Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-3
Original Link http://www.pankajoudhia.com/RA1.pdf
Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about Common herbs used for
hair care in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003
Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Since my school days I am aware of the
dyeing properties of Bhengra. In village school we use to clear the black board
with the fresh leaves of Bhengra, specially in rainy days. We have also used
the leaves to clean our slate patti (writing pad prepared from slate). During
my school days, we collect the Bhengra from submerged paddy fields. After
completing the nursery education. I forgot this Bhengra, when I started
Ethnobotanical surveys; again this herb came in picture for the same property.
But this time the purpose of dyeing is not to blacken the black board, but to
darken the human hairs. Bhengra is one of the most frequently used hair growth
promoter and herbal hair dye in the Chhattisgarh. In Sanskrit it is known as
Keshranjana (Kesh - Hair; Ranjak - dye). Bhengra is one of the common weeds in
lowland paddy fields. And you know that Chhattisgarh is a rice bowl of India.
Today the availability of Bhengra in rice ecosystem is decreasing very rapidly
because the heavy use of lethal weedicides. For agricultural researchers, Bhengra
is an obnoxious weed that competes with rice crop for light, moisture and
nutrients and decreases the yield. The agricultural researchers are
continuously pressurizing the common rice growers to uproot all the so called
weeds. Due to this decreasing population, the use of Bhengra is also decreased
in my village school and I was shocked to see that the dusters and black paint
have taken the place of Bhengra leaves. I was sad to hear that students were
not aware of this unique herb. You will be surprised to know that urban people
are well aware of the hair oil prepared from this herb but they know Bhengra in
name of Bhringraj and oil is known as Bhringraj Tel. Over dozen of Indian
herbal companies are selling this oil with lot of advertisements. I am not sure
what quality of herb they are using to prepare the oil. I have practically
examined the effect of Bhengra as hair growth promoter and hair dye. In tribal
belts of Chhattisgarh, old villagers are still using it externally and
internally for this purpose. During my interactions with the traditional
healers of Chhattisgarh I have noted many interesting facts about the
effectiveness of Bhengra. The traditional healer from Bastar have informed me
that paddy field infested with other weed named Kaua - Kaini (Commelina
benghalensis), affected severely the effectiveness of Bhengra. Bhengra
collected from Kaua-Kaini free paddy fields are more effective. I think this
may be due to the allelochemicals secreted by the Commelina that are affecting
the quality of Bhengra. The traditional healer from Durg have disclosed the
fact that the Bhengra collected from paddy fields having traditional rice
variety Dubraj (the scented variety) is more effective as compared to Bhengra
collected from other rice fields. I personally believe that there is a strong
need to establish these facts with the help of modern science. Before
describing the botany of Bhengra I would like to explain the role of medicinal
soils used for hair care with Bhengra. Like any part of the earth, termitarium
(termite’s home) is common in Chhattisgarh also. The tribes of Bastar use the
soil of termitarium with Bhengra as hair growth promoter. The paste of Bhengra
plant (fresh) and soil are mixed with the help of water and applied externally
on hairs and allowed it to dry, after dying hair is washed. I ring my visits to
Sarguja area, I have heard about this use from traditional healers, but they
said that the soil of local termitarium is not much effective. I think this may
be due to the sandy soils of the region. In some parts of Chhattisgarh,
particularly in semi-urban areas people use the black soil with Bhengra to wash
the hair. Unfortunately, the buy this herb from shop because they are not aware
of its availability in near by paddy fields. The scientific name of Bhengra is
Eclipta alba (family - Compositae). In reference literatures, I have found the
following details about this herb. It is an annual erect or prostrate herb,
often rooting at the nodes, stems and branches strigose and hairy; Leaves
opposite, sessile, usually oblong-lanceolate, sub entire, strigose and hairy;
Flowers in heads, solitary, axillary; involucral bracts about 8; ray flowers
ligulate, disk ones tubular; corolla often 4- toothes, pappus O; Fruits achene,
cuneate with a narrow wing. In Ayurved it is mentioned as bitter, hot,
fattening, alterative, anthelmintic, alexipharmic and good for complexion,
hair, eyes and teeth. For hair like, the natives of Chhattisgarh use neem
(Azadirachta Indica) oil externally. Although it is not related with this about
hair lice. When pregnant woman came to the traditional healer to ask him
whether the child will be male or female, he simply ask her to put a live lice
on palm and squeeze some milk from breast on it. If lice survive, then the
child will be the male, if it dies then the child will be the female. It seems
very interesting. This observation also needs scientific verification. Although
the title of this article explains the use of common herbs but here. I am
describing the traditional medicinal knowledge about insect used for hair care
or more specifically to dye the hair black. This insect is common housefly
Musca nebulo. The traditional healers collect are hundred live houseflies and
dip it into Til oil (Sesamum indicum), then put the oil in open sunlight for 40
days, after this only twice a day. Keeping in view the feelings of common
people, the traditional healer never disclose that they are using the odd
looking houseflies. According to them, after regular use up to one month, the
hair remains black for several months and tendency of loosing hair colour
decreases. In Chhattisgarh, Sesamum oil is used frequently for hair care.
Sesamum is grown as field crop in fairly large areas. During crop season,
particularly before flowering, the tribals use the fresh leaves of black
Sesamum to wash their hair. According to them, these leaves are beneficial for
good hair growth. These days leaves are beneficial for good hair growth. These
days many natives are regularly complaining the use of Sesamum leaves is
becoming difficult day by day due to use heavy doses of foliar applied
pesticides on standing crops. Like Sesamum leaves, fresh and young Neem and Ber
(Ziziphus jujuba) leaves are also used for hair wash. Although Marigold is not
a native plant of this region, but many traditional healers recommend the oil
prepared from flower petals are very useful for promoting hair growth. For
preparing oil, they use Sesamum oil. I have experienced the long lasting effect
of this oil. The preparation of this oil is very time taking process. It
requires three months to prepare a litre of oil. Up to two months, they put the
oil in pot inside the soil. There must be some scientific reasons behind this.
During survey I found that the traditional healers are having a difference of
opinion with respect to Bramhi herb. Scientifically Bicep monnieri is Bramhi
but many traditional healers have named the Ipomoea reniformis or Hydrocotyl
asiatica as Bramhi. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh prepare oil from
these herbs and recommend it to the patients having poor hair growth. I have
tried the Bramhi oil and found it effective to greater extent. The traditional
healer of Gunderdehi (Durg) recommends his bald patients to apply raw onion
juice in order to get new crop of hairs. Use of odd smelled onion juice
required to herbal farm at Roha (Mumbai) two months back. I recommended this
juice to one German friend. Very recently. I have got his e-mail, stating he is
getting positive results. Beside these, Aonla, Baheda, Lemon, Shikakai etc
herbs are also used by the traditional healers. At last (but not least), the
traditional healers are having some unique formula to stop or erase the hair
(Hair remover). I have seen the external use of Nux vomica and newly laid eggs
of ants for this purpose by traditional healers.
Three days with traditional healers of Bagbahera
(Chhattisgarh) India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj
Oudhia - All Rights Reserved When I was working as researcher at Indira Gandhi
Agricultural University, Raipur, being active and diverse worker, I faced lot
of professional rivalry. My specialization is in Agronomy (i.e. crop production
and soil management) but as researcher, I have done a lot of work on insects,
mites and spiders. Basically it is a work of Entomologist. This is reason I
have faced many problems. In spite of hurdles, some of my professors like Dr.
