Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-16

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Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful garden plant Parijat (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, family Nyctanthaceac) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although the English name of Parijat is 'Tree of Sorrow' but for the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh it is a 'Tree of Joy'. For them it is valuable medicinal as well as ornamental plant. The natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Parijat and they use this herb very frequently in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers are also aware of these medicinal uses but they use it less frequently as other alternatives are available. Few years back, I conducted a small Ethnobotanical survey based on questionnaire, among natives that have planted this herb in their home gardens. Common names of Parijat Languages / regions Names 1. Bengali Sephalika, Seol 2. English Tree of Sorrow, Night flowering Jasmine 3. Gujarati Jaya parvati 4. Kanarese Parijata 5. Hindi Harsingar, Sephalika, 6. Malayalam Pavizhammalli, Parijat Kam 7. Marathi Khurasli, Parijatak 8. Oriya Godokodiko, Singaroharo 9. Tamil Manjhapu, Pavazhamalligai 10. Telugu Kapilahagadustu, Pagadamalle, Parijatamu The survey revealed that most of the natives that have planted this herb in home gardens are aware of its unique medicinal properties and uses. Many of them informed that their emphasis is on medicinal uses rather than the ornamental purposes. Parijat is an integral component of home gardens in Chhattisgarh. It is common belief among the natives that the presence of this herb in home gardens keeps the family tension free. The natives also plant this herb to reduce the harmful effects of Aam (Mango) tree in home gardens. They plant it nearer to Aam tree for this purpose. I am trying to get scientific explanation regarding this belief, with the help of the science of Allelopathy. The natives use fragrant flowers in many ways. The flowers are strung and worn as half ornaments and necklaces. It is having an industrial use also. An orange-coloured dye, obtained from e flowers, is used for coloring silk and cotton. The natives use the flowers in their daily bath. Fresh flowers are added in water. According to the natives, they use it just for its fragrance but the traditional healers informed me that this use is having medical significance. The use of flowers for bath, keeps the skin smooth and free from all troubles. It is also considered good for hair growth. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains informed me that the flowers is having unique capacities to purify the water. This is the reason that our ancient literatures suggest that the one must put some fresh flowers in lakes and ponds every full moon as it result in good fortune and prosperity. Many natives are still following the suggestions sincerely. In reference literatures, this unique information is not mentioned. I personally feel that there is a strong need for scientific investigation. The present article is first written document on existing use of Parijat flowers as water purifier in Chhattisgarh. In present article, I am describing the results the specific Ethnobotanical survey conducted to list out the existing and traditional medicinal uses of this herb common among the natives. At first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically it is a large shrub or a small tree, rough all over with stiff whitish hairs; young branches quadrangular, hairy; leaves opposite, ovate acute, rough above with bulbous hairs, densely pubescent beneath; Flowers fragrant, in pedunculate bracteate fascicles of 3-5, peduncles four-angled, axillary, solitary in terminal trichotomous cymes, Calyx lobes white, tube orange coloured; fruit capsule. Obcordate or merely orbicular, compressed, two-celled, separating i 2 flat one-seeded carples. As medicine all parts viz. root, bark, leaves, flowers and seeds are used. According to Ayurveda, leaf juice is bitter acrid and useful in treatment of Fevers. Bark cures bronchitis. Bark root, leaves and flowers are useful in excessive diuresis and also in spleen enlargement. According to Unani system of medicine, flowers are bitter in taste, stomachic, carminative, astringent to bowels, and tonic to hairs. It lessens inflammation. Seeds are useful in piles, obstinate fevers, skin diseases, etc. The natives of Chhattisgarh are aware of medicinal uses of all parts of Parijat. They use the seeds in treatment of Bavasir (Piles). Daily one seed with water is recommended as treatment. This treatment is continued upto complete cure. The seeds are crushed and aqueous paste is prepared. The patients suffering from piles are advised by the natives to apply fresh paste externally on piles, along with the internal use of seeds. This treatment is simple and very effective. In treatment of gout, the natives use the decoction of Parijat flowers. This decoction is given upto one week during the time of attack. As treatment, it is given upto one month in a year. The natives of Sarguja region use the leaves of Parijat in many ways. In treatment of dry cough, the leaf juice with Shahad (Honey) is given internally. The aqueous paste of leaves is used externally in treatment of skin related troubles specifically in treatment of ring worm. The natives of Bastar region, prepare a special herbal oil by boiling fresh leaves in Sarson (Mustard) oil and use it externally in treatment of same troubles. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the leaf juice with Namak (Common salt) in treatment of intestinal worms. According to them, seven regular doses (once in a day) can flush out all the worms effectively. The young leaves of Parijat are used as female tonic. The patients having gynaecological troubles are advised to take 3 fresh leaves of Parijat with 5 Black Pipper (Kali Mirch). This combination is recommended upto three days in a month. According to the natives using this combination, this is a boon for the patients at initial stages. In case of complications, the natives consult the traditional healers. The natives of Bagbahera region, use the decoction of Parijat seeds as hair tonic and wash the hairs daily in order to get rid from dandruff and lice. The natives of Durg region specifically from Patan region, informed me that leaf juice is a safe purgative for infants. They also use it in combination with other herbs in treatment of chronic fevers. This is positive sign that the natives having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Parijat are still using this herb as medicine and planting this herb in their home gardens. By this act, they are transferring and making aware the upcoming generation about the valuable medicinal properties and uses of Parijat. Thank you very much for reading the article. My experiments with the wonder crop Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) : Some useful observations of recently completed experiments at SAMPDA'S research farm Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Kondagaon, Chhattisgarh based non-governmental organization SAMPDA (Samagra Adivasi Medicinal Plants Development Association) is one of the well known and reputed NGO's of India engaged in promotion of organic cultivation, conservation, processing, marketing and all other related aspects of Indian medicinal and aromatic plants. Although its activities can be seen in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh but its main research farms and experimental fields are at Kondagaon. This NGO has focused its initial research on Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Guarpatha (Aloe vera), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon species), Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Gudmar (Gymnema sylvestre), Anatto (Bixa orellana), Ratanjot (Jatropha curcas) and Australian Acacia species. I am associated with this NGO as herb expert and with the members and researchers, conducting both laboratory and field experiments on various aspects of these new crops, since last five years. The results of these experiments at first rich to farmer's field directly and after this success, the results are sent for publications in national and international journals in form of research notes and papers. Last week I visited to Kondagaon to monitor the existing experiments. The encouraging results of these experiments motivated me to write a separate