Impact of Globalization on Biodiversity with Special emphasis on Livelihood of poor and marginalised : A case study of Raigarh Region, Chhattisgarh, India.by Pankaj Oudhia
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Impact of Globalization on Biodiversity with Special emphasis on Livelihood of poor and marginalised : A case study of Raigarh Region, Chhattisgarh, India.by
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| Contributor:Dr. Pankaj Oudhia QA and TEM | eResDocs Formal report Free form Table of Contents Display Full eArticle | ID: 735 |
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| Abstract |
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| Table of Contents |
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| Introduction | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Chhattisgarh is rich in bio-diversity. Thousands of medicinal herbs grow naturally in its natural forest. The state is rich in both floral and faunal biodiversity. Over 40% area is covered by natural forest. The natives specially traditional healers have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs and insects. In rural and forest regions still the natives get good health with the help of this traditional knowledge. Medicinal herbs are essential part of livelihood of natives especially of marginalized and poor natives. Forest base economy and life are helping the natives to earn their livelihood. Through the collection and use of non-wood forest produces the natives are living with Mother Nature in sustainable way. Through non-destructive harvest of medicinal herbs and other forest resources they are living with nature since time immemorial. For NTFP Chhattisgarh is known worldwide. Unaware of its high demand and end industrial uses the natives are collecting and selling it at very low rates and as result exploitation is common in almost all parts of the state. The natives of Chhattisgarh have given many gifts to world community. “Tree shade therapy” , “Copro-therapy”, use of medicinal soil and medicinal insect and mite therapy are well known gifts among it. “Sanjivani” herb that was used to save the life of Laxmana during Ramayana period, still grows in natural forest. The traditional healers having expertise in treatment of different types of cancer are using “Sanjivani” in treatment both alone and in combination with other medicinal herbs. The natives are aware of ‘Short time memory eraser’ herb Bhoolan and Appetite Suppressant Herb (ASH) Achyranthes. The natives are having endless list of traditional herbal dishes and shurbuts prepared from wild fruits. The traditional healers are enough confident about the treatment of so called incurable modern diseases like AIDS, only through natural life style and use of traditional dishes and shurbuts. Although traditional healing is still waiting for recognition and honor from the modern society but it is having deep root in rural and forest society. The traditional healers collect the herbs using their Traditional Allelopathic Knowledge. They use herbal extracts and leachate to enrich the medicinal herbs with medicinal properties. This knowledge is used for sustainable harvesting of herbs and for saving the lives of old trees. Like the natives of other parts of the world, the natives of Indian state Chhattisgarh are also aware that ecosystem is very fragile and human activities are always potential threat for bio-diversity. They exploit the forest resources through rotational harvesting concept but greedy modern society is not having much understanding of fragile ecosystem. Unfortunately without under standing the biodiversity from the forest natives, the experts of modern society has done a lot to disturb the natural ecosystem and biodiversity. Modern development mainly industrialization is although generating employment opportunities and sufficifying many needs of modern human society but it is becoming a curse for natural biodiversity and it is directly victimizing the livelihood of poor and marginalized natives. Much studies have been done to study the impact of Globalization in form of different types of pollutions and its impact on human health and also on plant health to some extent. Any ecosystem is having numerous components and all are associated with each other. Disturbance or elimination of any component may result in imbalance in whole ecosystem. Even the introduction of exotic component in form of plant species, for example, may result in harmful consequences. The native people facing the problem of Globalization and eager to resist against it are not having enough documentary evidences in form of research and case studies to present their strong views and comments among the authorities. In order to fulfill the gap, a research study was conducted at over 15 villages of Raigarh district of Indian state Chhattisgarh in December, 2005. The well known social organization National Center for Advocacy Studies (NCAS), Pune supported this research. The title of survey based research work was “ Impact of Globalization on biodiversity with special emphasis on livelihood of poor and marginalized.” Due to globalization the natives of Raigarh region is facing new problems and consequences daily. This globalization has resulted in Industrial development and increased human activities in biodiversity rich region are becoming curse for both floral and faunal biodiversity. In this research work extensive visits were made in villages to meet and interact with the villagers specially with forest dwellers and traditional healers to assess the damage done by Globalization and to study its future impact. Pictures related to this report are available at. |
