NATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR ON HERBAL CONSERVATION, CULTIVATION, MARKETING AND UTILIZATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CHHATTISGARH “THE HERBAL STATE” DEC. 13-14, 2001 by EcoPort version by Pankaj Oudhia 4
D.S. Bhati and M.S. Rathore Agricultural Research Station (Rajasthan Agricultural University) Mandor, Jodhpur – 342304 (Raj) ABSTRACT Senna (Cassia angustifola), belonging to the family Leguminosae is a medicinal crop. It is contraindicated in spastic constipation and in cases of colitis, The leaves and immature pods are the economic parts, containing sennosides which are responsible for its laxative properties. Senna leaves contain 3.0 to 4.25% sennosides. It is cultivated in {{Tinnevelly}e}, Madura and Trichonoply districts of Tamil Nadu and small area of Karnataka state of South India. During resent years farmers of Western Rajasthan have started cultivation of senna crop. It is a crop of unexploited and underutilized group. Hence, so far there is no sufficient work has been done on agronomical aspects. Therefore, looking to its importance a field experiment was taken to find out the effect of crop geometry on leaf yield of senna at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor during the year 1996-97 and 1997-98. the experiment consisted 3 inter-row (30, 45 and 60 cm) spacing and 4 intra-row (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) spacing. The experiment was sown on August 7, 1996 and was continue for two years, i.e. second year it was taken as Raton crop. Every year 4 cuttings were taken. During both the year, crop planted at 45 cm row spacing produced higher senna leaf and produced 1298 and 1207 kg/ha during 1996-97 and 1997-98 respectively. During 1996-97 it was followed by 60 cm (1260 kg/ha) where as during 1997-98 it was followed by 30 cm (1180 kg/ha). Two year mean leaf yield was recorded maximum, when crop was sown at 45 cm row spacing (1253 kg/ha). during 1996-97 intra row (plant to plant) spacing could not influenced leaf yield of senna. Where as during 1997-98 intra row spacing of 10 cm produced maximum leaf yield (1290 kg/ha). on the basis of two year mean 10 cm plant to plant spacing produced maximum leaf yield of 1257 kg/ha. Effect of sewage water on Isabgol (Plantago ovata) cultivation Ajay, P. Ramesh, P.K. Singh, K. Sammi Reddy, S. Ramana Environmental Soil Science Division, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal (MP) Abstract The Isabgol (Plantago Ovata, var. GI2) was subjected to grow with normal and sewage irrigation @ 25/m2-season at Institute farm. The sewage is a good source of nutrient as nitrogen and phosphorus content was around 2.5 and 3.5mg/L, respectively. The soil and plant analysis for Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb was carried out by standard procedure. The yield parameters and biochemical analysis were performed at the time of harvesting. Though, the yield parameters and protein% was not significant, but the trends in the grain yield (434g/plot) and protein% (20.27%) was showing higher value than the control (404.33g/plot and 18.40%). However, the fodder yield was more in control (1131g/plot vs 1061g/plot). The oil% was showing higher value significantly at sewage treatement (8.36% vs 7.89%). Biochemical constituents showed significant changes in NO3, phenol and ortho-dihydric phenol in straw and grain. Surprisingly, the NO3 content was slightly higher in straw (18.83 vs 17.16 µM/g FW) in control and grain (3.70 vs 2.38µM/g FW) in sewage treatment. Similarly, the phenol and ortho-dihydric phenol content in straw were higher (15.62 vs 9.28 µg/g DW and 3.25 vs 1.23ppm) in control. However, in grain, the phenol content was showing higher value (5.44 vs 2.16µg/g DW) in sewage, but the value of ortho-dihydric phenol showed similar trend as straw (0.15 vs 0.05ppm in control and sewage, respectively). The changes in heavy metal content in soil were significant and considerably reduced before start and harvest the crop. For the reduction in Cd was from 3.39 to 0.82ppm, in Cu 1.42 to 0.53ppm, in Ni 0.41 to 0.09ppm, in Zn 2.23 to 0.09ppm and in Pb 3.48 to 1.77ppm. Similarly, there was uptake in crop in straw and grain. The uptake was slightly higher in grain. The changes in soil quality by measuring TOC, available N, P, K showed better improvement in sewage treated soil. For eg increase in TOC was 0.19 to 0.24%, in N 33.72 to 50.50kg/ha, in P 3.52 to 24.55kg/ha and in K 211.51 to 335.89kg/ha. Agro-techniques influencing the production potential, productivity And quality of yams and aroids. Rajesh Kumar and James George Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram-695017, Kerala. ABSTRACT Among tropical tuber crops, yams and aroids are primary staple food and source of carbohydrate in a sizeable number of and subtropical countries of the world. The edible species of crops under both these groups are versatile vegetables and can be boiled, baked, roasted, grilled or fried and served sliced, as