of Ringworm both internally and externally, alone or in combination with other herbs, in my previous articles. The traditional healers of Charama region, use the Charota seeds in combination with flowers of Fudhar in treatment. Both plant parts are mixed in equal proportion and after adding Dahi (Curd) in this mixture, an aqueous paste in prepared. This paste is applied externally on affected parts. The healers are aware that alone Charota seeds with Dahi are sufficient to treat general cases but to make the formulation more strong they add Fudhar flowers. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this unique combination. The scientific name of Charota is Cassia tora and Fudhar is Calotropis gigantea. Both herbs occur as wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. Charota is rainy season weed whereas Fudhar is perennial weed. The traditional healers prefer fresh seeds because the older or badly stored seeds loose medicinal properties. The white flowered species of Fudhar is considered best for this combination. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the seeds of Imli (Tamarind) in combination with Singhara (Trapa natans) fruit powder externally in treatment of Ringworm. It is used in advanced stages when all common herbs fail. Both herb parts are mixed in equal proportion and converted into aqueous paste with the help of Nimbu (Lemon juice). This traditional use is also limited to few traditional healers. In this region, Imli trees grow naturally in abundance. Singhara is an aquatic herb. For the botany of these herbs, I suggest you to read the previous articles. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region, use the rare species of Haldi, Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia) in treatment. In general, common Haldi (Curcuma longa) is used. Kali Haldi rhizome is burnt and ash is collected. The ash mixed with Chuna (CaCO3) and Paan leaf juice (Piper betle) is applied externally in affected parts. The healers consider it as one of the promising treatments. According to them, this combination can treat all cases but it must not be used at initial stages. The traditional healers of Sarguja region informed me about the unique herbal combination. In this combination, they mix the roots of Palak and Juhi in equal proportion and by using Nimbu juice prepare the aqueous paste in same manner. Palak is a popular vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The medicinal properties of its roots have not been studied and this is the reason very less information's are available in reference literatures. The scientific name of Palak is Spinacia oleracea. Juhi is an ornamental herb, planted in home gardens for its fragrant flowers. The scientific name of Juhi is Jasminum auriculatum. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region use the seeds of Karayal (Nigella sativa) for this purpose. They mix the seeds in Sirka (Vinegar) and prepare paste. This paste is applied externally. To make the combination more strong the healers mix the roots of Kasaundi (Cassia sophera) in equal proportion. When the roots are used, in place of Sirka, the healers use Nimbu juice for preparing the paste. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region use the seeds of Kuchla (Strychnos nuxvomica ) for this purpose. The seeds are used externally with Sirka. They also use the fresh latex of common medicinal tree Doomar (Ficus glomerata) for this purpose. The use of Kuchla is considered as more promising as compared to the use of Doomar latex. Most of the above mentioned use has not been described in detail in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. The healers have disclosed these formulations for the welfare of whole world. Their valuable knowledge is spreading through my articles. I am thankful to the God for giving me chance to serve the whole world for through this noble cause. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 63. Dhawda (Anogeissus latifolia) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although Dhawda is common tree in Chhattisgarh but the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of its medicinal uses and properties. The natives use its Gond (Gum) is different preparation. Although in industrial terms, this Gond is considered as promising substitute to Babool (Acacia nilotica) Gond (Gum Arabic) but according to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, from medicinal point of view, the nature of both Gonds are different and this is the reason they do not use Dhawda Gond as substitute to Babool Gond and vice-versa, in their routine practice. They are not ready to consider one as superior and other as inferior in terms of medicinal properties. According to the reference literatures, in trade Dhawda gum is known as Gum Ghatti. It is used in petroleum industry as drilling mud conditioner and in explosive industry. Among the natives of Chhattisgarh this tree is well known as timber yielding tree having good demand. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have noted few (but important) medicinal uses of Dhawda. I am giving the details in this article. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the roots, fruits and bark of Dhawda as medicine but bark is used most commonly. They use bark alone or in combination with others herbs in treatment of many common diseases. Its use in treatment of Jaundice is very popular among the traditional healers. The healers use its bark both internally as well as externally in treatment of Piles. Externally it is used in two ways. The decoction is prepared by boiling the bark in water and patients are advised to wash the anus with the decoction. In second way, the bark is burnt and anus is exposed to coming fumes. The traditional healers use the decoction internally as treatment. In general, both internal and external uses are followed to get rid from Piles in less time. The healers also use it as appetizer. The fruits of Dhawda are used in treatment of diarrhoea. Its use in treatment of respiratory diseases is also popular. Like bark, roots are also used in treatment of liver related troubles. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Dhawda is a tree having height upto 25 meters; bark grayish, white smooth; Leaves alternate or sub-opposite, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, glabrous, apex obtuse, base obtuse or truncate; Inflorescence axillary and terminal; flower heads 2-5, racemose; Flowers yellow; Fruits glabrous, persistent calyx-stalk 4-6 mm long, curved. Flowering and fruiting time AugApril in Chhattisgarh conditions. Dhawda holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, Dhawda is stomachic, increases biliousness, cooling, improves taste and appetite and useful in treatment of anemia, discharges, skin troubles, erysipelas etc. its leaves are useful in treatment of ear related troubles. According to Unani system of medicine, its bark is bitter, astringent to the bowels and useful in treatment of liver complaints, chronic diarrhoea and eye-sores. Dhawda is in list of medicinal herbs having fair demand in national and international markets. Its name is present in the list because of the demand of its gum. According to the herb collectors and traders of Chhattisgarh, the demand of other parts is very less. Its presence in other parts of India, is one of the reasons responsible. Through the on-going surveys, I am trying my best to gather more information and its traditional uses in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses 64. Peela Gulmohar (Peltophorum pterocarpum, family : Ceasalpiniaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved According to reference literatures, Peltophorum is not a native to Chhattisgarh. It is planted as Avenue tree in Chhattisgarh. I have seen this tree in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. Although it is not true Gulmohar (Delonix regia) but the natives have named it Peela (Yellow flowered) Gulmohar. The natives are fond of its bright yellow flowers. They are not aware of its medicinal properties and uses. Most of the healers are also not aware of its uses as medicine. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected few but important information on its traditional medicinal uses. The traditional healers use the leaves of Peltophorum in form of decoction, to wash the unhealthy skin. It is commonly used in treatment of skin troubles. The healers use its fresh leaves also for this purpose. It is frequently used in treatment of ringworm. The traditional healers use this herb as major ingredient in popular herbal combinations used internally in treatment of constipation. The healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the leaf decoction in treatment of stomatitis. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. Its bark is also used for this purpose. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use its flower in treatment of insomnia. The aqueous extract of fresh flowers is massaged on soles before going to sleep. According to the healers, it induces good sleep. This is really surprising that the information on its medicinal uses and properties have not been mentioned in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. As it is introduced herb, possibly due to this reason the ancient researchers have not studied and included this herb in literatures. I am proud to write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh welcomed this herb and discovered its medicinal properties and uses. The great sign is that they are using it in their regular practice. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Peltophorum (Syn. P. ferrugineum syn. Inga pterocarpum) is large beautiful evergreen trees with smooth grey bark; young branches reddish brown, tomentose; Leaves bipinnate, rachis 15-30 cm long, pinnae 8-10 pairs; leaflets 10-15 pairs, obliquely oblong, notched at the apex and unequal sided; Flowers yellow, fragrant, in large erect terminal panicled racemes, rusty tomentose. Petals 5, roundish, wrinkled, with long ferruginous hairs on the back. Pods thin, 5-10 cm long, coppery red, flat winged along both the structures; seeds 1-3, brown. Flowering and fruiting times August to May in Chhattisgarh conditions. Through this article, I would like to request the researchers of different parts of the world where Peltophorum grows naturally, to document the traditional knowledge about this herb so that we can arrange the meets of the healers to share the wide experiences and knowledge among them. Thank you very much for reading the article Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used in treatment of Toothache Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh use many herbs in unique ways in treatment of toothache. I am giving the details; I have collected through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. The uses described in this article are limited to very few healers. The healers of Bastar region use the dry herb of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) in unique way. They prepare a herbal cigarette using dry herb and give it to the patients having the problem of severe toothache, to use the cigarette. According to them, the smoke helps to relieve the pain to great extent. Its use also kills the organisms responsible for decaying of teeth. As the fumes are beneficial for Lungs also, so there is no problem in its use. Small children can also use this herbal cigarette. The healers also use the dry bulb of Piaz and Karayal seeds in same manner. Both herb parts are mixed in equal proportion and cigarette is prepared. This cigarette acts in same way. Its popularity among the traditional healers clearly indicates its efficacy. All herbs used in these cigarettes are common in Chhattisgarh. Bhatkatiya is wasteland weed whereas Piaz (Onion) and Karayal (Nigella sativa) are under cultivation as vegetable and field crops in Chhattisgarh. Many healers prefer the use of Jangli Piaz, a wild species of Onion, for this purpose. The use of herbal cigarettes for this purpose is not common in other parts of Chhattisgarh. In form of herbal cigarettes, in general the healers use the herbs useful in treatment of diseases related to respiratory system particularly the Asthma. I got opportunity to interact with the patients using these cigarettes. They were glad by using this simple method of treatment. According to them, its use not only stops the pain immediately but also prevents the pain upto long time. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region use the leaf and rhizome ash of rare herb Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia) for this purpose. Both herb parts are burnt and ash is collected. This ash is used as tooth powder and in case of toothache due to decayed teeth, the ash is filled in holes. The healers also use Sonth (dry Ginger) powder for this purpose and in case of severe toothache, both ash and Sonth are mixed in equal proportion and applied on painful teeth. It is considered as one of the promising remedies. For bad breathe due to decayed teeth, the healers add the powdered rhizome of Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) in above mentioned combination of ash and Sonth. According to them, this addition make the combination of multiple uses. Jatamansi is not native to this region. The healers purchase this herb from local herb shops or from herb vendors. To reduce the pain, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the decoction of fresh bark of Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck). The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. I have mentioned this use in previous articles. To make this decoction more powerful, the healers add more herbs in it but in general, they refuse to disclose it. Through discussions and interactions, I got success to get some clues. The healers add the dry leaves of Asgandh (Withania somnifera) and also its powdered roots. They also add the bark of Kaiphal is this decoction. The addition of Asgandh plant parts is common and Asgandh roots are added more frequently. The scientific name of Kaiphal is Myrica esculenta. This herb is not found in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the leaves of Vajradanti in treatment of toothache. The leaves are collected and by boiling it in water, decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction in order to get rid from toothache. To make this decoction more powerful, they add the dry fruit rind of Anar (Punica granatum). The scientific name of Vajradanti is Barleria prionites. Through the above mentioned traditional uses the traditional healers are treating the patients successfully. I am aware that many more unique formulations are in practice in Chhattisgarh. I will write more on this aspect in my future article. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India, used in treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have collected the information on use of over 105 common herbs used alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of Gonorrhoea. I have given the details in my previous articles. In this article, I am giving the details regarding the formulations that are less known and limited to few healers, known as specialist in this treatment. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the flowers of Parsa, a common medicinal tree, in treatment of Gonorrhoea. The healers use more herbs with the flowers to make the remedy more strong. The traditional healers of Kanker region, use the Gond (Gum) of Munga tree with Parsa flower. Both ingredients are mixed in equal proportion and patients are advised to take it with Dahi (Curd) daily till complete cure. When the healers use the flowers alone, they give it with cow milk in place of Dahi. The traditional healers of Bastar region mix the Parsa bark with Parsa flowers and Munga gond. All ingredients are mixed in equal proportion and given with cow milk. All three uses are in existence. The healers use different formulations on the basis of the stages of disease and the vitality of patients. I have not observed the use of Parsa flowers and barks with Munga gum in existence, in other parts of Chhattisgarh. The scientific name of Parsa is Butea monosperma and Munga is Moringa oleifera. The traditional healers of Gandai region add one more ingredient in this combination. They use the bark of common herb Gondi. They use it as substitute to Munga gum also. I have yet not seen this bark but from the explanations of the healers, I have identified Gondi as Cordia rothii. The traditional healers using this combination, add sugar for taste in this combination. The traditional healers of Durg region collect the new leaves of Bar (Ficus benghalensis) and dry it in shade. After drying it is converted into powder and with sugar and cow milk, give it to the patients having the problem of Gonorrhoea. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. Bar is a common religious and medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of this region also use Haldi (Turmeric) rhizome powder in combination with dry Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit powder internally in treatment. Both ingredients are mixed in equal proportion and taken with a glass of water. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region are also aware of this formulation but they use rare species of Haldi i.e. Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia) in this combination. According to the healers, the use of Kali Haldi makes the formulation many times more powerful. When I informed the traditional healers of Durg region, about the Kali Haldi and its role in combination and also presented the samples for trial, they agreed to conduct the trial. Later they confirmed that the use of Kali Haldi makes the combination powerful to great extent. The non-availability of Kali Haldi in this part of Chhattisgarh is a big constraint for them. Many healers of this region are now arranging this herb from areas near to Orissa, a neighbouring state border where it is found in wild. The combination of Haldi or Kali Haldi with Aonla is given upto one moth for desirable effects. The healers use only the wild Aonla fruits in this combination. Aonla fruits of cultivated origin are not used. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the whole herb of Vajradanti in treatment. They collect a small herb and uproot it, after performing worship. The herb is dried in shade and after drying it is burnt and ash is collected. This ash is considered as a boon for the patients having the problem of Gonorrhoea. With the help of water, they prepare small globules. These globules are given to the patients. To make this combination more strong, the traditional healers use the flower juice of Gulkhair (Malva sylvestris) or Desi Gulab (indigenous species of Rose) or both in place of water to prepare the globules. The flower juice of Gulkhair is considered the best. The scientific name of Vajradanti is Barleria prionites. This herb is popular among the healers for its use in dental care and related troubles. Very few healers are aware of its unique use in treatment of Gonorrhoea. The traditional healers of Pendra region use the fresh root juice of Urai internally as treatment. The scientific name of Urai is Vetiveria zizanoides. It is a common grass found in this part of Chhattisgarh. Through the above mentioned less known herbal formulations the traditional healers treat the patients having the problem of Gonorrhoea successfully. As they have gained the information from their fore fathers and these formulations are still effective, you will not find the use of newly introduced herbs in Chhattisgarh, in these formulations. Now many healers need the modification. I will write about their experiments in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Excessive sweating from extremities in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India I have collected some valuable traditional medicinal uses of common herb in treatment of this problem. These herbs are used both internally and externally. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, in early days this problem was not so common but these days the number of patients are increasing. But they do not consider it as serious trouble. I have observed that the traditional healers of different regions use different herbs based on availability of particular herbs in surroundings and nearby forests. The traditional healers of Mahasamund region suggest the patients to take the seeds of Moong (Vigna radiata) and burn it. The patients are advised to apply the ash externally in parts where excessive sweating occurs. Moong is a popular pulse crop in Chhattisgarh and under cultivation in large areas. The healers also suggest the patients to take the seed powder of Karia Dhatra (Datura stramonium) internally only upto seven days. As this powder is very toxic, the patients take this powder under strict supervision of the healers. The healers crush the seeds and convert it into fine powder. Dhatra is a common wasteland herb in this part of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, particularly the healers of Durg region, use the dry leaves of Bambri or Babool tree for this purpose. The patients are advised to crush the dry leaves into powder and apply the powder in affected parts. Its use in form of decoction is also very popular. The fresh leaves are boiled in water and decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to use this decoction externally during bath. According to the healers, the treatment must be continued till complete cure and in general, within a week the patients get rid from this trouble. The scientific name of Babool is Acacia nilotica. It is a common tree grows naturally in rice bunds and wastelands in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of this region also use the leaves of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) for this purpose. But it is considered less effective as compared to the Babool leaves. The healers prefer the leaves of indigenous species of Ber for the treatment. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the roots of Untkatara for this purpose. The roots are collected and dried in shade. After drying it is converted into powder. This powder is given internally with Shahad (Honey) in treatment. In general, it is given upto a week only. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region are also aware of this use. The scientific name of Untkatara is Echinops echinatus. It is also a common wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the bark of Nil (Indigofera) species externally for this purpose. The bark is boiled in water and patients are advised to expose the affected parts in fumes coming, to get rid from this trouble. The healers of this region also use Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) for this purpose. It is used externally. Different healers give different opinions regarding the cause of this excessive sweating. Many says that it is due to Kumjori i.e. weakness. Whereas other says that it is due to imbalance inside the body. I have seen the practical uses of above mentioned herbs. And also noted that the patients are getting relief from this common trouble. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 68. Gidesa (Hamiltonia suaveolens, family : Rubiaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I have found the Keshkal valley of Chhattisgarh rich in natural population of this herb. Gidesa is its name in other languages. I have yet not found its local name in Chhattisgarh. In the year 1992 when I was at Bastar region with Shri Vishal Bharat, a well known traditional healer, he showed me this herb for the first time. He was expert in treatment of many types of cancer. He was using this herb in combination with other herbs in treatment of cancer. Later I noted its considerable population in other parts of Chhattisgarh also. Although it is described as ornamental herb planted in home gardens but this use is not popular in Chhattisgarh. It is reported as commonly occurring herb but I have found it in isolated patches. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are less aware of this herb and its medicinal properties. They use the herb externally in treatment of skin troubles. Also in form of decoction or aqueous paste it is applied on old wounds in order to hasten the healing process. Its roots and whole herb are used as medicine. Gidesa is not in list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having demand in national and international markets. As it is not collected in bulk from wild there is no threat on its natural population. It is not under cultivation as medicinal crop. As it is present in nature, I am confident that I will be able to find out its traditional medicinal uses in Chhattisgarh, although at present I have only above mentioned information. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it (syn. Spermatictyon suaveolens) is a small deciduous herb with divaricate herbaceous branches; Leaves rather rigid, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, glabrous or pubescent above, hairy on the nerves beneath, stipules triangular, hairy; flowers many, sessile, in subglobose heads in terminal trichotomous panicles, white or blue; Fruits capsule, ellipsoid; seeds 3 quertous, with loose lace-like coverings. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, not much have been written on its medicinal uses and properties. Its use in treatment of diabetic carbuncle is mentioned. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying to gather more information on herbs like Gidesa that are common in Chhattisgarh but its medicinal uses are less known. Thank you very much for reading the article. The documentation of Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and insects in Chhattisgarh, India : Few words about me and my work Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Note: A lengthy table follows this article It is hard to believe, at least for me, that till 1996 it was beyond imagination to write so many research articles on medicinal herbs and insects. The reason was the poor vision of my both eyes. In the year 1996, the power of my eyes reaches up to - 17 very close to blindness. I am working on herbs sincerely since 1994. Due to poor eyes, it was very difficult for me to recognize the herbs from distance and I still remember that only due to my sharp nose, I was able to identify the herbs from its typical smell. I am writing small stories and science articles in local news paper at the age of 12. But as age increased, due to poor vision and increasing weight of spectacles, it was not easy to write so many articles. In 1996, after consultation with the doctor, ignoring all the risk , I decided to go for laser surgery. I was the first Guinea pig (i.e. patient) of well known expert of Raipur, Dr. Anand Saxena. My father was not in favour of this minor surgery because the doctors at metros have warned him that the patients can loose eye sight, if it is not done properly. Finally, my father agreed. This two minute long Laser surgery has given a new life to me and my eyes. Till today, I have no problem and after 1996, I have written over 700 articles in Hindi and English, on medicinal herbs and related fields. I am thankful to the God and the mother nature, for giving me strength to achieve my targets in life. I am thankful to all readers for their regular support and encouragement. This article is 400 th article at Botanical.com I am sorry for the typing errors in many of the articles. It is also difficult to maintain at least for me. I have no personal computer. I write all the articles by hand in simple paper. After writing, I give it to Mr. Abhay Lanjewar, an owner of computer shop, situated 4 kms from my home. He types it and loads it in floppy. At evening , I visit to him again and after taking floppy, return back to 1 km for Cyber café, from where I post it to Botanical.com. As the work load is very high, it is very hard to check to manuscript accurately, although I try my best for this. As not 400 article is in progress, I am satisfied with the progress because 1/ 30th of target is over. As I have mentioned in my previous articles, that at this speed it can write near about 10,000 articles on Chhattisgarh. But after seeing the unique biodiversity and rich traditional knowledge, it seems difficult to document all the information in these articles. I am getting continuous support and appreciation from the team of Botanical.com It is also encouraging thing that the researchers from different countries are acknowledging and appreciating this documentation work, that is in progress without any kind of support from any one. In response to articles, the number of visitors is also increasing and to accompany them I have to spend lot of time. I simply try to convince them that the loss of one day means the loss of at least four research articles. One more good news is with me. Many academicians at India have shown interest in these articles. I am glad to inform you that Prof. A. B. Sawant, specialized in chemistry and living at Nasik wants to translate these articles in Marathi language for the benefit of common persons specially the farmers. He has translated the article on Argemone, acknowledging me and Botanical.com, sufficiently. He has taken permission and this senior academician is happy with the on-going documentation work. I am expecting similar responses from the different language experts. The e-mails, letters and phone calls coming from different pats of India to write more on cultivation and marketing aspects of Indian medicinal and aromatic crops, have increased my responsibilities to great extent. As these days, I am witting more English articles, my readers of Hindi articles are complaining and asking for new articles. Through my right hand. I have traveled many kilometers in writing pad, but I am aware that I have to write more in future. Now I am trying to write articles while visiting forests. Encouraged and motivated by my work and articles, now many healers, natives and herb lovers have started sending the plant samples to me. Many of these are very rare. Last week I received the sample of endangered species of Bastar region Aik Parini Mada, used in treatment of blood cancer . I am preserving many samples at home garden but space is very limited. To establish a separate herbal park will require extra time and at this stage I can not spare time other than writing and documenting the traditional knowledge, I am in dilemma and eagerly waiting for full proof human cloning technology, so that one Pankaj Oudhia can write article and at the same time his clone can maintain the herbal park. Thanks again for your support and encouragement. I am expecting and appreciate this support in future also. Major Plant species and its place of origin Plant Species Place of Origin Abrabidopsis Europe; Western Asia Abroma tropical Asia to Australia Abrus Tropics Abuta tropical South America Abutilon tropical and subtropical regions Acalypha tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres Acampe Indo-Malaya, Africa Acanthophoenix Mascarene Islands Acanthospermum Hawaii, Singapore, Brazil Aceras Mediterranean Achillea cosmopolitan, temperate northern regions Achlys Japan, Pacific North America Achyrachaena Western North-America Aconitum Northern temperate regions Acorus northern temperate regions, South-Eastern Asia Acrocephalus Malay Archipelago to tropical Africa Acrocomia Tropical America, Brazil Acrostichum Tropical America Acrotome Southern tropical Africa Actaea Northern temperate regions Actinidia Eastern Asia Actiniopteris North Africa, Mascarene Islands, Persia, Afghanistan, India, Ceylon Actinomeris North America Adenostemma cosmopolitan Adiantum Cosmopolitan, especially tropical America Adinobotrys Indomalaya, China Adonis Northern palaeotemperate regions Aeolanthus Africa Afrormosia Tropical Africa Agastache North America Ageratum Cosmopolitan, throughout the Tropics Aglaonema Tropical Asia and Africa Agropyron temperate regions of Europe and Asia Agrostemma Mediterranean regions Ajuga palaeotemperate regions Alchornea all tropics Aleurites Asia and Pacific Alhagi Mediterranean region, Western Asia Alliaria temperate Europe; Asia Alocasia Tropical Asia Alphonsea tropical Asia Alsine Northern hemisphere Alsodeia tropical and subtropical regions Alsophila South Australia Althaea temperate regions Alysicarpus Warm regions Alyssum Mediterranean; Europe Amaracus eastern Mediterranean Ambrosia Mediterranean region, America Amorpha North America Amorphophallus Tropical Asia and Africa Amphidoxa Southern and tropical Africa Amphilophis tropical Asia and Africa Amphimas Gaboon Anacamptis Europe, North Africa Anacyclus Mediterrnean region Anadendrum Malaya Anagifris Mediterranean region Anamitra Indo-Malaya Anaphalis cosmopolitan, Asia, America Anatherum Brazil Anaxagorea tropical Asia, America Anchietea tropical south America Anchomanes Tropical Africa Ancistrocarpus tropical West Africa Andira Tropical America, Africa Andrachne tropics and subtropics Andropogon tropics of both hemispheres, South Europe, North America, temperate Asia Aneilema Tropics Anemone cosmopolitan Angraecum La Reunion, Mauritius Anisochilus Asia, Africa Anisomeles Indo-Malayan region Anneslea Indo-Malayan Anomospermum Brazil, Guiana Anona Tropics, chiefly America Ansellia Tropical Africa Antennaria cosmopolitan, in mountains Anthemis cosmopolitan Anthephora Africa Anthostema Madagascar, tropical Africa Anthoxanthum temperate regions Anthurium West Indies, Central and Southern America Anthyllis Europe, North Africa, Western Asia Antidesma palaeotropics Aphloia South Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes Apimedium northern temperate regions Apios North America, Eastern Asia Aplopappus Chile Aplostellis Old World tropics and subtropics Aporosa tropical Asia Aquilegia Northern temeperate regions Arabis Northern temperate regions, south America Arachis Brazil, Paraguay Areca Tropical Asia, Malay-Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia Arenaria Northern temperate regions Arenga Tropical Asia, Malay-Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia Argemone tropical America Argyrolobium Africa, Mediterranean region to India Arisaema Asia, Abyssinia, Ameriea Arisarum Mediterranean region Aristida all warm dry countries Artabotrys palaeotropics Artemisia cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions, South America Arthraxon tropics and subtropics of the old World Arum Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia Arundo Mediterranean region, East Indies, Malay Archipelago, Central and South America, South Africa, Madagascar, New Zealand Arunndinella tropical Asia and America Asimina Cuba, Mexico, Eastern United States Aspalathus South Africa Aspidium Tropical regions Aspilia tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mexico, South America, chiefly Brazil Asplenium Cosmopolitan Aster cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions Asteriastigma India Astragalus Cosmopolitian, except Australia Astrocaryum Tropical America Athanasia South Africa Athrixia Arabia, southern and tropical Africa, Madagascar, Australia Athyyrium Cosmopolitan Atractylis Mediterranean region, China, Japan Attalea Tropical America Atylosia Tropical Asia, Australia, Madagascar, Mascarenes Audiebrtia North America Avena Mediterranean region, temperate region of the eastern hemishere Baccharis cosmopolitan, tropical America Balantium Cape Verde, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores Baliospermum Indo-Malaya Ballota Europe, Mediterranean region, western Asia Baphia Warm Africa Madagascar Baptisia North America Barbarea northern temperate regions Bellis cosmopolitan, northern hemisphere Berberis Northern hemisphere, South America Berkheya South Africa Berteroa northern temperate regions of the Old World Betonica cosmopolitan Biarum Asia Minor, Syria, Northern Africa Bidens cosmopolitan, chiefly American Bigelowia northern and central America Bischofia Indo-Malaya, Pacific Islands Blenchnum Tropical America Blephripappus Western North-America Bletia Tropical America Blumea tropical Africa, Madagascar Bocagea tropical America and Asia Bocconia warm America; West Indies Boltonia northern subtropical Asia, Norther America Bolusanthus South Africa Bongardia Eastern Mediterranean Borassus Tropical Africa, India, from Ceylon to the Sunda Islands Borbonia South Africa Boscia tropical and South Africa Botrychium Cosmopolitan Bowdichia Tropical South America Brachiaria both hemispheres, mostly hemisphere, South America Brachyclados Argentina, Patagonia, Chile Brachylaena South Africa Brasenia cosmopolitan, except in Europe Brassica Mediteranean; Europe; Asia Breynia Africa, Asia, Polunesia Brickellia North America, Mexico, Brazil Bridelia Africa, Asia, Australia Brunella cosmopolitan Buettneria tropical Bufonia Mediterranean region Bunias Mediteranean, Asia Burasaia Madagascar Butea India, China Buxus temperate regions of the old World Cadaba tropics of the old World Cajanus Tropical Africa, Asia Cakile northern temperate regions Caladium South America, Indo-Malaya Calamintha northern temperate regions, tropical mountains Calamus Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia, Tropical Westt Africa, Australia Calea America, Jamaica, China Calendula cosmopolitan, northern Africa, southern Europe, western Asia Calla Europe, Northern Asia and America, Philippine Islands Callilepis South Africa Caloncoba tropical Africa Caltha temperate regions Camelina Mediterranean, Europe Camellia India-China, japan Canacalia Tropics Canangium tropical eastern Asia to Australia Capparis warm regions Capsella temperate and sub-tropical regions Caragana Central Asia, China Carbenia Mediterranean region, Caucasus Cardamine cosmopolitan, chiefly temperate regons Cardopatium Mediterranean region, North Africa Carduus cosmopolitan, temperate Europe, North Africa and Asia Carex Cold and Temperate regions Carlina Mediterranean region, Siberia, Canary Islands Carpesium Europe, temperate and subtropical Asia Carthamus Mediterranean region, Central Europe, India, Abyssinia, Canary Islands Caryota Tropical Asia, Malay-Archipelago, Australia Caulophyllum North-eastern Asia, North-America Cenchrus tropical and subtropical regions Cenia South Africa Cenphalostachyum North India, Malaya, Madagascar Centaurea Asia, Australia, tropical South America, western Asia, Australia Centratherum Asia, Australia, America Centrosema America Cerastium Northern temperate regions Ceratopteris Tropical countries Cetipeda Asia, Australia, tropical South America Chamaerops Mediterranean region Cheilanthes Tropical and temperate regions, xerophytie Chelidonium Europe, Asia Minor Chfiranthus Mediterranean, northern temeprate regions Chloris all parts of the world in tropical and subtropical regions Chondrilla Mediterranean to India, Siberia Chrozophora Mediterranean region, Asia, Africa Chrysanthemum cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions Chrysocoma Caucasus, Siberia, Egypt, Arabia, South Africa, South America Chrysopogon Old World tropics, West Indies Cibotium Tropical America, Polynesia, Asia Cicca Asia Cicer Western Asia Cichorium cosmopolitan, temperate regions Cienfuegosia America, Africa, Australia Cimicifuga Northern temepreate regions Cineraria Europe, South Africa Cissampelos tropical and subtropical regions Cistanthera tropical Central and West Africa Cleistanthus Africa, Indo-Malaya Clematis cosmopolitan Clematopsis Nigeria, Tanganyika, Congo, Angola Cleome tropical and subtropical regions Clibadium Central and South America, West Indies Clitoria Tropical and Subtropical regions Clypeoly Mediterranean Cnesmone India, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra Cnicus northern temperate regions Cocculus tropical and subtropical regions Cochlearin Europe, Asia Minor Cocos Tropical and sub-tropical America Coix East Indies, Ethiopia, warm regions Cola Africa Colebrookea India Coleosanthus Bolivia Coleus palaeotropical regions Colocasia Tropical Asia Colutea South Europe to Himalayas Commelina Tropics and Sub-tropics Conyza tropical and subtropical regions Copernicia America Coptis Northern temeprate and arctic regions Coral-Lorhiza North America Corchoropsis Japan, China Corchorus warm regions Cordyla Tropical Africa Coronilla Europe, Mediterranean region Corydalis Mediterranean region, Europe, Asia Corypha Tropical Asia, Malay-Archipelago Coscinium Indo-Malaya Cotula tropical and temperate regions Courbonia tropical Africa Crambe Mediterranean; Europe, Asia, Polynesia, Patagonia Crataeva tropical regions Cratoxylon indo-Malayan Cremastra Japan Crepis cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions Crossostephium Central Asia, China, Luzon Crossotropis Africa Crotalaria Tropical and