| (A) Impact on Floral Biodiversity i. Impact on Forest biodiversity ii. Impact on Agricultural biodiversity (B) Impact on Faunal Biodiversity i. Impact on domestic cattle. ii. Impact on wild life. (A) Impact on Floral Biodiversity (i) Impact on forest biodiversity | Return To Table of Contents |
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| “Black Dust” from series of newly established sponge iron plants in and around Raigarh is becoming real threat for all types of Biodiversity. Due to this dust natural forests have turned into “Black Forest”. From trees to forest floor thick layer of Black Dust is visible every where. In general, Raigarh forests are having the dominance of thousands of plant species. Among tall trees Shorea robusta (Sarai), Tectona grandis (Sagon), Pterocarpus marsupium (Beeja), Terminalia alata (Saja), Terminalia bellirica (Bahera) , T. chebula (Harra), Madhuca sp. (Mahua), Lannea coromandelica, Garguga pinnata, Soymida febrifuga (Rohan), Adina cordifolia (Haldu), Bombax ceiba (Semra) etc. are common. Among small trees and shrubs Bridelia squamosa, Cleistanthus, Cassia fistula, Schleichera oleosa (Kusum), Caryea arborea, Dillenia pentagyna etc. are common. All these species hold reputed position as medicinal plant in different systems of medicine in India. The natives use these species in their routine life and traditional healers prepare medicine from it. Thick layer of Black Dust is resulting in slow death of all these species. Thick layer is hindering stomatal activity and reducing the effective photosynthesis area. The farmer of Pandripani village Shree Chhedilal Satnami informed that in few years the yield of Mahua fruits have decreased up to 50 percent. He is having 20 trees of Mahua around his home. Since years these trees were permanent source of income. Due to poor fruiting, now he is not getting much returns and according to him, returns are decreasing every year. At first poor growth and fruiting were observed and now most of trees are dieing. Many of these trees are over hundred year of age. Mahua tree supports of the lives of many insects as well as birds. Mahua fruits are much liked by the birds. These fruits are also consumed by wild bear. The traditional healers of Raigarh region informed that the elimination of one species from any forest region means start of series of serious environmental disasters. Many Lepidopteron insects feed on Mahua plant parts. These insects are used as source of medicine as well as food by the natives. Slow death of Mahua trees is not limited to Mahua only but it is having deep impact on lives of species dependent on it. Mahua tree is directly related with the livelihood of marginalized and poor people. Its flowers are used as vegetable and also as the source of alcohol. Seed oil is used for cooking and soap –making. Oilcake makes good manure. Decoction of bark is used in curing bleeding gums and ulcers Mahua flowers are used in cough and bronchitis. The use of Mahua Dataun is popular among the natives. They start their day with this Dataun. Now thick layer of Black Dust is preventing them to use this nature’s gift. In Chhattisgarh, the names of many villages are based on the names of herbs. These names clearly indicate the presence of that particular species in and around that village. It has been reported that in the villages having names based on herbs the natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about that particular herb. During present study rich population of Mahua trees was seen around Mahapalli village. The natives told that in reality it in not Mahapalli, it is Mahuapalli. Due to Black Dust Mahua trees are dieing and hundreds of affected trees can be seen in this area. Shri Shivcharan and Gurucharan Behera of Loing village were found cutting down the Mahua tree. They are getting more wood for nearby market. They were not having much fear of any legal action. Death of Mahua trees is giving unwritten permission to some greedy natives to cut it down. Shri Chhedilal Satnami further informed that Black Dust is having direct impact on quality of famous Mahua liquor. The traditional healer of Khairpur region Shri Gulab Ram Pradhan informed that his village was having much Khair (Acacia catechu) trees in past but due to illegal felling and industrial pollution it is hard to get a single Khair tree in Khairpur village area these days. Village Saraipali was having rich population of Sal or Sarai (Shorea robusta) trees. Now it is very hard to locate even this village situated near industrial zone. Obviously there is no plant of Sarai in this area. Like Mahua, Sarai is also well known tree of religious and medicinal importance in Raigarh region. All parts of Sarai are used by the natives. The senior natives of Muda village informed that without Sal tree it is hard to imagine even single day with normal life. When we met them they were burning Sarai leaves to get rid from cold in mid winter. Sarai is well known tree in north, east and central India. An oleoresin called Saldammar (ral, guggal, laldhuna) obtained on tapping trunk, is used to caulk boats, in paints, varnishes and as an incense. It is an ingredient of Havan Samagri which is burnt in religious ceremonies. It is having numerous industrial uses also. This tree serves as host for tasar silkworm and kusumi strain of lac insect. Sarai trees are in great danger due to Black Dust. According to the natives this damage is beyond imagination. It is not repairable. They have already lost much of forest wealth and much feared of revenge of Mother nature in form of disturbed ecosystem and natural balance. During the study in forest, groups of people have been seen cutting affected trees. The natives of Khairpur village informed that the workers of sponge iron plants are needing these wood as fuel source. The natives are getting very good price for the wood. Although most of the natives engaged in this act tried to defend themselves by saying that they are cutting less important trees like Dhotia but in their lot we found wood of almost all common species. Although big trees are in process of slow death but their presence is providing thick canopy to agricultural crops. This canopy is acting like barrier for Black Dust. The Rice fields having these trees in bunds are less affected due to Black Dust as compared to open fields. There is a need to stop this felling in order to protect the benefits of farmers. Interactions with the field workers of Government Sericulture Center revealed that Kosa production has been reduced to sixty percent due to Black Dust. Insects are not feeding on upper surface of leaves. They are now forced to feed at lower surface. Pollution is becoming curse for both host plant i.e. Koha (Terminalia arjuna) and silk insects. Similar is the condition with the thousands of forest insects that are dependent on slowly dieing forest trees. In Chhattisgarh, seasonal wild herbs are used as “Bhaji” (Pot herb). Charota, Muscaini, Barra, Ulla, Maccharia, Karmatta etc. are very popular among the natives. These species grow as wasteland and field weeds. By consuming it they save the investment on cultivated costly vegetables. These potherbs are cooked by adopting different method. The consumption of these potherbs are having many health benefits also. Regular consumption of Charota Bhaji prevents the attack of rheumatism and gout. Muscaini bhaji prevents Kidney related troubles. Thick Black Dust on these wasteland weeds is preventing the natives to consume it. In pollution affected areas most of the natives informed about this problem. Indirectly this problem is affecting the livelihood of poor and marginalized . Wind direction is playing a crucial role in spreading the Black Dust in different directions. By observing the Black and natural forest one can simply get the idea of wind direction. The natives of Patrapali (East) village informed that the forest around their village is having the problem of Black Dust. The village is less affected by it. We observed good vegetable farming at this village. Young natives of this village Shri Ganesh and Satyavrat Nishad are aware that increasing number of sponge iron plants will bring the problem of Black Dust to their door steps also. But they seem helpless. One side of village Khairpur is affected by Black Dust. The Rice farmers are facing problem but half village is free from it. It is “Wind game”. Like forests the small mountains are also much affected by Black Dust. Nude slopes clearly tell about the wind direction. Many mountain heads have become black due to deposition of Black Dust. The back side of these mountains are still having thick population of natural herbs. Around Tipakholi dam we observed thick vegetation and many valuable medicinal herbs in good condition. How Black Dust monster is causing threat to medicinal herbs? The answer is with the traditional healers. During the study the thick layer of Black Dust has been observed on valuable medicinal herbs like Patalkumhda, Bhui Aonla, Bramhi, Sanjivani, Satavari etc. The healers having expertise in treatment of liver related troubles informed that they are getting the healthy Bhui Aonla (Phyllanthus amarus) plants