balls, mashed, chipped and flaked, tubers of yams and aroids acontribute a sizable portion of food stuff for tribal and people of weaker section in our country. However, cultivation of yams and aroids are limited, due to the unexploited potentials of these crops and the unawareness or lack of popularization of their medicinal as well as nutritional properties. A large number of species under these two groups, possess unique ability to grow in marginal submerged/marshy lands and even under rain fed conditions. Hence, there is need to grow yams and aroids with improved agro techniques and elicit information regarding their production potential, productivity and quality. There are several species of Dioscorea. Some like D. hispida and D. dumetorum are poisonous due to high concentration of an alkaloid Dioscorine (C13H1902N). D. cirrohosa is a natural source of tannins.Some species, vize D. deltoidea, D. floribunda and D. bulbifera contain high amount of Saponins, which is the principal raw material for production of steroid, a pharmaceutical product. The tubers of edible yams, D. alata, D. esculenta and D. rotundata have a high dry matter percentage (32-44%), starch having mainly carbohydrate component (51-90% of dry matter), mucilage (1.4-20%), mainly composed of glucoproteins. Aroids also consists of a number of plants under genus Colacasia, Xanthosoma and Amorphophallus etc. whose tubers as well as other vegetative parts are used as vegaetables. Apart from the use as food, their tubers are also utilized for medicinal preparations. Amorphophallus tubers are reported to have a significant role in ayurvedic preparations for the cure of piles and dysentery. Developing agro techniques in yams and aroids is an important aspect for the rapid production and multiplication of these crops. Not many reports are available, but some agro techniques developed for these crops at Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum have enhanced their production potential. Agrotechniques like proper land preparation, planting method, quality and quality of planting material, staking methods (in case of yams), organic manuring and bio-fertilizers, nutritional management, stages of weeding, intercultural operations, moisture levels, stage of harvest have significantly influenced the production potential, productivity and quality of some of the (edible) species of yams and aroids. CURRENT STATUS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS CULTIVATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH S.K. Kothari, C.P. Singh, K. Singh,B.R. Rajeswara Rao and A.K. Bhattacharya Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Field Station, Boduppal, P.O. Uppal, Hyderabad – 500 039, India ABSTRACT Globally there has been an upsurge in demand for phytomedicines of herbal drugs, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and raw medicinal plants for management of human health with least toxic effect and at an affordable cost. Andhra Pradesh with diverse agro-climatic conditions, large bio-diversity and strategic geographical location is likely to emerge a leading producer and supplier of medicinal plant species. Currently, medicinal plants are cultivated in about 10,000 acres of land, beside large area under forests where several medicinal plant species are found in abundance. The important crops being cultivated are Senna (Cassia angustifolia; 1,200 acres), Wintercherry (Withania somnifera; 1,000 acres), Kavach ({{Mucuna cochichinesis}e} / pruriens; 600 acres), Ambrette (Abelmoschus moschatus; 500 acres), Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum; 300 acres), Piplamool (Piper longum; 300 acres), Ghee kunwar (Aloe vera; 300 acres), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina; 200 acres), Sweet flag (Acorus calamus; 200 acres) akkarkara (Spilanthes acmella; 150 acres), Akkalakara ({{Anacylus pyrethrum}e}; 100 acres), Brahmmi ({{Bacopa maonnieri}e} and Centella asiatica; each 100 acres), Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata; 100 acres) and Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestre; 100 acres). Further, Malkangni (Celastrus paniculata) Biabidanga ({{Embelia ribes]e}), Shatavri ({{Asparagus racemosus}e}), Chandrasur (Lepidium hispidum), Isabgol (Plantago ovata), Perwinkle ({{Catharanthus roseus]e} / alba), Chitrak ({{Plumbago zeylanica}e}), Tulsi (Ocimum spp.), Pashanbhedi ({{Coleus forskohlii}e}), Guggul (Commiphora mukul), Bavchi (Psoralea cordifolia), Amla (Embelica officinalis), etc. and many other medicinal plants are grown in unspecified areas in many herbal gardens and farmers fields. In Andhra Pradesh Medicinal plants are cultivated in isolated patches and each being grown ints favourable soil and agro-climatic conditions, e.g., Senna, Wintercherry and Gheekunwar are cultivated in dry areas of {{Telangana}e} and Rayalasema as rainfed crops while the cultivation of Piplamool is confined to black cotton soils of Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts. The economics of medicinal plants