article. Common and popular names of Bixa around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Assam Jarat, Jolandhar 2) Bengal Lotkan, Latkhan, Watkana 3) Myanmar Thideng, Thidin 4) Cambodia Chompuh chralok 5) Kanarese Arnattu, Bangarakayi 6) English Annatto, Annotto, Arnatto 7) French Achiote, Achote, Anate, Bichet 8) Gujarati Sinduri 9) Hindi Lotkan, Latkhan, Rangphal 10) Malyalam Kuppamannal, Kurannamannal 11) Marathi Kesari, Kisri, Sinduri, Shendri 12) Philippines Anate, Atola 13) Portuguese Arnotto 14) Sinhalese Kaha 15) Spanish Achote 16) Tamil Amudadaram, Avam, Kungumam, Manjitti 17) Telugu Jabura 18) Uriya Gulbas, Guliabha, Japhoran, Lotkans, Sakta experiments on intercropping we tried several species viz. Kamhar (Gmelina arborea), Annatto (Bixa orellena), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Lemon grass, Acacia species, Eucalyptus, Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), Neem, Bakain etc. with Safed Musli. These experiments revealed that all of these combinations are feasible with some modifications. In laboratory experiments, we have evaluated the allelopathic effects of different parts of these species on growth and yield of Safed Musli. We are also studying the allelopathic effects of Safed Musli on these species. Although there is difference in laboratory and on field experiments, but from screening point of view, the laboratory experiments play a vital role. After confirmation at laboratory level, we have conducted these experiments in eight different locations at various farms situated in different corners of Bastar region. Many of the experimental plots were in dense forests where the wild species of Safed Musli grow naturally. I have written a lot on the benefits of Safed Musli-Banana intercropping in my previous articles. The Neem- Safed Musli intercropping was found effective in terms of crop protection, whereas Kalmegh-Safed Musli intercropping, resulted in less infestation of insects specially Deemak (Termites). The inter-cropings with these species are so effective as one can see the results visually. In these farms, large termite mounds are common. The termites living in these mounds attack the other crops as well as sole crop of Safed Musli but in intercropping system, they do not dare to attack on these crops. These experimental results will make the Safed Musli crop more popular among farmers. The works on Gene bank and Ethno Medico Forest (EMF) are also in progress. In Gene bank, we have preserved over 20 herbs collected from different parts of Chhattisgarh. Our emphasis is on Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). At present we have over sixteen wild species and this collection is increasing at good rate. I am proud to write that this is world's only Gene bank for Safed Musli herb. With the help of other innovative herb growers, we are maintaining some more gene banks at Chhattisgarh Plains and Northern parts. With the objective of waste land development, we have tried many species of medicinal plants on worst soils, (in terms of fertility). The experiments on Safed Musli revealed that Safed Musli crop can be grown successfully in these waste lands with improved cultivation practices. In Rajnagar research farm, we are successfully taking Safed Musli and Sarpgandha crops, through intercropping system. This is really surprising and the challenge for the researchers. Mr Raja Ram Tripathi, one of the founder members of SAMPDA and well known herb grower of Chhattisgarh, is taking keen interest in these experiments and through his practical experiences providing valuable suggestions and inputs. This is the scientist-farmer interactions that is resulting in successful experimentation, the important thing, our research organizations are not understanding its importance. As crop protection measure, the researchers of SAMPDA are screening local tree species known in the region for its specific utilities. In commercial cultivation of Safed Musli crop the vermi compost is very useful in different aspects. For the interested herb growers, this organization is conducting special training programmes very frequently and also providing earthworms free of cost. I will write more on the results of experiments in progress focused on different Indian medicinal and aromatic crops. As the information, or more specifically the scientific information of Safed Musli cultivation and other aspects are not available with the herb growers, I personally feel that these experimental results and articles, will help these growers in more-effective ways. I have found the internet, the most powerful communication tool as the results published in science journals limit to few scholarly readers. This is good sign that the nongovernmental organizations of Chhattisgarh are actively engaged in conservation of valuable herbal assets. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the farm workers of Kondagaon region Chhattisgarh, India, having traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In Chhattisgarh, the white flowered Bhatkatiya herb is rare in occurrence. The purple flowered species is most common. The traditional healers and natives specialised in medicinal uses of Bhatkatiya give preference to white flowered species. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, not much has been written on this white flowered species. Also, in reference literatures on botany, very little information is available. It is common belief among natives that the presence of white flowered species in wild indicates the presence of secret treasure around it. Many old natives informed that one can see this species in old forts and palaces, where according to belief, the secret treasures still exist. The natives involved in Tantra activities, consider the white flowered species most valuable. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have seen this specific species rarely and in isolated patches. I always prefer to collect the seeds of this rare species for my persona collection. Common names of Bhatkatiya Languages / regions Names 1.Hindi Kateli, Ringani, Katai 2. Gujarati Bhayaringni 3. Marathi Bhuirungani 4. Malyalam & Tamil Kandan Kathiri 5. Sanskrit Kantakari, Nidigadhika, Brihati 6. Telugu Nelamulaka, Vankuda. 8. Kanarese Chikkasande, Nele Rama-gulla From experience, I have noted that the germination percentage of white flowered species is far less as compared to the germination of purple flowered species. Possibly this is the reason of its rare natural occurrence. The newly emerged plant of this species require special care in nursery. The purple flowered species grow as wasteland weed in almost every corner of Chhattisgarh. As it is prickly herb, the weed scientists consider it as harmful weed because it causes problems in movement of farmers and their livestock during field work. A lot of works have been done in search of promising herbicides to root out this herb from crop fields. This is good sign that the farmers of Chhattisgarh do not consider it as unwanted herb. They are aware of its unique medicinal properties and uses. During my surveys in Kondagaon region, I have noted remarkably high natural population of this herb in wasteland and crop fields. This observation has motivated me to conduct a small survey in order to list out the traditional medicinal uses of this herb with the help of farm workers. For this survey, I selected 150 farm workers from different parts. The workers having traditional knowledge were selected for the survey. In present article, I am describing the result of this survey, but at first I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses of Bhatkatiya. According to reference literatures, Bhatkatiya is very prickly diffuse, bright green perennial herb; stem zig-zag, prickles compressed, straight, yellow and shining, often exceeding 1.3 cm long; leaves 5-10x2.5-5.7 cm, ovate or elliptic, sinuate or sub pinnatifid, hairy on both sides, armed on midrib and nerves with long yellow prickles, base unequal sided, petiole prickly; flowers in extraaxillary few flowered cymes; calyx purple, lobes deltoid, hairy outside; fruits berry, 3.2 cm diameter. Yellow or white with green veins, surrounded by enlarged calyx. According to Ayurveda, Bhatkatiya is bitter, heating, appetiser, laxative, stomachic, anthelmintic and useful in bronchitis, asthma, fever, ozoena, strangury, lumbago, pains, piles, thirst, urinary concretions, heart troubles, prurites, etc. According to Unani system of medicine, fruit is laxative, good in inflammations, chronic