R.S. Tripathi, Dr. A.R. Pal etc. have given me opportunities to work on
different aspects. Seeing my work and interest in ethnobotany, Dr. Pal has
included my name in his team as scientist to conduct detailed survey at forest
areas of Bagbahera, about 70 kms. from Raipur. During my two years of extensive
work at Bagbahera, I have collected a lot of unique and important information
about common herbs and insects. Bagbahera is at Orissa (other Indian state)
border. The principal of Higher Secondary School, who is at Bagbahera since his
birth, told me once that three to four decades back Bagbahera was covered with
dense forests. It was well known for its Bagh (i.e. Tiger) and Bahera land
(i.e. low land having natural oozing of water up to several months). Due to
commercial exploitation and increasing industrialization, now the dense forest
is limited to few isolated patches. Common and popular names of Duddhi
(Euphorbia hirta) around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1)
Australia Queensland Asthma Herb 2) Bengal Borakerui, Burakeru 3) Srilanka
Madduppach chrichippillu, Palavi 4) Kanarese Achchegida 5) Fiji Do ni osi 6)
French Herbe a Jean Renaud, Pilulier 7) English Asthma herb, Snake weed,
Pill-bearing spurge, Australian asthma herb. 8) Guam Golondrina 9) Gujarati
Dudeli, Dudh, Nagladudheli 10) Hindi Bahidudhi, Dudhi, Laldudhi 11) Malyalam
Nelapalai 12) Marathi Dudhi, Dudnali, Govardhan, Mothidudhi 13) Mouritius Jean
Robert 14) Philippines Batabotonis, Botobotones, Golandrina 15) Sanskrit
Nagarjuni, Pusitoa 16) Sinhalese Budadakiriya, Dadakiriya, Kiritala 17) Tamil
Amumpatchaiyarissi 18) Telugu Bidarie, Nanabala, Nanabiyan I have never seen or
heard about the tiger during my surveys, although many times, I have seen the
wild bear. Local farmers grow crops like maize, groundnut etc. and collect
honey, mahua (Madhuca latifolia), and other minor forest produce from forest.
There products are favorite food for bear, hence man-bear conflict is very
common in this region. To list out the traditional Healers of the region, I
have conducted detailed surveys of villages viz. Phoolvari, Maulimuda,
Kassibahera, Navadih, Basladabri, Bhadrasi, Bihajhar, Basti Bagbahera,
Kalyanpur, Tendukona, Mongrapali, Saraipali, Bhaluchuan, Litiadadar, Khairat,
Kulia, Kasekera, Kusmara, Kumharimuda, Bagar pali, Pandarikhar etc. After
preparing a list, I planned to stay with these traditional healers continuously
up to three days and three nights. During my stay, I have collected valuable
information. Some important observations are mentioned in this article. The
problem of mosquitoes is a common problem in urban areas of India. Now it is
becoming a headache in rural areas also. As no natural alternative is
available, we use chemical insecticides and repellents for mosquitoes. In
India, you will found many brands of Allithrin based machines using aromatic
oil like lemon grass oil. Many of reputed companies are selling these chemical
alternatives as natural and herbal solution. During my stay at Traditional
Healer of Paterapali, I have seen that he is burning specific leaves in fire
and the fume is repelling away the mosquitoes. According to him, it is a
natural way of repelling not only the mosquitoes but also other harmful flies.
He claimed that these miracle leaves also destroy the harmful microbes and make
the environment of home clean and healthy. The fumes are very bitter. At higher
density, I felt uneasiness and requested him to open the doors and windows. I
have asked several times about the name and identify of this mosquito repellent
and air purifier, but he refused to disclose. Next morning, with my field
assistant Mr. Ravi Kumar, I took a long walk to nearby forest. During
discussion, I asked Ravi about these leaves. He said the use of these leaves is
an age old practices and its local name is Bhirra. He has also shown me the
trees of Bhirra and after identifying it, I was surprised to know that this is
present in almost every part of Bagbahera. I have found this tree as substitute
to Neem tree, as leaves are very bitter like neem leaves. The tribal women
informed me that they use these leaves on wounds in same manner of neem leaves.
The traditional healer of Bhaluchuhan told me that in combination with other
herbs he uses Bhirra leaves for the treatment of rheumatism. I have collected
these leaves and with the help of powdered Gondla (Cyprus rotundus) nuts,
prepared an incense stick. This stick is effective in repelling away the
mosquitoes. On the basis of this success, I suggested the University
authorities and the state government, to make plan to establish small cottage
industries at Bagbahera so that the natives can get real benefits from their
traditional medicinal knowledge about native flora and fauna. They instructed
me to prepare a project. Like other projects, this project also in waiting list
since three years. Seeing its miracle effect on mosquitoes. I prepared the
aqueous extracts of the fresh leaves, bark and roots of Bhirra tree at
different ratio and applied on weed seeds as soaking treatment and on weed
plants as foliar application. From these allelopathic studies, I found some
encouraging results. With the help of regional farmers, I tried these extracts
against insects attacking commercial crop. I personally feel that there is
tremendous scope in this field. As far as the use of Bhirra leaves as mosquito
repellent is concerned I have observed that natives of Bagbahera never burn
these leaves in presence of infants. According to them infants can not tolerate
these bitter fumes. I have solved this problem by decreasing the content of
Bhirra leaves in incense stick. In English, Bhirra is known as East Indian
Satinwood Tree (Family: Flinderiaceae) I have seen this tree in other parts of
Chhattisgarh also but surprisingly in other parts natives are not aware of this
unique use of this tree. I have found this botanical description in reference
literatures. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets 20-40; opposite, subopposite or
alternate, glabrous, pale and dotted on lower surface, oblong - lanceolate,
obtuse with oblique base, 3 x 1 cm long, membranous, Flowers white, penduncles
up to 10cm long, hardly as long as the leaves. Capsule avoid or oblong 3x1.5 cm
long, dark brown; seeds compressed, winged above. I personally feel that there
is a need to generate employment opportunities among youths of Bagbahera with
the help of small cottage industries based on traditional medicinal knowledge,
because every day hundreds of youths left the region in search of jobs in
nearby industrial areas. Basically, I am vegetarian (at least in front of my
mother) but I am very fond of eating insects and mites particularly the
medicinal insects and mites (please never tell this to my mother). I think that
it is not fare to report the miracle herbs and insects without experiencing its
effect. You will be surprised to know that I have never taken the chicken or
mutton in my life. As a patient of Parthenium borne allergy, I always prefer
Homoeopathic drug Blatta (yes, it is prepared from cockroach). In Bagbahera, I
have noted that the Traditional Healer of Bihajhar uses Bhavari keeda (Keeda
means insect) for the treatment of epilepsy. This Traditional Healer is
specialized in treatment of epilepsy, locally known as Mirgi. Bhavari is the
aquatic insect and common in water bodies of Bagbahera. In order to maintain
the secrecy of the formula he use banana or Jaggery, put the live insect inside
it and give it to the patients. A long never ending line of patients not only
from Bagbahera but also from nearby areas is the proof of efficacy of this
insect in case of epilepsy. In reference literature, when I tried to find out
the correct identity of insect, I found it nearer to water striders. Recently,
I have sent some specimen for identification. One surprising thing I have
observed in Bagbahera that the new experiments are still on, to enrich the
traditional medicinal knowledge. As we know that use of Euphorbia hirta as
potherb is not recommended by any traditional healers possibly may be to
harmful natural chemicals present in the herb, but you will be surprised to
know that our cook at Bagbahera Mr. Seetaram, who is also a Traditional Healer
of Basti Bagbahera informed me that he had tried the Choti Duddhi (Euphorbia)
once. According to him it is very sweet in taste but slows down the activity of
brain. I have never met the healer who regularly tries new herbs as potherbs,
just for experimentation. During my visits to Tendukona village, I have noted
the collection and sell of Gudaria herb. In Chhattisgarh, Gudaria is found as
weed in rabi (winter) crops and weed scientists recommend its destruction
through lethal chemicals. The natives are aware of economical value of this
so-called weed. They never follow the recommendations of scientists. They
collect it and sell it to the middleman (Kochia) living in Tendukona village.