cultivation varies largely for crop species and soil and climatic conditions but, in general, their cultivation is more remunerative compared to traditional agricultural crops. Presently, the growers are facing little difficulties in rural areas. However, this problem in likely to be overcome shortly once the Medicinal Plants Board starts functioning and begins procurement of raw medicinal herb at assured prices. Beside development of marketing network, intensive research work needs to be undertaken on war footing to develop high yielding cultivars, package of cultivation practices, integration of mediculture into agriculture with multi – tier cropping system / agroforestry and development of technology for processing of raw medicinal herbs and value addition. Benificial effects of phytochemicals on food-fodder-MPTS Production systems Banwari Lal and P. Oudhia* Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, {{Jhansi}e}-284 003. *Convenor, SOPAM (Society for Prathenium Management), 28-A, Geeta Nagar, Raipur-India. Abstract Weeds in general are unwanted plants crop production. However, they have medicinal value in human life and livestock production due to production of phytochemicals that generally refer to the secondary metabolites. These phytochemicals produced from weeds as well as donor species to the crop plants as receiver and vice-versa. These phytochemicals play greater rolein reduction as well as enhancement of germination, growth, development and final produce. The study was conducted at IGFRI, Jhansi, IGKVV, Raipur SOPAM, Raipur, and IARI, New Delhi in field as well laboratory conditions. The interaction of field crops, forage sp., range legumes and MPTS were tested. Soaking 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12% dry biomass in distilled water prepared the aqueous extract of litter biomass for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Aqueous extract thus obtained was filtered through whatman filter paper No.1. Counted seeds of each crop were sown in pertidishes. In laboratory, the seeds were moistening with 10 ml of extraction first day and 5 ml on subsequent days. Distilled water was used as control. Residues of cereals and legumes were also applied in the field crops in combination with high analysis nitrogen fertilizers to supplements the nitrogen requirement. The lower concentration up to 4% of dry biomass that contain different types of phytochemicals in the process of decomposition viz. Heterogeneous substances of tannins, turpins, steroids, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin etc. significantly increase germination of food materials from seeds to shoot as well as roots growth and final biomass production of food, fodder, commercial crops and MPTS. However, the higher concentration i.e. > 4% of cereals as well as legume dry biomass drastically reduce the germination, growth and final biomass production of crops. The combined application of cereals as well as legume residues with high analysis urea fertilizer breakdown the negative effects of such phytochemicals by increasing decomposition rate. Thereafter, such litter biomass serve the purpose as source of organic matter to supplement and enhancement of soil-physico-chemical properties. Abstract cum Souvenir National Research Seminar on Herbal Conservation, Cultivation, Marketing and Utilization with Special Emphasis on Chhattisgarh, The Herbal State, 13-14th December, 2001 IMPROVED CULTIVATION PRACTICES FOR MEDICINAL CROPS : GLIMPSES OF RESEARCH AT FARMER’S FIELDS IN CHHATTISGARH (INDIA) P.Oudhia Internationally Acknowledged Herb Expert, Convenor, IPRNG, SOPAM, 28-A, College Road, Geeta Nagar, Raipur-492001 {{India]e} ABSTRACT Medicinal and aromatic plant resources have been the vital component in the health care of the Indian people since time immemorial. Forest ecosystem have been and still in continue to be the store houses of medicinal and aromatic plant resources in India. India is bestowed with wealth of medicinal plants, most of which have been used in Ayruveda, Unani systems of medicines and tribal healers for generations. Inspite of huge biodiversity and traditions of use of medicinal herbs, we have not been able to utilize opourtunities and exploit its hidden potential. Sadly, many of the potential herbs are still not known to the scientific world and of those known many are over exploited leading to their extinction or listing them as endangered or threatened plants. Due to over exploitation of Chhattisgarh forests, the availability of medicinal and aromatic plants (particularly the plants having the economically important underground parts) are decreasing very rapidly. Due to lack of information regarding selection of planting matieral, supply of healthy seeds, improved cultivation practices, improved and ecofriendly pest management, scientific harvesting, storage and processing etc, farmers are in big problem. To root out these problems, series of experiments were conducted at farmer’s fields in different districts of