bronchitis, asthma, biliousness, fevers, muscular pains, dysuria, stone in bladder, sterlity in women etc. Seeds are considered good for boils and scabies. The selected farm workers informed me that there is a special procedure for digging the Bhatkatiya herb. The collectors stand in front of herb facing north and with the help of white string the herb is pulled out of the soil. The use of metallic instruments for digging is restricted. Like other herbs, the collectors perform special worship before digging it and take permission from the herb. In general the collectors prefer to dig whole herb but at specific occasion they also collect herb at vegetative stage i.e. without flowers and fruits. As mentioned early, it is prickly herb, the use of string fo digging can be explained, as uprooting by hands is not possible. Why the collectors use white coloured string and also why the use of metallic instruments is restricted ? are the questions needing scientific explanation. Although not aware of reasons, the farm workers of Kondagaon region are adopting this special digging procedure for collection of Bhatkatiya. This is positive sign. These workers consider the roots of Bhatkatiya very useful. It is common belief among them, that by keeping the dried root pieces with them always, they can protect themselves from evil-spirits. The patients having mental troubles are advised to wear the specially prepared Herbal Mala having root pieces of Bhatkatiya. In general, the farm workers purchase the Herbal Mala from the traditional healers of the region because the healers collect this herb taking full precaution of time and method. The female patients having the problem of habitual abortion are advised to tie the root pieces around the waist with the help of black oured string. The use is continued till complete cure. After this, it is removed and buried inside the soil, near the Neem leaves. The farm workers use the dried roots as well as fresh roots in treatment of scorpion bite during field work. It is among major first aid remedies. I have observed its successful use in many cases. During fields works, the poison bites specially due to snakes and scorpions are common in Chhattisgarh region. As mentioned earlier, the workers prefer to keep root pieces with them in order to protect themselves from evil-spirits, these venomous insects, snakes and scorpions are also among evil-spirits, as I feel and our forefathers were aware of the miracle effects of Bhatkatiya against these venomous creatures. Possibly, due to this reason, they have associated the information of its effects against evil-spirits. The farm workers of Kondagaon region informed that when they exhausted due to heavy work, they rub the root pieces in Shahad (Honey) and inhale it. According to them, this mbination, make them refreshed. The night watchmen also use this combination to get rid from sleep. This combination is very popular among them. In reference literatures, this unique use is not mentioned. I am proud to write that this is a discovery of our people and more important is the fact that they are still using it. Its regular and popular use clearly indicates its effectiveness. Although the natives of Chhattisgarh are aware of its unique medicinal properties and uses but they hesitate to plant Bhatkatiya in home gardens. As it is prickly herb, possibly this is the reason they avoid to plant this herb. Also as it is growing abundantly in wastelands, no one is having any kind of shortage. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted that the traditional healers specialised in use of Bhatkatiya as medicine, plant the rare white flowered species in their home gardens with other medicinal herbs. In case of the attack of hysteria, during field works, as first aid remedy the farm workers of Kondagaon, burn the dried fruits, Neem leaves and Kali Mirch (Black pepper) and suggests the patients to inhale the fumes. The workers associated with Tantra activities, use this combination to treat the patients affected with evil-spirits. The farm workers further informed me that they prepare special decoction from whole herb and use it in treatment of many common diseases. According to them, this decoction can be stored upto long time without loss of its unique medicinal properties. The method of preparation is very simple. The whole herb is collected by adopting the special procedure and boiled in two litres of water. When the quantity of water remains half of initial quantity, the brown or dark brown coloured decoction is collected and stored for future use. In my previous article on Kadu Pani, I have described the use of Bhatkatiya herb as body wash. After completing exhaustive field works, when these workers return home, they take bath using this decoction. According to them, this bath cleans the body and reduces the chance of infections. It also reduces the body ache. They also wash their livestock with this decoction at least once in a week. They apply this decoction near the roots of common trees as a part of worship. Many old natives of this region informed me that this application increases the growth and vigour of these trees. I am again repeating it that although the science of Allelopathy is new for the world but the natives of Chhattisgarh are well aware of this science since time immemorial. The decoction is considered as a boon for the patients having dental troubles. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. The workers also add mustard seeds in decoction to make it more effective. It is one of sure cure for the problem of tonsillitis also. For treatment of Dama (Asthma), the workers use Bhatkatiya both internally and externally. The fumes coming out during the preparation of decoction are considered beneficial for the patients, Internally the seeds with Shahad (Honey) are given under supervision of specialist traditional healers. The decoction is also considered as promising liver and heart tonic, by these farm workers. In case of conjunctivitis, they apply few drops of decoction inside the eyes for treatment. The farm workers use the special oil prepared from Bhatkatiya as aphrodisiac. They mix the equal quantity of fruits and the rind of Anar and boil it in base oil. Til oil is used most frequently, when all water contents evaporate, the oil is collected and stored for future use. This oil is applied externally on male genitals just before intercourse. The reason responsible for the name of Kondagaon is not the Anaconda but the Konda (Rice bran). This small survey among selected farm workers clearly indicated that they have in depth traditional knowledge about this so called weed species. This is the information provided by selected workers, the population of Chhattisgarh is around two crores. One can simply imagine, the task ahead to document the traditional knowledge present with this large population. As you are not getting tired with my articles and still encouraging me, I am also not in mood to retire from these important Ethnobotanical surveys. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interaction with the paddy growers of Durg region, Chhattisgarh, India, having traditional medicinal knowledge about useful tree Babool (Acacia nilotica) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Last week during my visit to southern parts of Chhattisgarh, I noticed that many natives use the hard spines of Babool tree in place of U-pins, alpines and stapler pins. As Babool, locally known as Bamri trees are very common in Chhattisgarh, the hard spines are available in plenty and in free of cost. The Babool is present in Chhattisgarh since time immemorial. In Chhattisgarh plains Babool tree is a common feature of typical paddy fields. This tree is associated with the day to day life of natives. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use almost every part of Babool for various purposes. In my previous article on "Tree shade Therapy" I have written a lot on traditional knowledge about Babool tree shade to reduce obesity. As Herbal Dataun, the use of Babool twigs is very popular in Chhattisgarh. Babool provides useful wood for the agricultural implements. The timber is considered as strong as the Teak (Tectona grandis). Babool is also a very popular fuel wood. Although the scientists are not convinced with the benefits of Babool- paddy system and they are motivating the farmers to plant exotic tree species in paddy bunds but farmers are not ready to uproot these multiuseful trees from their land. In my allelopathic studies, I have observed the beneficial allelopathic effects of Babool leaves on different growth stages in paddy crop. I have written a lot on this tree and also on its traditional uses in my previous articles. During 1997-98, I conducted a survey in Durg region, focused on paddy growers of Chhattisgarh, with the objective to list out the traditional uses of Babool popular among them. For this survey, 250 growers were selected and with the help of specially prepared questionnaire, the information is collected. In present article, I am describing the results of this survey. At first I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Babool is a medium sized tree having height upto 10 meters (even more in Chhattisgarh), with a clear bole of 6-7 meters. It is evergreen except in poor sites where it became leafless for a short while during April-May. It has a flattish umbrella-shaped crown with feathery foliage. The bark is dark brown or nearly black with longitudinal fissures. Twigs carry stout stipular spines, 1.5,2.5,5.0 cm long, pinnae 2 pairs, 1.8-3.8 cm, leaflets 10-20 pairs, small, linear, glabrous. Flowers are yellow, fragrant, in axillary globose heads, appear during rainy season in Chhattisgarh conditional. Pods are quite distinctive, a flattened " string of beads", generally solitary, 7-15 cm long, 1.2-1.5 cm broad. As medicine, Babool holds a reputed position in all most all systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, bark is hot, astringent to bowels, alexipharmic, anthelmintic, and useful in treatment of cough, bronchitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, biliousness, burning sensation, piles, leucoderma, urinary discharges, ascites etc. Leaves are beneficial for eye diseases whereas pods are considered as cooling. Babool Gum, known as Gum Arabic in trade, dysenteric, styptic and cures leprosy, vaginal and uterine discharges. According to Unani system of medicine, bark is bitter, acrid, astringent to bowels, emetic and lessens dyspnoea. Leaves are tonic to brain and liver and antipyretic. It is useful in treatment of leucoderma, gonorrhoea, strangury, blood discharges etc. Flowers are good for insanity whereas gum is considered as expectorant, liver tonic and antipyretic. Gum is used in treatment of sore throat, lung troubles, cough, piles, burns, blood disorders, colic etc. Common names of Babool around the world Languages / regions/ countries Names . Arabic Saelam, Sant, Snut Sout, Sselam, Talah, Um el barka, Ummghilan 2. Baluchi Chidirg 3. Basari Kara 4. Bengali Babla, Babul,Babur, Kikar 5. Myanmar Huanglongkyain 6. Kanarese Babbuli, Bobbuli, Barbara, Barbura, Gobalog, Jali, Gobli, Karibela, Karigi, Ramakanti 7. Egypt Sant, Sunt 8. English Indian Gum Arabic Tree, Egyptian Thorn, Gambia Pods, Egyptian Mimosa, Black Babool 9. French Boisd' arariba rose, Bois diabubul, Gommier des Indes, Gommier rouge. 10. Gond Bamura 11. Gambia Bano, Nebneb 12.Greek Acantha, Kommi 13. Gujerati Babalia, Baval 14. Helorew Shett, Shittim 15. Hindi Babla, Babul, Babur, Bassim, Bauwar,Kikar 16. Iraq Shok-al-hind 17. Konkani Babul 18. Kumaon Babul 19. Lambadi Bambolero 20. Malaya Babola 21. Marathi Babhul, Babul, Vedibabul. 22. Northern Rhodesia Mukoka 23. Persian Kharemu ghilan 24. Portuguese Gomma da India. 25. Punjab Babla, Babul, Babur, Kikar 26. Rajasthan Babul, Bambul, Bawal. 27 Sanskrit Ajabaksha, Babbula, Babbulaka, Babula, Barbura, Dirghakantaka, Dridhabija, Goshringa, Malaphala, Varvara, Yugmakantaka. 28. Santali Babla, Babur, Gobla, Gabur 29.Sind Babbar, Babhula, Haribabar, Kalikikkar, Kikur. 30. Sinhalese Babbula 31. Chinese Bani, Banigna, Kargui korre 32. Sudan Sant 33. Swazzi Tsitwete 34. Tamil Iramangandam, Karuvel, Karuvelam, Vel. 35. Telugu Barburamu Nallatumma, Nellatuma, Tumna, Yugalakshamu 36. Urdu Babul. 37. Uriya Babulo, Baburo, Boburi Botanical differences among major Acacia species Characteristics Acacia Acacia Acacia Acacia auriculaeformis catechu leucocephala nilotica 1) Habit A straight, quick-growing tree, upto 16 meters, with angular branches. A prickly tree, with a cylindrical stem, generally upto 3 meters. A spiny, deciduous tree, upto 3 meters An almost evergreen, fast growing tree, with short stem and a spreading crown and feathery foliage. 2) Bark White, smooth, somewhat fissured. Dark greyish brown, exfoliating in long snarrow chips. Light yellowish grey, to nearly white, red inside Dark brown to almost black, longitudinally fissured or deeply cracked. 3) Leaves Pinnate, rachis modified into phyllide Pinnate with a pair of recurved prickles at the base of rachis. Bipinnate with spines Bipinnate, with spines, pinnules narrowly oblong. 4) Flower White or rich yellow, fragrant, in axillary spilas Pale yellow, in cylindrical spikes. Yellow, in heads, arranged in terminal panicles, 30 cm long. Golden yellow, fragrant, in longstalked, globose heads. 5) Fruit Hard, brown pod, coiled at maturity. Glabrous, flat, oblong pod, readily dehisces, seed dispersal through wind and water. Black, narrow pod, 10-20 cm long Greyish green, flat pod, constricted between the circular seeds, bears from an early age. 6) Seed upto 43,000/kg upto 40,000/kg. 10-20 in a pod upto 11.000/kg, sheep and goats eat pods and disperse seed. The paddy growers of Durg region selected for survey informed me that they use almost every part of Babool as medicine in treatment both internally and externally. As a tonic after severe illness, they use the powdered pod with milk. I have also tried it successfully. It is not wrong to name it "Poor man's tonic" Like the natives of other parts of Chhattisgarh, these respondents also use the twigs of Babool as Herbal Tooth Brush (Dataun). In treatment of stomatitis (Chhale), they apply the fresh leaf juice inside the mouth. According to them, this application produces slig burning sensation initially but after that it cures the stomatitis completely. In case of complications, the use the decoction in place of fresh juice. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. This decoction is also considered good for dental troubles. In treatment of gum related troubles, they prefer the decoction prepared from Babool bark in place of Babool leaves. In case of all troubles with different intensity and severity, they mix bark and leaves in equal proportion for the preparation of decoction. The decoction of young twigs is used in treatment of Tonsillitis. It is used in same way. In rainy season when during continuous work in submerged paddy fields, the growers get infection between the fingers of legs, they use Babool with Mehndi (Lawsonia alba). The leaves of these herbs are mixed and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on affect parts. As they have to work daily and there is no alternative, this regular use of aqueous paste helps them to get rid from this trouble within no time. The respondents further informed me that the soft pods of Babool and gum are boon for the patients suffering from syphilis. These parts are mixed in equal proportion and patients are instructed to take it regularly in day time till complete cure. They also use the decoction of bark as treatment. During the time of infection these respondents apply the fresh leaf juice with honey inside the eyes as preventive and curative measures both. Its use in treatment of conjunctivitis is very common in this part of Chhattisgarh. To heal the wound particularly the old problematic wounds, the poultice of Babool leaves is also used by them. In case of diarrhoea, common in small children, the new leaves of Babool are used with bud of Anar (Pomegranate) and Jeera (Cumin). It is used as first aid measure and in case of complication they consult to the traditional healers. In normal days, the male and female natives use the decoction of Babool bark to wash the genitals. According to them, it stops fungal infection, common in moist climate of Chhattisgarh. In case of any disease in this part, they regularly use the decoction to dress the wound. The patients having the problem of leucorrhoea is specially instructed to use this decoction for washing the genitals. In treatment of urinary troubles, the respondents are aware of internal use of Babool gum. They further informed me that the young pods roasted in ghee are also used by the traditional healers for the same purpose. In case of severe cough and throat infection, the natives keep a piece of Babool gum as treatment. During survey I got information of medicinal uses of common Babool insect Bag worm. I will write a separate article on the traditional