Although the middleman, pays very little price to the natives but they are
happy as they are getting cost of weed. From Tendukona village, the middleman
sells this herb in name of Gorakh Mundi to nearby cities or directly to
national herb markets situated at metros. Gorakhmundi is one of the very
frequently used herb in indigenous (i.e. Ayurvedic and Unani) drugs. The
Traditional Healers of Bagbahera are also aware of unique medicinal properties
of this herb. According to them Gudaria is good blood purifier and develops
resistant in body against cold borne diseases. According to the Traditional
Healer of Karmapatpar, he has seen that in winter female Bhalu (wild bear) eat
this herb from crop fields. Possibly they also know the miracle effects of this
herb. In Bagbahera, the decoction from whole plant is prepared and given to
patients suffering from eosinophilia. The scientific name of Gudaria or Gorakhmundi
is Sphaeranthus indicus (Family: Compositeae). In reference literatures, I have
found detailed description about this useful herb. It is a much branched herb
up to 30cm (I have seen plants having 40-50 cm height). Stem and branches
cylinderic, with toothed wings, glandular and hairy; Leaves sessile, decurrent,
ovateoblong, glandular hairy, serrate or dentate; Flowers in compound heads,
globose avoid, penduncles with toothed wings; Corolla purple, involucre bracts
linear, ciliate near the ends; Flowers achene, glabrous, and stalked. This is
aromatic herb. During my three days with the Traditional Healers of Bagbahera,
I have learnt many unique things about common herbs, and I will never forget
those three days. You will find more details in my upcoming articles. Thank you
very much for reading my article patiently. Traditional medicinal knowledge
about diseased and insect-infested herbs in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note -
Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In ancient
Indian literatures related to herbs, it is cleared mentioned that the fresh and
healthy herbs free from insect and disease infestation should be collected for
preparation of drugs. The herbs damaged by disease and insects are not
preferred by the Indian healers. But during my Ethnobotanical surveys in
different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted that most of the traditional
healers of Chhattisgarh prefer diseased and insect infested plant parts for
preparation of drugs. Even in many cases they prefer to wait for attack of
disease and insect naturally and collect the herb after the appearance of
symptoms. This is one of the unique observations I have noted during my
surveys. According to the traditional healer of Gandai, the pathogens or
insects are the agents of mother nature and they help the herb collectors to
find the most useful plant part having maximum medicinal potential. Many times
the Traditional Healers prefer the insect in place of herb for preparation of
drug. The use of larva feeding on Dhatura (Datura stramonium) leaves and also
use of Gram caterpillar (Heliothis armigera) feeding on chickpea crop is
promising examples. The Traditional Healer of Bakarkatta says that by feeding
on particular herb these insects act as extractor of useful properties, this is
the reason these tiny creatures are max effective as compared to the herb on
which they feed. The Traditional Healer of Gunderdehi, also prefer to collect
diseased or insect infested herbs but he removes the affected part before using
it for preparation of drug. When I informed about the research (?) findings of
the Traditional Healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh, he got surprised
thanked me and promised to try these findings next time. I am really proud as I
am working as bridge among the Traditional Healers of Chhattisgarh. In this
article, I am trying to give the details regarding some diseased and insect
infested plants used for the treatment of common diseases by Traditional
Healers of Chhattisgarh, India. According to these Traditional Healers, in many
cases of diseased or insect infested herbs develop unique medicinal properties
in it. These unique medicinal properties are totally absent in disease or
insect free herbs. You can understand it more clearly with the help of Croton’s
example. Croton sparsiflorus in an exotic herb in India (introduced from South
America). In Chhattisgarh, it is found as wasteland weed. Even a single
traditional use of this herb has yet not been reported. Every year during rainy
season a viral disease “mosaic” appears on the green leaves of this weed. After
the attack this waste weed becomes most useful herb for the Traditional Healers
of Chhattisgarh. This diseased weed is used for the treatment of Foot and Mouth
disease of cattle with other herbs externally. There are other uses also but
the Traditional Healers do not want to disclose it. Bermuda grass or lawn
grass, Cynodon dactylon is not new for us It is one of the commonly found herbs
in almost every corner of the world. For weed scientists, it is one of the
obnoxious weeds of the world, but for the Traditional Healers and pharmacists,
it is a valuable medicinal herb. In Chhattisgarh, the Traditional Healers use
this herb most frequently. Every year a typical viral disease occurs on leaves
of this herb and due to this disease leaves turn white. In Chhattisgarh, the
Traditional Healers use this diseased leaves in complicated cases of stomach
disorders. According to them, the diseased leaves possess unique medicinal
properties that are not found in disease free leaves. The scientific name of
this weed is Xanthium strumarium. The Traditional medicinal uses of leaves of
Xanthium against herpes are well documented in reference literatures. Every
year in winter season, this herb is severely affected by the fungal disease
powdery mildew. As clear from name, in this disease, powdery mass gather on
leaves and from distance whole plant looks white in case of severe attack.
According to plant pathologists, this weed act as alternate host for fungus
when there is no host. As field pea crop is sown in the region, this fungus
shift to field pea crop. According to the Traditional Healer of Ajirma Mr.
Rohini Sarkar, the diseased leaves of Xanthium are more effective in treatment
of herpes as compared to healthy leaves. Mr. Sarkar is a famous Traditional
Healer of the region and specialized in the treatment of herpes. The medicinal
uses of diseased Xanthium strumarium leaves are not reported in reference
literatures. You have already read many interesting healing properties of herb
named Charota (Cassia tora) found as wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. As you
know, the young leaves of Charota are used as potherb in Chhattisgarh. During
rainy season, a typical insect leaf miner attacks on fresh leaves of Charota.
The insect infested leaves are not preferred by common rural people but
Traditional Healers show special interest in collection of this insect infested
leaves. After long discussions and visits to the Traditional Healers of
Bilaspur, they disclosed the fact that they prepare a special aphrodisiac using
these leaves in combination with other herbs. According to them, this unique
medicinal use is reported in ancient literatures but I have yet not found any
documentary evidence. I personally feel that there is a strong need to document
this important and valuable information regarding traditional medicinal
knowledge about diseased and insect infested herbs in Chhattisgarh, India. To
utilize it for benefit of humanity, it is necessary to evaluate and establish
the science behind these unique medicinal properties, and I am sure I will get
more interesting information on this aspect. Distribution and traditional
medicinal knowledge about rainy season medicinal weed flora in Bagbahera,
Chhattisgarh (India) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj
Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which
interfere with the utilization of land and water resources and thus adversely
affect human welfare. They can also be referred to as plants out of place. In
crop lands and forests, weeds compete with beneficial and desired vegetation,
reducing the yield and quality of produce. But it is also true that while all
unwanted plants are weeds, all weeds are not unwanted plants. Scientists around
the world are working hard to find out different uses for weeds. Weeds are not
unwanted plants for practitioners of Ayurvedic and other traditional systems of
healing. For them, weeds are potential sources of valuable life-saving drugs.
In additional, allelopathic and industrial uses of common weeds have been
reported. Many studies conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi
Agricultural University, Raipur (India) have revealed that weeds are a boon for
the farmers. With the help of information available in ancient and modern
literature, farmers can utilize these so-called unwanted plants (i.e. weeds) to
generate additional income. Chhattisgarh is rich in bio-diversity. Many
medicinal weed flora in Chamra nallah watershed area, Bagbahera (Dist.
