Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-19

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Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Methi (Trigonella foenum graecum; family:Papillionaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Methi is popular leafy vegetable in Chhattisgarh. Although it is reported as fodder crop also but the natives of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this use. Its seeds are used as spice and condiment. Natives use it just for taste but according to the traditional healers, all parts of Methi herb possess valuable medicinal properties and used both internally and externally in treatment of many common diseases. It is one of the popular home remedies in Chhattisgarh. Methi as leafy vegetable is popular in both rural and urban areas. The natives of rural areas grow this herb and sell it in nearby cities. Like other vegetable crops, the natives are using high doses of chemical pesticides in order to manage the pest problem in Methi crop. To get higher yield, they are using chemical nutrients inputs also. The healers aware of this over use, are not in favour of chemical farming. The healers specialized in use of Methi as medicine, generally grow Methi in their home gardens to fulfill the demand. According to reference literatures, Methi is native to South Europe and introduced to India. The in depth traditional knowledge of Chhattisgarh healers is really surprising. I would like to request the readers from south Europe to share their information and knowledge about Methi so that I can inform the healers and in future, we can try to arrange general interactive meet for the healers of both corners of the world. Through my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have listed out 38 traditional healers specialized in use of Methi as medicine. Other healers also use it like other herbs but are not specialized in this herb. In this present article, I am giving the details, I have noted during my surveys. According to reference literatures, Methi is an annual herb. Stem erect, simple. Leaflets obovate, obsoletely toothed, stipules lanceolate, falcate, entire. Flowers sessile, solitary or in pairs. Calyx hairy, the teeth subulate, the length of the tube. Legumes elongated, compressed, longitudinally reticulated, falcate with a long beak about half the length of the legume. Seeds large, ovate and wrinkled, the radicle prominent. As medicine, seeds and leaves are used most frequently. Methi holds a reputed position as medicine in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, Methi is hot, tonic, etic, anthelmintic, appetizer, astringent to bowels, cures leprosy, vomiting, bronchitis, piles, removes bad taste from mouth, useful in heart diseases. According to Unani system of medicine, it is hot and dry, suppurative, diuretic, aperient, emmenagogue, useful in dropsy, chronic cough, enlargement of spleen and liver. Leaves useful in external and internal swellings and burns and prevent hair falling off. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend their patients having the problem related to digestive system to eat more and more Methi leaves as vegetable. According to them it is a boon for the person wants to reduce obesity in less time. For dullness, dizziness and drowsiness, the healers simply suggest the use of Methi as vegetable. In general, it is considered as good appetizer. The fresh leaf juice of Methi herb is considered as promising hair tonic. It is advised by the healers to massage the hair, particularly the roots, with fresh leaf juice in order to get rid from the problem of dandruff and to promote new hair growth. If you are dependent on market for leaves, be aware, the healers warn, the agrochemicals used in commercial cultivation can show adverse effects on hairs. Many herbal beauty parlors of Chhattisgarh use the fresh juice externally in face care. According to the traditional healers, this use is beneficial for dry skin. It is also good for wrinkles. The natives and traditional healers have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about use of Methi seeds also. In hair care, in place of leaves, seeds can be used but leaves are considered superior. The traditional healer of Mudpar village, recommends the use of Methi seeds in treatment of rheumatism and gout. After seeing the extent of trouble and vitality of patients, the recommends Methi alone or in combination with other herbs. He suggests the patients to boil the two teaspoonful of Methi in a cup of water and after boiling take the decoction. According to him, in most of the cases, the patients get relief by this simple treatment. The traditional healer of Dashpal village use the same method to prepare a decoction but recommends it in treatment of constipation. The healers of Dhamtari region recommend this solution as tonic to patients after severe and exhaustive disease. The healers of Bilaspur region, use it in treatment of Khansi (Cough). This is really interesting as well as surprising that different healers use same formulation in treatment of different diseases. When I informed specific healers about other uses of this formulation, they showed ignorance. One of the objectives to form traditional healers forum in Chhattisgarh is to provide the interaction opportunities among the traditional healers so that together they can develop new uses and get benefits from other healer's knowledge. But this dream is still a dream for me. Instead of preparing decoction, many healers simply roast the seeds and grind it into powder. This powder is mixed in rock salt. The patients having the problem of gout and rheumatism suggest the patients to take a tea spoonful of this mixture twice a day in order to get rid from the trouble effectively. This formula is mentioned in my Grandfather's diary also. My many family friends have tried it successfully. Besides, spice and vegetable crop, Methi is also a important medicinal crop. Although it is not considered as medicinal crop but we are trying to establish it as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh with the help of innovative herb growers, I personally feel that there is a need for promotion of organic cultivation of Methi so that the natives, fan of its taste, can get more health benefits from this herb. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the traditional healers of Dashapal and Mudpar villages of Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As the rainy season starts in Chhattisgarh, the incidences of snake bite increase at very high rate. Every year hundreds of natives get affected with this problem. In urban areas, the natives take the advantage of modern medicinal sciences but in remote areas, the natives are dependent on the traditional healers for their treatment. Facing this problem in every rainy season since generations, the traditional healer have developed many promising treatments by using common herbs and herbal formulations to treat this problem. This is good sign that the research of these healers is still in progress and every year they try new herbs on their patients. You will be surprised to know that the roots of ornamental plant Rajnigandha (Tuberose) can be used successfully in treatment of snake bite. Table 1. Medicinal weed flora of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) fields in Chhattisgarh (India) region Scientific name Local name English name Family Remarks 2 3 4 5 Kharif weeds Abutilon Raksi Velvetleaf Malvaceae M, m indicum* Achyranthes Latkana Prickly Amaranthaceae M, m aspera* chafflower Ageratum Gandhila Bill goat Compositae M conyzoides weed Aeschynomene Soli Northern Leguminoaseae M americana joint vetch Boerhaavia Punernava Spiderling Nyctaginaceae M diffusa* Borreria Safed Rubiaceae M hispida phooli Caesulia Balonda Compositae M, m axillaris Celosia Siliyari Cock's comb Amaranthaceae M, m argentea Cenchrus Poonchi Sand bur Gramineae M axillaris ghas Chloris Finger grass Gramineae barbata Commelina Kaua-Kaini Dayflower Commenlinaceae M, m benghalensis Corchorus Jungli Wild jute Tiliaceae M, m acutangulus juti Cucumis Kolhi Wild Cucurbitaceae M trigonus kekedi cucumber Cynodon Doobi Bermuda Gramineae M, m dactylon grass Cyperus Motha Nut sedge Cyperaceae M, m sp.* Dactyloctenium Makra Crowfoot Gramineae M aegypticum grass Digitaria Crab Gramineae M ciliaris grass Echinocloa Sawan Jungle Gramineae M colonum rice Eclipta Bhengra Compositae M, m alba* Eleusine Goose Gramineae M indica grass Eragrostis Chiwra Love Gramineae cilianensis phool grass Euphorbia Dudhi Spurge Euphorbiaceae M, m hirta* Fimbristylis Chuhaka Cyperaceae M barbata Gomphrena Amaranthaceae decumbens Ischaemum Badore Gramineae M rugosum Kyllinga Bandar Cyperaceae M brevifolius phool Leucas Gumma Labiatae M, m aspera* Ludwigia Laung Winter Onagraceae octovalvis phool primose Mimosa Chhui Sensitive Leguminoseae M pudica mui plant Oxalis Khatti Wood Oxalidaceae M, m latifolia* buti Sorrel Parthenium Gajar Congress Compositae M hysterophorus ghas weed Phyllanthus Bhuin Niruri Euphorbiaceae M, m niruri* awla Physallis Chirpoti Ground cherry Solanaceae M, m minima Paspalidium Gramineae punctatum Phaseolus Mungesa Wild Leguminoseae M, m trilobus mung Saccharum Kansi Gramineae M spontaneum Scoparia Mithi Scrophulariaceae M dulcis patti Sida Bariyara Sida Malvaceae M, m data* Solanum Makoi Night Solanaceae M nigrum shade Setaria Foxtail Gramineae M glauaca Ocimum Van Labiateae M, m basilicum tulsa Tridax Compositae M, m procumbens Table2 Scientific name Common name Family Medicinal uses Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 Melilotus alba and M. indica* Senji Leguminoseae Plant useful as discutient & emollient externally as a fomentation, poultice, or plaster of swelling M, m Spilanthes acmella Akarkara Compositeae For diseases of mouth M Vicia sativa Zillo Leguminoseae Seed used as emollient in the form of poultice M Chenopodium album Bhathua Chenopodiaceae For hook worm, Leucoderma and skin problems M, m Sphaeranthus indicus Mundi Compositeae For respiratory diseases M, m Cynodon dactylon Doobi Gramineae Whole plant juice as astrigent, decoction of root as diuretic M, m Cyperas rotundus Motha Cyperaceae Root is useful in leprosy, thirst, fever, diseases of the blood, billouseness, dysentry, intense itching, epilepsy, opthalmia M, m Medicago denticulata Leguminoseae As antidote to venom M Parthenium hysterophorus Gajar ghas Compositeae Root decoction useful in dysentry M Vicoa vestata Takla Compositeae Anagallis arvensis Krishna neel Primulaceae For diseases of respiratory organs & genitals, also in hydrophobia M Euphorbia heterophylla Duddhi Euphorbiaceae For respiratory diseases M, m Gomphrena decumbens Amaranthaceae Lathyrus sp. Khesary Leguminoseae A reputed drug in Homoeopathic systems in medicine, oil from the seed is a powerful but dangerous cathartic M Launea sp. Jangali palak Compositeae Used as lactagogue M Oxalis comiculata Khatti-buti Oxalidaceae For skin diseases M, m Sonchus arvensis Compositeae Used as laxative and diuretic, root and leaves used as a tonic and febrifuge M Vemonia baldwini Compositeae Useful in treatment of asthma, bronchitis and constipation M Tridax procumbens Bhengra Compositeae For all types of bleeding M, m Blumea lacera* Kukurmutta Compositeae For bronchitis, fevers, thirst and burining sensations M, m Cirsium arvense Kanta van Compositeae M-Weeds having medicinal properties m-Weeds in use in Chhattisgarh as medicinal plant. *Weeds having heavy demand in national and international drug markets. Yesterday I have seen the practical use of this herb. The traditional healers of Mudpar village used this herb on three patients having snake bite, during the field work at paddy fields. He collected roots and by rubbing it in stone and with the help of water, prepared an aqueous paste. This paste applied externally on affected part. After sometime, he repeated the same procedure. And within no time, the patients got free from the trouble. Like other traditional healers, Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, also have deep faith in worship. He uttered mantras during treatment. The relatives of these three patients thanked the healer and offered fees but as usual the healer refused to take any charge for this great support. On Wednesday 9th July, Mrs. Lalitha Krishnan from Sidney, Australia visited Chhattisgarh to meet the traditional healers and to see the natural herbs after reading my articles at Botanical.com. We visited many herbal farms and interacted with the traditional healers of Dashpal and Mudpar villages i.e. Shri Lakan Kashyap and Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, respectively. In my previous articles, I have written a lot on rich traditional medicinal knowledge, Shri Verma is having but I always write that when I visit to the same healers and villages, every time I get new information. Both villages are in remote areas. I feel good to observe that the natives have deep faith in these healers. In present article, I am giving details of new information, I have collected during recent visit. The healer of Mudpar village informed that he is getting good success in treatment of diabetes through common herb Koria. This herb has nothing to do with the country named Koria. In Chhattisgarh, Koriya is a name of one district also. I am trying to confirm that whether this district is named because of rich natural population of Koriya herb or not. The scientific name of Koriya is Wrightia tinctoria. It is a common herb found in deciduous forests. The healer informed me that the seed powder is much effective in treatment of diabetes. He recommends one teaspoonful of seed powder twice a day. You will be surprised to know that this healer also believes that diabetes is a curable disease. He is against the use of any anti-diabetes herb in whole life. According to him, if any herb suppresses the problem for time being than one must not use this herb. In treatment of diabetes, the healers know over 250 herbs but they use only those herbs that help in curing the disease. The healer of Mudpar village gives one packet of seed powder and simply says to the patients that one month of its use, will help in regularizing the function of pancreas. In most of the cases, the patients never visit to healers for th same problem. I am feeling proud to inform the world community about the research findings of our great healer. Unlike other healers, this healer simply discloses the herb or herbal formulation, he is using. But natives do not take advantage of this freedom and take herbs from him only. They know the importance of healer's touch. The use of Koria herb in treatment of diabetes has not been mentioned in reference literatures. In all parts of the world, the patients having the problem of diabetes are increasing and researchers are working hard to provide relief to these patients. Through this article, I would like to request the researchers to focus their studies on this herb also. In my previous articles, I mentioned the poor economic conditions and responses from authorities, this healer was facing. In this visit, I got good news that the officers of nearby cement plant owned by L&T, have helped the healer to build new hospital also provided financial assistance. Every Thursday, he visits to the cement plant and treats the factory workers through his valuable traditional medicinal knowledge. In my field diaries, I have the list of over 6000 traditional healers and I am hopping that one day all healers will get the same facilities, recognition and honour. For the problem of diseased named Pseudo-psoriasis on scalp, the traditional healers suggested different herbs. The healer of Dashapal village suggested the use of Neem oil externally whereas the healer of Mudpar village gave extract of cow urine (black coloured cow), for external application and for internal use be suggested the use of Koriya seed powder. The term Pseudo-psoriasis was new for both healers. The healer of Dashapal, addressed it Phafund bemari whereas Shri Verma named it as Diar Ghav. According to these healers, this trouble is common in different parts of Chhattisgarh. Both healers feel the pulse of wrist (Nadi) for agnosis. The visitor from Australia got surprised to know the accuracy of their diagnosis. After the diagnosis, she showed the medicinal reports and it was exactly the same what the healers described. I am aware that it is next to impossible for me but I want to become an expert of this traditional method of diagnosis. One of my relative got the problem in Thyroid gland. The medicinal practitioner recommended laboratory test. When for check, he went for same check up in four different laboratories, every laboratory gave different results. This is common observation in Chhattisgarh. The healer's method is simple, accurate and cheap. But the natives are aware that the registered doctors will never permit these traditional healers in their territories. As liver tonic, I got new formulation from the healer of Mudpar village. He uses the combination of Jaiphal, Hathi Kankar, Methi, Jatamansi, Asgandh, Cow ghee and Khopra in this combination. This combination is given upto one month only. According to him, it is good for lowering the cholesterol level. He further informed that he has tried Guggul in order to reduce the level of Cholesterol but not got desirable effects. The internet is full of information claiming that Guggul is capable of solving this problem effectively. Guggul is not found naturally in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healer accepts that possibly this is the reason that th is not showing full potential in Chhattisgarh as medicine. Dashapal village is situated near the Jagdalpur city of Bastar region. The traditional healer Shri Lakan is well known in the region as well as in India and abroad. He has visited many countries including Saudi Arabia to treat the patients having the problem of complicated diseases like blood cancer. Honorable Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh government is also aware of his expertise. Dashpal village is near Sargipal village. Sargi is a local of valuable tree Sal (Shorea robusta). For the rich natural population of Sargi trees, the village is named as Sargipal. The healer informed that the availability of herbs in surrounding areas are decreasing at alarming rates and in search of herbs, he have to invest much time and effort. Like other healers, Shri Lakan charges no fees from the patients for his consultancy as well as for the drugs. Even he gives the container to carry drugs, free of cost. As he has visited many countries he knows little bit English also. He requests the patients to write their addresses on the walls of his home, just for memory. The wall is full of thousands of addresses, many from foreign countries. He is against the use of Patta Gobhi (Cabbage) as vegetable., He is unable to give the scientific reason but according to him, one can get rid from common troubles, simply by avoiding the use of Cabbage as vegetable. Cabbage is one of the popular vegetable in Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that this is a matter of scientific investigation, to search and establish the science for this recommendation by the healer. The healer of Mudpar village informed during field visit, that one can use the whole herb of Chui-Mui (Mimosa pudica) successfully in treatment of urine retention. According to him, one dose is sufficient to open the flow o urine. The visitor got surprised to know the in depth knowledge of these healers. As described in previous article, I always discourage the visitors to pressurize the healers to disclose their secrets. Fortunately, this visitor showed respect and honour to our healers. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the natives and traditional healers of Dhamtari region, Chhattisgarh, India having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Here is a new news for the diabetic researchers and patients. The root leachate of Koha and Aam leaves can be used successfully in treatment of this common but complicated disease. Yesterday, I got opportunity to deliver a lecture on herbal cultivation in Chhattisgarh at Dhamtari region. I was the only speaker and I delivered talk whole day. During lunch break, I got enough time to interact with the natives and traditional healers of this region having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs. When I was coming back from Dhamtari, in bus luckily, by copassenger was also the herb lover. I got very interesting information from these persons. In present article, I am giving details of this interaction. I have mentioned in my previous articles about various uses of Koha bark and wood as medicine. It is mainly used as heart tonic and in treatment of heart diseases. The healers of Chhattisgarh also prepare special Herbal Glasses from Koha wood. Its use in treatment of diabetes is not reported. During interaction in Dhamtari, the healers informed me that the root leachate of Koha (Terminalia arjuna) can be used to lower the blood sugar. The roots spreading in north direction are collected and dried in shade. After drying, root piece is cut at the length of index finger and dipped in a cup of water. Next morning, the leachate is given to the patients empty stomach. The healers further informed me that this should be used till the regulation of blood sugar. They were not in favour of its long term use. According to these healers, the dried leaves of Aam (Mangifera indica) is also capable of treating diabetes. It should be taken in powdered form. In general, the healers suggest the patients having diabetes to take a tea spoonful of dry Mango leaf powder with water, daily morning up to three months in summer. It is common belief that its use in each summer prevents the problem of diabetes. The leaves of indigenous Aam trees are used. Both uses are new information for me. I have yet not seen its practical uses. Aam and Koha are common trees in Chhattisgarh. For details regarding its botany, other traditional and reported uses, please read my previous articles. The natives informed me that to get rid from stammering, they use the fruit pulp (Gooda) of Dhanbaher (Cassia fistula) tree. The pulp is mixed with the equal quantity of green Coriander (Hara Dhania). After mixing, juice from this mixture is extracted and patients are advised to gargle with this juice once in a day up to a month. This home remedy is very popular in this region. Its popularity clearly indicates its effectiveness. In exchange, I informed them the treatment method by which I got rid from this problem in my childhood. My mother selected a fine surfaced gravel of Murum soil (Laterite soil) and instructed me to keep it below the tongue whole day. Be careful and do not swallow it. I kept this gravel daily up to one month. Slowly-slowly my voice was became clear and very soon I got rid from stammering. This use is also not mentioned in reference literatures. According to my mother, it is the gravel, that is helping, by regulating the movement of tongue. I am convinced with her and now trying to search more clear scientific explanation. Dhaincha is a common herb in Chhattisgarh and many species of this herb are used as green maturing crop. According to the natives of Dhamtari region, the leaf and flower juice of Dhaincha (Sesbania sp.) Can be used successfully to reduce the pain due to Migraine. The leaf and flower juice are mixed in equal proportion and patients are advised to inhale it. Within no time, the patients get relief. This is one of the promising treatments to avoid harmful pain killers. While observing the slides on medicinal weeds of Chhattisgarh, one of the participants identified the wild species of Akarkara (Spilanthes sp.) This wild species of Akarkara is common in crop fields during winter season. He informed that to treat the problem of Lakwa (Paralysis), he collect the whole herb and dry it in shade. After drying it is converted into powder and mixed in Mahua oil (Madhuca indica). This special oil is given to the patients having Lakwa with instruction to apply it externally in numb parts in order get cure effectively. The valuable information provided by the participant, proved the fact again that it is wrong to write Akarkara as weed or waste plant. After coming back, now I am planning to inform the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialized in treatment of Lakwa, about this new information. Alsi (Linseed) is popular oil seed crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb in Chhattisgarh is enough to establish it as promising medicinal crop. In this training workshop, it got information on one more unique use of Alsi herb. According to the natives, the fumes of burning Alsi oil is beneficial for the patients having the problem of hysteria. Every time when I visit to different parts of Chhattisgarh to give talks on herbal cultivation, I get new information and chances of interaction with the common persons. Although the organizers of these training workshops pay me for the talks but in fact many times, I return the honorarium to them saying, I got more information from them. Although externally it is very hard to judge once rich traditional knowledge have observed that after simple discussion, one can get enough information from common person. It is very difficult for me to document all this knowledge in one single life. When I discuss on Herbal Cigarettes in training workshops, the participants took keen interest. One of the participants in Dhamtari camp informed that there is a possibility of preparing Herbal Cigarette with the help of inflorescence of Chirchita. He informed that he is suffering from chronic asthma, and whenever he gets severe attack, he put the dried inflorescence in fire and inhales the fumes. According to him, he got this information from unknown herb vendor visited his village 40 years ago. He is satisfied with it and using it since very long time. I assured him that I will forward this information to concerned traditional healers and also thanked him for sharing this valuable knowledge. Chirchita is mmon wasteland herb. Inspired by this participant, many natives informed that the ash collected after burning Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) roots is a boon for the issueless couples. The healers of Chhattisgarh are already aware of this use and they are using it successfully. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region informed that in treatment of Pelea (Jaundice) they use the juice of Anar seeds (Pomegranate) in specific ways. The is extracted and kept in iron vessel under sky whole night. It is done in full moon night. Next day sugar is added in the juice for taste and given to the patients. This is not used as main treatment. It is supplement treatment with main treatment. When I discussed about the common herbs useful in treatment of fever, and specific use of Chirchita roots in management of fever, the participants got surprised. They got more surprised after knowing the fact that these uses are developed by the traditional healers of their own state. I am feeling proud to play the role of Honey bee to disseminate the knowledge from one person to another. Many participants informed that like the roots of Chirchita, one can use the roots of Aam (Mangifera indica) externally during fever, to get rid from it. This was new information for me. I have noted it carefully and now wishing to test its efficacy. This is also not mentioned in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. Many parts of Dhamtari are covered with dense forests. In these forests, Gunja or Gomchi (Abrus ecatorius) is a valuable and natural occurring herb. The paddy growers living in these forest areas informed me that after exhaustive work in paddy field to get rid from body ache, they prepare special herbal oil by mixing the fresh root juice of Gunja herb in Til oil and massage the oil in whole body gently. When I discussed the use of Chuimui (Mimosa pudica) herb to make the flow of urine free, the traditional healers attending the training workshop replied that the roots of common aquatic herb Kamal (Lotus) can be used in same manner. They informed that the roots and Til seeds are mixed in equal quantity and with the help of fresh cow urine, a solution is prepared. After filtration, the patients are advised to take the solution internally. According to the healers, one dose is enough to cure the problem of urine retention. The urine of black coloured indigenous cow is preferred. Many of the above mentioned uses have not been reported in reference literatures. The confidence of natives and healers regarding promising uses is enough to prove the fact that the traditional knowledge about common herbs is rich. And also it indicates that still most of the parts of this knowledge are undocumented. After partial document, through my surveys, I am expecting young researchers to take the responsibility of next steps so that this traditional knowledge can be used for the world community well in time. Thank you very much for reading the article. Selection of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) planting material : Are we in right direction ? Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Today is 20th July, 2003. The ideal time for Safed Musli plantation is over. The crop planted in 15th May is at full bloom stage and in many parts, Musli leaves are turning yellow, as maturity time is coming near. But there is still a long waiting list of interested beginners, who wants to become Safed Musli grower from this year only. There is a shortage of planting material. The best quality Musli roots are sorted out already. It is very hard to find out the lowest grade of Musli roots that can be used for commercial cultivation. But the wait listers are still getting Safed Musli roots but at very high rates. The dream of becoming Safed Musli grower is so glamorous and sweet that no body was caring that what the rates the suppliers, (the emergency suppliers) are asking. The Musli growers, I must say the genuine and senior Musli growers are well aware that Safed Musli roots are no longer available. But the big question is that how the wait listers are getting Musli roots? The answer is very shocking and depressing. In the name of cultivated Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), the emergency suppliers are supplying inferior wild species like Chlorophytum arundinaceum, Chlorophytum laxum and Chlorophytum tuberosum. As you know, over 175 species of Musli are present in our planet but only Chlorophytum borivilianum is domesticated and selected for the commercial cultivation. The high saponin content and rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this species in India are the main reasons responsible for its increasing demand. India is only country in the world, having maximum area under this wonder crop. As the farmers are getting regular losses from traditional agriculture and in India, the agricultural income is free from income tax, now both traditional and beginners are taking interest in Herbal farming. Over 1300 medicinal and aromatic crops can be cultivated in different parts of India, but seeing its impressing returns, most of the farmers, I must say the rich farmers, are taking interest in Safed Musli cultivation. An average Indian farmer, that can grow paddy crop in mere 3000 Rs. , never imagine to cultivate Safed Musli having the investment around 2.5 lakhs rupees (1 US $ = 48 Rupees approx.) Like traditional farmers, the new farmers are not aware of the norms of common agriculture. From experiences, the traditional farmers know the importance of time in common agriculture and they are well aware that any delay can cause a great harm. Unfortunately, the beginners interested in Safed Musli cultivation are not aware of this rule. This is the reason, they are eager to plant this hi value crop in wrong season. This is really surprising that the research organizations engaged in herbal research are also not showing their responsibilities to warn the beginners. The main purpose behind this article is to aware the beginners about this fact. The delayed plantation is possible and problem free to some extent in case of routine agricultural crops but for any medicinal crop it will be disastrous. The delayed medicinal crop can give satisfactory production but in terms of quality, it will be far inferior. The produces of this crops are purchased considering only its quality. More than 20 percent area increased this year all over India will be due to these beginners, having no knowledge of basic agriculture. They have selected inferior species and planted it in wrong time. Now they are expecting good returns. How it is possible? Are we in right direction? As Indian researcher, I am working hard to make our country the world leader in Safed Musli production and marketing. How it is possible, if the inferior species are adopted without following the standard cultivation practices? When next year the new beginners will purchase the planting material from this year's beginners, who will inform them that be aware, your decision is wrong, the material you have chosen is fake? I perso feel that eradication of any disease is possible only at early stage, not after its establishment. The ongoing malpractice is like a lethal disease and if timely steps are not taken we can never fulfill our dream. I am expecting governmental action on this aspect. I am writing regularly on different aspects of Safed Musli, as I am aware the reference and genuine reading materials are not available with the farmers and the cheaters are taking advantage from this. Only through roots it is very hard to identify the correct species. But as the roots are sold to the farmers, it is a big challenge for the Indian researchers to develop a simple identification method, so that farmers can stop the cheating practices by identifying the false species at the spots. I am not a computer expert, but I have one project. Is it possible to develop a software to identify the true species and by simply putting the roots on special computerized plate, the computer can give correct identification of the species? If it is possible, I would like the computer experts to think and start the work on this aspect and help the farmers. I will write more on different aspects of Safed Musli, time to time because I am aware that how valuable by articles are for the Safed Musli growers. Their overwhelming responses are proof of this. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less common uses of medicinal herbs : The results of recent Ethnobotanical surveys conducted in Southern Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region are keeping close view on increasing infestation and spread of Rice swarming caterpillar in the region. They informed that when they go into grass on their bicycles, the caterpillars burst like crackers due to pressure of wheels and according to them, one can hear this bursting sound upto several kilometers. This endless sound indicates its presence in great number. They have taken it as challenge and engaged in search of medicinal uses of these caterpillars. They further informed that the climate of Bhopalpatnam is moist and a boon for many common pest. In my previous article, I mentioned that the traditional healers avoid the use of Keukand (Costus speciosus) alone as aphrodisiac because it produces many side effects. From recent surveys, I got new information on method that can be used to reduce its harmful effects. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region informed that before using Keukand roots it should be kept inside the moist soil for two to three hours. The soil has capacity to absorb its harmful chemicals. The clay soil is preferred. After completion of treatment, the healers wash the roots and use it in treatment of common diseases. They claimed that after this simple treatment roots remain no longer full of toxic materials. This simple method is not mentioned in reference literatures. Through this article I would like to request the researchers to standardize the method and to conduct further studies. Many such information, I have noted during my recent Ethnobotanical survey in Southern parts of Chhattisgarh. I have used the term 'less common' because most of the information is limited to few healers and in absence of documentation, we are loosing this valuable traditional knowledge. Karanj is a common tree in this region. To alleviate any type of pain, the healers use the seeds in special way. The healers collect the seeds and dry it in shade. When patients having pain visit to them, they burn the seeds and instruct the patients to inhale the fumes. According to them, the fumes are promising pain killer. Many healers add Tamakhu (Tobacco) with Karanj seeds in order to make the fumes more effective but according to them, in simple cases, Karanj seeds have enough capacity to cure the problem. The healers further informed me about the utility of Karanj roots to hasten the process of delivery. Its roots are used as the roots of Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera), I have already ned in my previous articles about Chirchita, but instead of tieing it on waist or putting inside the hairs, Karanj roots are tied in ankle of left leg. The red string is used to tie it. After delivery, it is removed immediately in order to stop the exit of placenta. According to the healers, this use is effective but not popular these days. Many healers suggest to keep the roots in pouch prepared by using goat skin in order to get more powerful effects. In general, the roots used once are not used again but the healers using goat skin pouch, informed that the same roots can be used again and again but it must be kept inside the pouch in lean period. The senior healers accepted that they are not much aware of selection procedure of potential roots. In general, the roots spreading in north direction are collected. As all roots do not show desirable effect, the healers believe that there must be some specific methods to identify the potential herb in nature but unfortunately this knowledge has not been transferred properly from their forefathers. The modern science can help the healers in this field. Young researchers ! This is one more aspect on which you can focus your future research. The scientific name of Karanj is Pongamia pinnata (family : Leguminoseae). For its botany, reported and other traditional uses, please read my previous articles. As you know, in plains of Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers and natives use the latex of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) to remove the thorn entered inside the skin. The latex is applied in effected part. Due to its effect the skin become soften and the thorn comes out smoothly. The natives also use the gel to Dhikuar (Aloe vera) for the same purpose. From recent surveys, I got information that the roots of Jhagadhin Lata can be used in same way. The roots are mixed in water and an aqueous paste is prepared. This aqueous paste is applied externally on affected parts. The scientific name of Jhagadhin is Gloriosa superba. The meaning of Jhagadhin is the root of fighting or dispute. It is common belief in this region, that the presence of this herb in surroundings is a cause of fighting tensions and disputes. This is the reason the natives do not plant this herb in home gardens. Jhagadhin is a rich source of Colchicine and it is one of the toxic plants. Possibly, this is the reason, our forefathers aware of its harmful and toxic roots, have associated this belief with this herb. In case of Amenorrhoea, the traditional healers use, the roots in combination with other herbs mainly Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) and Indrayan (Citrullus sp.) Roots, externally. The three roots are mixed in equal proportion and powder is prepared. This powder is kept inside the female genitals. The traditional healers and natives take special precaution during its internal and external use. Its use is avoided in case of patients having poor vital force. It is not given during pregnancy as its wrong use can result in abortion. I have mentioned in previous articles, that the traditional healer of Mudpar village use the roots of ornamental herb Rajnigandha externally in treatment of snake bite. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the roots of Giloi (Tinospora cordifolia) in same way. I am eagerly waiting for the results of healer's experiments on Rice swarming caterpillar. Its infestation in wonder crop Safed Musli is becoming problematic. I am confident that after discovery of its medicinal uses, it will be very easy to manage this insect in crop fields. Thank you very much for reading the article. Planting technique of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) tubers: Some useful tips Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In general, the wonder crop Safed Musli is propagated through tubers. Each root bunch possesses many fingers. Many scientific studies conducted in different parts of India revealed that any finger having the part of crown portion is capable of giving birth to new plant. As I always write, in Safed Musli cultivation very few researcher organizations are engaged and as result the sellers are confusing the beginners and the beginners are in dilemma. Since 1994, when the commercial cultivation of Safed Musli was just started, we are recommending the use of good quality and healthy fingers as source for best quality dried Musli. As you know, the peeled roots are of commercial value and used as medicine. The inferior fingers must be used as planting material. Our old recommendations are now changing due to these sellers. As the demand of Safed Musli is increasing in national and international drug markets now more and more farmers are taking interest in its commercial cultivation. As result, the demand for wet Musli roots, used as planting material, has increased many folds as compared to the dry Musli, used as medicine. The sellers unaware of scientific findings are giving more emphasis on use of healthy and good quality roots as planting material. On the basis on its appearance, they have classified the Musli roots in four grades. They have named it as A,B,C, and D. The grade A is considered best for sowing and grade D is considered most or. In India, the farmers belong to many economic groups. For rich farmers, there is grade A Musli roots and the average farmers having not enough investing capacity, are forced to purchase the D grade Musli. We have found through experience that the grade A Musli roots must be used for medicinal purpose. The C & D grade roots must be used for planting purposes. In many Musli farms, the sellers mix the diseased or insect infested roots in D grade. It is not fair. The diseased or insect infected roots must neither use as medicine nor for planting purposes. This is sad that the gradation is done by the sellers, who have made these grades. There is no scientific base for this gradation. In the name of gradation, the average farmers are suffering a lot. Through this article, I would like to request the young researchers and research organizations to come forward to stop this malpractice and to provide guidance to the beginners. I would like to mention that in grade D Musli roots, many times the sellers add or Musli species, having similar appearance. As mentioned early, the root bunch having many fingers is used as planting material, our research have shown that one finger having the portion of crown is enough to give birth to new plant. The sellers recommend the use of 7-8 fingers together in spite of single finger. The use of so many fingers increase the seed rate per acre and as result the buyers (i.e. farmers) have to purchase 3- times more material from the sellers. For the business, they are ready to do all wrong things. I have visited many such sellers. You will be surprised to know that the sellers recommending the use of many fingers instead of single finger, plant single finger in their own farms. I have caught them red handed many times. To avoid any failure, many Musli growers use two fingers in place of one finger. To minimize the risk, their justification is correct but it is wrong to use 7-8 fingers (or more) to raise a single plant. This is very important information. Unfortunately, the correct information is not available with the beginners and as result, the sellers are cheating the beginners. This common observation motivated me to write this article for the Indian farmers. Safed Musli is basically a hardy crop and is having enough resistance to survive in odd conditions. Once the new leaves emerge from fingers, the role of fingers end. The new leaves manufacture food through photosynthesis and this food is stored in new fingers. The beginners unaware of this fact understand as more fingers can do more than this simple natural process, I would like to mention another malpractice. Few months back I got opportunity to visit Baitul city to purchase Safed Musli roots for planting purpose. We visited a farm without prior information. We shocked to see that the sellers engaged with the workers to paste the wet soil on Safed Musli roots. The intention was not good. The only purpose was to increase its weight. You will be surprised to know that more or less, most of the sellers do this malpractice. The the roots with soil and if asked, they reply, if the soil is removed, this can damage the roots and expose the skin. The beginners simply believe on this warning and readily pay the cost of soil with roots. To purchase the planting material, when I visited to one of the leading Musli farms in west India, I saw the same malpractice. I simply advise the seller that to collect the soil of one kg. Roots and weigh it. Deduct this weight from the weight of roots and charge only the price of roots. I offered him to pay the cost of one kg. Roots damaged (?) While collecting the soil. He denied and warned me not to show intelligence. As the planting material is limited to few hands at this time, it is very hard to expect the justice from the sellers. Unfortunately, the governments have no control over this malpractice and the beginners have no way to avoid the payment for soil. Some Musli growers of Chhattisgarh have now started campaign against this malpractice. They are using sharp bamboo sticks to clear the soil adhered with or in between the fingers. They are adopting the method suggested by me to deduct the weight of soil. I personally feel that there is a need to encourage these growers so that others can be motivated. The Indian farmers are establishing Safed Musli as Millennium crop. To get real success, it is very essential to stop the malpractices and cheating and to help and guide the innovative growers in proper way. Through regular articles, I am trying to do this. May I expect the same efforts by our researchers and scientists? Kands of Chhattisgarh, India 1. Keu Kand (Costus speciosus, family : Scitamineae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in natural population of Keu. Both Backhand (Dioscorea sp.) And Keu are the source of diosgenin. Baichandi is superior source as far as the diogsgenin content is concerned. Keu is promising substitute to Baichandi). Although the drug industries differentiate these plants for their diosgenin contents but for the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh both herbs are valuable and for them no one is superior or inferior to other. Baichandi is also commonly found in natural forest like Keu. Both herbs are the important non wood forest produces having regular demand in national and international drug markets. In trade it is known as Kust or Kustha but among natives Keu is popular name. Few years back, many innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh tried to domesticate this wild herb. They got success in its commercial cultivation. The production was good but when they analyzed the produce, they found decrease in diosgenin content. At international market, the diosgenin content plays very vital role in fixing the price of produce. When these herb growers got information that this herb is already present in bulk in different parts of Chhattisgarh and it is wastage to add cultivation cost, they stopped work on this herb. I have mentioned in my previous article on Gulbakawali that it is common observation in Amarkantak region that the Gulbakawali herb growing with Keu in forest naturally helps in increasing the medicinal properties of each other. Both herbs are of marshy or moist habitat. Botanically, Keu kand is an erect plant, having height upto 3 meters, root-stock tuberous, stem sub-woody at the base; Leaves 15-30x 5.75 cm sub-sessile, oblong, spirally arranged, silky - pubescent beneath, sheaths coriaceous; flowers in very dense spikes, many, bracts ovate, mucronate, bright red. Corolla tube short, lobes ovate-oblong, sub equal, lip white with yellow center, crisped, concave, disk with a tuft of hair at the base. Fruits capsule globosely trigonous, red, seeds black white aril. Flowering time August to December in Chhattisgarh conditions. According to the reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the roots are used as medicine but for the traditional healers all parts are useful and used to prepare medicine. According to Ayurveda, Keu is bitter, useful in bronchitis, fever, dyspepsia, inflammations, anaemia, rheumatism, lumbago, hiccup etc. t much have been written on other medicinal properties and uses of this valuable herb. During my visit to forests with the traditional healers, I learnt how to identify and select best quality Keu through visual observations. According to healers, the roots clearly indicate the medicinal properties of any Keu herb. The herb having soft roots is considered best. The herb having hard roots or hard patches are not preferred. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, particularly in Ayurveda, another method is mentioned for selection of best Keu herb. The roots having the appearance of horns of dear must be preferred. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this selection method. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialised in use of Keu as medicine, always prefer to collect the roots themselves. They have not faith on Keu available in dried form in markets. They are well aware of adulteration. Unfortunately, the buyers at national level are not much aware of this adulteration. When I interviewed many buyers regarding adulteration in Keu, most of them denied and showed ignorance towards this malpractice. This is not good news. As these buyers are acting as sources for many leading pharmaceutical companies, you can simply understand what herb is being added in the name of Keu in different formulations available in markets. According to the traditional healers, by nature Keu is hot. In tribal belts of Chhattisgarh, the natives cooked the roots and use it as food. In case of contagious skin troubles, the natives collect the leaves and boil it in water. The decoction is prepared and the patients are suggested to wash affected parts with this decoction. The traditional healers never miss to add the dry roots in herbal formulations used as aphrodisiac. According to the healers alone Keu can be used as aphrodisiac but its regular use can create many problems. To nullify the after effects, it is used in combination with other herbs. The flowers are also used as medicine. The decoction is prepared by boiling the freshly collected flowers in water and the patients having the problem of Bavasir (Piles) are advised to wash the anus with this decoction. In the plains of Chhattisgarh, the aqueous paste of Keu roots prepared by mixing rose water is used for external application in case of common swellings in extremities. It is one of the popular home remedies. Many of the above mentioned uses have not been reported in reference literatures. I am feeling proud to document this very first information. The increasing demand of Keu in drug markets clearly suggests that there is a need to develop scientific cultivation practices well in time, so that in coming years, when it will be necessary to start its commercial cultivation in order to reduce the pressure on natural forests, the herb growers can get immense benefit by adopting the cultivation practices. Thank you very much for reading the article. Amarbel (Cuscuta sp.) As medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Amarbel is a parasitic, twining herb with golden yellow, wiry stems, rudimentary scaly leaves, and small clusters of minute, bell-shaped flowers. According to reference literatures related to weed science, it is one of the obnoxious weeds of the world. Every year weed management authorities of many countries invest millions of money to eradicate this so called unwanted plant. There are more than 170 species of Amarbel in the world. Cuscuta campestris, C. reflexa and C. hyalina are most common. This parasitic herb attacks on many important and valuable agricultural crops. It disseminates by seeds as well as through movement of its fragments with men and animals. In Chhattisgarh, Amarbel is common herb and attacks on variety of herbs both cultivated and natural. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Amarbel is a valuable medicinal herb. The healers give special preference to parasitic herbs like Amarbel, in selection of medicine used in treatment of complicated diseases. In general, they believe that the parasitic herbs extract healthy and potential sap from host plant and if their host plants are medicinal pants then these parasitic herbs possess many similar properties (i.e. medicinal) to host medicinal plants. Amarbel species feeding on commonly used medicinal herbs are given special attention by the traditional healers. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Amarbel both internally and externally in treatment of more than 39 common and complicated diseases. It is popular veterinary medicine also. In case of loose motions and related stomach disorders the natives prepare a decoction from whole herb and give it internally to the affected animals. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. You will be surprised to know that many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the whole herb as sex tonic and aphrodisiac. The fresh herb is preferred, to prepare the drug. Many healers collect the fresh herb and dry it in shade. After drying, it is converted into powder. This powder is stored for use round the year. According to the healers, the nature of Amarbel is dry and hot. The traditional healers of Bastar region use it in treatment of eye related diseases. It is used internally. According to these healers, Amarbel is a boon for the patients having the problem of bind (Cataract). The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use it as main component in herbal formulations used in treatment of liver related troubles. It is used internally. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region, prepare a special oil by boiling the fresh herb in Til Oil. This oil is used externally to increase the performance of male genitals. After heavy field work when the paddy growers take rest, their wives boil the fresh herb in water and the hot vapours are passed through painful body parts. This simple treatment helps the paddy growers to get ready for next day's hard work. The natives suggest the patients having the problem of gout to adopt the same method to get quick relief. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region, prepare a special decoction using Amarbel herb in combination with other herbs in order to flush out the intestinal worms effectively. Allelopathy studies, I have found this herb effective against common crop pest. It can be used as insect repellent in combination with other herbs. My studies revealed that there are the possibilities of utilizing positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effects of Amarbel in order to control many obnoxious crop weeds and to prepare eco-friendly, cheap and effective green herbicides with the help of this so-called unwanted plant. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh aware of its valuable medicinal properties and uses, darely object when the weed scientists advise them to consider it as weed and to control it in crop fields with the help of agrochemicals. In many science conferences, I have informed the weed researchers about the traditional medicinal knowledge about Amarbel in Chhattisgarh, but possibly due to pressure of multinationals engaged in manufacture of lethal agrochemicals, they do not encourage my work of weed utilization. Many of the above mentioned traditional medicinal uses have yet not been reported in reference literatures. This article is the first written document on this aspect. As mentioned earlier, Amarbel is a problematic weed in many countries. The researchers of these countries can learn a lot about its uses from the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. I invite the interested researchers to visit Chhattisgarh for detailed study. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions and discussions with the herb researchers and traders: Details of my recent visit to Bhopal, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved 'If you have respiratory problem, take half teaspoon of Adusa (Adhatoda vasica) leaves twice a day with Shahad (Honey), If you are suffering diabetes, take half teaspoon Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestris) leaf powder twice a day with hot water, for fever, take whole plant decoction of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) with Kali Mirch (Black piper) twice a day' all these recommendations are mentioned in the pamphlets provided by Madhya Pradesh State Minor Forest Federation, Bhopal (M.P.) at its herbal outlet Sanjivani Ayurveda. This outlet is situated in Bhopal city and a reliable source of different genuine herbs collected from different parts of Madhya Pradesh. In this no-profit centre, many renowned traditional healers give their regular services at very cheap rates. This outlet is getting overwhelming responses from the natives of Bhopal city. As herb expert, I got impressed to visit the Sanjivani Ayurveda, but the way the founders are prescribing the herbs is not correct. I always write in my articles that making and presenting the Ayurveda or other indigenous systems of medicine in India, in a very simple way, may lead to wrong use of herbs th can lead to serious troubles. The base of our systems are not so weak that anyone can simply recommend any herb in same doses. The traditional healers recommend the herbs after examine the patients but in this outlet, the simple pamphlets describe the doses and method of uses. I can not forget the misuse of herbs done by a local Allopath of Raipur few years back. For treatment of diabetes, he used Metallic Bhasma without consulting any Ayurveda expert. The overdose of Metallic Bhasma resulted in kidney failure and in very less days, he passed away. Through my articles, I am trying to explain the seriousness of traditional uses and in depth knowledge of traditional healers. I personally feel that such prescriptions of herbs without the consultation of experts, should be avoided and also in such pamphlets the precautions must be added in order to stop its wrong use. This year I celebrated my birthday (i.e. 23rd July) with herb researchers and experts. The well known organizations Indian Institute of Forest Management and Forum for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions, organized four days workshop on Threat Assessment and Management Prioritization for Medicinal Plants of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (23-26 July, 2003). In this workshop over 50 resource persons from Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh and also from other states, assessed the threat status of 55 important medicinal herbs. Dr. G.A. Kinhal, Dr. Ravikumar, Dr. S.S. Bisen, Dr. Ved, Dr. T.R. Sahu, Dr. O.L. Shrivastava, Dr. Chipde, Dr. RKS Tiwari, Dr. A.A. Boaz, Dr. J.P. Sharma, Dr. Gupta, Dr. J.L. Shrivastava, Dr. Kulshrestha, Dr. Sikarvar, Dr. A.K. Bhattacharya, Dr. A.K. Jain, Dr. Khanna etc. were among the participants. The workshop was successful. I was one of the youngest participants in this workshop. As participant, I learnt many good lessons from this workshop. You will be surprised to know that many of the participants were not having the formal education of herbs and related subjects, but their enthusiasm and active participation assured me that with these persons the future of Indian herbs is safe. This is sad news that the experts capable of species identification are decreasing and at present they are very less in number and as result, the true identification is becoming harder day by day. I personally feel that there is a need of Threat assessment for the Taxonomists also. I have noted during the workshop that the young generation of researchers is interested in herbs but their knowledge is more theoretical and very less practical. This is not good sign. During this workshop, I got opportunity to interact with the herb trader Shri Sudhir Kumar Jain. I got very valuable information about present status of herbs in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh state. According to him the supply of many herbs from natural forests is decreasing at alarming rates. As the workshop was dominated by the English speaking participants, this young herb trader was feeling shy to interact freely. During interaction, he informed me about the use of medicinal insect found is Shahtoot tree (Morus alba) in combination with other herbs in treatment of wounds. According to him, the dried powder of this insect is sold in the name of Kamila. The powered bark of Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) bark is mixed with Kamila and herbal mixture is prepared. This herbal mixture is used to dress the wound to hasten the healing process. He showed me the dried powder. I was not aware of its medicinal uses. I have brought samples for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialized in use of insects as medicine. The researchers from Chhattisgarh shared the information with us regarding use of common Bihar hairy caterpillar in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy) by the natives of Lohara village. Shri Jain informed me that like sweet (Wrightia tinctoria) and bitter Indrajau (Holarrhena antidysenterica), there are two types of Chirayata (Swertia species), he uses to trade. Chirayata is known as the king of bitters but I surprised to taste the sweet version of Chirayata, I am now in search of its correct identity. In treatment of diabetes, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are recommending the use of Panir or Punir phool, since last few decades. This herb part is readily available with the herb sellers. In general, the patients are advised by the ealers to dip the Panir phool whole night in water and next day, drink the leachate empty stomach. It is popularly used to low down the blood sugar. Many healers claim that its judicious use can even cure the diabetes. From very long time, I was in search of its correct scientific name. An eminent botanist Dr. Ved solved this problem. He identified it as Withania coagulans (Vegetable rennet or Indian cheese in English, family Solanaceae). According to reference literatures this herb was introduced in India from Pakistan and found mainly in Punjab. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are dependent on sellers for this herb. Recently, the traditional healers of Balladilla region informed me that they are collecting it from wild since many generations. For confirmation, I am planning to visit the region. In my previous articles on Withania somnifera (Asgandh) I have written the healer's opinion regarding its natural presence in Chhattisgarh. During my stay at IIFM campus situated at hill top, I got opportunity to survey the area for medicinal plants. The hill was full of valuable species particularly the Gudmar. I have seen many species of Phyllanthus also. The hill was the representative of rich native flora of Bhopal. Many participants confirmed this observation during workshop. Like other parts of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, unfortunately, I observed the increasing infestation of obnoxious weeds Gajar ghas (Parthenium hysterophorus) and Gotiphool (Lantana camara) in this hill. These exotic plants are becoming a real curse for the bio-diversity. On 26th July, I visited the village Barkheda (not missed to verify the presence of Bar, Ficus benghalensis, tree in this village, because of which this village was named) to see the advanced herbal drug manufacturing unit run by M.P. State Minor Forest Produce Federation. The unit was under construction. The hard work and dedication of forest officials of this part of India are appreciable. The workshop motivated me to work sincerely and actively in the field of Indian medicinal herbs as a lot of work is pending and many unidentified species are waiting for true recognition and uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. The potential medicinal crop Aloe vera: The need to search new uses and to establish processing units in India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Aloe growing areas in different parts of the world are well aware of its medicinal uses and properties since time immemorial. Although Aloe is not a native to India, but in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India it holds a reputed position. The increasing demand, new uses and latest research findings motivated the traditional farmers of India, to start its commercial cultivation in large scale. In past few years, the area under Aloe crop has increased many folds. The farmers of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra states have taken keen interest in its plantation. Unfortunately, most of the farmers adopted chemical farming instead of organic farming of Aloe. As result, the production increased many folds. The increasing demand has motivated the farmers but not the entrepreneurs interested in establishment of processing units. This imbalance in development resulted in saturation in Aloe farming. Now the farmers of these states are getting worry due to over production and millions of Aloe plants are going waste. The hardy Aloe has captured the farmer's fields and due to non-availability of market, now they are planning to destroy the standing crop. This is bitter fact that the most of farmers are poor farmers having no access to international markets. Every day I receive many phone calls from these farmers to help them in search of market for their crop produce. The frustrated voice of these farmers ted me to write a separate article on this important medicinal crop. I am thankful to Botanical.com for giving me the forum to address the poor Aloe farmers. Since generations, the housewife at Chhattisgarh are using Aloe as home remedy for burns, cuts and wounds. This use is common in other parts of the world. The Rajasthani community of Chhattisgarh prepare a special dish using the Gel of Aloe. This dish is very popular in other communities also. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use both fresh and dry Aloe herb in treatment of many common and complicated diseases. As it is hard to get Aloe in wild, the traditional healers were planting this herb in their home gardens in early days. Now the increasing Aloe cultivation has solved their problem and they are purchasing the herb of cultivated origin for their routine treatment. For the organic growers specially the growers engaged in organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops, the Aloe herb is a boon. They are using the different parts as pesticide. It is added in different herbal formulations used to repel away the harmful insects. It is one of the promising herb having the unique capacity to repel away the Deemak (Termites). In rat infested fields, the farmers plant this herb to attract the snakes. The presence of snakes plays an important role in rat management. As it is perennial crop, the farmers, in general, do not engage their main crop fields for its commercial cultivation. They plant it in periphery of farms. Many times it act as live fence to stop the entry of cattle in main fields. Its presence in boundaries enhances the beauty of farms also. In area having the problem of soil erosion, the natives plant Aloe plant. It requires less care as well as irrigation. Its fast spread helps a lot in soil binding. In Dhaba (Hotels for truck drivers and transporters), the use of Aloe juice is increasing among travelers in order to get sound health and to develop resistance in body. These local uses have made the commercial cultivation of Aloe profitable. This is the reason the Aloe farmers of Chhattisgarh are not in trouble, like the farmers of other states. This is positive sign that state government officials are also promoting its cultivation and awaring the common people about is various utilities. In my previous articles, I have mentioned the traditional medicinal knowledge about Aloe in Chhattisgarh. According to reference literatures and information available on net, in international markets different preparations from Aloe are having good demand. These preparations are Aloe gel, Aloin, Aloes powder and Compound benzoin tincture. Unfortunately, the information on the methods to prepare these different products is not available with the farmers. Many innovative herb growers of Punjab have tried indigenous method to prepare Aloe gel but they got little success, not sufficient to sell the produce at international markets. Many farmers particularly the rich farmers are eager to establish the advanced processing unit to consume the production at their own fields but the high cost of establishing processing unit is discouraging them. One of their reasons for worry is, what will happen if after this huge investment, the buyers refuse to buy the products. They are very true. Aloe is not native to India has no monopoly over its marketing like Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). The Indian manufactures have to compete with the International manufactures and adopting the indigenous system of manufacturing it is nearly impossible