with much difficulty. Thousands of plants still exist in Raigarh region but all are covered with Black Dust and not fit for medicine. Villager Shri Gulab Ram Pradhan of Khairpur village informed that earlier the surrounding mountains were rich source of medicinal plants and the healers from far places were visiting these mountains for collection of rare herbs. Now their number has decreased and the availability of herbs is decreasing. It is not a good sign. Earlier the natives were using the mountain herbs to feed their domestic cattle in order to develop natural resistance against the common diseases round the year. Now it is becoming a thing of past. We met a healer coming from forest at Patarpali (East) village. His white cloths were turned black due to thick layer of Black Dust on forest bushes and trees. He showed us rare Varun tree in his small threshing yard. According to him , all parts of Varun are having valuable medicinal properties. It is used to hasten the process of childbirth and in complicated gynecological troubles. Varun trees are very rare in occurrence and due to Black Dust it is not only loosing its medicinal properties but also its life. The school teacher of Bhagora village Shri Sadhu Ram Rathia told with proud that Raigarh herbs are having enough potential to treat all human diseases and even the quantum is sufficient for whole nation but he is much afraid of dieing medicinal trees due to Black Dust. Reduction of native flora is giving space for expansion to the industries. The exotic weeds like Mukai (Lantana camara), Gajar Ghas (Parthenium hysterophorus) and Ayapan (Chromolaena odorata) etc. are spreading at alarming speed in natural forests. Thick layer is present on these weeds but lack of natural enemies and poor competition of native flora are giving much opportunities to them for fast spread. Movement of heavy vehicles in forest regions is helping in spread of allergy causing weed Parthenium. Besides terrestrial flora, aquatic flora is also in great danger. Black Dust layer can be seen in all ponds and water sources. This layer is affecting the aquatic flora. Most of these ponds are becoming grave yard of aquatic flora like Hydrilla that is food material for aquatic fauna. |
| (ii) Impact on Agricultural Biodiversity | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Among marginalized and poor natives Rice is popular Agricultural crop. Most of the farmers cultivate Sarna variety of Rice. It is long duration variety and according to the farmers at any adverse situation Sarna gives atleast some returns. Long duration Rice gets long time exposure to Black Dust. During the study the problem of Black Dust was observed in all villages. The farmers informed that Black Dust has reduced the production drastically. Rice fields situated near to the industries are much affected . No body is ready to purchase the paddy with Black Dust. It is not suitable for human and cattle consumption. Shri Chheddilal Satnami of Pandripani Village showed us the affected Rice fields and produce. The fields were covered with thick layer of Black Dust. Shri Chhedilal Satnami and native of Loing village Shri Rogu told that the dust is making the soil impermeable and solid. Although the soil scientist working at Regional Agricultural Research Station at Boir Dadar is not much convinced with the word “Solid” technically but almost all Rice farmers complained about this problem. The farmer of Khairpur region Shri Jairam is growing medicinal and aromatic rice Java Phool. He is raising it organically. According to him, the Black Dust is damaging the crop both in terms of quality and quantity. The rice grains are loosing its aroma. Senior native of Kotmar village Shri Gopal Sav is much worried of increasing pollution and decreasing Rice productions. He showed us old Hanuman temple established on April 1921 as evidence that Kotmar is very old village. Now experiencing the health hazards of Black Dust he is planning to leave the village. His nephew Shri Vasudev Sav is also feeling helpless in such situation. The vegetable growers of Junwani and Chunchuna villages are having good economic conditions, Dish Antenna, motor bikes and advanced colour television sets can he seen at their home uses. Facing the heavy insect and disease attack on vegetable crops now they have to face the problem of Black Dust. According to them , the dust has already done much harm to them. As the production of new industrial units are increasing the problem is also increasing. Their worries are like Rice growers. Senior native of Bhagora village Shri Manobodh was much worried due to Black Dust. According to him this dust is not only damaging the Rice crop but now it is becoming difficult to consume leafy vegetable. He further informed that Munga (Moringa oleifera) trees are dieing at alarming rates in villages. One can find this multipurpose tree in every house. The natives consume its fruits and leaves. It is ancient