Mahasamund), India, detailed weed survey and Ethnobotanical survey was
conducted during Kharif, 1999. A detailed floristic survey using multistage
random sampling was conducted during rainy season. The annual rainfall in this
region ranges from 800-1000 mm. The targeted villages were phoolvari,
Maulimuda, Kassibahera, Navadih, Basladabri, Bhadrasi, Bihajhar, Basti
Bagbahera, Kalyanpur, Tendukona, mongra pali, Saraipali, Bhaluchuan,
Litiadadar, Khairat, Kulia, Kasekera, Kusmara, Kumharimuda, Bagar pali and
Pandarikhar. Weed studies. Weed studies were carried out following the list
count method suggested by Raju and Reddy using 50 x 50 cm quadrate. Sampling
was done randomly at 200 spots in various situations. The compiled data were
analyzed for obtaining quantitative and qualitative information using the
following formulae. Table 1 Total no. of individuals of a species in all
quadrates 1. Absolute density =
----------------------------------------------------------------------- Total
no. of quadrates employed Absolute density for a given species 2. Relative
density (%) = ----------------------------------------------- X 100 Total
absolute density for all species Quadrates in which species occurs 3. Absolute
frequency = ------------------------------------------- X 100 Total no. of
quadrates species Absolute frequency value for a species 4. Absolute frequency
= --------------------------------------------------------- X 100 Total
absolute frequency values for all species 5. Importance value (IV) = Relative
density + Relative frequency Importance value 6. Summed Dominance Ratio =
--------------------------- Table 2 Some prevailing uses of medicinal weeds
Summed dominance ratio (SDR) S.No. Weed species Uses 1 Aeschynomene americana
As cattle feed 3.5 2 Cassia tora Seeds as a source of additional income; Pot
herb; in treatment of rheumatism and skin troubles 1.6 3 Sporobolus diander As
cattle feed 0.2 4 Sida acuta For making broom; As ethnomedicine for the cure of
boils 2.1 5 Celosia As pot herb. 0.3 6 Cyperus sp. As source of an additional
income, Nuts for preparing incense sticks; Nuts also in many diseases with
other herbal medicines. 3.8 7 Cynodon dactylon As cattle feed, To stop
bleeding. 10.3 8 Leucas aspera As pot herb. 8.5 9 Thysanolaena procera For
making broom; Decoction of root is useful in mouth diseases 26 10 Xanthium
strumarium Prickly involucre is tied around the head to ease headache 16.6 11
Acanthospermum hispidum For treatment of rheumatism. 3.8 12 Eclipta alba As
black dye for hairs; Herb for respiratory diseases; Toothache and headache 0.1
13 Solanum xanthocarpum For worship by local quacks. 0.8 14 Asparagus sp. Root
with milk as tonic. 0.5 15 Achyranthes aspera As a source of manure; In case of
venomous bites; Roots with red string to cure fever. 0.5 16 Cleome viscosa For
skin diseases. 2.2 17 Tephrosia purpurea As a source of additional income 0.3
18 Euphorbia hirta To cure respiratory diseases; As pot herb 3.3 19 Calotropis
gigantea For rheumatism 1.3 20 Datura stramonium For respiratory diseases 7.7
21 Tridax procumbens To stop bleeding 8.5 22 Phyllanthus species To cure
jaundice. Information on medicinal, allelopathic and industrial uses of these
weeds was collected from reference literature. Information on Ethnobotanical
uses was through a acquired specially prepared questionnaire. The study on
intensity revealed that more than 56 weed species infest the wasteland in the
region. Out of these 56 weeds, over 28 weeds found in abundance. These weeds
belong to more than 8 families. Data presented in table I reveal that Cassia
tora and Cynodon dactylon have high degree of sociability and form into large
colonies under arable soil habitat. Many weeds like Acanthospermum hispidum and
Calotropis gigantea were found as isolated individuals in the weed community.
Data given in Table 2 on the distribution pattern reveal that Cynodon, Borreria
and Dactyloctenium species recorded higher importance value and were found
dominant. It is clear from the data on summed dominance ratio given in table 2
that Cynodon registered the maximum value followed by Dactyloctenium. Lower
importance values were noted in the case of Cleome, Euphorbia, Solanum,
Ischaemum, Sporobolus, Thysanolaena, Ocimum species. The villagers of Chamra
nallah watershed area use about 20 weeds for medicinal and other purposes.
During the survey, 16 weeds were identified as potential weeds that can provide
additional income to the farmers. These weeds include Cassia, Sida, Cyperus,
Leucas, Thysanolaena, Xanthium, Eclipta, Ocimum, Solanum, Asparagus,
Achyranthes, Tephrosia, Euphorbia, Calotropis, Datura and Phyllanthus species.
Various medicinal, allelopathic and industrial uses of these weeds are well
documented in the available literature. It was also noted that in national and
international drug markets, there is a heavy demand for different parts of
these weeds. The study suggested that there are tremendous possibilities for
utilizing these weeds for providing additional income to the farmers. Asparagus
sp" a valuable medicinal plant, was found growing as a weed in the region.
Exceptionally high populations of this medicinal plant were observed in
wastelands of Bhadrasi, Basti Bagbahera and Litiadadar villages. The study also
suggested that there is strong need to document the Ethnobotanical uses of
common weeds and to test the authenticity of their uses. The survey on
ethnobotany revealed that younger generation is IMS aware of Ethnobotanical
uses as compared to the older generation. It was also noted that many village
level drug purchasers (or middle man) were collecting these valuable weeds from
villagers at very low rates. For example, the rates of 'Gondla' (Cyperus sp.),
a potential source of additional income for villagers during free periods in
May-June, changes from 50 paisa to 1 Rs. /kg (fried nuts at village level to 25
Rs/Kg (1US$ = Rs. 48.00 app.) dried nuts in the national market By selling
Gondla at a very low rate the farmer family earns Rs 1000-1500 (on average)
daily up to 3-4 weeks. Villagers can earn much more it they sell it directly in
the national market. Due to lack of information regarding its uses and the
potential national market, villagers are unable to earn much. It was noted that
about-95% villagers were not aware of the potential uses of Gondla. They are
just collecting the abundant weed from the nallah and selling it to traders of
Tendukona village. According to the traders of Tendukona, they sell the nuts in
Saharanpur and Kannoj where large perfumery industries are situated. Some
traders are selling these nuts to Ayurvedic pharmacies situated in U.P. and
Delhi. Generally, the traders of Tendukona village prefer to sell the nuts in
Bagbahera and Mahasamund markets it reaches the national market from Bagbahera
and Mahasamund at fairly high rates. By educating the farmers about utilization
of weeds, particularly this weed, and establishing village level cooperative
societies, we can provide a strong base for them to start cottage level
industries for processing and grading different weed parts collected. For
achieving these targets, joint efforts of governmental and non-governmental
agencies and villagers are essential. My experiences and interactions with Bach
(Acorus calamus) Collectors and Growers of Chhattisgarh, India Research Note -
Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Bach,
Vekhand, Buch or Vacha is not a new name for Indians. Since my childhood as
common Indian, Bach is well known to me and I have used it many times in my
childhood. My Daadi Ma (Grandmother) also recommends a small piece of Bach root
in order to treat speech disorder of little children. This is most frequently
used Home remedy for stammering and to clear voice for anyone specially of
children. My Grandmother purchases this aromatic from local herb dealer at high
rates. She was not aware of its availability in nearby forests. After
completing my education, I was surprised to meet this unique herb again, Being
Agronomist, at present I am technically guiding over 100 Bach growers of
Chhattisgarh cultivating Bach in over 500 acres of land Few decades back, the
Chhattisgarh forests were rich sources of many valuable herbs including Bach.
But due to increasing demand and unscientific exploitation, Bach is now found
in isolated patches. Still there is a heavy demand of this aromatic herb. The
herb dealers of Kolkata are aware of natural occurrence of Bach in Chhattisgarh
and this is the reason Bach is always on Top ten herbs having regular demand.