task. The use of Aloe in cosmetic and indigenous drug companies have increased in India since last decades. But this use has nothing to do with the cultivation. Most of the companies are growing this herb in their plantations and others are dependent on old sources. Although Aloe is not indigenous to India but considering its over-exploitation in natural habitat, as serious situation, the officials have put ban on its export from India. Recently, I got information from Dr. Subrata De that now the government is thinking again on this important aspect. This is really sad the researchers and research organizations working in the field of Indian medicinal and aromatic plants are not coming forward to help the Aloe farmers of India. The situation is becoming worse day by day. Through this article, I would like to request the international buyers searching the Aloe herb to help these farmers in order to market their produces. Through my lectures and articles, I am motivating the rich entrepreneurs to establish advanced processing units for Aloe processing. As expert, I am aware of this technology and eager to guide the interested entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs of Nasik and Bangalore have contacted me and now we are planning to establish the advanced units. Unfortunately these proposed units can not give relief to the Aloe farmers because the owners have Aloe herb in over 100 acres of crop lands. Such efforts are needed from government side to provide relief to herb growers. I personally feel that National Medicinal Plants Board can play an important role in this direction. Through this article, I would like to suggest the planners to promote and adopt 'Chhattisgarh Model' to understand the Aloe farming, where the local needs are enough to provide the markets to the farmers and they have not to wait for advanced processing units. One more important thing is that the Chhattisgarh farmers are now showing interest in crop diversification and I am aware, that crop diversification will never result in over production of single species in future, like Thank you very much for reading the article. Interaction with the social worker Shri Omkar Lal engaged in awareness about herbs in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved According to Ayurveda, Tinospora is bitter, stomachic, stimulates bile secretion, allays thirst, fever, burning sensation, vomiting, it is diuretic, enriches blood, cures jaundice, useful in skin diseases, juice useful in diabetes, vaginal and urethral discharges, low fevers and enlarged spleen etc. One of its ancient Indian names is Amrita. In rural areas, this herb is an integral part of home gardens but as the modern education and health systems are reaching in rural and forest areas, now more and more natives are ignoring its importance as valuable herb and new exotic ornamental species are taking the place of Amrita. This is common observation in different parts of Chhattisgarh except in Rajnandgaon region. Both in rural and urban areas, you will find the Amrita herb in almost all home gardens. The credit goes to Shri Omkarlal Shrivastava, the one man army; a dedicated social worker committed to aware the natives about indigenous herbs and home remedies that can be prepared from it at local levels. According to Shri Omkar Lal, he has selected Amrita for plantation because this herb is capable of treating all types of ailments common in any family. The natives have planted this herb and now sparing time for its care. With the help of regular visits, regular camps and published literatures, Shri Omkar Lal have awarded enough that the natives are using the herb for their common problems. A gentle person, by nature, Shri Omkar Lal is engaged in this great work without any publicity. I am feeling proud to introduce this sincere worker to the world community through the article at Botanical.com. Borne in natural forest area of Chhattisgarh, Bastar, Shri Omkar Lal is enjoying the beauty and gifts of these forests since childhood. He is a son of forest officer and the regular transfer of his father due to government work, he got many opportunities to observe the natural forests very closely and keenly. He still remembers the days when at night the tiger take rest in front of his home in Farasgaon forests. Borne in 1966, he is observing decreasing forest cover in Chhattisgarh due to population pressure and urbanization. He has seen the destructive and scientific exploitation of herbs particularly the Aonla and Char by the greedy traders. You will be surprised to know that Shri Omkar Lal is having no formal education on herbs or related branches. He has done his master degree in Mathematics from Sagar University. This is his hobby and dedication that he is working with more potential as compared to the herb researchers expected to work on herbs. Shri Omkar Lal is engaged in awareness programme or campaign from time, when very few persons were active in herbal research, cultivation and extension. Presently, he is a lecturer at Digvijay College, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh. He is co-ordinator of National Service Scheme (NSS) and with his activists working hard to make his dream to establish Chhattisgarh 'The Real Herbal State'. For the students and researchers, he has established a botanical garden having all the important herbal species found in surrounding areas. The students and researchers from different parts of Chhattisgarh visit to this unique garden to get practical experiences on identification. For the first time, I came in contact with Shri Omkar Lal when he invited me to deliver a lecture on herbs and to share my experiences with the local farmers at Digvijay College few years back. As mentioned earlier, these workshops are organized very frequently by him to provide latest information to the innovative farmers. Shri Omkar Lal has done a good work in creating awareness regarding identification and management of obnoxious exotic weed Gajar ghas (Parthenium hysterophorus) in Rajnandgaon region. Now the natives are well aware of the management of this allergy causing weed. Through National Service Scheme, his team has constructed many check dams, dugout ponds to conserve water in different villages. He is in regular contact with the traditional healers of the region and documenting the traditional knowledge about common herbs. I personally feel that our society has not done enough to encourage, recognize and motivate the sincere workers like Shri Omkar Lal Shrivastava. Through this article, I am trying to do little effort towards this direction. The dedicated works of Shri Omkar Lal assure us that in the hands of such workers, the future of Chhattisgarh and its herbs is safe. Thank you very much for reading the article. Search for the ghost (Masan) and witch (Tonhi) : Traditional knowledge about herbs used for protection against the evil spirits in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Yesterday was the festival day in Chhattisgarh and the occasion was the Hareli Amavasya festival. This is year's first festival after commence of monsoon rains for the farmers. As the agriculture is dependent on monsoon rains in Chhattisgarh, the farmers never miss to celebrate the occasions through festivals. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh that as rains start, the evil spirits start its activity and in the form of new fatal diseases attack on human beings and their cattle. To protect themselves from these evil spirits, the natives take the help of Baiga (a common group of persons present in almost all villages, performs Tantra and help the villagers to get rid from all troubles; they do not use the herbs as medicine and believe that the evil spirits are the root cause for all diseases both physical and mental). On the request of villagers, Baiga performs special worship and through his Mantras draw the imaginary line around the specific village. This procedure is locally known as Gaon Bandhan or Gaon Bandhana. On specific day when Baiga draw the line, no one is allowed to leave the village or enter into the village in next night. The law breaker is punished heavily by money decided by the Baiga. In the night of restriction, only Baiga is having the freedom to move inside the village. This practice is common in almost all 16000 villages of Chhattisgarh. This practice has got social acceptance and it has nothing to do with the education level or nearness of modern cities. On the festival day, no one goes to field for work. Farmers worship their ploughs and enjoy the holiday. To prevent the entry of evil spirits, the natives put branches and leaves of Neem (Azadirachta indica) in front of their homes and shops. Many natives believe that this tree is a symbol of greeniness (Hareli). The night of Hareli Amavasya is darkest night. It is common belief that at this specific night the ghosts (masan) and witch (Tonhi) come out from villages and perform special worship to gain magical power. The purpose of this special worship is to attack on villagers with magical power. The villagers having this belief never come out from their homes whole night. Many senior villagers make claims that they have seen these evil spirits many times in their childhood. But as the electrification is increasing and darkness is ending, its effects are also ending. In the age of internet, the educated Indians like me, some times feel odd to write or discuss about our traditions to the world community. I am a part of this tradition. Although many educated persons consider it just a blind faith but there are also many persons trying to search and establish the science behind this belief. When the Baiga, do not perform his duty to protect the village, the evil spirits attack in form of human and cattle diseases, the villagers have many such examples. In such cases, he repeats the whole procedures many times in a year. In Chhattisgarh, the natives release the black chicks also in rainy season. They believe that the evil spirits when try to attack any village, the black chicks will act as guard and by giving their lives, protect the natives. Since last ten years, I am trying hard to give the scientific explanations for this common belief. I have consulted many senior villagers and traditional healers. According to them, in ancient times when there were poor medical facilities, the death toll due to infectious diseases common in rainy seasons was very-very high. To protect the coming generations from these diseases and also to take special precaution, possibly our forefathers have established some hypes related to ghosts (masan) and witch (Tonhi). Neem is a wonder herb for the natives. They use all parts of this tree as medicine from morning to night. The modern scientific research studies have proved that the different parts of Neem possess unique properties to suppress and destroy the natural population of many harmful micro-organisms. In ancient Indian literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, Neem holds a reputed position as air-purifier plant. It is not wrong to say that Neem tree is a boon for the Indians. By keeping the Neem leaves and branches in front of their homes and shops, the natives try to stop the entry of evil spirits (the modern science have named it as bacteria, fungi and viruses). This year, I have noted the use the Neem parts in homes and shops have increased many folds. I feel that this is positive sign. This indicates that the natives from young generation are also understanding the importance of Neem. Few years back, the healers were worrying, by seeing the decreasing population of Neem trees in Chhattisgarh. Now due to awareness, the natives have started its planting. One of my friends, specialize in forestry, tried to explain the use of Neem in his own way. According to him, the collection of Neem leaves and branches from actively growing Neem trees, helps the trees in growing more faster, instead of damage through injuries, as common person may expect. I am expecting more scientific explanations from other experts, so that we can motivate the young generation to continue the aditional practices with scientific temperament. As you know, I am associated as active member with the local non-governmental organization (Andh Shradha Nirmulan Samittee), dedicated to aware the common people about blind faith and to protect them from false persons engaged in the exploitations in name of evil-spirits. To develop the confidence in natives that on the festival night, there is no reason to worry as there is nothing like ghosts (Masan) and Witch (Tonhi), the team of this organization spent all night in remote areas with the villagers. Like other years, this year also we have not seen any such creatures. The media reporters accompanied us. Today morning we came back after long trip to remote areas. The villages were absolutely calm and quiet. No one was outside the houses. Even no one came out in response to our calls. These observations clearly show the depth of faith, the natives have towards this tradition. Tomorrow the newspapers will highlight our trip and we feel that this will create eness and courage (although very little) among the natives .This trip motivated me to write a separate article on traditional knowledge about herbs used by the natives to get protection from evil spirits. I have written a lot on this aspect with other herbs in my previous articles. In present article, I am giving some new information, I have collected through the recent Ethnobotanical surveys. The use of Fudhar roots (Calotropis gigantea and C. procera, both) is an age old practice in Chhattisgarh. The white flowered old plants are selected for the collection of roots. The collectors mostly the Baiga, perform special worship (rather complicated) before digging the ground. The patients having different mental troubles or the patients having poor vital force (considered as susceptible to the attack of evil spirits) are advised by the Baigas to wear the locket having Fudhar roots. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the roots are put in front of houses to prevent the entry of evil spirits. In my previous articles, I have already mentioned that the presence of white flowered Fudhar herb is considered as a sign of good luck, fortune and prosperity. In Northern parts of Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers recommend to plant Anar (Pomegranate) herb in home gardens to get rid from the problems caused by the evil spirits. The plants (possibly Orchid) growing on Anar tree as epiphyte are collected and after drying, kept inside the houses to get similar effects. The traditional healers of Bastar region, prepare a special locket using Ajwain herb. The white string of locket is coloured with Haldi (Turmeric). From childhood, the mothers tie these lockets around the neck of their young ones in order to protect them whole life from evil spirits. As mentioned earlier, the natives particularly the traditional healers consider the evil spirit as the cause of diseases, through extensive Ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying my best find out that how the presence of herbs in contact with human body in form of special lockets or herbal Mala, protects them from any disease. The popularity of these lockets and Malas among natives is enough to prove its efficacies. As I am informing the world community about all aspects of herbs and insects in Chhattisgarh, I feel that it is my responsibility to give details regarding the festivals of Chhattisgarh in which herbs play an important role. Fortunately (or unfortunately?), I have yet not met these evil spirits in their dangerous forms but I am thankful to them (if they are with or around us) for giving my opportunity (as subject) to write a special article focused on them. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about less known herbs in Chhattisgarh, India. XXXII. Kamraj (Glossogyne pinnatifida; family Compositae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Chhattisgarh is well known for Tejraj, Bhojraj, Kamraj, and Balraj. All these herbs all considered as valuable and rare herbs. Through my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have identified many traditional healers specialized in use of these 'Raj' herbs. These herbs are distributed in different natural forests of Chhattisgarh. This is interesting that the healers of specific part generally claim that it is found only in their area and similar herbs collected from other parts as not genuine and if genuine, not much effective. In general, the researcher able to identify all these 'Raj' is considered as expert in identification. Although it is claimed by the surveyors and related authorities that Kamraj is decreasing at alarming rates but through surveys I concluded that still large population of this herb is present in different parts. The natives and traditional healers of these parts have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Kamraj. It is used both internally and externally in treatment of common troubles alone or in combination with other herbs. The meaning of 'Kam' word in Kamraj is 'Sex related'. It is general belief that it is one of the promising aphrodisiacs and sex tonic. The traditional healers use it frequently for this purpose. Its external use is more popular as compared to internal use. In Bastar and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers use the herb in treatment of gynaecological troubles. The roots are used commonly. It is one of the promising herbs useful in treatment of irregular menustration in this part. Its use in treatment of both male and female troubles have established it valuable herb among the traditional healers. Although modern literatures claim that the roots of Kamraj don’t possess any anti-venom properties and hence, it cannot be used in treatment of snakebite and scorpion sting, but you will be surprised to know that the senior natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are still using it for same purpose successfully. I have seen its practical use many times. As researcher, I am in dilemma. Are the scientific studies not complete or the healers are incorrect? I am in healer's side as seeing is believing. For snake-bite and scorpion sting, the roots are used externally. According to modern literatures, the tribal of other parts of India are also well aware of this traditional use. Its popularity in the region is enough to establish the fact that it is effective in this treatment. Few days back, I got the seeds of Kamraj from the traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region. They informed me that in their region it is found in isolated patches. I am planning to conduct a detailed study to enhance the germination of these seeds through allelopathic methods. Although in many nurseries established by state forest department, the workers have planted Kamraj but it is not under commercial cultivation as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that it is the best time to start research on development of its cultivation practices, so that in future, the innovative farmers can get benefit with this research. Botanically, Kamraj (Zinnia bidens syn. Glossogyne pinnatifida syn. G. bidens) is perennial herb, 15 cm high; Basal leaves pinnatisect, segments 3-7, linear-lanceolate, 0.5-3.0cm long, petiolate; petioles up to 7.5 cm. Long; Heads 4-5 mm in diameter, campanulate. Involucral bracts 2-3 seriate, 3-4 mm long, linear oblong, obtuse or acute. Ray florets 3 lobed, disc florets four lobed. Achenes linear-oblong, dark brown, 5-ribbed on both surfaces, awns 2-3 mm long, divergent. Flowering and fruiting between January to April in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not found details about this herb. After completion of my studies of Kamraj seeds germination, I will inform you about the results. I am motivating all the herb growers of Chhattisgarh to give space for the valuable and rare medicinal herb, so that it can be studied and conserved in effective way. I am thankful to Mother Nature for giving me opportunity to write about this herb. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about less known herbs of Chhattisgarh, India.XXXIII. Tejraj (Peucedanum nagpurensis family : Umbelliferae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although the surveyors have kept Tejraj as endangered herb but according to the natives and traditional healers of Tejraj rich areas in Chhatt much population is still present. Through my ethno botanical surveys I have observed this herb in almost every corner of the state. Its spread is isolated and in patches. For the traditional healers it is valuable herb but this is really surprising that it is not in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular high demand. The traders simply explain that the herbs useful in sex related troubles, skin diseases and hair problems are always in high demand. Tejraj is not used for these purposes. This is the reason it is safe in Chhattisgarh. I have noted its occurrence in dense forests far from human interference. In general, the floristic surveys are conducted by assessing the roadside flora and the surveyors avoid to enter in dense forests. This is the reason they have declared it endangered. Botanically, Tejraj is erect perennial herb; leaves 1-3 pinnate, ultimate, segments lanceolate or ovate; Umbels compounds with 12-16 rays; bracts absent; bracteoles 4-7. Fruits truncate emarginated at the narrowed base. Flowering and fruiting times October to January in Chhattisgarh conditions. During visit to forest areas in surrounding of Nagpur city, I got many plants of Tejraj, the real nagpurensis species (P. Glaucum var. Nagpurensis) but it was different to the plant found in Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that there is a need to rename the species found in Chhattisgarh. I am fident that the botanists reading this article will take necessary action in this regard. Prof. R. K. S. Tiwari has surveyed the Bilaspur and Sarguja region for this herb. He is well known researcher in Chhattisgarh. He informed the participants at TAMP workshop held last month in Bhopal, focused on medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, that Tejraj is known as Bhojraj in Southern parts of Chhattisgarh. I have identified Bhojraj as another related species of Peucedanum i.e. P. dhana. Later an eminent herb researcher Dr. S.S. Bisen confirmed it. In reference literatures, the natural occurrence of P. dhana is not reported in Chhattisgarh. According to these literatures, it is a natural herb of Western Himalaya and N. Bengal. Tejraj is not under cultivation as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. I have also not observed it in herbal nurseries. The native and traditional healers of Tejraj rich areas of Chhattisgarh mainly use it as stomach tonic. It is used as home remedy to stomach ache. The healers use it in different herbal combinations used in treatment of diseases of digestive systems. Through my surveys, I am trying hard to list out more traditional uses of this herb. I am sure that the detailed listing of these uses will help us to establish Tejraj as potential medicinal crop. Thank you very much for reading the article. Decreasing availability of medicinal herbs in Korur range, Southern Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In the year 1993-94, forest range officer Shri O.P. Dubey and his team conducted detailed survey in Korur Range, Southern Chhattisgarh. He has written in his field diary that they have observed over 1500 species of herbs and most of the species were not identified. He has listed 124 medicinal species of economic importance at that time. (See Table - I). - 1 :- Some useful medicinal herbs of Korur Range, Southern Chhattisgarh, India. Local Names Botanical Names Useful parts Traditional uses in Korur region Sarpgandha* Rauvolfia serpentina Root Blood pressure Van Tulsa Hyptis sauveolens Seed oil Earache Bach* Acorus calamus Root Vomiting, Stammering Balraj Alpinia spp. Root As coolant Reetha Sapindus emarginatus Bark Heart, Pain, Asthma, Epilepsy Nagar Motha Cyperus rotundus Root Constipation and Thirst Patal Kumhda Pueraria tuberosa Root Gout Tikhur* Curcuma angustifolia Root As coolant Satavar* Asparagus racemosus Root Piles, Epistaxis, liver troubles Chitavar* Plumbago zeylenica Root Abortion Aithi Helicteres isora Fruit Stomachache, Lumbago Lajwanti Mimosa pudica Seed Sterlity Kali Musli Curculigo orchioides Root Bone setting, Tonic Safed Musli* Chlorophytum sp. Root Tonic Aonla Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Sex Tonic Baheda Phyllanthus bellirica Fruit Respiratory troubles Chirchira Achyranthes aspera Seed and Plant Malaria, Itch, Gonorhoea, Hair dyeing Bhuiaonla Phyllanthus simplex Whole plant Fever, Gonorrhoea, Burning in Urine Punarnava Boerhaavia diffusa Root Anaemia, Swelling, Cough, Heart troubles Bringraj Eclipta alba Whole plant Blood purifier, Jaundice Tindi Phool Vicoa indica Root Jaundice, cough Chiraiyata Andrographis paniculata Plant Fever, Anthelmintic Bhatkatiya Solanum xanthocarpum Seed & Fruit Toothache, as anti-sterlity Kamraj* Glossogyne pinnatifida Root Gynaecological troubles Khamt Bedal Indigofera sp. Whole plant Dog-bite Safed Dhatura Datura stramonium Fruit Fever, Cough, Bodyache Kala Dhatura Datura metal Seed & leaves Bone setting Gud Sukdi Grewia asiastica Roots Cancer Van Bhindi Hibiscus sp. Roots & leaves Snake bite, migraine Jangli Haldi Curcuma sp. Root Gynaecological troubles Jangli piaz Urgenea-indica Root Earache, Toothache Indrayan Citrullus colocynthis Fruit & Root Cancer, Leprosy, Fever Dhan Baher Cassia fistula Fruit Stomach disorders Bel Aegle marmelos Fruit Abortion Safed Gumchi Abrus precatorius Root Respiratory troubles, Toothache Badi Elaichi Amomaum sabulatum Root Asthma, Cough, Coryza Adusa Adhatoda vasica Leaves Blood purifier, fever, inflammations Giloi Tinospora cordifolia Branch Anti-cough Jal Rakti Justica gendarussa Root Nagar Reja Whole herb High blood pressure, Hysteria Bramhi Centella asiatica Whole herb Hysteria, Epilepsy Musk dana Abelmoschus moschantus Whole herb Bone-setting, diarrhoea Hadjod Cissus quadrangularis Root Leprosy Keu kand Costus speciosus Bark heart beating, Chronic cough Koha Terminalia arjuna Whole herb Epilepsy, Toothache Madar Calotropis gigantea Root Dog-bite Anant mool Hemidesmus indicum Fruit Cough Harra Terminalia chebula Root Blood impurity Baichandi Dioscorea hispida Root Cancer & TB Sadasuhagan Vinca rosea Root Jal Dhania Ranunculus sceleratus Leaves Plague, Fever Duddhi Euphorbia hirta Leaves Diarrhoea, Gynaecological troubles Musakarni Ipomoea reniformis Whole plant Fistula, Leprosy, Urinary troubles Harshingar Nycthanthes arbortristis Whole plant Bone-setting Lathwa or Latkana Bixa orellena Fruit Eye troubles Ram Dataun Smilax zeylanica Root Sexual troubles Sar phonk Tephrosia purpurea Leaves Leprosy Raotan Jyot* Jatropha curcas Fruit Gout & blood impurity Gajala, Rasna, Daj Lakdi Pluchea lanceolata Root Leprosy Thuhar Euphorbia nerifolia Whole herb Purgative Dulli, Baibirang Embelia roburta Whole herb Anthelmintic, TB Malkangni Celastrus paniculata Whole herb Gout, Memory tonic, Leprosy Chota Gokhru Tribulus terrestris Whole herb Rena calculi Makoi Solanum nigrum Fruit Piles, Leprosy Caronda Carissa carandus Root Paralysis Belladonna Atropa belladona Whole herb Eye troubles Korea Wrghtia tinctoria Bark TB Ulatkambal Abroma angusti Whole herb Gynaecological troubles Kachur Curcuma zeodoria Root Piles, cough, Gonorrhoea Kadva Parval Trichosanthes cucumerina Root & leaves Fever, Purgative Kevatch Mucuna pruriens Seed and Leucorrhoea Pulp Guarpatha Aloe vera Gel Swelling, constipation Pudina Mentha virdis Whole herb Skin troubles Gokhru Whole herb Gonorrhoea, sterlity Van fasha Viola odorata Root & Flower Fever, Intestinal disorder Van Methi Melilotus sp. Whole herb Bichu Buti Girardinia palmata Whole herb Bramhadandi Tricholepis glaberrima Leaves Skin toubles Andi Ricinus communis Whole herb Piles, Leprosy Satyanashi Argemone mexicana Whole herb Purgative, Fever Barosun Crotolaria juncea Whole herb Purgative Tejpatti Cinnemomum spp Whole herb Gonorrhoea, Gout Akar kara Spilanthes acmella Whole herb Epilepsy, Paralusis Kaner Nerium odorum Whole herb Abortion Dronpushpi Leucas cephalotus Whole herb Snake-bite, Jaundice Tandulja Amaranthus spinosus Whole herb Nagphani Opuntia sp. Leaf pulp Heart trouble sterility Ankol Alangium sp. Whole herb Piles, Pepti Ulcer Patharchatta Coleus aromaticus Leaves Piles, Epilepsy Piper Piper longum Root Fever Phas Bark Asthma Sunjduli Root As tonic Paljadi Root Fever Semar Bombax malabricum Whole herb Gonorrhoea Bhaisa Khudhar Flower & Gond dry Cough Langer Vitex negundo Pulp & bark Headache, Fever Bhurau kand Leaves Tonic Kalihari Gloriosa superpa Roots Piles Paraspipal Ficus religiosa Roots Ulcer Mokhla Asteracantha longifolia Seed Spermatorrhoea Ganji kand Seed Swelling, Fever Teliakand* Roots Piles Van churia Roots Tonic Vajradanti Barleria sp. Roots Snake bite Kukronda Blumea lacera Leaf & Root Digestive disorder Kachnar Bauhinia acuminata Root Urinary troubles Kutli Root Jaundice Dauna Artimesia indica Whole herb Bile related troubles Van dei Root Snake-bite Dhuldhula Bark Bleeding Piles Amerbela Cuscuta reflexa Bark Jaundice Suakand Root Stomache, Abortion Kaina Commelina benghalensis Leaf Syphilis Masnakand Root TB, Tonic Dekarbela Cissus repanda Root Skin troubles Laicha Root Skin troubles Beejband Sida acuta Root Sex tonic Doodh Mongra Root Increases flow of milk in mammary glands Maida* Litsea glutinosa Whole herb Headache Kurru* Sterculia urens Leaves Tonic Hirmisi Randia dumetorum Root Cattle troubles Van Kundra Root Amti Fruit Vem Fruit TB * Herbs found in very less number in recent survey. I came in contact with Shri O.P. Dubey in the year 2001 when we were associated with private herbal firm as herb experts. Seeing my interest in herbs and documentation, he has handed over his field diaries detailing the detailed survey. Due to severe malarial attack, unfortunately Shri Dubey passed away few months back at the age of 42 years. It is not wrong to mention that he was the pioneer worker who has prepared the list of native flora in Korur range after independence of India. Unfortunately, he has not published this list in form of scientific paper. To pay tribute to his work, I decided to visit the Korur range, few months back. For the natives of Korur range, it was very sad news. During my stay at this part of Chhattisgarh, I decided to verify the present status of herbs; Shri Dubey was listed as economical important. The short survey revealed that out of 124 important medicinal herbs, the populations of over 10 herbs have decreased drastically. Sarpgandha, Safed Musli, Satavar, Chitavar, Tikkur, Bach, Kamraj, Ratanjot, Bichu buti etc. are among these herbs. During my field survey, I have not observed even a single plant of Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentine). The local traders and herb collectors informed me that from past few years the demand of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum species) has increased many folds. Besides its demand by national buyers, the Safed Musli growers are also purchasing it in bulk to sell it in the name of Chlorophytum borivilianum. The announcement of Indian government to promote the Petro crop Jatropha has created problems for the natural population of Jatropha, locally known as Ranijada. They further informed me that it will become endangered in the region in coming years, if proper steps are not taken by the forest officials. The valuable herb Kamraj is not in list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand in national and international drug markets. The decreasing population of Kamraj in Korur range is surprising. It indicates the pressure of secret collection and market activities of this rare herb. Like Kamraj, the population of Teliakand is also decreasing. The local traders informed that they are not getting the herb Aloe vera from last five years and according to them, it is an indication that now it is not present in the region. I also visited the forest nursery where Shri Dubey was planted these valuable species during his service period. Ten years after his job in Korur range, today there is no nursery. His juniors have taken no interest in this great work. Like other sincere workers, Shri Dubey was also not recognized and honored by our so called educated society. To present his survey work to the world community I am writing this article, with hope that we can learn lesson to honor such dedicated workers before their departure. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India ; I Tikhur Burfi Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Tikhur (Curcuma angustifolia ; family Zingiberaceae) grows wild in Chhattisgarh. It is also under cultivation as medicinal crop in many parts of the state. Its rhizomes are source of starch. The natives prepare many herbal dishes using the rhizomes. Tikhur Burfi is among most popular dishes. It s used specially in fast (Vrata, Upwas). According to the natives, Tikhur Burfi removes extra heat from body and develops resistance against common diseases. Most of the natives eat it just for taste. In trible belts of Chhattisgarh, rich in natural population of Tikhur, the natives prefer its dishes in hot summer. Since childhood, I am fan of Tikhur Burfi. In present article I am describing the method of Burfi preparation, I have noted from my mother's diary. In different parts of the state, many similar methods with slight variations are adopted. The natives living in forest areas, collect the root powder directly from the fields but in urban areas the natives are dependent on local shops where Tikhur is easily available. Material Required :- 250gms. Tikhur powder, 500gms sugar, Two glasses of water, four glasses of milk, Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) seeds. Method of Preparation :- At evening, the Tikhur powder is mixed in water. When powder settles in bottom and remaining water is thrown. This procedure repeated atleast four to five times. At last the powder is kept with water whole night. Next day this solution is filtered using Muslin (Mulmul or Sooti Kapda) cloth. After filter, the solution is kept as such. When powder settles down, again the water is thrown. Add two glasses of water, sugar, four glasses of milk and Chironji seeds in the powder (aqueous) and mix it properly. Now put the mixture on low flame and keep stirring it. When the sound of 'Phat-Phat' starts and the air starts coming out in form of bubbles from the mixture, the cooking is stopped. This paste is spread uniformly in plates and cut into small pieces and after cooling, it is served. The rich natives add more dry fruits in this preparation to make it more delicious and nutritive. I am describing the botany of Tikhur in short. According to reference literatures, the palmate or horizontal tubers are particularly straight and often near a foot long; they run deep in the earth and far. Its inward colour, as well as that of the others, is a very pale ochraceous yellow, almost pure white. Pendulous tubers numerous, oblong, inwardly pearl white. Leaves broad, lanceolate, uniformly green, about two feet long, whole height of the plant from 3 to 4 feet. Spikes lateral, the inferior fertile portion not longer than the rosy coma. Flowers the length of the bracts, exterior border slightly tinged with pink, inner yellow. Tikhur is also known as East Indian Arrow-root. Traditional knowledge about common herbs used for Vashikaran or Sammohan in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved a student of science, it is very difficult to accept that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use different herbs to attract, to hypnotise and to gain control on other's mind. The natives and healers specialize in Vashikaran or Sammohan are very less in number. They use their power in treatment. They informed me that due to their power, they can reduce the pain to great extent. Also they use this power to fill positive thoughts in the mind of depressed patients. Most of the healers use this power to stop their patients to get involve in bad habits like alcoholism. According to the natives and healers, they have gained this knowledge from their forefathers after hard work and with promise that they will never use this power for their own benefits. They use both common herbs and Mantras during practice. They further informed that both herbs and Mantras are useless if used alone for Vashikaran. For researchers and ethnobotanist it is very difficult to get information on both herbs and Mantras. Through my surveys I have collected a lot of information on this unknown aspect. I have seen practical uses of some herbs but still not convinced. I am in search of scientific explanations. Many scientist friends have advised me not to waste(?) Time on these information but I personally feel that from documentation point of view, these information are very valuable and this is our moral responsibility to transfer these information to the next generations. For Vashikarn, the roots of Safed Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) are used commonly. On specific days roots are collected after performing special worship. The washed roots are mixed in fresh urine of black coloured goat and an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied on forehead. It is common belief among the natives and healers that this application is able to attract any patients or person coming to meet them. As herb researcher, I am aware that this paste keeps the head cool and more efficient but I am not aware how it helps in Vashikaran. Many healers use human semen in place of goat urine to make the paste more potential. In Northern parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers use cow milk in place of urine or semen. The healers give second preference to the roots of Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera). It is a common wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. The water is used to prepare an aqueous paste from Chirchita roots. This paste is also applied on forehead. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh, that any family dispute can be stopped by the use of Chirchita roots. The healers give power to the roots through Mantras and throw it in houses where disputes are common. In Internet, I read many advertisements claiming the discovery of human pheromone, to attract the females. The natives are using herbs for this purpose, since generations. In general, the wives are advised by the natives to apply the aqueous paste prepared from roots, barks, fruits, leaves and branches of Anar (Pomegranate). In this paste all parts are mixed in equal proportions. The special Mantras are uttered during the application of paste. It is common belief that this paste is enough capable to attract their husbands and to stay with them whole night. In many tribal belts, this paste is used by young natives to attract the girls. The traditional healers of Southern and Central parts of Chhattisgarh use the roots of Nagdamani to attract and to control other persons. The roots are cut into small pieces and with the help of 108 pieces, special Herbal Mala is prepared. In this Mala, red coloured string is used. The healers wear this Mala around the neck during their routine practice. Many healers use the roots as earrings and fingerings to get more powerful effect. As the description of Nagdamani is coming for the first time in my articles, I am describing its botany in brief. According to reference literatures, Nagdamani (Crinum asiaticum, family :Amaryllidaceae) is a herb with tunicated bulb; bulb 5-10 cm diam; narrowed into a neck clothed with leaf-sheaths' leaves 20-30, thin, linear-lanceolate, flat, with a heathing base, bright green; scape 45-90 cm; Flower 15-50 in an umbel, white, fragrant at night, perianth tube greenish-white, cylindric, lobes 6, linear, as long as the tube; Fruit sub-globose, beaked; Seeds one (rarely two). It is grown as ornamental plant in home gardens. The natives use the herb Gunja (Abrus precatorius) also for the same purpose. The roots are used in same manner as the roots of Fudhar and Chirchita. Many healers use whole herb to prepare the aqueous paste. The above mentioned information is not available in reference literatures with reference to Chhattisgarh. This article is first written document on this important aspect. Although the natives and healers are using different pastes and Herbal Malas for Vashikaran, but in general, these uses have some positive and beneficial effects on human body and when the healers examine their patients after application of these paste and Malas, it helps them to perform in more efficient ways. This is the scientific explanation, I have noted from the other healers. I am expecting more explanations from the readers. I am fortunate that without using these paste and Malas, I am getting the success in attracting the attention of the readers like you through my articles and hoping the same response in future also. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some useful information on common herbs and animals from Bhopalpatnam region, Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved With the help of Shri B. Rao Godbole of Bhopalpatnam region, I conducted a detailed Ethnobotanical survey in surrounding areas to list out the local names of common herbs and animals. During this survey, I got many unique information about the practice of traditional healers, specific behaviour of animals, and about herbs. In first stage, we have collected information on over 90 herbs and animals. Few months after this survey, when the ground flora will change, we are planning for next stage of survey. We have found the mixture of Telugu, Marathi, Marari, Gondi, Muria, Halbi, Chhattisgarhi etc. languages and dialects in local names of herbs and animals. I have noted during my studies on flora, that in reference literatures, it is very hard to get the local names of herbs in the area surveyed. If any one has surveyed any area sincerely, he must be aware of its local names. This is bitter fact but I have found that most of new surveys coming are just a copy of early works and when we ask, the concerned researchers to tell the local names, they show ignorance. The local names change in every kilometer. But I personally feel that without local names any survey is incomplete. In present article, I am giving details of new information collect, in form of points. Local names of common herbs and animals in Bhopalpatnam region, Chhattisgarh, India. Hindi Names Scientific/English Names Local Names Safed Musli Chlorophytum sp. Tella Gadda Kali Musli Curculigo orchioides Phandi Gadda Satavar Asparagus racemosus Muslamma Gadda Keukand Costus speciosus Beske Gadda Arjun Terminalia arjuna Arra Meddi Chettu Tendu Diospyros sp. Toonki Chettu Pipal Ficus religiosa Rai Chettu Neem Azadirachta indica Yapa Chettu Doomar Ficus glomerata Adhi Chettu Babool Acacia nilotica Tumma Chettu Bel Aegle marmelos Marud Chettu Nimbu Citrus medica Neema Kaya Aam Magnifera Indica Mamdi Chettu Palash Butea monosperma Motka Chettu Sarpgandha Rauvolfia serpentina Patal Gardi Asgandh Withania somnifera Pilli Anga Hadjod Cissus quadrangularis Nalled Tiga Semal Bombax ceiba Burka Chettu Dhan Oryza sativa Vodlu Gahun Triticum sp. Godmal Charota Cassia tora Tagras Porka Fudhar Calotropis gigantea Jilled Chettu Patal Kumhda Pueraria tuberosa Nela Gummad Kaya Imli Tamarindus indica Chinta Chettu Charota Buchanania lanzan Morli Chettu Mahua Madhuca sp. Ippa Chettu Nagarmotha Cyperus rotundus Tung must Jangli Piaz Urginea indica Advi Uli gadda Chirchita Achyranthes aspera Drucchinke Vajradanti Barleria sp. Alpal Chettu Doob Cynodon dactylon Garka Gaddi Ashok Saraca asoca Ashokemanu Anar Punicaa granatum Danimm Chettu Aonla Phyllanthus emblica Usrik Chetty Harra Phyllanthus chebula karka Chetty Beeja Pterocarpus marsupium Agi Chetty Munga Moringa sp. Munge Chetty Termite Termite Sedal Gulab Rosa indica Gulaba Puvu Gobhi Brassica sp. Gobhi Kura Patta Gobhi Brassica sp.(Cabbage) Aku Gobhi Mooli Radish Mooli Gudda Papita Carica papaya Pupdup Chettu Sitaphal annona squamosa Sita Chettu Kathal Atrocarpus sp. Pundsa Chettu Kuchla Strychnos nux-vomica Isamushti Chettu Tikhur Curcuma angustifulia Tikhur Haldi Curcuma longa Paspu Ama Haldi Curcuma amada Mamedi Paspu Kali Haldi Curcuma caesia Malla Paspu Santra Orange Santar kaya Chana Cicer arietinum Changal Moongphali Arachis hyogaea Moongphalli kaya Urad Vigna mungo Minmool Moung Vigna radiata Pesal SuryaMukhi Helianthus annuus Podde Tirge Phool Mal kangni Celastrus paniculatus Maner Tiga Semal Dolichus lablab Chikud Kaya Karela Momordica charantia Kaker kaya Nariyal Cocus nucifera Khobber kaya Ram dataun Smilax zeylenica Jeerti Gunja Abrus precatorius Gurja Ittul Shahad Honey Tene Kaju Anacardium occidentole Kaju Angoor Vitis vinifera Draksha Bimbhora Termitarium Cheda Phutta Bhalu Bear Guddelagu Baichandi Dioscorea hispida Baichandi Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata Nelema Bhoolan Jadi Mati Marsedu Tiga Amarbel Cuscuta reflexa Indrajal Bans Bambusa sp. Bongu Gokhru Tribulus terrestris Pallekh Jangli Moong Phaseolus trilobus Advi Pesal Indrayan Citrullus colocynthis Advi Dondakaya Amaltas Cassia fistula Rela Chettu Nirgundi Vitex regundo Vaili Chettu Adusa Adhatoda vasica Adasar Chitrak Plumbago sp. Chitramulam Chettu Hiran Dear Duppi Jangli Suar Wild Boar Advi Pandi Chota Bhalu Burdi, Munnur Guddelagu Jangli Machhli Menis sp. Advi Algu Bandar Money -Red face Koti Money -Black face Kondamucchu Bagh Tiger Pechhapooli Sher Lion Singh Chita Leopard Chitta pooli Khargosh Rabbit Kundel Jangli Murga Wild Cock Advi Punju Mayor Peacock Numli Pittya Sarp Snake Pamu Jangli Batakh Wild Duck Bat Advi Jangli Bhaisa Bison Advi Barre 1) The natives informed that they have found the herbal tea prepared with the help of Sarphonk roots (Tephrosia purpurea) is a boon for the Asthma patients. This herb is common wasteland plant in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. The educated natives claimed that it is promising alternative to common inhalers available in market. The roots are collected and boiled in water, after washing. After boiling, sugar, Tea leaves and milk are added and by routine method tea is prepared. The patients having the trouble of Asthma in winter season are suggested by the natives to take this tasty tea regularly during the season. In case of acute attack, it acts fastly and effectively. The use of Sarphonka roots as tea to treat Asthma is not reported in reference literatures. I am proud to write that the natives are not only aware of this use but also taking benefit from it. 2) The traditional healers informed that they use different animals and its parts very frequently like herbs in treatment of common troubles. opalpatnam region is surrounded by dense forests and full of wild flora and fauna. The healers take maximum advantage of these flora and fauna. 3) In general, the Ayurveda practitioners restrict the use of Imli (Tamarind) during the treatment through herbs. In Bhopalpatnam region, the healers pose no restriction on use of Imli. According to them, in many cases the use of Imli increases the effectiveness of many common herbs. 4) The herb collectors who visit the forest frequently, informed that a typical small Bhalu (small Bear locally known as Munnur or Burdi Guddelagu) is fond of eating Safed Musli (Chlorophytum sp.) Roots. The collectors informed me that it taste like roasted groundnut and as you are aware, that the common bear is fond of groundnut. For herb collectors, this Bear is a competitor because in Bear infested areas, it is very hard to find this valuable herb. They further informed me that June is a breeding month of this species and they have noted increased consumption of Musli by the species in this particular month. This observation indicates that it is more than the taste of groundnut that attracts the Bear to consume it. 5) Traditionally the natives, put the roots of Safed Musli and Satavar (Asparagus sp.) In hot ash and after roasting eat it as such. This is only the processing method they adopt. In reference literatures, this processing method is not described. Many researchers believe that roasting can destroy the medicinal properties of these herbs but the healers are not agreed with this hypothesis. 6) The consumption of alcoholic liquor prepared by indigenous methods is very common in this region. In general the healers, recommend the herbal formulations or mixture with Desi Daru (liquor). 7) The healers, like the healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh, always keep distance from the strangers because they are very cautious about the loss of their traditional medicinal knowledge. 8) The natives informed me that to keep the digestive system active, the deer (Hiran) eat special type of salty soil. The traditional healers aware of this fact, collect the soil from the specific locations and use it in different diseases. The poachers take advantage of this specific behaviour. They mix the lethal herbal extracts in soil and when dear visit to this place, due to extracts, they lose their lives. The poachers easily capture these dear. 9) The survey confirmed the natural occurrence of Sal Khapri (Advi Algu; Manis sp.) In Bhopalpatnam region, Also confirmed that the healers are using its meat and scale as medicine in treatment of many common diseases. But as it is not used very frequently, there is no threat on its natural population. 10) Shri Godbole requested me to introduce his family members to the world community through my article at Botanical.com. I accepted it. His wife's name is Mrs. Vimalka Karm. He is a father of two son Subodh Rao (14 years) and Bhavik (9 years). His whole family is dedicated for herbs. They have planted common herbs in the home garden. Shri Subodhrao is taking keen interest in father's work. Shri Godbole is happy to see that his traditional knowledge will help the natives upto long time through his son. His wife and two sons place active role in processing of herbs. Thank you very much for reading the article. Kands of Chhattisgarh, India :II. Varahi Kand (Tacca leontopetaloides; family : Taccaceae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh identify the Varahikand by the shape of tubers. Its tubers resembles the forehead of Varah or Suar (Pig). In -patnam region of Chhattisgarh, the natives identify this herb as Suar kand. According to them, the hairs found on this herb resembles the hairs of pig's body. In Hindi, it is known as Diva also. Its English name is Indian arrow-root. In reference literatures Varahikand (T. Leontopetaloides T. pinnatifida) is described as ornamental herb and is under cultivation for this purpose. The rhizome is edible and split stems, petioles and scapes after curing are used in hat making. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Varahikand is a valuable medicinal kand. I have seen this herb in Amarkantak and surrounding areas, in abundance. In Southern parts of Chhattisgarh it is distributed in isolated patches. Not much has been written on its natural distribution, occurrence and traditional medicinal knowledge by the early workers and surveyors. Different parts of this herb are commonly available for sale in local herb shops. It indicates the popularity and local demand of this herb. Varahikand is not in the list of non wood forest produces having regular demand in national and international markets. Its natural occurrence in neighbouring states maybe the reason responsible for less pressure on its natural population. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh prefer the local herb in their re practice as compared to the same herb collected from neighbouring states. In reference literatures related to botany, I have found this description. It is an herbaceous, aroid-like plant with rounded subterranean tuber; leaves large spreading, divided into three main branches, each bearing a number of broad, ovate to rounded lobes; leaves carried on a fleshy stalk; Flowers small, rounded, greenish-purple in cluster at the end of a fleshy stem, the cluster is surrounded by large, greenish bracts, long thread like filaments hang from between the flowers; fruits yellow and fleshy. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not found details regarding medicinal properties and uses of this important herb. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use this herb in treatment of over 35 common diseases both internally and externally. The herb collectors use the herb as first aid remedy to stop the bleeding from injured parts. In tribal belts, the rhizomes are eaten as wild food. It is considered as aphrodisiac and tonic. During pregnancy, the natives suggest the women to take this wild food. It is also used to increase the flow of milk in mammary glands. The traditional healers of Bastar region use this herb as blood-purifier. The young natives having the problem of night pollution are instructed by the healers to take this herb regularly. In treatment of skin troubles, the aqueous paste of root is applied externally on affected parts. As the roots digest slowly, the natives use this herb as medicine under supervision of traditional healers. In general, the healers suggest the natives of all age group to take the herbal preparation of Varahikand once in a year upto limited period, in order to develop natural resistance in the body. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I got information on the uses of its flower as medicine from the traditional healers of Kanker region, particularly the healers of Keshkal Valley. The healers use the flowers in treatment of gout and rheumatism. It is one of the major constituents in popular herbal combinations used in treatment of gout. Flowers are used externally also. It is boiled in water and fumes are passed through the painful parts of the patients to the reduce the pain. Flowers are also used as aphrodisiac. Varahikand is not under cultivation as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. Its propagation is very easy. As ornamental herb, it can be promoted in Chhattisgarh. Since very long time, I was eager to inform the world community about this unique kand. I will write more in future about various traditional uses of Tacca in Chhattisgarh. Thank you, very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India, III. Sweet Baichandi Chips Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved According to reference literatures, over 30 species of Dioscorea (Baichandi, in Chhattisgarh) grow wild in India. The tubers of these species are the source of diosgenin, a starting material for the preparation of cortisone, hydrocortisone and also for the synthesis of steroid sex hormones eg. Testosterone, progesterone, pre-gnenolene etc. Basically the species are tender climber. Many of the species have been reported in Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers use this herb as medicinal herb. It is not under cultivation as commercial crop. The tribal people collect the roots of Baichandi and in form of chips, sell it to local herb shops. The natives are using the sweet Baichandi chips since time immemorial. It is used during fast (Upwas or Vrata). Its method of preparation is very simple. It is popular among all communities of the natives. The natives consume it just for taste as food but according to the healers the chips, possess many valuable medicinal values. I am describing the method of chips preparation, I have noted from my Mother's diary. Required Material: - Cow ghee, Baichandi and Gud (Jaggery) Method of Preparation: - Fry the Baichandi raw chips with the help of ghee. After frying, filter the ghee. In separate pan, put the Gud in low flame and when it starts melting stop this process and filter the Gud solution. Put the solution again on low flame and continue the boiling. After boiling, add Baichandi fried chips into the solution. After cooling, serve the chips. This sweet chips is very popular among the children. fresh Baichandi is poisonous in nature, special precaution must be taken during the collection and processing. In Chhattisgarh conditions, the roots are dug out between November to February. After collection, it is washed thoroughly with the help of running water. After washing it is sun dried. For its use as food material, the roots are again washed continuously upto 15 days in running water. To avoid this extra efforts, the natives purchase the processed roots and flakes, directly from local herb shops, by giving slightly higher prices. I would like to mention here that the many tribal communities still use the Baichandi roots as arrow poison. Its wrong use may result in these symptoms. Emissions during sleep, vivid dreams, gripping pains in abdomen about umbilicus. Violent twisting colic, occurring in regular paroxysms, as if intestines were grasped and twisted by a powerful hand. The traditional healers have anti-dotes to nullify these harmful effects. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs : Interactions with the natives and traditional healers of Narharpur and Tilda region, Chhattisgarh, India. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As the king of bitters, I was aware of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), but few days back when I visited with my family members to meet the traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, I got opportunity to taste more bitter herb than the Kalmegh. The healer informed that it is Mirchikand. He is using this herb in treatment of many common as well as complicated diseases. According to him, it is a boon for the patients having the problem of diabetes. In general, the herbs having bitter taste are used in treatment of diabetes like Neem, Karela (Momordica charantia) etc. In my previous articles, I have mentioned the use of Rajnigandha roots in treatment of snake bite, In present visit, he informed me that the roots of Mirchikand are more useful as compared to Rajnigandha. In case of snake bite, it is used externally. The method of use is very simple. Cut the roots and put the slice on affected part. The slice will start sucking the poison and after absorbing all the poison, it will fall automatically. Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma has disclosed this formula to all natives even to small children. The problem of sna bite is very common in Chhattisgarh during rainy season. I have seen the Mirchikand first time in my life. I am trying to get its correct identity. For Mirchikand, the healer was dependent on nearby forests. Now he is growing this herb in his home garden. He presented me the tubers. I have planted it in my garden and waiting for sprouts. During my visit, I saw Bhelwa (Semecarpus anacardium) fruits with the healers. He informed me that he prepares a special oil from the fruits. He further informed me that internally Bhelwa must be used judiciously as wrong doses may cause serious problems. For such cases, he suggested simple herbal combination to nullify the harmful effects of Bhelwa, immediately. According to him, the use of Char (Buchanania lanzan) and Til (Sesamum indicum) in equal quantity with buffalo's milk is one of the promising treatments. Under the guidance of Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, eleven rural youths are learning the traditional healing practices. I got opportunity to interact with these dents. We shared information on uses of common herbs in treatment of Dad (Ringworm). They informed that the leaves of Sitaphal (annona squamosa) and seeds Mooli (Radish) can be used successfully. According to them, the leaf juice and seeds are mixed in equal proportion and aqueous paste in prepared. This paste is applied externally on affected parts to get rid from this common trouble effectively and in less time. Last week, I visited Narharpur region with my client to see the progress in construction of Herbal Health Resort. One of our local guides Shri Munna Showed us many valuable herbs in nearby forests. His father was the forest guard. From his father he gathered many valuable information on traditional medicinal uses of common herbs in the region. He informed me about herbs useful in treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine). According to him, the natives of Narharpur region use the roots of common tree Kathal (Jackfruit) as home remedy to get relief. The roots are collected and by boiling it in water, decoction is prepared. The patients having the trouble are advised by the natives to apply two to three drops of decoction inside the nose. The natives use the seeds of Siris (Albizia sp.) For the same purpose. The seeds are boiled in water and extract is collected. This extract is applied in form of nasal drops. The Kathal decoction is applied in both nostrils whereas the Siris extract applied in same side nostril only. If the headache is in right hand side, the drops are applied in right side nostril and vice-versa. The natives also use the Harra seeds (Terminalia chebula) externally to reduce the intense pain. The seeds are crushed in water and an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on forehead during attack. Al herbs i.e. Siris, Kathal and Harra are commonly available in this region. In treatment of Epistaxis, the natives use Ber and Kela as home remedies. In simple cases, the inhalation of freshly cut Onion cures the problem. But in complication, the natives prepare an aqueous paste using Ber (Ziziphus rotundifolia) leaves and apply it externally on forehead. The patients are also advised to inhale the fresh juice of Kela (Banana) herb for instant relief. In my previous articles, I have mentioned the use of Haldi powder (Turmeric) as tooth powder to get rid from all dental and gum related troubles. Through the interaction with the natives of Narharpur region, I got information on use of Jamun or Chirai Jam wood for the same purpose. According to them, they put fire on wood piece and collect the ash. This ash is used as tooth powder. They recommend its use since childhood to maintain the good dental health in whole life. The natives use the ash of different herbs both internally and externally in treatment of many common diseases. To prevent the diseases of respiratory systems, the natives use the ash of Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera), Fudhar (Calotropis gigantean) and Thura (Euphorbia sp.) Separately. The natives use the ash of Chirchita without any precaution but fake the guidance of traditional healers in case of Fudhar and Thuhar ash. These ashes are used once in a year upto specific period to get the good health round the year, In treatment of Bleeding piles (Khooni Bavasir), the natives use the herbal combination prepared by mixing the Kachnar, Jamun and Maulsari barks in equal proportion. This combination is boiled in water and decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to take the decoction. Its popularity in the region is enough to prove its efficacy. I have to visit Narharpur very frequently in coming months to establish the herbal health resort well in time. I will get more opportunities to interact with the natives and traditional healers of this forest region. I will never miss to document this information in form of articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India, II, Singhara Burfi. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Trapa natans (T. Natans var. Bispinosa, in English Water chest nut, Caltrops) is considered as problematic aquatic weed in many parts of the world. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh India, it is a valuable medicinal herb. It is under cultivation as aquatic crop. It is known as Singhara locally. The meal, prepared by grinding dried kernels, is used as substitute for cereal flour. In reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine in India, many valuable medicinal properties and uses of Singhara have been described in detail. According to Ayurveda, Singhara is cooling, aphrodisiac, astringent to bowels, antipyretic, cures leprosy, burning sensation, fatigue, inflammation, blood diseases, urinary discharges, biliousness, strangury and useful in fractures and erysipelas. According to Unani system of medicine, it is aphrodisiac, appetizer, and useful in chronic fever, lumbago, pain, thirst, sore-throat, biliousness, bronchitis etc. The Singhara Burfi is popular herbal dish in Chhattisgarh. The natives use the Singhara flour for preparation of Burfi. According to the traditional healers, Singhara Burfi possess all medicinal properties of original fruit. It is one of the best foods for the patients. It is specially recommended for newly wed couples. The natives use this dish during fast (Upvas, Vrata). The methods of preparation are almost same in different parts of the state. In place of sugar, Gud is added in some parts. The natives use it mostly for taste. I am describing the method of preparation of Singhara Burfi, I have noted from my Mother's diary. Required Material :- Three bowl full Singhara flour, Three bowl full sugar, Six bowl full water, Cow Milk 6 bowl full, Char seeds (Buchanania lanzan) and dry fruits (if necessary). Method of Preparation :- Singhara flour is roasted after mixing a teaspoon full of cow ghee. When the colour changes into red-pink, stop the roasting d add sugar, water, milk and Char seeds. Put this mixture on medium flame. Keep stirring the mixture. When bubbles start coming out from mixture with the sound 'Phat-Phat', stop the further heating and spread the mixture in flat plates. After cooling, serve it after cutting it in square shape. In general, the natives consume the Singhara Burfi within two or three days. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXIV. Bramhadandi (Tricholepis glaberrina, family: Compositae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although very few traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its medicinal properties and uses but Bramhadandi is one of the promising he useful in treatment of both male and females troubles. I have identified only 25 traditional healers specialized in use of Bramhadandi as medicinal herb. They use all parts as medicine both internally and externally. Its use in treatment of diabetes is now establishing it as important medicinal herb. In general, the traditional healers collect the whole herb from fields and dry it in shade. After complete drying the herb is converted into powder. Common names of Bramhadandi in India. Language/Region/Country Names Bengal Chhagaladandi, Vamanadandi Canarese Brahmadandi Gujarati Phusiarun, Talakanto Hindi Brahmadandi Marathi Brahmadandi Sanskrit Ajadandi, Brahmadandi, Kantapatraphala This powder is recommended with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) in treatment of diabetes. The healers claim that at initial stages, diabetes can be managed easily with this herbal combination. I am trying to find out the research results to confirm the claims made by the healers that Bramhadandi is capable of regularizing the malfunction of pancreas. I have met and interviewed many patients getting relief after using this herbal ation. Many healers add more herbs in the combination but the all healers are not convinced with their approach. In general, the young healers prepare any formulation for diabetes by mixing all herbs having anti-diabetic properties like Neem, Karela (Momordica charantia), Jamun, Gudmar (Gymnema sp.) Etc. The senior traditional healers strictly oppose this combination. The herb powder of Bramhadandi is also used as sex tonic. The patients are advised by the healers to take a teaspoonful of herb powder twice a day with a glass of cow milk for quick results. It is considered as 'Poor man's sex tonic'. Many healers use the root powder with Asgandh (Withania somnifera) root powder and Gud (Jaggery) to get for powerful effect. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, in wedding Bramhadandi seeds are given as gift to new couples. As it is effective as well as easy to use, its popularity is increasing in both urban and rural areas. Many healers claim that it is promising and cheap alternative to wonder herb Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). Through this article, I would like to attract the attention of the researchers engaged in research on medicinal properties and uses of Safed Musli herb. The fresh juice of Bramhadandi is a boon for the females having the problem of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea). The fresh juice of whole herb is given with cow milk till complete cure. According to the traditional healers in case of non-availability, one can use the whole herb powder in place of juice with cow milk. In Korur region of Chhattisgarh the whole herb in combination with other herbs is used as blood purifier, both internally and externally, in case of skin troubles. In reference literatures, the use of root bark in urinary troubles and cough have also been mentioned but the healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this use. In Chhattisgarh, Bramhadandi grows as wasteland plant. In reference literatures related to weed science, it is described as wasteland weed. Botanically, it is a glabrous herb; stem erect, slender, branches and ribbed; leaves sessile, linear-oblong or lanceolate, spinous toothed or serrate, base of the cauline leaves not auricled; Flowers with heads 6-8mm long ovoid; Corolla purple, involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, Ciliate; pappus shorter than the achenes, yellowish brown, copious, Fruits achene, oblong, faintly ribbed. Flowering time November to February in Chhattisgarh conditions. According to Ayurveda, Bramhadandi is hot and bitter and useful in treatment of inflammations, leucoderma and skin troubles. Bramhadandi is not under cultivation as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. Also it is not in the list of non-wood forest produces of the state. The traditional medicinal uses of Bramhadandi in treatment of common but complicated troubles like diabetes, sexual debility and leucorrhoea indicate that there is a need of pay scientific attention towards this wasteland plant. I am confident that with the help of new research on this herb, this will become well known plant, instead of less known plant, in near future. Thank you very much for reading the article. (Contd.)