anti-biotic. It is boon for patients having gynecological troubles. Shri Monobodh showed us the damaged Munga Pan (leaves) having thick layer of Black Dust, unfit for human consumption. All agricultural crops of Raigarh region are facing the problem of Black Dust. Shri Anantram of Jhingaual village showed us the poorly growing Hirwa, traditional legume, crop. He is having over 90 years of age. He told that if the problem persists than it will be become impossible to raise this traditional legume. Increasing industrialization is creating other problems also for the farmers. The cost of land has increased very high and this high cost is forcing many farmers to sell it out. The buyers, mostly from other states and related to industries, are eager to purchase it. The common farmers are seeming helpless in this war against industrialization. They is ready to surrender. Marginalized and poor farmers are not ready to sell their ancient land. Their sufferings are endless. In nature, there are many insects and spiders that feeds on agricultural pest and help the farmers in their war against pest. The Agricultural researchers educate the farmers to avoid the use of strong pesticide in order to protect the friendly insects and spiders. During the study, we observed that these friendly insects and spiders are in great danger. White spider webs on rice bund and wasteland are indicator of natural framing. Due to Black Dust now these spider webs have turned dark black and most of webs are devoid of spiders. Similarly, the lady bird beetle, well known friendly insects, population is decreasing at alarming rate. We observed less vigorous and sick beetles on medicinal weed Blumea lacera. These beetles feed on the eggs of Chrysolina beetle on Blumea leaves. Due to Black Dust Chrysolina beetles are not laying eggs on Blumea leaves. As result lady bird beetles are not getting its food. Harmful impact on friendly insects and spiders means increased pest problem in agricultural crops. Due to Black Dust many plant species are loosing its natural resistance against diseases and insects. We observed Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) trees heavily infested with different types of diseases and insects. Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus) is well known weed of winter crops in {{Raigarh region}e}. According to the modern science, this plant is an indicator of good soil. The senior natives are also aware of this fact. In pollution affected villages we have not found much population of this weed in crop fields. In areas having less population due to wind direction Sphaeranthus is still growing in fields as well as bunds . It is used as traditional medicine in this region. It is considered as boon for the patients having eosinophilia. Whole herb decoction is used as medicine. The traditional healers aware of this use are facing problem in getting fresh herb specially in pollution affected villages, due to thick layer of Black Dust on it. |
| (B) Impact on faunal Biodiversity (i) Impact on Domestic Cattle | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Increasing industrial pollution is affecting the domestic cattle both directly and indirectly. The farmers of Patrapali (East) village informed that deposition of Black Dust on forest vegetation is very high as when white cattle enter into the forest, it turns black. Shri Chhedilal Satnami of Pandripani village showed his cattle having skin trouble due to deposition of Black Dust on cattle’s skin. According to him , through the traditional knowledge he is unable to cure this new veterinary disease. Now he is planning to invest on modern treatment. The fodder and foliage having thick layer of Black Dust are not preferred by the cattle but as last resort they consume it. At Mahapalli and Bhagora village we observed the feeding of domestic cattle on dusty Rice straw and wasteland weeds. Is ingestion of Black Dust causing any harm to cattle health? In reply to our question the natives showed us their own black coloured sputum. Black Dust is accumulating inside the lungs and that is why the colour of sputum has changed. The natives of Chunchuna village informed that in postmortem of their cattle, died due to unknown reasons, they were told by the doctors that there was much accumulation of Black Dust in body parts. Although we have yet not found the official report but many natives confirmed this incidence. Unfortunately, not a single organization is monitoring the impact of Black Dust on human as well as cattle health. The situation is becoming worse daily. As wasteland weeds are covered with Black Dust the natural fodder availability is decreasing. These direct and indirect effects are affecting the cattle diversity to great extent. |
| (ii) Impact on wild life | Return To Table of Contents |