During my Ethnbotanical surveys in different forests of Chhattisgarh. I have
found the forests of Pendra and Bilaspur rich in natural occurrence of Bach. In
other parts of Chhattisgarh, I have not seen such rich patches. Common and
popular names of Bach (Acorus calamus) around the world
Languages/Regions/Countries Common Names 1) Arabic Vaj, Vash 2) Assam, India Bach
3) Bengal, India Bach, Shwetbach 4) Myanmar Linhe 5) Kanarese Baje 6) Chinese
Che Ts' and Pou, Choui T'sang Pou, Pai Chang 7) Kutchh, India Venkhanda 8)
Deccan, India Gandkilokri, Vach 9) Dutch Kalmus, Zwanenbrood 10) English
Bastard water flag, Calamus, Cinnamon sedge, Myrtle grass, Sweet Cane, Sweet
Flag, Sweet Myrtle, Sweet root, Sweet rush 11) French Acore, Acore aromatique,
Acore odorant, Acoro Urai, Acori, Acrois, Galanga des marais, Raseau
aromatique, Roseau odorant 12) German Ackermagen, Deutscher Ingber, Kalmus,
Karmes, Karmsen, Gewuerzkalmus, Kaumeles, Kolmas, Magenwurz, Nagenwurz,
Schiemen, Wechel, Zebrwurz, Schienenzurz 13) Gujarat, India Godavaj,
Gandhilovaj, Vekhand 14) Hindi Bach, Ghorbach, Gorbach, Kussebbewa 15) Italian
Acoro, Acoro aromatico, Calamo, Acoro odoroso, Calamo aromatica, Erba cannella,
Erba di Venere 16) Kashmir Vahi 17) Malyalam Vashampa 18) Norway Kalmus 19)
Persian Agar, Agreturki 20) Pacific coast Bee wort, Flag root, Calamus root 21)
Portuguese Calamo aromatica, Canna cheirosa 22) Punjab, India Baribaj, Wach 23)
Sanskrit Bhadra, Bhutnashini, Bodhaniya, Galani, Galomi, Ikshuparni, Jalaja,
Jatila, Kanga, Kshudraptri, Lomasha, Mangalya, Rakshoghri, Shada grantha,
Shartaparvika, Schlemshmaghni 24) Sinhalese Wadakaha, Wadakahavasambu 25) South
Africa Sweet flag 26) Spanish Acoro, Acoro, Verdadero 27) Tamil Vashambu 28)
Telugu Vadaja, Vasa, Wasa 29) Urdu Bach You will be surprised to know that the
Traditional Healers of many parts are purchasing this herb from outside the
state for treatment. They are very afraid of exploitation of these useful herbs
but they can not do anything. According to the traditional Healer of Keshkal,
few decades back there are thousands of Bach plants in valley. He still
remembers that the natives always preferred the rotational harvesting, in order
to conserve and propagate the Bach plants in natural forests. But due to
increased demand, for easy money no one has followed this rule and the natural
population is diminished. I personally feel that there is a strong need to
monitor the natural population of Bach in Chhattisgarh forests and enter this
herb in red data book (if any) of the state. Increasing demand and decreasing
natural occurrence has forced the innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh for
commercial cultivation of Bach. As you know, Chhattisgarh is known as
"Rice bowl of India" Paddy is Chhattisgarh’s traditional crop. It is
believed that Chhattisgarh is one of the origin places of paddy. The natives
have rich traditional knowledge about different types of paddy. Many medicinal
rice types have also been reported from Chhattisgarh. As the traditional crop
paddy is no longer profitable due to over production in last two-three years,
now the Chhattisgarh farmers are showing interest in new alternative crops like
pulses, oilseeds and medicinal crops. Due to lack of adequate irrigation
facilities in the state, the paddy farming is totally dependent on monsoon
rains every year. For storage of large amount of water in field, paddy farmers
have made big bunds around the fields. As Bach is also marshy and water loving
plant, and can be grown in these modified (i.e. with big bunded fields) fields,
now Chhattisgarh farmers are easily accepting this new crop for their lively
hood. The newly borne state of India, Chhattisgarh, is also known as world’s
first Herbal State. The new government is taking keen interest (?) in
conservation and cultivation of natural herbs. This is the result of farmer’s
interest and government’s encouragement that today over 25 species of herbs are
under cultivation in fairly la Chhattisgarh Bach is a valuable medicinal herb.
In Sanskrit, one of its names is Bhootnashini (Bhoot - Ghost; Nashini - to
destroy). In order to keep away the evils spirits from patients, many
Traditional Healers perform special worship using Bach roots and leaves. They
burn these parts in fire as offering to their Gods. According to the
Traditional Healers of Chhattisgarh, there is specific time and period for
harvest of Bach plants. As I frequently visit to different Traditional Healers,
good or bad in nature, the Traditional Healer of Salewara has advised me to put
the Bach roots always with me in order to be safe from any kind of magic. In
Chhattisgarh, there is a festival named “Hareli" in rainy season. It is
common belief that on the festival day, evil spirits increase their activities
to the maximum. To prevent their home natives put the branches and leaves of
neem (Azadirachta indica) in front of home. Many Traditional Healers use Bach
roots in order to protect themselves. At these times, the family members
specially the children are not allowed to go outside the home after the sun
set. The Traditional Healers of Chhattisgarh says that cultivation of Bach is
not good for everyone. It may cause mental problems to the growers. I am
associated as expert to Bach growers of Chhattisgarh from last five years. I
have never experienced any incidence with the growers. I am eager to know the
science behind the belief of Traditional Healers. In Chhattisgarh, mosquitoes
are among big problems. In urban and rural areas, people use Bach as mosquito
repellent. I have noted one more interesting thing about Bach. The Traditional
Healers say, the Bach from cultivated origin is less effective as compared to
natural Bach. In our ancient literatures it is clearly mentioned that the
domestication and cultivation of forest herbs can deteriorate the quality of
herbs. Possibly, the same Traditional Healers, are experiencing in Chhattisgarh
. Unfortunately, to get good quantity (obviously not good quality) of Bach,
most of this puts viz. pesticides, insecticides etc. Whether the buyers from
nearby metro are not aware of chemically grown Bach or they are ignoring the
poor quality of this herb, it is not clear but the Traditional Healers and qualified
Ayurvedic doctors of the state is facing difficulty in getting genuine and
effective herb. I have observed one more cheating practice common in so called
quality conscious buyers of metro. The colour of naturally occurring Bach root
is usually black but the Bach root from cultivated origin is lighter in colour.
These buyers purchase the Bach from cultivated origin and dry it in open sun
light. Due to high light intensity, the lighter colour changes into darker
colour. The buyers sell it in name and price of naturally occurring Bach. Many
research works conducted by Indian scientists have shown that sun drying
deteriorate the quality of herb. The Traditional Healers are also aware of this
fact. During my research works on insect repellent plants at Indira Gandhi
Agriculture University, Raipur, India, I have found the aqueous extract of Bach
leaves and roots effective against many problem insects of important
agricultural crops including rice, soybean, mustard, chickpea etc. In
Chhattisgarh, the root powder is used as effective insect repellent since long
back, to keep off moths and other insects from woolen goods. Its popularity as
air-purifier herb in home gardens is also increasing in Chhattisgarh. In
ancient Indian literatures, Bach is mentioned as valuable herb. According to
Ayurvedic philosophy Bach is pungent, bitter, heating, emetic, laxative,
diuretic, carminative, anthelmintic and it improves appetite, voice, throat,
good for disease of mouth, useful in abdominal pains, dysentery, tumours, thirst,
loss of memory, ratebite and worms in the ear. According to Unani system of
medicine, the rhizome has a very bitter sharp taste. It is laxative,
expectorant, carminative, tonic to brain, emmenagogue, useful in general
weakness, stomatitis, toothache, inflammations, pain in liver and the The
English name of Bach is Sweet Flag. I have found this botanical description in
reference literature about Bach. It is an aromatic herb; root stock as thick as
the middle finger, creeping and branching; Leaves 0.9-1.8 x 1.6 - 3.8 cm;
bright-green, acute, thickened in the middle, margins wavy; spathe 15-75 cm
long; spadix 5-10 cm long, obtuse slightly curved, green; sepals scarious,
anthers yellow; Flowers turbinate, prismatic, top pyramidal. Mr. Deen Dayal
Verma, is well known Bach grower of Chhattisgarh. He is growing this wonder
herb from last five years. According to him, Bach is "Alsio Ki Phasel
(lazyman’s Crop)" because it require no care and completely free from any
insect or disease. Being a Agriculture graduate and an innovative farmer, he is
conducting new field experiments with this crop. Last year he has shown he
regional farmers that paddy and Bach can be grown as mixed crop and presence of
Bach in paddy field protect the paddy crop from harmful insects and diseases.
This is really a great effort by any farmer to aware the fellow farmers through
field demonstrations. Mr. Verma is not aware of processing of Bach roots. He
simply collect and sell the dried roots to the buyers and these buyers sell
this herb to processors at very high rates. The only purpose behind writing
this article to show the actual picture of Bach Collectors and growers of
Chhattisgarh to herb lovers around the world and to share the rich traditional
knowledge about Bach, the Traditional Healers of state are having. Your
opinions and suggestions on this article are welcome. Problems and prospects of
commercial cultivation of wonder herb Safed Moosil (Chlorophytum Borivilianum
L.) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights
Reserved Due to the heavy demand of different useful parts of valuable
medicinal plants, their availability is continuously decreasing. Safed Moosli
(Chlorophytum borivilianum) is among such medicinal plants. In Indian system of
medicine, 'Safed Moosli' holds a reputed position. It is widely used as natural
sex tonic. This is the reason that it is an integral part of more than 100
Ayurvedic formulations. Indian forests are rich in Safed Moosli'. The survey
conducted by the author has revealed that due to its unique medicinal
properties, its demand is increasing very fast in Indian and International drug
markets. This increasing demand has created a pressure on Indian forest and if
steps for timely conservation are not taken, the Indian forests will lose this
valuable plant [2]. Safed Moosli belongs to Liliaceae family. More than 175
species of Chlorophytum have been - reported in the world. In other parts of
world, Chlorophytum is used as ornamental plants. Only in India, it is treated
as medicinal plant. Chlorophytum is originated from South Africa and introduced
in India. A total of 13 species of Chlorophytum have been reported from India.