Chhattisgarh. The main objective was to develop an improved cultivation practices for different important medicinal crops in Chhattisgarh (India). The field experiements were conducted in Bastar, Kanker Dhamtari, Raipur, Mahasamund, Rajnandgaon, Durg and Sarguja districts of Chhattisgarh. The innovative and progressive farmers cultivating the medicinal crops under technical guidance of author were selected in each farm and using standard statistical methods and experimental designs (viz randomized block design, split plot design etc.), the experiments were laid out. In most of the cases the experiments were replicated thrice and repeated twice. On the basis of the findings, the recommendation were prepared. Some useful experimental findings are discussed in this paper. SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATIONS STUDIES IN MEDICINAL PLANT, Cassia alata L. Dr. P. Pandian, R. Govindarasu, M.A.J.R. Savery and K.Manian ABSTRACT Seed Science and Technology Unit, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agruculture and Research Institute, Karaikal-609 603, U.T. of Pondicherry. Cassia alata L. is a medicinal plant recommended for use in ringworm infection, snakebites, constipation, bronchitis, asthma and eczematous patches and skin diseases. As there are no basic seed technological studies on this medicinal polant, an investigation was carrided out converctively for two years (February 2000 and February 2001) at Seed Science and Technology Unit, P.J.N. College of Agriculyture and Research Institute, Karaikal to standardize suitable methods for breaking seed dormancy and methods for seed germination. Four months old seeds of Cassia alata L. collected from Karaikal Region of Pondicherry State were subjected to various dormancy breaking treatments such as Hot water soaking, Sulphuric acid scarification, Mechanical scarification (sand and sand paper), Pre-chilling, Potassium nitrate, Ethrel, Kinetine, GA3, IAA, Ethanol, Thiourea, Salicylic acid etc. Seeds were germinated using Between Paper (BP) methods at 300 C + 20 C. Germination count was taken on 10th day. From the results, it was found that Hot water soaking and Mechanical scarification recorded the highest germination (50-68%) as compared to Water soaking (4%) and Control seed without treatment (0%) Further study conducted on standardizing the duration of selected treatments revealed that Scarification by sand for 40 mts., Scarification by sand paper for 20 mts., Hot water (800 c) for 10 mts and Hot water (500 c) for 40mts. Recorded the highest mean per cent Germination (96,80,80 and 72, respectively). Root length, shoot length, dry matter production and vigor index were also recorded the highest values. Study conducted to find out the method for seed germination revealed that the temperature range 250 C to 350 C and paper medium (BP method) and sand medium were found to be suitable for germination test. The first and final count of germination tests can be taken on 2nd day and 10th day after sowing, respectively. Organic Farming of Medicinal Plants in the Drylands Arun K Sharma Scientist, Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur-342002, Rajasthan. Technical Session – B ABSTRACT Drylands cover about 60% of the geographical area of the country, mainly situated in the low rainfall (below 800 mm/yr) areas. Various biotic and a biotic pressures in these areas insert uncertainty in crop production and need have been felt since long time for alternative crops. Decreasing availability in natural habitats and increasing demand, making the medicinal plants as a lucrative alternative to the conventional crops. Also not only fruit but also root, stem and almost all the parts of medicinal plants are used thus least chances of crop failure due to drought, besides most of the medicinal plants are not lied by animals. The soils of the drylands are comparatively untouched by fertilizers, pesticides and Irrigation (FPI). The use of FPI is highly risky due to climatic conditions, moreover the marginal farmers are unable to use these costly inputs. On the other hand animals dominate the farming systems of these regions and excreta of animals can improve the properties of poor soils. These, which are seen as limitation for food grain production, are opportunities for medicinal plants cultivation. Further in the case of medicinal plants, quality (i.e. No. residue of pesticide/fertilizer) is more important than the quantity, which is only possible in the organic farming. Cultivation of Gloriosa superba in Tamil Nadu with heavy use of pesticide and fertilizers ended with great failure and suicide of the farmers and this story should not be repeated. The emphasis must be given on the medicinal plants production only with organic farming. Farmers of western rajasthan have made an example by growing senna (Cassia angustifolia) in abour 3000 ha area, completely organic. RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT CYMBOPOGON SPICEIS IN GUAVA ORCHARDS D.K. Singh and