Subtropical regions Croton tropics and subtropics Cryptocoryne Indo-Malaya Cucubalus northern temperate regions Culcasia Tropical Africa Cunila America Curotella tropical America, West Indies Cyamopsis Tropical Africa, Asia Cyanotis Tropical Asia and Africa Cycl tropical Asia Cyclophorus Tropical countries Cyclopia South Africa Cylista Palaeo tropics Cymbidium Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia Cymbopogon Old World tropics, West Indies Cynara Mediterranean region, Canary Islands Cynodon Australia, cosmopolitan Cynosurus Mediteraanean region, Europe, Canaries Cyperus Tropics and Subtropics Cypripedium Northern cold and temperate regions, Mexico Cyrtopodium America Cystopteris Temperate regions Cytisus Europe, Mediterranean region Dactyloctenium Trocies Dahlia cosmopolitan, Mexico, Central America Dalbergia Warm climates Dalea America Dalechampia tropics Daphniphyllum tropical Asia Davallia South Spain, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Davilla tropical America, West Indies Delphinium Northern temeperate regions Dendrobium Tropical Asia to Japan, Australia, Polynesia Dendrocalamus South-eastern Asia Dentaria northern temeperate regions Derris tropics Descurainia northern temeprate regions, south America Desmodium Tropical and Subtropical regions Desmos tropical Asia Desmotrichum Indo-China, Malay Islands Dianthus Europe, Asia, Africa, mostly Mediterranean Diarrhena China Dicentra Asia, North America Dichostemma tropical Africa Dicksonia Australia Dicoma South Africa, India Dieffenbachia Central and South America, Japan Digitaria all warm countries Dillenia Indo-Malaya Dimorphotheca South Africa Dio Tropics Dioncophyllum tropical Africa Diphylleia Atlantic North America, Japan Diplotaxis Mediterranean; Europe Diplothemium Brazil Dipterocarpus Indo-Malaya Dishrocephala Asia, Africa, Madagascar Dolichos Warm regions Dombeya Africa, Madagascar Doronicum temperate Europe and Asia Draba northern temperate and arctic regions; South-western Northern America Dracocephalum northern temperate regions Dracontium South America, Java Dracunculus South Europe, Canary Islands Drepanocarp Tropical America, Africa Drimys South America, New Zealand to Borneo Drymaria tropical and southern temperate regions Drynaria Palaeo-tropics Dryobalanops Borneo, Malaya Dryomoglossum Tropical regions Dryopteris Northern temperate regions Drypetes Africa, Indo-Malaya, tropical America Dumasia Tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar Dysophylla eastern Asia, Australia Echinacea Northern America Echinochloa warm regions of both hemispheres Echinops Cosmopolitan Eclipta cosmopolitan, tropical Elaeis Tropical Africa and America Elaeophorbia Africa Eleocarpus tropical Elephantopus cosmopolitan, chiefly tropical American Eleusine all warm countries Elionurus tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres Elsholtzia Asia, Europe, Abyssinia Elymus northern and southern temperate regions Elytropappus South Africa Emilia India, tropical Africa, madagascar Enantia West Africa Endostemon southern and tropical Africa Enhydra tropical and subtropical regions Epaltes tropical Asia, Africa, America Epidendrum Tropical America Epipremnum Malaya, Polynesia Eragrostis all warm and temperate regions Eranthis Northern palaeotemperate regions Erechtites America, Australia, New Zealand Eremocarpus California Eremostachys central and western Asia Erianthus mainly tropical Erigeron cosmopolitan, northern temperate region Eriocephaus South Africa Eriolaena Indomalayan Eriophorum Arctic or Northern Temperate regions Eriosema Tropical and Subtropical regions Erophila Mediterrnean; Europe Eruca Mediterranean Erysimum Mediterranean, Europe, Asia Erythrochlamys tropical Africa Erythrococca tropical Africa Eschscholzia Pacific North America Ethulia India, Sunda Archipelago, java, eastern tropical Africa, Madagascar Euadenia tropical Africa Euchresta Himalayas to Japan Eulophia Africa, Indo-Malaya Eupatorium cosmopotican, chiefly American Euphorbia subtropical and warm temperate regions Euptelea Japan to Bengal Euryale south-eastern Asia Euryops South Africa Euterpe Tropical America, West Indies Excoecaria Old World tropics Farsetia Mediterranean Faujasia Mascarene Islands Felicia southern and tropical Africa Festuca temperate regions Fibraurea tropical and subtropical Asia Filago Europe, North Africa, Argentina, Paraguay Fimbristylis Tropics Flacourtia tropical Asia and Africa Flaveria Central and South America, Australia Flemingia Palaeo tropics Floscopa Tropics Flueggea Old World tropics Fremontia California Fumaria Europe, Asia, Africa, chiefly Mediterranean Gahnia Australia, From Singapore to the Sandwitch Islands Galega South Europe, Western Asia Galeopsis northern temperate regions Gamolepis South Africa Garuleum South Africa Gastrodia Indo-Malaya, Japan, China, Australia Gazania South Africa Geigeria South Africa Geleandra Tropical America Gelonium Asia, Africa Geniosporum Africa, Madagascar, Indo-Malayan region Genista Europe, North Africa, Western Asia Geoffraes Tropical America Gerbera cosmopolitan, temperate regions and moutains Glaucium Europe, Asia Glechoma Old World Glechon Brazil, Paraguay Gleichenia Tropical and subtropical regions Glochidion tropical Glossocardia India Glossogyne tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand Glyceria North America Glycine Palaeo tropics Glyeyrrhiza Temperate and subtropical regions Glyphaea tropical Africa Gnaphalium cosmopolitan Gomphostemma Indo-Malayan region, China Gongrothamnus tropical Africa Goniothalamus tropical Asia Goodyera Europe, Asia, Mascarene Islands, North America Gordonia Indo-Malaya, China, North America Gossypium tropical and subtropical regions Govenia Tropical America Grangea tropical Asia and Africa Grewia Asia, Africa, Australia, mostly tropical Grindelia North and South America Guazuma tropical America Gueldenstaedtia Central Asia, China Guizotia tropical Africa Gymnadenia Europe, Asia Gymnogramme Central America, xerophytic Gymnosperma Mexico Gynandropsis tropical and subtropical regions Gynerium South Brazil, Argentina Gynocardia India Gynura warm regions of Asia, Australia, and Africa Gypsophila Europe, Asia, especially eastern Mediterranean Habenaria Whole world Habzella tropical Asia Haplocarpha South Africa Haronga tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius Hedeoma America Hedysarum Northern temperate regions Heleniastrum Chile Helenium North America Helianthus America, mostly North America Helichrysum cosmopolitan, temperate and subtropical regions Helicteres tropics, except Africa Heliophila South Africa Helleborus Europe, Mediterranean region Helminthostachys Ceylon, Himalaya to Queensland Hemidictyum India, Western Asia, Europe, North-West Africa Hemizonia California, Galapagos Herderia tropical Africa Hermannia tropical and subtropical, chiefly Africa Herniaria Mediterranean, Europe, South Africa Hesperis Mediterranean, Europe Hetaeria Africa, Indo-Malaya, Polynesia Heteropogon tropical Africa and Asia to Mediterranean Hevea Brazil, Guiana Hexalobus tropical Africa, Madagascar Hibiscus tropical and subtropical regions Hieracium cosmopolitan Hifrochloa temperate regions Hippomane warm America, West Indies Holosteum northern temperate regions Homalium Tropics Homalomena Asia, South America Homonoia Indo-Malaya Hopea Indo-Malaya Hordeum temperate regions, Europe, North Africa, Asia, North and South America Hoslundia warm Africa Hugonia Tropics Hura tropical America Hydnocarpus Indomalayan region Hydrastis Japan, North America Hygrorhiza India, Ceylon, Tongking Hymenocardia Indo-Malaya, Africa Hymenocrater western Asia Hypecoum Mediterranean, Central Asia Hypericum cosmopolitan, temperate regions Hyphaene Africa, India Hypochoeris temperate regiosn and mountains, Europe, Northern Asia, Mediterranean regions, south America Hyptis warm America Hyssopus Europe, Mediterranean region, Asia Hysterionica Western America, Chile Iberis Europe, Asia Iboza southern and tropical Africa ichthyothere Brazil Illucium Atlantic Norther America, Asia Imperata tropical or warm regions of both hemispheres Indigofera Warm Countries Inula cosmopolitan, Europe, Asia, Africa Iodanthus Atlantic North America Ionidium tropical and subtropical regions Isatis Mediterranean, Europe, Asia Isopyrum Europe, Asia, Norther America Ixonanthes tropical Asia Jatropha America, Malaya Jatrorrhiza tropical Africa Johannesia Brazil Julocroton Central and South America Juncellus Warm Regions Jurinea Europe, Western and Central Asia Kadsura tropical Asia, China, Japan Kielmeyera South Brazil Kleinhovia tropical Asia Knowltonia South Africa Kydia India Kyllinga Tropics and Subtropics Lactuca cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions Lagenandra India, Ceylon Laggera Asia, tropical Africa Lallemantia western Asia Lamium Europe, Asia, extratropical Africa lamprachaenum India Lasia Indo-Malaya Lasiocorys Africa Lasiospermum South Africa Lathyrus Northern temperate regions, mountains of tropical Africa and South America Launaea Europe, Canary Islands, South and North Africa to India, West Indies Lavandula Mediterranean region to India Lavatera Mediterranean, Australia, mid-Asia Lebeckia South Africa Lens Mediterranean region, Western Asia Leonotis tropical and southern Africa Leontice northern temperate regions Leontonyx South Africa Leonurus Europe, Asia, tropical regions Lepidium cosmopolitan Leptoderris Tropical Africa Leptonychia tropical Africa and Asia Lespedeza Temperate North America, Asia, mountains of tropical Asia, Australia Lessertia Africa Leucas tropical regions, Africa, Asia Leyssera Mediterranean region, South Africa, North America Liatris North America Licuala Indo-Malayan region, New Guinea, North Australia Limodorum Mediterranean+B572 Linum temperate and subtropical regions, especially Mediterranean Liriodendron North America Lissochilus Africa Lodoicea Seychelles Islands Lolium temperate regions, Euripe, Asia, North Africa Lomaria India, Ceylon, Philippine Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, South Australia, Tasmania Lonchocarpus Tropical America, West Indies, Africa, Australia Lophanthus central Asia, China Lophatherum Indo-Malaya, China, Japan Lotononis Africa, Mediterranean region Lotus Temperate Europe, Asia, South Africa, Australia Loxococcus Ceylon Luehea tropical America, West Idnies Luisia Indo-Malaya, Polynesia Lunaria Europe Lupinus America Mediterranean region Lychnis Northern temperate regions Lycopus northern temperate reguions Lygodesmia Western North America Lygodium Tropical Asia, Eastern Asia Mabea Central America, Brazil, Guiana Macaranga tropics of the Old World Machaerium Tropical America Macroclinidium Japan Madia Chile, North America Maerua tropical Africa and Asia Maesobotrya tropical Africa Magnolia Asia, North America Mahernia Africa Mahonia southern hemisphere, cultivated Malachra warm America, West Indies Malacothrix North America, California, Mexico Mallotus Asia, Africa Malva northern temperate regions Malvasatrum America, South Africa Malvaviscus warm America Manihit South America to Mexico Manisuris tropical countries, India Manniophyton tropical Africa Maprounea Brazil, Guiana, West Africa Mareya tropical Africa Marrubium Europe, North Africa, temperate Asia Marsilia Europe and subtropical regions Marsypianthes warm America Matricaria cosmopolitan Matthhhola Mediterranean, Europe, South Africa Mauritia Northern Brazil, Guiana, West Indies Maximiliana Tropical Brazil, Guiana, Trinidad Meconopsis northern temperate regions Medicago Europe, Mediterranean region, South Africa Melandrium northern hemisphere, South Africa, South America Melanthera Bahama, Yucatan Melica subtropical and termperate regions, Europe, Asia, Africa, America Melilotus Termperate and subtropical regions Melinis Africa Melissa Europe, western Asia Melittis Europe Melochia tropical Melodorum Tropics Melolobium South Africa Menispermum eastern Asia, Atlantic North America Mentha Old World Mercurialis Europe, Western Asia, Japan Meriandra Himalayan, Abyssinia Mertensia Tropical and subtropical countries Metalasia South Africa Metroxylon Malay-Archipelago, New Guinea Michelia tropical Asia, China Microdesmis Asia, Africa Microglossa Asia, Africa Micromeria cosmopolitan Microseris South America, New Zealand Microstylis cosmopolitan, chiefly tropical Mikania cosmopolitan, America Milleltia Tropical and Subtropical regions Miscanthidium tropical Africa south of the Equator, South Africa Mohria East Africa, Madagascar Monadenium Africa Monardella Monodora tropical Africa, Madagascar Monolopia California Monrda North America Monstera Tropical America Montanoa cosmopolitan Montrichardia Tropical America Moricandia Mediterranean Moschosma palaeotropical regions Mosla Himalaya to Japan Mucuna Tropical and Subtropical regions Mundulea Tropical Africa, madagascar, Ceylon, South India. Myosurus temperate regions Myricaria northern temperate egions Myrodia tropical Myrospermum Tropical America, West Indies Nandina China, Japan Nannorhops India, Afghanistan, Southern Persia Napaea North America Nasturtium cosmopolitan Nastus Madagascar Necepsia tropical Africa Nelumbo Pennsylvania to Colombia, Asia and Australia Neobaronia Madagascar Neodypsis Madagascar Neorautanenia tropical Africa Neottia Temperate Europe, Temperate Asia Nepeta northern hemishere Nephrodium Northern temperate regions Nephrolepis Tropical and subtropical regions Nesogordonia Madagascar Nidorella southern and tropical Africa, Abyssinia, Cape Verde Nigella Europe, Mediterranean region Nipa Tropical Asia, New Guinea, Australia Nolletia Africa Northoclaena Subtropcial regions, Mediterranean Notonia India, Burma, Abyssinia, tropical