(Table 1). All these species are totally different in medicinal properties but
due to lack of correct information all the species are known as Safed Moosli in
Indian drug market [1]. Chhattisgarh, a newly formed state of India. Is rich in
bio-diversity [5]. Many rare and valuable medicinal plants including Safed
Moosli have been reported from this region [3-5]. Safed Moosli is becoming a
popular medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. Many farmers have started its
commercial cultivation in the region. To list out the problems perceived by the
Safed Moosli growers in the region, a study was conducted by during 1999-2000.
The study was conducted in purposively selected districts namely Raipur, Durg,
Rajnandgaon, Kanker, Mahasamund. Bastar, Bilaspur and Sarguja. From each
selected district, the Safed Moosli growers were identified and selected for
study. The total sample size was of 46 respondents. The information was
collected with the help of personal interview on a well prepared interview
schedule. Many field visits to the farmers' field were also done during and
after the crop season Distribution of respondents in different selected
districts (with details) is given in table 2. The study revealed that the Safed
Moosli growers of Chhattisgarh are facing many problems like high cost and poor
availability of seeding material, lack of technical information, poor marketing
infrastructure, etc. These problems are discussed below in detail. Table 1 :
Different species of Chlorophytum available in India Species Distribution C.
arundinaceum Baker All districts of Chota Nagpur, Vindhya, Satpura and Aravali
Hiss, parts of Central India. Tarai region of N-E Himalayas in Assam, West
Bengal and Bihar. C. attenuatum Baker Western Ghats, southwards to Coimbatore,
West Peninsula. C. borivilianum Danges Forests (Gujarat), Aravali Hills C.
laxum R. Br. Katki Hills, Belgaum, Dharwar, North and South kanara, Deccan
peninsula in India C. tuberosum (Roxb b.) Baker Parts of Konkan to Travancore
in Kerala, Eastern Himalaya, Bihar and West Bengal C. breviscapum Sikkim
Himalaya, Belgaum and South Peninsula Table 2 : Distribution of respondents in
different districts District City No. of farmers Area under Cultivation Remarks
Bastar Jagdalpur, Kondagaon 2,1 M, H CA, CB CB, Cultivation in 45 acres Raipur
Raipur 10 L CA Durg Durg 12 L CA Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon 13 L CA, CB Bilaspur
Bilaspur, Kargiroad 2, 2 L, M CA , CL Kanker Kanker 1 L CA Mahasamund
Mahasamund 1 M, H CA Sarguja Ambikapur 2 : CA L = Less than 1 acre area under
cultivation; M= 1-10 acres area under cultivation; H = More 10 acres area under
cultivation; CA= Chlorophytum arundinaceum; CB=Chlorophytum borivilianum; CL=
Chlorophytum laxum Table 3 : Rates of available planting material of Safed
Moosli (Rs./quintal) Year Moosli farms in Maharashtra Wild collections 1998
40,000 20,000 1999 55,000 25,000 2000 65,000 25,000 Table 4 : Major insect and
disease infestations observed in different districts of Chhattisgarh District
Disease Insect Raipur - - Bilaspur Root-totting fungus (S) Aphid, Blister
beetle Durg Root-rootting fungus (S) X Rajnandgaon X X Sarguja X X Bastar
Root-rooting fungus (m) X Mahasamund Root-rooting fungus (m) Blister beetle
Kanker X X Table 5 : District-wise, details of farmers adopting organic farming
of Safed Moosli (n=46) District 10% Organic Partially Chemical 100% Chemical
Bastar(3) 33.30% 66.60% - Raipur (10) - - 100% Durg(12) 16.60% 8.30% 75.00%
Rajnandgaon(13) - 100% - Bilaspur(4) - - 100% Kanker (1) 100% - - Mahasamund(1)
- - 100% Sarguja (2) 50% - 50% (1) High cost of available seeding material: For
commercial cultivation, Safed Moosli is propagated through its fleshy roots.
For one hectare, planting about 2.5 to 3 q planting material is required. The
existing cost (1999-2000) rate of Safed Moosli planting material is more than
Rs. 65,000/q. This high cost of plant material is creating a problem for
farmers. Due to heavy demand of Safed Moosli the plant material is not easily
available and is booked for two-three years in advance. The study also revealed
that the available planting material is of inferior quality. Delayed, uneven
and poor sprouting of available planting material are noted as main problems.
It was also noted that due to monopoly of certain growers, the cost of planting
material is increasing very sharply year by year (Table -3). Also due to some
malpractices by the supplier, like mixing of sands, etc. with the planting
material, the farmers, specially the beginners are also discouraged. During the
study, many respondents complained that the suppliers were selling their
chemically treated planting material as organically grown planting material at
high cost. The high cost of available planting material has made the Safed
Moosli a crop only of rich farmers. (2) Lack of technical guidance for
cultivation As Safed Moosli is a new crop in India, not much work has been done
on its scientific aspects of cultivation. In Chhatisgarh, systematic research
work on this valuable medicinal crop has not yet been started. Due to lack of
technical information, the farmers, specially the small farmers, are facing
many problems. In Chhatisgarh rich farmers are conducting some experiments in
their farms. These experiments are at very initial stages. As not many
technocrats are available in Chhattisgarh rich farmers are not able to conduct
and analyze the experiments at their farms. In India, high yielding varieties
of Safed Moosli are yet not available. One farmer of Bastar district tried to
develop the varieties and some selections of Safed Moosli. These varieties are
available-in market from this year. The authenticity and scientific evaluation
of these varieties have yet not been tested by any research institution. The
study revealed that majority of the farmers is interested in organic
cultivation of Safed Moosli. But due to lack of reliable information farmers
are partially) using the chemicals (Table-4). (3) Marketing of Safed Moosli:
Since last three years, due to regular training programmes on cultivation of
medicinal and aromatic plants by governmental and non-governmental
organizations, many farmers have started the commercial cultivation of Safed
Moosli. In these training programmes, the concerned trainers have assured the
farmers that there is a heavy demand of Safed Moosli in national and
international drug markets but they have not informed about the problems
related with markets and where the markets are? During the study, many
respondents have complained that due to lack of information about suitable
market, they have to sell their produce at very low rates in nearby local
markets. The purchasers at the metropolitan cities and abroad are not in direct
contact of fanners. Also, their requirement being high they purchase in bulk.
Due to high cost of available planting material and poor market infrastructure,
farmers are not taking a bold step of cultivation of this crop in larger areas
to fulfill the demand of purchasers. Most of the respondents have not shown
interest in selling the dried Moosli roots. They are interested in selling the
fresh Moosli roots are the planting material because the market rate and
demands of planting material is very high. (4) Increasing infestation of
insects and diseases; Although not much infestation of insects and diseases has
been reported in sated Moosli crop. but in Chhattisgarh. Many insects and
diseases have found infesting this crop (Table 5). Among the diseases, severe
infestation of root-rotting fungus (unidentified) in Bilaspur district has been
noted. The infestation of this fungus is also noted in Bastar and Mahasamund
districts. Among the insects, heavy infestation of flower eating orange banded
blister beetle Zonabris pustulata Thunb. (Coleoptera; Meloidae) was observed in
Mahasamund and Bilaspur districts. This is the first record of this beetle on
this medicinal crop. Average 3-4 beetles/plant have been observed. These
beetles were found eating the flowers of Safed Moosli. The infestation of aphid
(unidentified) was also noted in Bilaspur district. As stated earlier, the
farmers are interested in organic farming and suitable technologies are not
available. Many farmers are using the organic cultivation practices recommended
for other crops in different regions. Some farmers are using cow urine, neem
oil and plant extracts. (5) Processing of harvested materials: Due to lack of
information regarding post harvest technologies, farmers are facing problems.