N.K. Bajpai Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Anta – 325202, Baran (MPUA & T Udaipur) ABSTRACT Cymbopogon species are the perennial grasses used for scented oil and can be easily grown in fruit orchards. To utilize the intra-row space of orchards a field experiment was conducted to study the growth and survival of different Cymbopogon species like C. flexurosus (Lemongrass), C. winte-rianus (Cintronella) and C. martini (palmarosa) during the year 1999-2000. The two rows of lemongrass, citronella and palmarosa varieties Kaveri, Manjusa and Trishna respectively were planted along the rows of 10 years old guava orchards. The survival of citronella was maximum (82.3%) followed by lemongrass (72.2%) and palmarosa (64.7%). The number of suckers/plant were recorded maximum in lemongrass followed by citronella and palmarosa. Therefore, after the establishment of orchard the waste space of intra-row can be utilized for the cultivation of citronella, lemongrass and palmarosa. Monitoring of Boron effect of germination of Rice var. Mahamaya S.K. Sarawgi and P. Oudhia Agronomy Department, Indira Gandhi Agri. University, Raipur-492001 (C.G.) ABSTRACT Seed is the terminal and starting point in the life cycle of the mother plant. Germination of seeds and growth of springing up seedlings are dependent process accountable for the intitial establishment of plants. Germinaiton is a natural process governed both by internal mechanisms within the seed and by external environmental variations. The numerous water pollutants may be detrimentally affecting these growth phase. Boron, a well known water pollutants can exist in acid water. The crop irrigated with water contaminated with B, is likely to suffer in several manners due to its phytoxicity. The present paper deals with deleterias consequences of Boron on seed germination of Rice cv. Mahamaya. The response to the treatment of Borax (Na2B4O7) depended upon concentration of the solution and duration of the treatment. At 0.1 ppm and 1.0 ppm of borax, there was stimulation in germination percentage in all the continuous and presoaked treatment. Maximum seed germinaiton frequencies was recoverded at lower concentration of Boron followed by 1.0 ppm. However, treatment with 2.0 ppm Borax solution drastically disturbed the temporal distribution of relative germination frequencies (23.4%) in pre treatments with solution for periods of 24 hours before transferring them to distilled water, after thorough washing. JOJOBA: A POTENTIAL NEW SHRUB FOR WASTELANDS OF CHHATTISGARH Dhanajay Sharma1, Sanjeev Malaiya and A.R. Pal Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT The possibilities of commercial cultivation of this promising crop in Chhattisgarh, the Herbal state, have been discussed in this paper. The constraints, problems and its possibilities have also been suggested. Simmondsia chinensis is commonly known, as Jojoba and is a native of Mesico and Baja California. It is a woody evergreen shrub of gray-green bark colour with height of 10-12 feet. The seed contains about 45-55% oil or liquid wax, chemical properties of which are identical to those of body fat obtained from sperm whales. Jojoba oil can be used in cosmetics, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, factice, cooking oil, alcoholas & acid derivatives and hydrogenated wax. The Jojoba industry has grown from a fledgling new comer in the world of agriculture and industry to the point where more than 1000 tons of oil are produced each year for use in a variety of commercial products marketed all over the world. Approximately 6600 ha. of cultivated Jojoba are now producing in excess of 2000 tons of Jojoba seed annually. The total world market potential for Jojoba oil has been projected by some sources to be 64000 tons to 200000 tons per year. SURVEY STUDY ON PROSPECTUS AND PROBLEMS OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS CULTIVATION Vinod Kumar Chaudhary Department of Basic Sciences University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, {{Solan}e}-173230 (Himachal Pradesh) ABSTRACT Use of plants for medicinal purposes has been known throughout the world from the time immemorial. The holistic approach of ancient systems of medicines has been appreciated more and more in the present day when harmful effects caused by administration of drugs of the modern system of medicine are receiving increasing attention of intellectuals, scientists and public at large. Herbal remedies with a greater emphasis on promotive and preventive aspects of health care are the legacies of our ancient sciences which are still to be fully rediscovered for the benefit of mankind. The production, processing and use of medicinal and aromatic plants has a great potential for employment generation particularly at the village levels. The recent emphasis on rural development and particularly on tribal development shows that medicinal and aromatic plants have a prominent role to play in this direction, if properly managed. Keeping this in view, a survey study