uses this medicinal insect. Although the new growers are giving more emphasis on exotic Acacia species, particularly the introduced species from Australia, but the roots of indigenous Acacia are well established in the minds of natives and traditional healers. Babool is one of important non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. For rural youths, the different plant parts are the sources of additional income. Every year thousands of Babool seeds fall on ground and establish into new plants. The natives welcome these new plants. There is no threat to Babool in Chhattisgarh. The in depth traditional knowledge of natives and healers about Babool is protecting this tree for future generations in Chhattisgarh. Interactions with the herb collectors of Gandai region, Chhattisgarh, India having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Dhawai (Woodfordia fruticosa) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Dhawai phool (Dhawai Flower) is one of the well known non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand in national and international drug markets. Although all parts of this herb possess valuable medicinal properties but there is heavy demand of flowers only. It is collected and marketed for both industrial and medicinal purposes. The flowers yield yellow and red dye. It also produces gum which is used as substitute to gum-tragacanth. Barks and leaves are used for tanning. The traders at Dhamtari city, well known market of herbs in Chhattisgarh, informed that there is more demand of Dhawai for industrial purposes as compared to medicinal purposes. Common names of Dhawai Languages / regions Names 1. Bengali Dawai, Dhai 2. Bihar Icha, Ihenti, Dhai Phul. 3. Gujarati Dhavdi 4. Hindi Dhawi, Jaju, Dhanta 5. Jammu & Kashmir Thawi, Thai 6. Kanarese Tamrapushpi 7. Oriya Jaliko, Harwari 8. Purjals Dhawi 9. Marathi Phulsatti, Dhaiphal 10. Sanskrit Dhalaki, Agnijwala 11. Kanarese Are, Bela During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted that the traditional healers and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb and they are using it as medicine in their day today life. Although no systematic surveys on present status of Dhawai herb in dense forest, has been done by any worker but from visual observation I can say that due to high demand and over collection of this herb, its population is decreasing in its natural habitat. I personally feel that there is a need for immediate surveys to study the present status of this herb in forests so that timely steps can be taken before any threat on this species. Gandai-Salewara forest region is one of my favourite regions Ethnobotanical surveys. The in-depth traditional knowledge of traditional healers and natives have impressed me a lot. In order to list out the existing and traditional uses of this important herb in Gandai region, I interviewed herb collectors having traditional knowledge about Dhawai herb. At first, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses and after these descriptions, I will write on traditional uses of Dhawai as informed by the herb collectors. According to reference literatures, Dhawai (Woodfordia fruticosa syn. W. floribunda syn. Lythrum fruticosum, family Lythraceae) is a shrub, ca 1 m. tall, much branched; Bark pale-brown, peeling off in fibres, young parts with small black glands; leaves sub sessile, linearlanceolate, 3-10 cm long; Flowers in fascicled axillary racemes; calyx tube ca 1 cm long, red; Petals small, red; Stamens much exserted, filaments filiform, red, ovary 2-celled; Fruits ellipsoid, ca 1 cm long, enclosed by persistent calyx-tube; Seeds numerous, wedge-shaped, brown, smooth. Flowering time in Chhattisgarh conditions December to May. According to Ayurveda, Dhawai is pungent, acrid, cooling, toxic, alexiteric, uterine, sedative, anthelmintic and useful in thirst, dysentery, leprosy, erysipelas, blood diseases, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, toothache etc. The herb collectors of Gandai region informed me that they use all parts of Dhawai both internally and externally in treatment of many common and complicated diseases. During visit to forest when they get injured, to stop bleeding, they apply the flower directly. The dried flower is powdered and applied on old wounds to heal it in less time. They also prepare a special herbal oil by boiling the fresh flower in base oil. When all watery contents evaporate, oil is collected and used in treatment of open wounds. The herb collectors informed me that in case of complications, they mix Dhawai flower and Lodrh in equal quantities and apply it on wounds. The herbal oil prepared from Dhawai flower is used as home remedy for burns also. Dhawai is also used in treatment of dysentery. There are many methods of uses. They prepare a decoction by boiling fresh flowers in water. They add Sonth (dried ginger) in this decoction and take it internally. In another method, the Dhawai flowers and Ber leaves (Ziziphus sp.) are mixed in equal quantities and given to the patients with fresh curd. The indigenous Ber species is used in this combination. They also use it with Indrajau (Wrightia tinctoria) and other herbs. The herb collectors informed me that the Dhawai flower is a boon for the females having the problem of dysmenorrhoea. According to the herb collectors, the powdered flowers with sugar and milk is given to the patients twice a day till cure. This combination is very popular in this part of Chhattisgarh. In treatment of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea), the decoction of Dhawai flower with rice water is nternally. They use the leaf powder with sugar as female tonic. In treatment of chronic fever, along with other herbs, they also use the decoction of Dhawai leaves with sugar. In this decoction, Sonth is also added to make it more effective. In treatment of children having teething troubles, the collectors apply the herbal combination prepared by mixing Dhawai flower, Kali Mirch and juice of Aonla fruit, externally. As other promising alternatives are available, they use this combination less frequently. ny of the above mentioned traditional uses have not been documented earlier. In Chhattisgarh, although Dhawai is an important non-wood forest produce but unfortunately there is not a single pharmaceutical establishment using this raw material, for the preparation of herbal drugs. The detailed Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh can help us in listing out the existing and traditional medicinal uses, of differe parts of this valuable herb. As the traditional knowledge and uses are unique, this listing can help us in establishing a successful Dhawai based pharmaceutical establishments. The concept of 'Value addition' will not only provide new employment opportunities but also help us in recognizing the traditional healers and herb collectors specialized in use of Dhawai as medicine. Thank you very much for reading the articles Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Jason (Hibiscus rosasinensis, family : Malvaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Jason is one of favourite flowers on which orange banded blister beetle (Zonabris pustulata) feed. This beetle is a medicinal insect and famous Homoeopathic drug Cantharis is prepared from this insect. In Chhattisgarh, the natives and traditional healers also use this medicinal insect in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers having knowledge about its various uses informed me that for preparation of drug they prefer the Blister beetle feeding on Jason flowers. These beetles also feed on flowers of common weed Beshram (Ipomoea carnea). The healers do not use the Blister beetle collected from Beshram flowers. This is unique information and has not been reported in reference literatures. The traditional healers of Sarguja region, use the flowers of Jason with this insect, in treatment of cancer. I have done sincere and detailed research on Blister beetle interactions in Chhattisgarh. Although the English name of Jason is Chinese shoe flower, but for the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh it is a herb of great value. Like the peels of banana, the external application of fresh petal of Jason flower on shoes, gives new shine to it. In Chhattisgarh, this herb is known as Devi-phool because the flowers are offered to Devi (the goddess). In Chhattisgarh, no one dares to clean the shoes with this honored flower. The flowers occur during most of the months in a year. There are single and