The peeling of Moosli roots is not only expensive but also laborious and time
consuming job. The Chhattisgarh farmers are in search of manually or
mechanically operated machine for this purpose. Due to improper storage
facilities fanners are getting the Moosli of inferior quality. Above mentioned
results of study have clearly revealed that Chhattisgarh farmers are eager for
the commercial cultivation of Safed Moosli in larger areas if these constraints
are removed. By adopting the following suggestions one can help the former in
constructive ways. 1. To establish a regional research centre for medicinal and
aromatic plants in Chhattisgarh. 2. To provide a technical guidance to the
farmers. 3. To make available the planting materials to the farmers at
reasonable rates. 4. To develop cultivation packages according to the
economical status of all the categories of farmers. 5. To identify the suitable
markets for Safed Moosli. To evaluate the suitability of different released
varieties in different climatic situations of Chhattisgarh and also to start
variety development programme in the region, according to the local needs. 6.
To develop low input processing methods. References Bordia PC, Joshi A and
Simlot MM. 1995. Safed Moosli. In: Advances in Horticulture Vol. IIMedicinal
and Aromatic Plants. Eds: K.L. Chadha and Rajendra Gupta. Pbl. Malhotra
Publishing House, New Delhi: 429-451. Oudhia P. 2000. Can we save the
endangered medicinal plant Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) in Indian
forests? An article written for An American site www.herb.com July-August,
2000. Oudhia P and Dixit A. 1994. Weeds in Ambikapur region (Madhya Pradesh)
and their traditional use. Weed News 1:19-21. Oudhia P and Joshi BS. 2000. The
decreasing availability of natural medicinal plants in Chhattisgarh: A study. In:
Abstract. VI National Science Conference, Mahatma Gandhi Garmodaya Chitrakut
Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakut (India) 9-10 March, 18. Oudhia P & Tripathi RS.
1998. Medicinal weeds of Kharif crops in the plains of Chhattisgarh. Bhartiya
Krishi Anusandhan Patrika 13(1/2): 33-38. Oudhia P & Tripathi RS. 1999.
Scope of cultivation of important medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh plains. In:
Proc. National Conference on Health Care and Development of Herbal medicines,
IGAU, Raipur (India), 29-30 August 1997:71-78. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge
about Chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj
Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Cicer arietinum,
commonly known as Bengal gram or chickpea, is a much branched herb and native
to South west Asia. It is now grown as a pulse crop all over India. In
different Indian languages it is known as chana, chania (Gujarati); boot, chana
(Hindi); kari-kampukadale (Canarese); harbara (Marathi); balabhojya, chanaka,
kanchuki, and vajibhakshya (Sanskrit). Chickpea seed is consumed in various
forms such as dal flour, boiled or parched, salted or sweet preparations, and
green foliage as salad. Since ancient times chickpea has been known as a
valuable medicinal plant. A preliminary survey of chickpea growers conducted by
the author during 1998-99 in different districts of Chhattisgarh state of India
revealed that most of the farmers are not aware of the valuable medicinal
properties of chickpea. Only few traditional healers are aware of its therapeutic
uses and there is a strong need to document this knowledge for the use of
future generations. As the demand for medicinal and aromatic plant products
(including chickpea) is growing at the rate of 7% per annum globally, it is
essential to document and publicize the medicinal properties of chickpea
mentioned in ancient Indian literature and also the traditional medicinal
knowledge of the common people. Common and popular names of Chana (Chickpea)
around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Arabic Dzelbana, Hamas,
Humn, Humz, Jumes, Nakhi 2) Assam Butmah 3) Bengal But, But Kala, Chhola,
Chanabatula, Chotabut 4) Canarese Kadle, Karikadale, Kempukadale 5) Dutch Keker
6) Egypt Hommos, Homos, Melanch 7) English Bengal Gram, Gram, Chickpea, Egyptian
Pea. 8) French Café Franzais, Ceseror, Cicerolle, Garoutte 9) German
Kichererbse 10) Hindi But, Chana, Chema, Harbhari 11) Iraq Hummus 12) Italian
Cece, Ceci 13) Kurdish Nok 14) Mexico Garbanzo 15) Persian Nakud 16) Portugese
Ervance, Gras de bica 17) Russian Ovetichie harokh 18) Sanskrit Balabhaishajya,
Balabhojya, Chanaka, Harimantha, Kanchuki, Salealpriya, vajimantha 19)
Sinhalese Kondi Kodala 20) Spanish Garbanzo 21) Tamil Kadalai 22) Telugu
Harimandhakam, Saunagaly Chickpea leaves and seeds, and acid exudation of the
plants are commonly used as medicine. Chickpea holds a reputed position in
Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine. According to Ayurvedic philosophy,
chickpea leaves are sour, astringent to bowels, and improve taste and appetite.
Leaves are used to cure bronchitis specially the chronic bronchitis. The seed
is used as tonic, stimulant, and aphrodisiac. Because of its aphrodisiac
properties, it is referred as vajibhakshya in Sanskrit. The seed is used as an
appetizer; it also has anthelmintic properties. It also cures thirst and
burning. Seeds are mainly used for the treatment of bronchitis, leprosy, skin
diseases, blood disorders, throat problems, and biliousness. According to Unani
system of medicine, chickpea leaves are purgative and abortifacient. Leaves are
used in treatment of cold, cough, and pains. Seeds are mainly used for the
treatment of diseases of liver and spleen. Seeds enrich the blood and cure skin
diseases and inflammation of the ear. Medicinal properties of weeds in chickpea
fields and of pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), a major insect pest of
chickpea, have also been reported. The people of Chhattisgarh have rich
traditional medicinal knowledge about plants, insects. Chickpea is one of the
frequently used medicinal plants in Chhattisgarh. A survey was conducted during
1999-2000 in ten districts of Chhattisgarh to list the existing medicinal uses
of chickpea. From each selected district, two blocks were selected and from
each block, a random sample of four villages was taken to make a sample of 200
respondents. Information regarding existing uses was collected through personal
interviews. The survey revealed that chickpea is among frequently used
medicinal plants in Chhattisgarh. It revealed that acid exudation from chickpea
plants is most frequently used as compared to leaves and seeds during the crop
season. The acid exudation is collected by spreading sheets of white cloth over
the crop in the field at night and the next morning the dew mixed acid is
collected and used as medicine. The natives use this "miracle potion"
to cure common ailments like constipation and indigestion. It was also noted
during the survey that many pharmaceutical companies are regularly purchasing
this exudation at fair rates from the farmers. Many farmers have installed pH
meters in their farms. The tribals of Chhattisgarh use this cure patients
suffering from snake poisoning and dog bite. In many parts of India, the fresh
plant is used for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (i. e., painful menses). Many
traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also using chickpea plants for this
purpose. Fresh chickpea leaves are styptic and farmers use these as first aid
remedy to stop bleeding. The styptic properties of Helicoverpa pod borer have
also been reported. The boiled leaves of chickpea (collected before flowering)
are used as poultice to sprained and dislocated limbs. The survey suggested
that by contacting pharmaceutical companies and other potential buyers of acid
exudation, leaves, and seeds, chickpea growers can be encouraged to earn extra
profit from the crop. The survey also revealed that there is a strong need to
prepare the list of potential buyers of medicinal chickpea plant parts and to
recognize and promote traditional uses of chickpea. Traditional medicinal
knowledge about common herbs and insects : Interactions with the natives of
village Khudmudi, Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia ©
2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I am fortunate, that I
belong to the village, with natives having rich traditional medicinal knowledge
about herbs and insects. The village Khudmudi is situated 23 kms. from the
capital city of Chhattisgarh, Raipur. In appearance it is simple village,
population nearly 1000 and main crops are paddy, chickpea, linseed and
Lathyrus. At my grandfather’s time (40-50 years back) Khudmudi was surrounded
by the forest. At present there is no forest in Khudmudi. At that time my
grandfather use horse and bullock cart for travel. About 2kms. From village, he
met the tiger once when he was travelling in bullock cart, the tiger ate one
bull, but luckily he made no harms to grandfather. According to the natives of
my village, my grandfather was an expert of herbs. He was famous for the
treatment of some specific problems like scorpion bite. Mr. Dhuru pahatia
working under him is still with us. He has informed me the about my
grandfather’s knowledge and experience. Botanical differences between major
species of Sida Characteristics Sida Sida acuta cordifolia 1) Habit A shrub
with slender branches, minutely hairy. An annual or perennial herb or under
shrub, softly hair all over. 2) Leaf 2.5-6.3 cm long, lanceolate, base rounded,
sharply serrate, glabrous 2.5-5.0 cm long, cordate, ovate-oblong, crenate,
obtuse 3) Flower 1-2 in each axil, pedical jointed about the middle Solitary or
few together, pedical jointed much above the middle, yellow. 4) Fruit 5-6 mm
diameter, carpels 5-9, strongly reticulated, puberulous, dorsal margins
toothed, awn two, linear. 6-8 mm diameter, carpels 7-10, strongly reticulated,
upper margins ciliate, dorsal scabrid, awns two, linear, scabrid-hairy. My
father is geologist and never told me about the rich knowledge of grandfather.