was under taken in Kullu Valley of Himachal Pradesh to identify the prospectus and problems of medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation by using stratified random sampling for this purpose. It was found that some farmers of Kullu Valley were about the importance of aromatic and medicinal plants and started the cultivation by using stratified plants for improving their economic condition. However, facing many major problems in the field of medicinal and aromatic plants are sbsence of proper survey, identification, marketing, storage facilities, processing, transportation, communication and demonstration on cultivation, etc., It is suggested that this study may also be very helpful to the policy makers and research workers for making the future strategies on aromatic and medicinal plants for the HERBAL STATE-Chhattisgarh. PROSPECTS OF KHEKSI CULTIVATION IN CHHATTISGARH DHANAJAY SHARMA1, P.N. SINGH2 AND A.R. PAL3 Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT Kheksi (Momordica dioica) commonly known as spine gourd is a highly nutritive vegetable maynly grown in some tribal belts of chhattisgarh. It is a dioecious, perennial with tuberous roots and ovate fruit densely covered with conical spines. It contains high amount of protein with faire amount of phosphorus, calcium and iron. It is a low water requirement crop and can be grown as rainfed crop, which is immediate need of uplands of chhattisgarh. This crop requires a systematic research for improvement and standardization of horticultural practices. Rainfed areas of Surguja, Raigarh, part of Mahasamund and Bastar has very good scope for its cultivation. It has good market value and presently imported from Orissa. 1. Corresponding author 2. Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture IGKVV Raipur 3. Professor and Head, Department of Land and Water Management IGKVV Raipur Effect of Planting and Harvesting Dates on Yield and Quality of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) Seema Nemade, H.N. Ravankar and P.A. Sarap Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, {{Akola}e}-444104 (MS). Abstract The present investigation was undertaken on Kalmegh during kharif 2000-2001 on the farm of Nagarjun Medicinal Plant Garden, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, {{Akola}e}. The experiment was laid out in a split plot with 12 treatments as four planting dates viz., planting in 27th meteorological week (2-8 July), 29th MW (16-22 July), 31st MW (30 July-5 Aug.), 33rd MW (13-19 Aug.) in main plots and three harvesting dates viz., harvesting at 42nd MW (15-21 Oct.), 44th MW (29 OCT.-4 nov.) and 46th MW (12-18 Nov.) in subplots, replicated four times. All growth and yield attributes of Kalmegh were significantly influenced with dates of planting, early planting (27th MW )being significantly superior. Date of harvesting had no significant influence on growth and yield attributes. Early planting (27th MW) and delayed harvesting (46th MW) produced significantly maxmimum dry foliage yield. As regards the quality, planting dates did not affected andrographolide contect but it was significantly higher due to early harvesting (42nd MW). Iron content was significantly highest with planting in 31st MW and harvesting in 42nd MW. Total andrographolide and total iron yield was significantly higher with early planting (27th MW) where as effect of harvesting dates were not significant. 1. Agronomy PG student, 2. Associate PROFESSOR AND 3. SRF, Deptt. of Agril Chemistry and Soil Science Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola Growth and yield analysis of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) Under varying sowing times and fertility levels R.S. Sheoran, R.K. Pannu and D.S. Rana Forage Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, {{Hisar}e}-125004 ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out during winter season of 1995-96 and 1996-97 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to study the effect of three dates of sowing (November 16, December 16) and four level of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2 O5 /ha) on two fenugreek genotypes (HM 65 and T 8). The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, low in available nitrogen and phosphorus, rich in available potash and slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.6). the treatments were replicated thrice in a split-plot design. The results revealed that genotype HM 65 was superior to T 8 in terms of leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter accumulation and seed yield, respectively, than T 8. The crop sown on December 1 performed better than November 16 and December 16 dates of sowing for these characters. The crop sown on December 1 gave 9.8 and 33.2 per cent higher seed yield than November 16 and December 16 sowing, respectively. Increasing levels of phosphorus upto 60 kg/ha significantly increased the growth parameters viz., plant height, LAI, LAD, dry matter accumulation and seed yield over their lower doses of phosphorus. An increase of 27.6 and 6.9 per cent in seed yield was recorded with the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha over control and 30 kg P2O5/ha respectively. However, the harvest index remained unaffected under different levels of phosphorus. | |||||||||||||||||