Africa Nuphar northern temperate and cold regions Nymphaea tropical and temperate regions Oberonia Old World tropics, Japan Ochradenus southernn Mediterranean Ocimum tropical and warm temperate regions Oenocarpus Tropical America Oldfieldia tropical Africa Oligomeris Africa, India, south-western North America Olyra Africa Omphalea tropical Africa and America Oncoba tropical America and Africa, Madagascar Onobrychis Europe, Mediterranean region, Asia Onoclea East Asia, North America Onopordon Mediterranean region, Europe Onoseris Mexico, South America Onosis Mediterranean region, Europe Ophioglossum Tropical and temperate regions Ophrys Europe, Mediterranean Ophthalmoblapton Brazil Orania Malay-Archipelago, Papua Orchis Mediterranean, Temperate Euripe, Asia, North America, North Africa Origanum Europe, Mediterranena region Ormocarpum Tropical and Subtropical regions Ormosia Tropics Ornithopus Mediterranean region, Western Asia, Tropical Africa, South Brazil Orontium Northern America Orophaca North America Orophea Indo-Malaya Orthosiphon Indo-Malayan region, tropical, Africa Oryza tropical and subtropical regions of both hemisheres Oryzopsis northern hemisphere Osmites South Africa Osmitopsis South Africa Osmunda Temperate and tropical countries Ostryoderris Tropical West Africa Othonna cosmopolitan, South Africa Othonnopsis Africa, Asia Otostegia western Asia, Abyssinia Ougeinia India Oxymitra palaeotropics Oxytenanthera Africa, India, Malaya Oxytropis North temperate regions Pachygone eastern Indo-Malaya Pachyrhizus Tropics Paeonia Europe, Asia, Western North America Palisota Tropical Africa Pangium Malay Archipelago Panicum Papavew Euripe, Asia, America, South Africa, Australia Paris Europe, northern Asia pathenium North America, Mexico Pavonia tropical and subtropical regions Pectis America, West Indies Pedilanthus Central and South America, West Indies Pegolettia Java, southern and tropical Africa Pellaea Subtropical regions Peltodon Brazil, paraguay Penianthus western tropical Africa Pentapetes Indomalayan Pentzia South Africa Perezia Mexico, South America Periandra Brazil Pericanmpylus eastern Indo-Malaya Perilia India to Japan Perowskia western Asia Petalostemon North America Petalostigna Australia Petasites northern temperate regions Peucephyllum western North America Phaseolus Tropical and warm termperate regions Philodendron Tropical America Phlomis northern palaeotemperate regions Phoenix Sub-tropical Africa, Tropical Asia Phyllanthus tropics Physostegia North America Physostigma Tropical Africa Picridium Europe, Western Asia, North Africa Picris cosmopolitan, Mediterranean region, Europe, Abyssinia, temperate Asia Pigueria Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Chile Pinanga Malay-Archipelago Pinellia China, Japan Piscidia Florida, Mexico, West Indies Pistia Tropics and subtropics except Polynesia and Macrinesia Pisum Mediterranean region, Western Asia Platanthera North America, Tropical Asia, Africa Platystoma tropical Asia, Africa Plectranthus palaeotropical regions, eastern Asia Pleiotaxis tropical Africa Pleopeltis Tropical and subtropical regions Plesmonium India Pluchea tropical and subtropical regions Podophyllum northern temperate regions Pogogyne California Pogostemon Indo-Malayan region Pollia Old World Tropics and Sub-tropics Polyalthia palaeotropics Polycarpon cosmopolitan Polymnia America Polypodium Tropical and temperate regions Polystichum Moist temperate regions Pongamia Indomalaya Pothos Indo-Malaya, Madagascar Prenanthes northern temperate regions Printzia South Africa Pseudarthria Africa. Tropical Asia Pseudolachnostylis tropical Africa Psidia Arabia, tropical Africa, Mascarene Islands, Madagascar Psoralea Tropical and Subtropical regions Psorospermum tropical Africa, Madagascar Pteridium Cosmopolitan Pteris Cosmopolitan Pterocarpus Tropics Pterocymbium Burma, Malaya Pteronia cosmopolitan Pterospermum tropical Aisa Pterygota tropical Pueraria Tropical Asia to Japan Pulicaria cosmopolitan, Europe, Asia, Africa Pulsatilla Central Europe, Siberia, East Indies Putranjiva India Pycereus Warm and temperate regions Pycnanthemum North America Pycnocoma tropical Africa, Comoro Islands, Madagascar Radicula North America Rafnia South Africa Ranunculus cosmopolitan Raphanus Mediterranean, Europe, Java Raphia Tropical Africa, Madasagcar, Tropical America Rapistrum Mediterranean, central Europe Reaumuria eastern Mediterranean, Central Asia Reindwartia North India, China Remirea Tropics Remusatia Tropical Africa, Indo-Malaya Reseda Mediterranean region, Europe Rhaphi-Dophora Indo-Malaya Rhynchosia Tropical and Subtropical regions Rhynchostylis Indo-Malaya Richardia Southern Africa Richeria tropical America Ricinodendron tropical Africa Ricinus tropical Africa Ritchiea western tropical Africa Robinia North America Rollinia tropical America Romneya California Roripa northern hemisphere Rosmarinus Mediterranean region Roucheria Guiana Roylea Himalaya Rudbeckia cosmopolitan, North America Sabinea Panama, West Indies Saccolabium Africa, Indo-Malaya, China Sageraea indo-Malaya Saginna northern temeperate regions Salvia tropical and temperate regions Sanguinaria Atlantic North America Santolina cosmopolitan, Mediterranean region Sapium all tropics Saponaria Northern temperate regions, chiefly Mediterranean Satureia warm regions Saurauia tropical Asia, America Sauromatum palaeotropics Sauropus Indo-Malaya Saussurea northern temeprate regions, and mountains Sauvagesia tropics, Brazil Scapthium Burma, malaya, Borneo Schima Eastern Indo-Malaya Schistostephium South Africa Schizandra tropical and warm temperate Asia, North America Scindapsus Indo-Malaya Scirpus Cosmopolitan, as far as the Polar regions Scleria moist warm countries Sclerocarpus tropical Africa, North America, Mexico Scolopendrium Europe, Asia Scolopia warm regions Scolymus Mediterranean region, Nubia, Caucasus Scorzonera Central and South Europe, North Africa, Asia Scutellaria cosmopolitan, except South Africa Sebastiania America, Africa Senebiera subtropical regions,Europe Senecio cosmopolitan, temperate climates, mountains of the tropics Senecio cosmopolitan, temeprate climates, moutnains of the tropics Serenoa Florida, Southern California Serratula cosmopolitan, Europe, North Africa, Asia Serratula cosmopolitan, Europe, North Africa, Western, central, and alpine Asia Sesbania Tropical and Subtropical regions Seseli Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia Shorea Ceylon to Philippine Islands Sida cosmopolitan Siegesbeckia cosmopolitan, tropics and subtropics, Peru Silene Northern temperate regions, chiefly Mediterranean Silphium North America Silybum Mediterranean region, Europe, North Africa, northern India Sloanea tropical Smithia Tropical Asia, Africa Solenostemon western Africa Solidago North America, northern temperate regions Sonchus cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions, Central Asia Sophora Tropical and warm termperate regions Sparganophorus Australia Sparmannia tropical and south Africa Spartium Mediterranean region Spatholobus Tropical Asia Spergula temperate regions Spergularia cosmopolitan Sphacele warm America, Havaiian Isles Sphaeralcea Cape Colony, America Sphenocentrum western tropical Africa Spilanthes tropical America Spirospermum Madagascar Spondianthus tropical Africa Stachys cosmopolitan, except Australia Stellaria cosmopolitan Stenocline Madagascar, Brazil Stenoloma India, Ceylon, Malaya, China, Japan, Polynesia, East African Islands Stephania palaeotropics Sterculia tropical Stillinga America, Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, Tiji Stoebe South Africa Strychnopsis Madagascar Stylochiton Tropical and Southern Africa Stylosanthes Tropical and Subtropical regions Sutherlandia South Africa Swainsona Australia, New Zealand, Northern Asia Swartzia Tropical America, Africa Symplocarpus Northern America Synadenium tropical and South Africa, La Reunion Synantherias Southern India, Ceylon Syncolostemon southern Africa Synedrella tropical America, Africa, Asia Tagetes cosmopolitan, Argentina to Arizonal Talauma eastern Asia, South America, West Indies Tamarix Europe, Mediterranean, Asia Tanacetum north temperate regions Taraktogenos Malaya Taraxacum temperate and cold regions Tarchonanthus Africa Tarrietia Eastern Asia, Australia Taverniera North Africa, Western Asia Tephrosia Tropical and Subtropical regions Teramnus Tropics Ternstroemia South America, Asia Tetracarpidium tropical Africa Tetracera tropics, chiefly America Tetradenia tropical Asia, Australia Tetrorchidium tropical America and Africa Teucrium cosmopolitan Thalictrum Northern temeperate regions Theobroma tropical America Thespesia warm regions Thlaspi northern temperate regions Thymbra south-eastern Europe, western Asia Thymus Old World Thysanocarpus California Tilia northern temperate regions Tiliacora Indo-Malaya Tinantia Mexico to Brazil Tinomiscium tropical Asia Tinospora Palaeotropics Tissa cosmopolitan Toxicodendrum South Africa Trachycarpus Northern India, Barma, Northern China, Japan Tradescantia Tropical and North America Tragia Asia, Africa Tragopogon Mediterranean region, Europe, North Africa, temperate and subtropical Asia Trewia India Tricholepis India, Afganistan Trichostema North America Trifolium Temperate and subtropical regions Trigonella Mediterranean region, Europe, Asia, South Africa, Australia Trigonostemon Indo-Malaya Trilisa north America Trimeria Southern and tropical Africa Triplotaxis tropical Africa Tripteris South Africa Tritaxis Indo-Malaya Triumfetta tropical Trixis America Trollius Northern temeprate and arctic regions Tussilago cosmopolitan, northern temperate regions Typhonium Indo-Malay Typhonodorum Madagascar Ulex Western Europe, North Africa Unona tropical Asia, Africa Upaca tropical Africa, madagascar Uraria Palaeo tropics Urenea tropical and subtropical regions Ursinia cosmopolitan, South Africa Uvaria warm regions Vanda Asia, Australasia Vanilla All tropical countries Vateria Seychelles, South India. Verbesina tropical America Vernonia cosmopolitan, chiefly tropical, mostly American Vesicaria Europe Vicia Northern Temperate regions, South America Vigna Tropics Viola cosmopolitan Vismia tropical America Volutarella southern Europe, North Africa, western Asia, India Wallichia East India. Walttheria tropical America Wasabia Japan Wedelia tropical and subtropical regions Wistaria China, Japan, Eastern North America Woodwardia Tropical and subtropical regions Wyethia Western North America Xanthium cosmopolitan, Indo-Malaya, America Xanthosoma West India, Tropical America Xeranthemum Mediterranean region to the East, South Africa Xylopia Tropics Xylosma Tropics Zanthorhiza Altantic North America Zataria Persia, Afghanistan Zeuxine Tropical Asia, Africa Ziziphora Mediterranean region, central Asia Zornia Tropics, especially America Back To Top Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 67. Nali Van (Lobelia nicotianaefolia, family Lobeliaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are less aware of the medicinal properties and uses of this medicinal herb. In most of the parts, it is simply known as Van i.e. a common plant growing in wild. In Southern parts of Chhattisgarh, from the healers and herb collectors, I got this name Nali. The healers showed ignorance regarding its etymology. The herb collectors tried a guess that it grows naturally along the water channels and in moist areas, this is the reason it is known as Nali. In Chhattisgarh, water channel is known as Nali in local language. In reference literatures, its name in Gujarat is mentioned as Nali. I am not aware that why the natives of Gujarat state have named it Nali. Its hollow stem may be the reason. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, medicinal uses of its leaves and seeds are described. But the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, aware of its uses, use the roots more commonly. According to them, seeds and leaves are poisonous in nature and requires its judicious use. They further informed me that the internal use of young leaves increase the amount of urine and also changes its colour into deep yellow. The healers use the leaves in treatment of syphilis. But as other promising and cheap alternatives are available it is used less frequently. The traditional healers of Rengakhar region of Chhattisgarh use its leaves in treatment of diseases related to respiratory system. It is specially used in treatment of Haemoptysis. Its roots are used in treatment of Gout and joint pains in combination with other herbs. According to the traditional healers of Bastar region, the use of whole herb judiciously can improve the eye sight to great extent. My Guru Shri Vishal Bharat was also aware of this use. Nali van is not in the list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having high demand. The herb collectors don’t collect this herb from wild. The Gandai, Salewara and Rengakhar regions are rich in its natural population. I am giving the details regarding its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from the reference literatures. Botanically it is a large perennial herb with hollow and stout stem, branched upwards; leaves alternate, many, nearly sessile, light green, lower much longer, the uppermost passing in to floral leaves or bracts, all oblong, lanceolate, finely serrulate, midrib white; Flowers in terminal racemes sometimes more than 30 cm long, much curved, white, lobes linear, three usually connate through out, Fruits capsule, subglobose, opening through two valves; Seeds numerous, very small, yellowish brown. According to Ayurveda, its leaves are sweet, acrid, bitter, heating, aphrodisiac, stomachic, diuretic, cure cough, strangury, diseases of blood, heart, uterus, vagina, burning sensation, biliousness, erysipelas etc. The medicinal uses of its roots are not described. As a student of Homoeopathy, I was aware of its medicinal uses in common troubles. As herb researcher, I got the opportunity to see the herb practically in its natural habitat and also to document the traditional medicinal knowledge about this valuable herb. Many researchers are not aware of its natural occurrence in Chhattisgarh. This article is first written document giving the details regarding traditional medicinal uses in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 65. Anjan (Hardwickia binata, family Leguminosae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Anjan is one of the common trees not only in Chhattisgarh but also in other parts of India. But this is really surprising that it is known as timber and fodder yielding tree. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not found the medicinal properties and uses of this common tree. I have taken this observation as challenge and this is the reason when I see any Anjan tree in any place, I never miss to ask the natives and traditional healers of the area about its medicinal uses. My Guru Shri Vishal Bharat once informed me that the name of tree 'Anjan' clearly indicates that it must have some use in treatment of eye related troubles but possibly the traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb is lost with the fore fathers. Through my ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected very few information about the medicinal uses of Anjan. As I have just noted these uses while visits and yet not seen its practical uses. I am not much confident about the uses. But from documentation point of view this information is valuable and I do not want to loose the opportunity to document this little information. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains informed me that its leaves can be used in treatment of headache. The leaves are collected and by crushing it in water, an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on painful parts as treatment. The natives of Bagbahera region informed that the piece of its wood is rubbed on stone, like the wood of Chandan (Santalum indicum) and paste is prepared. This paste is applied on small boils common in summer. The natives of Kanker region informed me that in small doses leaves act as purgative and can be used in treatment of constipation. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have yet not confirmed these uses. Also, they simply informed that they do not use any part of Anjan as medicine in their routine practice. I am describing the botany of Anjan, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a large tree with long clear bole and drooping feathery foliage; Bark dark gray with irregular vertical cracks; Leaves small, almost Kidney-shaped (there is a need to evaluate its efficacy in treatment of Kidney related troubles) with 4-5 arcuate nerves, come in pairs with a minute bristle between them. Deciduous at the end of the winter season and new leaves appear in coming summer season; Flowers greenish-yellow, from July to October in Chhattisgarh conditions, tiny, in long, slender, axillary and terminal racemose; Pod flat with slightly tapered ends, very light in weight, winged, strap shaped; Seed flat, pointed at one end and round at another, with a hard testa. As mentioned earlier, in reference literatures its medicinal uses are not mentioned. Through this article, I would like to request the researchers to share the traditional knowledge about this herb in their areas, so that it can be utilized in Chhattisgarh where this herb occurs commonly. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses 66. Lal Ratalu (Nymphaea rubra, family Nymphaeaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved All garden lovers are aware of the use of growth hormones on which the root cuttings are dipped before planting. Also, the hormones are used for budding and grafting. For the first time, I got information on use of Lal Ratalu as promising substitute to these hormones from the traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma. He is not aware of the term hormone. He simply says that the application of this herb specially the powdered rhizome helps the plant to get quick recovery from injuries and also to regain natural vigour. I have never read or heard about the unique use earlier. He also adds some other herbs to make the powder more strong. His students, mostly the unemployed rural youths, are expert in budding, grafting and all other Horticultural methods, also in use of Lal Ratalu powder. I have seen its practical uses many times. Shri Verma informed me that he has got this information on this unique use from his Guru and he also claims that the idea of addition of more herbs is his own. You will be surprised to know that he uses the herb also to treat injuries in human beings and cattle. It is a good styptic and heals the wound in very less time as compared to other herbs. I have visited different parts of Chhattisgarh for the ethnobotanical surveys but yet not seen or heard, its traditional medicinal uses from different healers. It is wrong to say that one healer is aware of its medicinal uses and properties. I am trying my best to gather more information on this herb through on-going surveys. Shri Verma further informed me that the rhizome of Lal Ratalu is beneficial for the patients having the problem of bleeding piles. The native of Chhattisgarh consume its peduncle, rhizome and seeds with taste. Shri Verma uses it in treatment of Goiter (Ghengha). Lal Ratalu (Nymphaea rubra) is an aquatic herb command in ponds of Chhattisgarh. Surprisingly in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not got information on its medicinal uses and properties. The information on its related species N. lotus is available. The use of petals of Lal Ratalu as substitute to N. lotus is mentioned many literatures. I am giving the details of its botany, I have noted from the reference literatures. Botanically, it is a perennial aquatic rhizomatous herb with smooth petioles and peduncles: Leaves rotundate, denticulate, purplish, villous beneath; Flowers carmine red, petals linear-oblong, 5-7 cm long, another purplish black. Shri Verma also keep the dry powder with them. I personally feel that there is a strong need of scientific studies to evaluate the unique uses of Lal Ratalu. I am aware that this article will motivate many Horticulturists to try this powder and I am confident that they will get success but I want to request them humbly that please never miss to acknowledge and give credit to the traditional healer Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma and also if you will earn the money from it, never forget this healer who is ready to share all his valuable knowledge for noble cause without taking any fees. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses 66. Lal Ratalu (Nymphaea rubra, family Nymphaeaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved All garden lovers are aware of the use of growth hormones on which the root cuttings are dipped before planting. Also, the hormones are used for budding and grafting. For the first time, I got information on use of Lal Ratalu as promising substitute to these hormones from the traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma. He is not aware of the term hormone. He simply says that the application of this herb specially the powdered rhizome helps the plant to get quick recovery from injuries and also to regain natural vigour. I have never read or heard about the unique use earlier. He also adds some other herbs to make the powder more strong. His students, mostly the unemployed rural youths, are expert in budding, grafting and all other Horticultural methods, also in use of Lal Ratalu powder. I have seen its practical uses many times. Shri Verma informed me that he has got this information on this unique use from his Guru and he also claims that the idea of addition of more herbs is his own. You will be surprised to know that he uses the herb also to treat injuries in human beings and cattle. It is a good styptic and heals the wound in very less time as compared to other herbs. I have visited different parts of Chhattisgarh for the ethnobotanical surveys but yet not seen or heard, its traditional medicinal uses from different healers. It is wrong to say that one healer is aware of its medicinal uses and properties. I am trying my best to gather more information on this herb through on-going surveys. Shri Verma further informed me that the rhizome of Lal Ratalu is beneficial for the patients having the problem of bleeding piles. The native of Chhattisgarh consume its peduncle, rhizome and seeds with taste. Shri Verma uses it in treatment of Goiter (Ghengha). Lal Ratalu (Nymphaea rubra) is an aquatic herb command in ponds of Chhattisgarh. Surprisingly in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not got information on its medicinal uses and properties. The information on its related species N. lotus is available. The use of petals of Lal Ratalu as substitute to N. lotus is mentioned many literatures. I am giving the details of its botany, I have noted from the reference literatures. Botanically, it is a perennial aquatic rhizomatous herb with smooth petioles and peduncles: Leaves rotundate, denticulate, purplish, villous beneath; Flowers carmine red, petals linear-oblong, 5-7 cm long, another purplish black. Shri Verma also keep the dry powder with them. I personally feel that there is a strong need of scientific studies to evaluate the unique uses of Lal Ratalu. I am aware that this article will motivate many Horticulturists to try this powder and I am confident that they will get success but I want to request them humbly that please never miss to acknowledge and give credit to the traditional healer Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma and also if you will earn the money from it, never forget this healer who is ready to share all his valuable knowledge for noble cause without taking any fees. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used in treatment of old wounds Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In present article, I am giving the details regarding herbal oils, creams, pastes etc. prepared by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh to dress the old wounds in order to hasten the healing process. The use of specially prepared herbal oils is very popular among the traditional healers. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many valuable information on this aspect. I have noted that many traditional uses are limited to few healers and they have gained this knowledge from their forefather and practicing it since time immemorial. I am giving the details regarding less known traditional medicinal uses. The traditional healers of Bastar region prepare a special herbal oil by mixing the freshly collected leaves of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo), Jhau (Tamarix sp.), Chameli (Jasminum auriculatum) and Dhatra (Datura stramonium). The leaves are mixed in equal proportion. After mixing, juice is extracted and half litres of juice is mixed in one litre of base oil. This solution is kept on fire and allowed to boil. When all watery contents evaporate and the sound of 'Chid-Chid' stops, the oil is collected and stored for future use. This oil is considered as a boon for the patients having old wounds. This oil is applied externally. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are less aware of this combination. When I disclosed this combination to the traditional healers of Gandai region, they informed that they are aware of this oil but do not use it in their regular practice. They have another formulation. The healers of Bagbahera region suggested the addition of Neem leaves, as additional ingredient but the healers of Bastar region informed that the leaves of Jhau and Neem leaves can not be used in same formulation. This was new information for me. I have yet not found this important information in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. All herbs i.e. Nirgundi, Jhau, Chameli and Dhatra are common in this part of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers are not ready to modify the formulation. They take special precaution while mixing the herbs in equal proportions. According to them equal means accurately equal. As base oil, the healers use the seed oil of Til (Sesamum indicum). Til is under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Gandai region use the herbal oil prepared by mixing the leaves of Bar and Kamal. The leaf juice of both herbs is mixed in equal proportion and added in double amount of base oil. The herbal oil is prepared by adopting above mentioned method. This oil is used externally. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use these herbs in another way. They burn the leaves of both herbs and mix the ash in equal proportion. This ash is further mixed in base oil. And herbal oil is prepared. Both preparations are in use in Chhattisgarh. The healers of Gandai region were not aware of the method the healers of Chhattisgarh Plain were adopting and vice-versa. After getting new information, the healers of both region showed interest in it. The scientific name of Bar is Ficus benghalensis whereas Kamal is Nelumbo nucifera. Bar is a well known tree of religious and medicinal importance. Kamal is an aquatic herb. As base oil Til oil is used. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region use the seeds of Kevatch and leaves of Neem in combination. The healers boil the Til oil and add Kevatch seeds and Neem leaves. Like the preparation, of other herbal oil, the boiling is not continued till the loss of all watery contents. After adding the ingredients, oil is allowed to cool down. This oil is collected and stored for future use. The healers apply the oil in old wounds as promising remedy. Before adding the Kevatch seeds and Neem leaves in oil, both are crushed with the help of stone. The scientific name of Kevatch is Mucuna pruriens. The healers prefer the black seeded species for preparation of oil. This part of Chhattisgarh is well known for rich natural population of Kevatch. Another ingredient Neem is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region prepare special herbal oil by mixing the leaves of Neem, Bakain, Kaner and Raksi in equal proportion. The method of preparation is similar to standard method. The herbal oil is used externally. This herbal oil is very popular among the healers of this region. All ingredients i.e. Bakain (Melia azedarach), Kaner (Thevetia neriifolia) and Raksi (Abutilon indicum) are common herbs. Bakain and Kaner are trees whereas Raksi is a weed commonly occurs in rice fields. With the help of above mentioned herbal combinations the healers treat the patients having the problem of old wounds, successfully. Many of above mentioned combinations are not reported in reference literatures. This article is the first written document giving these details. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Phoda (Boil) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Pendra region of Chhattisgarh use the leaves of medicinal tree Shahtoot in treatment of boil. The leaves are crushed and an aqueous paste is prepared by mixing it in water. This paste is applied on immature boils to suppurate it. This use is very popular among them. The scientific name of Shahtoot is Morus alba. It is a common tree in this region. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the Piaz (Onion) juice in combination with Namak (salt) for this purpose. According to the natives, application of this combination on immature boil suppurates it whereas its application on small boils suppresses it. The use of Gahun (Wheat) seeds is also popular in Chhattisgarh. The seeds are crushed into powder and with the help of water, aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally. The traditional healers are also aware of this use but for better results they suggest the patients to use their own saliva in place of water to prepare the paste. The simplest way is to chew the seeds and apply it on boil. According to the healers, in this use saliva plays an important role. The natives of Mahasamund region use the seeds of Rahar (Cajanus cajan) externally in treatment of boil. The aqueous paste prepared from seeds is applied to suppurate the immature boils. Rahar is a popular pulse crop and is under cultivation in large areas. The natives of Southern Chhattisgarh use Piaz, Haldi and Pipal in unique way. They keep the Onion bulb in hot ash and crushed it. After crushing, Haldi powder is added. This combination is applied externally on immature boils. After the application, natives tie Pipal (Ficus religiosa) leaf around the boil. This combination is considered as one of the promising remedies. The traditional healers of this region are also aware of this use and many of them are using it in their routine practice. Both Piaz (Allium cepa) and Haldi (Curcuma longa) are commonly available herbs. The natives of this region also use Adrak (Ginger) for this purpose. The rhizome is rubbed in water and an aqueous paste is prepared. The natives consider the first combination more promising. The natives of Bagbahera region use the leaves of Tulsi and Pipal for this purpose. They take the leaves in equal proportion and prepare aqueous paste. This paste is used externally in same manner to suppurate the boil. In Chhattisgarh, many species of Tulsi have been reported, but the natives use Ocimum sanctum in this combination. During the ethnobotanical surveys, I have noted that the natives believe in suppuration of boils. According to them, by this process the impurities flush out from human body. This is the reason, most of the combinations used are to suppurate the boils not to suppress it. Through these traditional uses, the natives manage this problem successfully. Its popularity among the natives, indicates its efficacy. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Itch in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Itch. The natives are aware that if it is treated initially, it will not become a problematic trouble. In general, they manage this trouble successfully with the help of home remedies. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. In case of complications the natives take the guidance and help of traditional healers. The traditional healers are also well aware of these home remedies. Most of them are in favour of using these herbs but there are many healers who believe that the problem must be treated seriously from day first of its start. According to them, wrong use of herbs and suppression of Itch may lead to some related troubles. These days due to the trend of chemical based creams, most of the natives particular the young generation living in urban areas, are showing interest in creams. The traditional healers consider the home remedies superior to these chemical based creams. The natives of Chhattisgarh use fresh juice of Nimbu (Citrus medica) fruit as home remedy. They mix the juice in equal quantity of Nariyal (Cocos nucifera) Tel (Oil) and apply the combination in affected parts. It is applied thrice a day till complete cure. The natives also use the Piaz bulb (Onion) juice in same manner, but one part of juice is mixed in double amount of Nariyal oil. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use Sarson (Mustard) oil in place of Nariyal oil commonly. To prepare the combination Piaz juice is mixed in equal quantity in Sarson Tel. The natives having the old problem of Itch consume more and more Mooli (Radish) in cropping season. It is common belief that its increased consumption root out to problem of Itch. Mooli is used externally also. The juice is applied in affected parts one hour before bath. And during bath it is cleaned with the help of lukewarm water. According to the natives, both internal as well as external use at a time, helps the patients to get rid from this trouble effectively and in very less time. The natives of Durg region informed me about the use of Dhania (Coriander) herb in treatment of Itch. The juice is extracted by crushing the fresh herb in stone and applied directly on affected part. This use is common is other parts of Chhattisgarh also. Dhania is under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The natives of Narharpur region use to bark and flowers of common medicinal tree Sirsa in treatment. Bark is used externally. Fresh bark is collected and converted into powder. The powder is mixed in water and an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally in affected parts. The natives use the flowers to prepare the sherbet. This preparation is considered as promising blood purifier. According to the natives, the internal use of flowers and external use of bark cures the trouble. The traditional healers of this region are also aware of this use. They recommend the use of decoction prepared by boiling the bark in water, in place of aqueous paste for better results. The scientific name of Sirsa is Albizia lebbeck. The natives of Bastar region use the Neem and Mehndi leaves both internally and externally in treatment of Itch as home remedy. The green and young leaves of these herbs are mixed in equal proportion. In general, they take 50 leaves each of Neem and Mehndi. After mixing, Nariyal oil is added in this mixture, and solution is kept on fire for boiling. When all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and oil is stored for future use. This oil is used externally. The natives extract the juice of Neem and Mehndi leaves and take it internally. The juice is taken twice a day. Its popularity among the natives clearly indicates its effectiveness. Both Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Mehndi (Lawsonia alba) are common medicinal herbs in Chhattisgarh. This combination is very effective as many traditional healers also recommend its use. I have already written a lot on this trouble and its cure in my previous articles. This article is a supplement to previous articles. I would like to mention here that the actual users of these herbs are the senior natives and this is a bitter fact that not much effort have been done in our country particularly in Chhattisgarh to document the valuable traditional knowledge these natives are having. Through the research articles I have started it but I am aware that we have already lost many traditional uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXIII. Tinsa (Ougeinia oojeinensis, family : Papilionaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Tinsa is a small or medium sized deciduous tree found commonly in different parts of Chhattisgarh. It is known less for its medicinal properties and uses. Its wood is used in cart and carriage building, agricultural implements, spindles, bobbins etc. very few traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its medicinal uses. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, I got information on its traditional uses from the healers of Narharpur, Bagbahera and Bastar regions. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use Tinsa bark and leaves in treatment of Jaundice. It is used in combination with Bhui Aonla (Phyllanthus simplex). The healers of Chhattisgarh consider its leaves as blood purifier. This is the reason they add the leaves in different herbal combinations used for blood purification. The healers of Bastar region use it both internally and externally in treatment of Leprosy. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region informed me that the plant parts of Tinsa are not suitable for all the patients. According to them, its nature is hot. Its wrong use can result in harmful effects. The herb collectors of Narharpur region informed me about unique observation. They informed that Hiran (Deer) frequently visit near to this tree when any individual is injured. These animals use its roots and barks internally as treatment of injury. The use of Tinsa herb in treatment of injuries has not been reported in our reference literatures. This is unique observation. I am trying to get more information on this important aspect. Tinsa is not in the list of medicinal trees of Chhattisgarh in official records. The herb traders of Dhamtari informed that there is a less frequent demand of red transparent gum, exuded from bark, in national market but as Tinsa is common tree in other states, there is no regular demand. According to them, the gum is used in treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. In reference literatures, the use of Tinsa bark as fish poison is reported but this use is not common in Chhattisgarh. I have yet not found much details regarding Tinsa in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am giving the details of its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Tinsa (Ougeinia oojeinensis syn. O. dalbergioides syn. Dalbergia oojeinesis syn. Desmodium oojeinensis) is a medium sized decidua tree with thin, grey or pale brown bark having blaze streaked with red; Leaves pinnately 3- foliolate, stipulate, petioles 5-15 cm long, leaflets broadly elliptic-obovate, acute 6-15x3-9 cm, glabrous above, finely pubescent below, entire or obscurely crenate; Flowers in axillary racemes, fascicled at the nodes of old wood; bracts scale-like; Calyx 3-4 mm, tube campanulate, teeth small; Corolla white or pink, exerted, 8-13 mm long; Pods linear-oblong, flat, 5-10 cm long, 2-5 jointed; Seeds reniform; Flowering time February to May and Fruiting time May to July in Chhattisgarh conditions. I personally feel that there is a need for scientific studies to evaluate the utilities of Tinsa roots and bark in treatment of injuries, as the Deer are using it. Through on-going surveys I am trying to gather more information on medicinal uses of this herb. I will give the details in future article. Thank you very much fore reading the article. Importance of Standard Agronomical practices in commercial cultivation of wonder crop Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) : My experiences. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Few hours before writing this article, I was at farmer’s field. From last week, I am visiting the Safed Musli farms of Chhattisgarh and neighboring states to estimate the lose caused by excessive rainfall in this season. I have observed that the continuous rainfall has damaged many acres of Safed Musli crop. According to my personal estimate over 150 acres of Safed Musli crop is damaged only in Chhattisgarh Plains due to this rainfall. It was very shocking experiences for me because few months back when I was there at farmers fields, the crop was healthy. In most of the areas, due to water logging the crop is destroyed completely. There are many fields where unhealthy and rotted plants are present, but it is very hard to expect good returns from them. The damage to Musli crop due to heavy rainfall is also happened in other parts of India. I am getting many e-mails and letters from the affected farmers. These days I am also visiting the forests regularly. The Safed Musli growing in forests floor is free any type of damage due to excessive rainfall. The nature has placed it in safe place, free from water logging and other related troubles. From these observations, I came to conclusion that it is wrong to blame the excessive rainfall for this damage. In many fields Safed Musli crop is still in good condition. I feel that the farmers having damaged crop are paying the cost of ignorance towards standard Agronomical practices. As I always write, that the majority of Musli growers are not having the farming background. Hence, they are not aware of thumb rules of farming. The literatures explaining the scientific cultivation of Safed Musli are full of information that for its commercial cultivation sloppy land, with good water drainage and sandy soil are needed. But in practical, most of the growers ignore these recommendations. When they consult to the consultants, they also assure them, that it is bookish recommendations and Musli can be grown in any type of soils. To some extent they are correct. If any one is planning to cultivate this crop in clay soils having drainage problem, one should take extra precaution during crop production. And in advance, sufficient drainage arrangements are essential. If land is not sloppy, it can be developed to sloppy land to some extent by manipulation through Agricultural implements. There is no need to explain all these to the growers having farming background because they are doing the same practice in production of other crops. Most of the fields damaged due to excessive rainfall, were poorly drained and also the growers have ignored this important practice. 'We were not expecting the excess rainfall', the common farmer will laugh on this comment of the affected Musli growers. The agriculture is not a child's play. It is not less than a gamble. Very risky enterprise particularly when you are cultivating Hi-value crop like Safed Musli. Most of the affected farmers have faced great loss. Many of them have taken loan from banks. To get the lesson, this punishment is very costly for them. In general, the Musli growers ignore many important standard Agronomical practices. All general farmers are aware that the Farm yard manure must be applied atleast 15 days prior to sowing. This application before specific days of sowing has scientific reasons. It is a thumb rule in Agriculture. In last season, when one of my farmers at Vidarbha region was advised by me to follow this standard practice, he ignored this. And he applied FYM after the sowing of Safed Musli crop. This application resulted in not only poor germination but also due to nutrient interlocking by FYM, the initial growth was very poor. After getting lesson, the farmers suggested me that why I have not 'forced' (?) Him for this. Basically, he is industrialist and never entered the agricultural fields prior to this season. I have to face this situation very commonly. In India, many Agricultural universities are actively working to guide the farmers. The new farmers can take the advantage from these universities. If they have hesitation, they can learn the basic technique from any farmer. Through extensive research on Safed Musli crop, the researchers have recommended specific spacing (between plant to plant and row to row) for different land situations. These recommendations are available in standard literatures. I have noted that the new farmers ignore this recommendation and plant Musli plant at distance of their ease. As result, they find poor and uneven growth. As they are inexperienced, they are unaware of importance of spacing. I feel that this is our fault to some extent that we do not explain the basic principles of Agriculture to them. At internet, there is a long list of websites giving information regarding lucrative returns of Safed Musli but unfortunately they are not giving the detailed farming practices. And this is the reason most of the new growers think that its cultivation is very easy. Just sow the small money and after four months get the big money. Sorry, Agriculture is not so easy. If you are a farmer planning to cultivate this crop or want to know more about Agronomical practices, I suggest you to read the previous articles carefully. Through my experiences and experiment, I have gained many valuable information on this wonder crop. You can get over 25 research articles on Safed Musli at Botanical.com. The purpose of the present article is not to discourage the new farmers. I just want to suggest them, that as you are investing your earning and time for this wonder crop, take full precaution and adopt recommended practices, I am sure that by this way, you will get even more returns than you have expected from this medicinal crop. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Eczema in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, specially in Southern parts, I got valuable information on use of common herbs externally in treatment of Eczema. In previous article, I have mentioned the uses of many common herbs and herbal combinations but the information I am giving in this article in limited to few healers and from documentation point of view, it is very necessary to protect this traditional knowledge for future generations. The traditional healers of Bastar region prepare a herbal combination by mixing Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum), Supari (Areca catechu), Katha (Acacia catechu) and Kuchla (Strychnos nuxvomica) in equal proportion. After mixing, these herbs are converted into fine powder. This powder is added in base oil and used externally in treatment of Eczema. The base oil is taken in double quantity that of herbs. The healers use this oil in complicated cases when all common herbs fail. The healers use different methods and also add more ingredients to make this oil more strong. Before using the oil having herbal mixture, it is kept under open sky in sunlight upto forty days. According to the healers, the sun rays make the oil more stronger. In other way, the herbal mixture is boiled in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, the boiling is stopped and oil is allowed to cool down. This oil in used externally. The healers also add Sindoor (Mercuric oxide) with herbal mixture. Sindoor is added in equal proportion and the mixture having Sindoor is not boiled. It is used simply by mixing in base oil. The healers informed me that there is no need of boiling because Sindoor have enough potential to give the combination extra strength. On the basis of intensity of disease, the healers decide the best suited oil. As base oil Til (Sesamum indicum) or Sarson (Mustard) oil is used. All basic ingredients used in this oil is available in this part of Chhattisgarh. I have yet not observed the use of this oil by the other healers of Chhattisgarh. After getting convinced with my ongoing documentation work, the traditional healers have disclosed this complicated but promising combination. The healers informed me that they are using this oil since generations without any modification. The healers avoid its use it simple cases. Also, they give it to the patients in small quantities. In general, they prepare it in bulk at once and use it upto long time but they do not use more than one year old oil. Although in one method the oil is exposed to sunlight but during storage it is protected from sunlight. The healers store it is cool places and in coloured bottles. Before using the oil, they shake the bottles properly. The healers are aware that its internal use can cause great harm. This is the reason they keep it far from children's approach. The healers of this region, also informed about the use of herbal combination having Sonth (dried Ginger), Suhaga (Borax) and Lal Chandan (Pterocarpus santalinus). All herbs are taken in equal proportion and powder is prepared. This powder is applied externally in affected parts as treatment. This use is less popular among them as compared to previously described combination. The traditional healers of Gunderdehi village informed about the use of Kareel herb externally in treatment of Eczema. He is well known in the region for his specialization in treatment of Eczema. He described the method of preparation in this way. Take Kareel herb and burn it. After complete burning, collect the ash. Mix Sarson (Mustard) oil in this ash and apply it externally in affected parts. Kareel is a leafless, diffuse, mush branched spinous shrub or small tree. Its scientific name is Capparis decidua. For year round use, he has planted many Kareel herbs in surrounding areas. I have seen the practical uses of this combination many times. The other traditional healers are also aware of his specialization. When I disclosed them the secret method to these healers, they were not satisfied. According to them, alone Kareel ash is not capable of giving such miraculous effects. Possibly, the healers also add some other herbs in this combination. There is no way to verify the claims of the healers. The above mentioned herbal combinations are not available in form of patent drugs in markets. The secret maintained by the healers is the possible reason. It is popular saying in Chhattisgarh that the healers never give the full information. They always keep the key information with them. I have not found this 'saying' very true. If you are sincere and your intentions are clear to the healers, they will tell you all the secrets without hesitation. I am lucky that the healers are showing faith in me and my work. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Ascites in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In general, the natives of Chhattisgarh use the home remedies less frequently in treatment of Ascites. They suggest the patients to visit to the traditional healers without any further delay. During my visit to Kondagaon region last year when I got information on use of home remedies in treatment of Ascites from the senior natives working at the Research farm of SAMPDA, I decided to conduct separate ethnobotanical surveys among the senior natives of Chhattisgarh focused on this important aspect. In one year, I have collected the information from Chhattisgarh Plains and Southern parts. As expected, I have got very little information, I am giving details in this article. The natives of Chhattisgarh use Piaz (Allium cepa) in treatment of Ascites. The take a big sized bulb and smear Kali Mitti (clay soil) around it. This bulb is kept inside the hot ash for few hours. After the specific time, the bulb is washed and in three equal doses given to the patients. One bulb is used in a day. The use of bulb is continued till complete cure. The natives of Chhattisgarh are well aware of this home remedy. Piaz is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. Like Piaz, Lason (Allium sativum) is also under cultivation. The natives of different parts of Chhattisgarh use Lason bulb in treatment of Ascites in different ways. Its use in form of chutney is very common. The patients are advised to use the chutney during meals. The natives also use the Lason bulb juice. Ten drops of juice are mixed in two spoonful of lukewarm water and given to the patients as treatment. This combination is given twice a day till complete cure. The natives of Narharpur region use the bark of common medicinal tree Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) for this purpose. The bark is collected and by crushing, converted into powder. Five teaspoonful of bark powder is mixed in a glass of water. This solution is boiled and after filteration, it is used internally. This use is popular in this region. In general, this solution is given twice a day. I have mentioned in previous articles that the natives as well as the traditional healers of Narharpur region have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about Sirsa herb. They are aware that intake of any parts particularly the bark, for any disease is having several other health benefits. The natives of Southern Chhattisgarh use the fresh juice of Adrak (Ginger) rhizome as home remedy in treatment for Ascites. The patients are advised to increase the intake of juice. It acts as diuretic and according to them, it helps the patients to get rid from it in very less time. The traditional healers of this region are also aware of this use but they warned that a special precaution must be taken while its use. This juice should not be given to the patients having heart problems and also those having kidney related troubles. The healers informed me that they decide the quantity of juice to be given, on the basis of patient's vitality as all persons can not tolerate same doses. Unfortunately, the natives are not aware of these precautions. The natives of Bagbahera region use the leaves of Tulsi in combination with butter milk as home remedy. The patients are advised to chew 50 fresh leaves of Tulsi and take a glass of Butter milk. In general, it is given twice a day. The leaves of common Tulsi Ocimum sanctum are used for this purpose. When I meet the traditional healers, I never miss the chance to disclose the information I have collected through the surveys in other parts and from other healers and natives. By this act, I get expert's comments and valuable additional information. I have observed that the natives know very less about the common herbs used as home remedies and use it without knowing the precautions. This observation is common with the natives of young generation. Through these articles, I am trying to give all details, so that the future generation can use these herbs with full confidence. Thank you very much for reading the article. (Contd.)