In Khudmudi use of many herbs and insects are common to the natives and I am
proud to say that they are still using this knowledge for the cure of common
ailments. Unlike to other villages where the traditional knowledge is limited
to the Traditional Healers, in Khudmudi this knowledge is open for everyone.
But like other villages, young generation is showing less interest in
understanding the science behind this knowledge. The old generation is in
dilemma. As the old villagers are passing away, the valuable knowledge is also
going with them. The purpose is to document the traditional medicinal knowledge
about herbs and insects present with natives of village Khudmudi. Locally
Termite is known as Deyar (In Hindi, Deemak). Termite mounds are common in
Khudmudi. The termite queen is of great value for the natives. In order to increase
the strength of newly married man, it is tradition to gift him, freshly
collected termite queen. This queen is cooked deliciously and served at dinner.
It is general belief that eating this dish once in a year can give enough
strength as the population is increasing; it is becoming difficult to get fresh
queen during peak marriage season. Mr. Dhuruv informed me in past the forests
are rich in termite mounds and queens were in abundance. At that time, it was a
dish available for every one. Even the natives of other villages frequently
visit to village forest for the collection of queen. According to Mr. Dhuruv
the queen is hot in Tasir (nature) and one dose can prevent the patients up to
one year against common cold. Mr. Dhuruv blames the use of lethal insecticides
for deteriorating quality of this medicinal insect. He informed me that last
year when one man used the dish, the loose motions have started. Actually he
has collected the queen from paddy fields where fumigant phorate was regularly
used to manage stem borers. Termite is a problematic pest for agricultural
crops. It is a recommendation to kill queen in order to control it completely.
The traditional use of queen as food and as medicine was beneficial to regulate
the population of harmful termites. According to the old natives of Khudmudi,
at that time there was no problem of termite. Now, it has become a headache for
the farmers. In urban areas of Chhattisgarh, termites are creating problems in
home. The urban people use many insecticides for the control of termite. The
wise people call the rural workers from nearby villages and instruct them to
destroy the termite mound, the root cause of this problem. You will be
surprised to know that the rural workers take no charge for delicious queen. I personally
feel that there is a strong need to popularize this unique use of termite queen
among urban people so that the termite population can be managed naturally.
During my survey of Gandai forest, one traditional healer informed me to use
the termite queen in form of dried powder in order to mask its identity. Mr.
Dhuruv has insisted me several times to experience the strength of termite
queen but as I am still a bachelor, hesitating to use this aphrodisiac. But Mr.
Dhuruv has promised me to provide the healthy queen whenever I will decide to
marry. Saccharum spontaneum, a wild relative of Sugarcane, is a common rainy
season weed in almost every part of Chhattisgarh. In Khudmudi, for paddy
growers it is a troublesome weed. Locally it is known as Kasi or Kansi. For old
natives, this weed is a boon for them. They collect the roots of this weed and
use to prepare oil joint pain common in old age. With the help of fresh roots,
dried ginger and Sesamum oil, a special oil is prepared and used externally.
According to the natives, roots collected after flowering is more useful as
compared to roots collected prior to flowering. If you have ever seen this
weed, you can understand the labor required to dig out the roots. According to
the Traditional Healers of Bastar, as deeper we go for collection of roots, we
get more potential. According to them, this oil is used for all people of all
age group and in every rainy season every one must use it in order get rid of
joint pains and other related ailments. For paddy farmers, who spend many hours
in submerged fields, this oil helps in treatment of skin abnormalities occur in
fingers of the legs. In past, it was a common practice to use this oil. Again
this use indicates the utilization of weed roots in order to regulate the
natural harming population in paddy fields. But as the use of new drugs and
balms is increasing, this traditional oil is loosing its popularity.
Simultaneously, the problem of Saccharum infestation is also increasing. of
Saccharum which are polluting the soil, water and food of the village. In
different scientific forums particular among the weeds scientists I always try
to convince them about the importance of traditional knowledge about common
weeds and traditional ways to manage them, but always they prefer the chemical
option, possibly due to influence of multinationals, that are becoming future
super weeds for my country. Like other villages of Chhattisgarh, the natives of
Khudmudi have rich traditional knowledge about herbs use as potherb (or fresh vegetable).
Charota, Barra, Bambi, Macharia, Muscaini, Kolhi-Kekdi, Kaua-Kaini, Bathua,
Karmatta, Tinpania etc. common weeds in village used as potherbs. These
potherbs are used as both food and medicine. As the cattle particularly the
milch cattle are a part of Indian village life. The natives of Khudmudi village
also keep cattle for milk and farm operations. Wherever the dung is present,
the dung beetles must be there. In Khudmudi, like dung beetles of other places
in earth dung beetles perform their routine work to dispose off the dung. For
natives of Khudmudi, dung beetles are source of medicine. They use it
externally in case of bleeding from fresh wounds and cuts. Like styptic herbs,
dung beetles are also effective in order to stop bleeding and to heal the
wound. According to the natives, they never use the dung beetle feeding on
human excreta for this purpose. The dung beetles living in their cattle shed
are preferred. The styptic properties of cow urine and dung are well documented
in literatures. But the use of dung beetles as styptic has yet not been
reported in available literatures. It is also common practice to urinate on
fresh cuts and wounds in order to treat them. This use of human urine is also
reported in literatures. As in appearance dung beetles are not good looking,
this is reason the use is not popular in natives. The care taker community of
cattle frequently use this treatment during their routine daily work. Sida
acuta, locally known as Bariyara, is a common rainy season wasteland weed. In
Khudmudi, native use this weed with the excreta of mouse to suppurate the small
boils. This paste prepared by grinding and mixing the leaves in water and with
the fresh excreta of mouse and applied externally on boils. Within day or two
the boils suppurate and after discharge of pus, it becomes cured. This
traditional use has also yet not been documented in the literatures. During
rainy season a specific virus attack on the fresh leaves and very soon mosaic
like symptoms appear. The natives not prefer virus infested leaves for this
purpose. As you know, red velvet mite Trombidium locally known as Rani Keeda is
common rain mite in Chhattisgarh and natives are having rich traditional
medicinal knowledge about this mite. In Khudmudi, the native prepare oil using
fresh Trombidium This oil is used for massage of patient suffering from lakwa
(paralysis). According to the natives, the nature of oil is hot and it is
having a miracle effect. In ancient Indian literatures on herbal medicine, the
description of oil and its medicinal properties have been reported. I am proud
to say the natives of Khudmudi are still using this oil for this problem. The
collection of honey, from nearby areas is a routine practice in many villages
of Chhattisgarh. The old natives of Chhattisgarh use the honey bee along with
honey as medicine. Again like termite queen it is used as aphrodisiac. But in
this case it is used externally. These natives collect the fresh honey bee and
prepare special oil by dipping it in Sesamum oil and use it externally as
aphrodisiac. The use of honey bee for this purpose has not been reported. In
Chhattisgarh, there are over 15,000 villages. I am trying to visit each and
every village for documentation of traditional medicinal knowledge about common
herbs and insects. This is really an exhaustive job. But these surveys and
studies are helping me to understand the miracle healing properties of mother
nature’s gift to mankind.
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