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| Chemical Manipulation to Increase Seedling Vigour of Solanum nigrum. Ilango.C*, Dr. K. Manian** and Dr. P. Selvaraj* *Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, 609603 U.T. of Pondicherry, **Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Tamil Nadu. ABSTRACT Among few thousands of herbals used for Indian systems of Medicine, only few herbals are under cultivation. Others are collected from wild sources indiscriminately which leads a high demand for most of the herbals in Pharmaceutical industries and Practitioners of Indian systems of Medicine. Solanum nigrum is one of the herbals having high demand as evidenced by the inclusion of this crop in the call ilist of Medicinal Plants Board. Agro technologies, start from seeds to seeds, is lacking in this herbal. Studies were conducted with different kinds of chemicals (nine) of various concentrations including plant Growth Regulators (four) along with five physiological manipulations of seeds to find out the influence of these treatments. Dry seed sowing forms as control so as to have total treatments of thirteen. The pooled analysis of the results indicated that beneficial and adverse effect on germination percentage, growth performance of the seedlings and the seedling vigour of Solanum nigrum was evident. The maximum germination percentage (88%) was observed for the treatment of KNO3 as against 42% in control. The growth performance of the seedlings also significantly varied among the treatments. The maximum height of the seedlings was observed for the treatment GA3 which was followed by IAA and KNO3. the computed vigour index was high for the treatment of KNO3 (286) as against 130.3 for control. In-depth analysis indicated that the KNO3 treatment favourably influeanced both germination percentage (46% increased over the control) and the growth performance of the seedlings (5% increased over the control). This clearly indicated that the KNO3 treatment forms a agro technology to get the vigorous seedlings of solanum nigrum for higher productivity of this herbal. Response of Harvest and Nutrient Management on Seed Yield and Alkaloid Content in Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) under Sodic Soil Conditions. Ajai Singh and Bajrang Singh National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (U.P.)-226001 Abstract Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) is a plant of family Solanaceae and is being used in modern medicine. The important alkaloids in the plant are hyoscyamine and hyoscine. These alkaloids are mainly used in diseases of respiratory and intestinal as well as urinary bladder pain to control spasms. Its cultivation package has not been properly developed yet, therefore some agronomical experiments were conducted to optimize its yield and alkaloid contents on moderately sodic soil of U.P. Henbane responded well to fertilizer application at Banthra Research Station (NBRI), Lucknow, U.P. There was two major treatment i.e. harvest and nutrient management during 2000 & 2001 in 2 & 4 subtreatments, respectively. The result indicated that no leaf harvesting and application of 60:40:20 kg/ha NPK (50% N as basal + 50% N as top dressing) recorded the highest seed yield (565 kg/ha) followed by organic manuring with celrich (3 ton/ha), which rendered slightly lower yield (505 kg/ha). Leaf harvest in full bloom alongwith 60:40:20 kg/ha NPK recorded more alkaloids in leaf as well as seeds in comparison to the treatments in which leaf was not harvested. But there is no significant difference in alkaloid content under the treatment of NPK and celrich applications in harvested leaf conditions. However, plant growth attributes i.e. plant height, no. leaves/plant, no. branches/plant responded well to NPK and celrich application corresponding to the yield status. COTTON SEED – OIL OF DIFFERENT GENOTYPES INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS A. L. Tomar*, Subhod Kumar Jain** and K.C. Mandloi*** B.M. College of Agriculture, JNKVV, Khandwa, ** Zoology Department, Dr. H.S.Gour V.V., Sagar, *** B. M. College of Agriculture JNKVV, Khandwa. ABSTRACT Cotton is a major fiber crop of global importance. For multiple uses of cotton fibre and its other by-products it refer to as White Gold. The cottonseed oil plays an important role for human nutrition, medicine and as well as industry too. The oil content varies from 19-22 % and rich in essential fatty acids found in different genotypes. Environmental factors such as temperature, growing season and light considerably influence the fatty acid composition besides affecting the oil content. |
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