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| The natives of Khairpur and Chunchuna villages informed that they have seen “Black bucks” in forest. Unfortunately these bucks are not the endangered “Black bucks”. Their colour has been changed due to Black Dust. As the skin allergy due to Black Dust is visible in domestic animals, it is quite clear that it is also affecting the wild animals. According to the natives of Kotmar village, due to increased human activities, the wild animal population has decreased to great extent. The natives of Patrapali (East) are having interesting story. As mentioned earlier, due to wind direction, their agricultural crops are relatively less affected by Black Dust but nearby forests have converted into “Black forest”. The herbivores and carnivores dependent on these herbivores, are finding it difficult to get the green food. This is the reason they are attacking on agricultural crops having less thick layer of Black Dust. Shri Gulab Ram Pradhan of Khairpur village is much afraid of the fate of wild animals under this horrible situation of industrial pollution. When we were traveling to Raigarh Region, we observed dense forest with butterflies far from industrial pollution. Presence of Butterflies is one of the indicators of forest health. In “Black forests” we found very less population of these butterflies. It is clear indication that forest is near its end. Many species of butterflies frequently sit on the forest floor and taken moisture and salts from the soil. Due to thick layer of Black Dust on Soil, they are unable to get required moisture and salt. This constraint is leading to the death of these valuable creatures. After rains , the Black Dust on foliage wash down and insects get opportunities to feed on it, although for short time period, but rains increase the problem of dust accumulation on soil. This is the reason that after rains dead butterflies can be seen very commonly every where. |
| Suggestions | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Although thick layer of Black Dust and existence of “Black Forest” are visible through naked eyes every where but it is hard to believe that no effort to conserve the Biodiversity is in progress. In this modern era, when it is considered that common people are aware of industrial pollution and planners are doing much effort to conserve the natural resources. Present study has clearly revealed that war against pollution is limited to literatures only. The situation of this region is very serious. Immediate conservation efforts are required in order to check further damage to biodiversity. The concept of “Think Globally and act locally” is having relevance in this region. The destruction of natural habitat in any part of the world affects the whole earth . It is really surprising that no one is monitoring the impact of industrialization on biodiversity of Raigarh region and this is the first technical report giving the glimpses of serious situation. Our recommendation are : -- (1) There is a immediate need to accept the fact that increasing industrial units have become curse for biodiversity. (2) Detailed surveys and studies are required to assess. damage done by pollution to natural resources specially to assess the economy of damage. At this preliminary stage our assessment indicates that damage is far costly than the economic returns gained by few through industrial development. Unfortunately this is irreversible process and forest restoration in nature’s way is not possible. (3) Many plant species are having deep impact of Black Dust. There is a need to list out these species so that conservation efforts can be started well in time from these species. (4) There is a immediate need to form a team of experts from different fields like microbiology, forest, entomology, pathology, Ethnobotany, biodiversity etc. to monitor the deteriorating condition. Monitoring must be frequent as well as transparent. Local people must be a part of this team. Traditional healers and forest dwellers can provide vital information . (5) The effort of modern planners to restore the Biodiversity through exotic plant species must be discouraged. It is making the existing problem more complicated. (6) The scientific information on harms caused by industrial pollution specially by Black Dust to biodiversity as mentioned in this report must be used to aware the common people as well as authorities so that they can get the clear picture of Biodiversity destruction and prepare their mind to oppose it. Pictures related to this report are available at. |
| Acknowledgement | Return To Table of Contents |
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| Author is thankful to Shri Babu Bhai of National Centre for Advocacy Studies for giving excellent support during this important study. He is also thankful to Shri Rajesh Tripathi and Shri Bhanu Tiwari, Local activists, for their cooperation during the study. |
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| Related References | Return To Table of Contents |
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