double forms of flowers with different colour shades of orange, yellow, crimson, bright red and magenta, etc. Medicinally, white flowers are preferred. Among natives, red coloured Jason flowers are popular. It is an essential component of any home garden in Chhattisgarh. It is common belief among the natives that the presence of this herb in home-gardens brings happiness and prosperity. In areas where the natural population of Blister beetles is high, the natives avoid the plantation, as the Blister beetles can cause troubles to them specially to little children. Besides red and white flowers, the varieties having different flower colour are also gaining popularity among flower lovers. As medicinal herb, Jason is neither under cultivation nor it is in list of traders. Through my Ethnobotanical surveys, I have identified only 50 traditional healers specialised in use of Jason alone or in combination other herbs. The natives particularly the old natives are aware of its medicinal uses. Surprisingly, the traditional uses of Jason in Chhattisgarh have not been documented. The present article is an effort to document the scattered traditional medicinal knowledge about this useful herb. I am giving the information mentioned in my field diaries, collected during Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have yet not conducted a separate survey focused on this herbs but I have plan for this and I am confident that this specific survey will generate more information than the information given in this article. At first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literatures, Jason is shrub or small tree; Leaves ovate, acuminate, irregularly serrate towards the top, entire near the base, penninerved, glabrous or pubescent on the nerves beneath; Flowers solitary, axillary, on long pedicels jointed above the middle, epicalyx lobes 5-7, lanceolate, Calyx deeply five - lobed, Corolla large, showy, 5-10 cm across, red in the more commonly cultivated variety pink or yellow in other cultivates, petals obovate, cuneate, staminal tube exerted far beyond the petals; No fruit produced in Indian conditions. As medicine, roots, leaves and flowers are used commonly. According to Ayurveda, the flower buds have sweet odour and bitter taste. It is cooling astringent, remove burning of body, urinary discharges, seminal weakness, piles uterine and vaginal discharges. It also promotes the growth of foetus. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the flowers of Jason in hair care by adopting different methods. The healers of Chhattisgarh plains, use the fresh flower juice externally to stop hair loss. The natives of this region, add two to three flowers in water and use it for bath. The healers of other parts prepare a special herbal oil by boiling the fresh flower juice in base oil. When all watery contents evaporate, oil is collected and stored for future use. As base oil, Til oil is used most commonly. This special herbal oil is used as hair tonic. The healers also add some other herbs mainly Urai (Vetiveria), and Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus), to make this oil more effective. This oil is considered best in treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine) also. Internally, the flower buds are given with sugar upto two weeks. The traditional healers informed me that both internal and external use simultaneously root out the problem within no time. Although it is cheap and effective method, but surprisingly it is not much popular among the natives. They take complete treatment under supervision of the traditional healers. As problems of hair loss and premature graying becoming common problems these day , the systematic use of Jason both internally and externally, can play a vital role in this regard. For internal use, the healers of different regions, recommend different quantities. In general, 3 to 5 flower buds per day are recommended. According to the healers, one must not afraid of over doses, as one or two more buds can not cause any harm. In herbal oil prepared from fresh juice of Jason flower, the traditional healer of Mudpar village add Bhengra (Eclipta alba). This combination is not mentioned in reference literatures. I am pro write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not following the instructions of forefathers sincerely but also adding new experimental findings, for coming generations. The roots are used as sex tonic in combination with other herbs. In general , the healers mix the roots of Jason and Semal (Bombax ceiba) bark in equal quantities and give this mixture with cow milk. The traditional healers of Narharpur region informed that alone Jason roots are capable of showing desirable effects. As the use of Semul causes the problem of constipation, the healers of this region, avoid this herb with Jason. The healers also use the roots of white flowered Jason variety, with cow milk, to prevent the problem of habitual abortion This use is popular among the natives also. The healers also add some other herbs with Jason roots. In treatment of diarrhoea, the natives roast the flower buds in cow ghee and give it to the patients. As other promising and cheap alternatives are available, the natives use it less frequently. The natives of Chhattisgarh informed me that the leaves and flowers are also beneficial in treatment of diabetes. I have yet not seen its practical uses. Although the above mentioned traditional use of Jason are not enough to promote and establish Jason as potential medicinal crop but I personally feel that the use of Jason particularly as hair growth stimulator must be promoted. Also there is a need for detailed Ethnobotanical surveys to document the traditional knowledge about this useful herb in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading this article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Semal (Bombax ceiba, family : Bombacaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Semal is popular among children as 'Rui ka Ped' (Rui-Cotton, Ped-Tree). The floss of Semal is popularly known as Indian Kapok. It is light, buoyant, soft, strong, elastic, resistant, water repellent and suitable for stuffing lifebelts, mattresses, instruments, laces, etc. Among traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the Semal tree as medicinal plant holds a reputed position. Its one to two years old roots are known as Semal Musli. Like other Musli viz. Safed Musli, Kali Musli etc. Semal musli is also used very frequently by the healers. There is good demand of Semal Musli in national and international drug markets. Like other Musli, it is also used as aphrodisiac. Semal is present in Chhattisgarh since time immemorial. The village names based on this herb like Semra, Semrabhata, Semradih etc. clearly proves this fact. Like traditional healers, the natives are also aware of unique medicinal properties and uses of different parts of Semal. I have seen this tree in almost every corner of Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors as well as the traders are also aware of its regular demand. They informed me that there is a fair demand of Semal Musli (roots) and gum. In trade, the gum is known as Mochras. According to the collectors, the gum exudates when any insect attack on this tree. As the natural forests are rich in population, the commercial plantation of Semal as medicinal tree has yet not been started in Chhattisgarh. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of the State, I have noted that the natives ad traditional healers have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb. There is a tremendous scope to establish this tree as medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. This is very odd to see, that in social forestry schemes, the officials are planting exotic ornamental trees having not known local uses. In social forestry scheme, the indigenous tree like Semal can play a vital role. In present article, I am giving the results of my Ethnobotanical surveys to aware the world and also our people about rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb in Chhattisgarh. At first, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literatures, Semal is a fast-growing, buttressed tree having height upto 60 meters, Stem-clear bole of 24-30 meters, with hard prickles at base, having horizontal branches in more or less whorls. Bark-thick, pale ash to silvery grey, smooth becoming rough, with irregular cracks. Leaf-large, spreading, digitate, with 5-7 lanceolate, 10-12 cm long leaflets. Flower-numerous, large, fleshy bright crimson-yellow or orange. Clustered at the end of branches, rarely unisexual. Fruit-oblong-ovoid, woody capsule, 10-19 cm x 5 cm, 50/kg. Seed-many, black, irregular obovoid, smooth with dense silky hairs. According to Ayurveda, Semal bark is demulcent and styptic. As mentioned earlier, bark exudes an edible gum. The gum is stimulant, tonic, demulcent, antidysentiric, analgesic and useful in giardiasis and diarrhoea. Roots are aphrodisiac, cardiac and astringent. The medicinal properties and uses of flower bud, flowers and seeds are also reported. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the fresh young roots of Semal as sex tonic. Like collection of other herbs they perform special worship ceremony and collect the roots. For collection, Mondays are preferred. The healers have no scientific explanation on why the roots are collected on Mondays? The roots spreading in North direction are preferred. The trees present in surroundings of Semal play vital role in increasing or decreasing the medicinal properties. The Semal tree, nearer to Pipal or Bar (Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis) trees, is not preferred. I am trying my best to get the scientific explanations. The healers also prefer insect infested trees for the collection of parts for preparation of herbal combinations. According to them, at the time of insect infestation, the medicinal properties increase many folds, but they do not take damaged plant parts. The fresh, unaffected parts are collected. I personally feel that there is a need for detailed scientific investigation. I have also observed that at a time, the healers collect only one part. The roots, leaves, and other parts are not collected simultaneously, and for collection of every part, there is specific worship procedure. In the groups of Semal herbs, by experience the traditional healers easily identify the most potential herb. Every year, they select different group for the collection. Mostly they do it clockwise. First year if they collect it from North direction then in second year they choose another direction. This scientific collection method helps in conservation of Semal herb. The natives herb collectors strictly follow the instructions of traditional healers. When traders of other area tries to harvest the herb by disturbing cycle, the healers oppose them. I have observed this unique practice in Semal rich villages specifically where the natives and traditional healers are relatively more rich in terms of traditional medicinal knowledge as compared to the natives and healers of other parts. The traditional healers informed me that the systemati harvesting cycle will not exist for longer time. They blame the increasing population pressure and also increasing demands of herbs with poor control on forest by the Government officials. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have identified over 170 traditional healers specialized in use of Semal as medicine. Unfortunately, no systematic work has been done so far to recognize and encourage these healers in Chhattisgarh. As the new state of Chhattisgarh came in existence, crores of rupees sanctioned in the development of this herbal State. In initial days, the authorities organized many expensive conferences with nice lunches and dinners with no results. The official files are full of reports showing what a great work they have done to promote the herbal conservation and marketing but in reality nothing is done and whatever is done, is done half heartedly. Last week during my visit to Kondagaon region, the members of SAMPDA showed me the Agave plantation in many acres done by the authorities. As the plantation was not pre-planned, the mission failed. Early this month, I attended one more expensive workshop on forest certification at the star Hotel of Raipur. This is really sad to write that over 90 percent attendance were from the organizer’s department. The invited speakers from national and international level, reported the same lecture with same slides and workshop ended in no result. This is an important question that as the experts of requested organization, deliver over 7-8 lectures a week in different corners of the India and also in abroad, then when they work? How they spare time for so called sincere research for which they are called by the authorities to deliver lectures? During workshop, I interacted with an rt from neighbouring country and pointed out that "Sir, I am listening the same lecture (with same slides) in different forums, for the sixth times, from you." He replied that actually he has no new matter and assured me that he will read my articles at Botanical.com and add the findings in his lectures. This is a trend in India. The field workers are dedicating their lives for sincere works and these so called experts are presenting it in national and international levels without acknowledging them. I do not think that this is good sign and there is any promising future of this trend. When I was at Indira Gandhi Agriculture University, the head of institution was pressuring me to write his lectures on herbs. When the horticulture plan for Chhattisgarh was prepared, I contributed whole chapter on medicinal herbs but when the head, presented it to the State authorities, my name was not there, even they have not acknowledged me anywhere. This pressure forced me to leave this type of institution and work as free lancer. So, I was talking about the use of Semal roots as sex tonic. The fresh roots are collected and dipped in a cup of water overnight. Next morning the softened roots are crushed and given with sugar, internally. The healers suggest its use upto two months in a year, to maintain the sexual health round the year. The roots are an integral part of many sex tonics available in Indian markets, in which roots are used alone or in combination with other herbs. In the label of these products, I have not seen the instruction that this should be used only upto two months. The sellers and manufacturer's are aware that its use round the year will give good market as compared to restricted use of two months. The traditional healers informed me that over doses can cause the problems like constipation. I want to mention one interesting information that the healers use Sonth (dried ginger) with Semal roots in herbal combinations, in order to eliminate its side effects. The commercial manufacturers are possibly not aware of this traditional knowledge. The traditional healers use the flowers of Semal very frequently. It is considered as good female tonic. They advise the female patients to never miss the chance of utilizing flowers during season (January to March in Chhattisgarh conditions) and use it like curry. They also suggest another method for use. In this method, the fresh flowers are roasted in cow ghee and with salt, served to the patients. It is one of the promising remedies for leucorrhoea. The dried flowers av in local shops particularly in off-seasons are not preferred by the healers. To stop any type of internal bleeding, the healers suggest the patients to take Semal flowers with honey for immediate effect. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, boil the flowers at night and keep it as such whole night. Next day it is given with mustard seeds internally as treatment of enlarged spleen. The healers of other parts do not add the mustard seeds in this combination. I personally feel that there is need for scientific investigation to find out the role of mustard seeds, in this use. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about use of Semal Chhal (Bark). They use the bark through different methods as female tonic. It is recommended with cow milk. In case of urinary troubles, the healers suggest the patients to take powdered bark with sugar. The natives use, the bark in treatment of diarrhoea. The fresh juice of fresh bark is given as treatment. The traditional healers are also aware of this use. They added that one can use the juice of roots successfully as bark juice to stop the diarrhoea immediately. The traditional healer of Bhuthia village, use the Semal bark in treatment of spermatorrhoea. It is given with gud (Jaggery) and milk. According to him, within two weeks, one can get rid from this trouble. Like the bark of Arjun (Terminalia arjuna) the Semal bark is also considered as heart tonic and used in same way. In ancient literatures, it is mentioned that if anyone takes the Semal bark, internally, upto a year, he/she can cross the age of hundred years, without any problem. As heart tonic, the healers recommend its use upto one month only. Although it is neither in use nor recommended but I would like to request the young researchers to evaluate the efficacy of combination of Arjun and Semal bark, in different proportions as heart tonic. I am confident that some promising outcome will come through this experimentation. Semal gond (gum), known as Mochras in trade, is also used as medicine by the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. As aphrodisiac, it is given with sugar and cow milk. In treatment of diarrhoea, it is used by healers by adopting different methods. Many healers give it with fresh curd whereas other recommend the powdered gum simply with sugar. I have found both methods effective. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the powdered gum as tooth powder. According to them, its regular use root out all dental and gum related troubles. It is also used as preventive. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region, use the spines of Semal in many ways. With sugar, the powdered spines are used as female tonic. In face care, to remove the black spots, the natives mix the powered spines in cow milk and prepare paste. This paste is applied externally. During my surveys in Bagbahera forest areas, I heard about the use of Semal roots in treatment of scorpion bite. I have yet not seen its practical use. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, different promising herbal combinations having Semal roots as main ingredient, are given. When I explained these combinations among the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, they showed ignorance and many of them showed eagerness to try these formulations. Similarly, like the medicinal uses of Fudhar Floss (Calotropis gigantea), the natives and healers of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of medicinal uses of Semal Floss. The natives of Tilda region informed me that the cotton of Semal is applied directly on fresh burns to stop the formation of blisters and to heal it quickly. Most of the above mentioned traditional uses have not been reported in reference literatures. The in depth traditional medicinal knowledge of natives and healers and the presence of Semal trees in Chhattisgarh, clearly indicates that there is a tremendous scope for establishing Semal based drug industries. This establishment will help all components, if it is adopted through proper planning. Thank you very much for reading the article. Karanj (Pongamia pinnata syn. P. glabra, family : Papilionaceae) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Karanj is among the herbs, the natives of Chhattisgarh are using since generations in traditional farming as natural pesticide. It is used like Neem, Dhatura, Fudhar and other related herbs. In old days, when the use of pesticides was not common, the farmers were using different parts of this tree to protect their paddy crop. It was also common practice to plant Karanj tree near to paddy fields. According to the old natives, the presence of these trees near to paddy fields help in repelling the harmful insects. In order to check the spread of Green leaf hoppers in paddy fields, the natives were using the aqueous extract of Karanj leaves as foliar spray. The natives of Chhattisgarh were also using this herb as veterinary medicine. In rainy season, it was in use to repel away flies and mosquitoes from homes. As the introduction and popularity of pesticides increased in Chhattisgarh, these natural pesticides lost their popularity and for present generation, it is a tool of past. Many decades after the stop of use of Karanj plant parts as natural pesticide, when medicinal and aromatic crops introduced in Chhattisgarh as new crops, the innovative herb growers started hunt for natural pesticides with the help of traditional knowledge and as result, got information about Karanj. This is good sign that at present the herb growers are not only aware of insecticidal properties of Karanj, but also using it in their farming. The tool of past is becoming the tool for future. In my allelopathic studies, I have found the aqueous extracts of different parts of Karanj as promising natural herbicide. It suppresses the germination of many obnoxious weeds. We are continuing our research on its practical utility in farmer's fields. We are getting encouraging results. We have also noted the stimulatory allelopathic effects of Karanj extracts on germination and initial growth of many agricultural crops. With Green pray prepared by mixing cow urine, cow dung and herbs, we are using Karanj successfully for Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) production. There is tremendous scope for its utilization as post emergence natural herbicide in Safed Musli production. Karanj is common tree in Chhattisgarh. It is nearly evergreen tree. In hot summer months when there is less vegetation, the Golden Flowers of Dhanbaher (Cassia fistula) and dark green eye soothing leaves of Karanj, provide great relief. Karanj is not under commercial plantation in Chhattisgarh. Now as the results of new research on possible petrocrops having seed oil, substitute to diesel are coming, the popularity of Karanj and Ratanjot (Jatropha curcas) is increasing. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of various uses of Karanj seed oil. Karanj seeds yield a bitter, non-edible (24-40%) oil with odd odour. This oil is used for illumination, leather dressing, soap making, lubrication and in other related purposes. This oil possess insecticidal properties. The scientists have isolated Karanjin from seed oil and according to them, it is responsible for its action. The oil is also used as medicinal oil, both internally and externally. The herb traders of Chhattisgarh are aware of multi-useful Karanj seed oil. They informed me that there is a fair demand of this oil in national market. They are not aware of its various uses, but they are aware of its medicinal properties and always they keep some oil from a lot for their own use. They further informed me that from past two-three years its demand has increased many folds. Now, as Karanj is establishing as potential petro-crop, I am expecting that the area under this species will increase in near future. From research point of view, not much work has been done for commercial production of this tree in Chhattisgarh. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, when I got information of traditional uses of Karanj as medicine, I decided to note these uses and to write a separate article on this important aspect. This article is possibly a first written document on traditional medicinal uses of Karanj in Chhattisgarh. At first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses and later, I will write on traditional uses. According to reference literatures, Karanj is a moderate-size (height upto 15 meters), nearly evergreen tree with spreading crown and usually short, crooked bole. It becomes leafless towards the end of March (In Chhattisgarh conditions) and starts leafing almost immediately with a cloak of rich, bright green leaves. For a few days, when the buds develop into new leaves, the whole tree is tinted crimson. As the leaves grow, they become a vivid lime green. Bark about 0.8 cm thick, light grey to grayish brown, yellowish inside. Leaves imparipinnate, rachis 5-15 cm long, leaflets 5-9, opposite, 5-10 cm long, ovate-oblong, abruptly acuminate, bright green above. Flowers white, tinged with violet or pinkish, in pedunculate axillary racemes shorter than the leaves. Pod 4-5 x 2-2.5 cm, woody, pointed both ends, indehiscent, yellowish-grey when ripe, one or two seeded. Seed reddish brown, compressed, elliptical or reniform, wrinkled, 1.7-2.0 cm x 12-1.8 cm viable upto one year. As mentioned earlier, it is the plant having multi-uses, I am describing some of these uses. The bark of Karanj yields a fibre. Leaves are rich in nitrogen and in many parts of India, utilized for green manuring. The use of young shoot of Karanj as Herbal tooth brush (Dataun) is also popular. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles. The use of flowers and seed cake as manure is also mentioned in reference literatures. Flower is a source of pollen for honey bee. As medicine, Karanj holds a reputed position in all systems of medicine in India. All parts viz. roots, barks, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds etc. are used as medicine. According to Ayurveda, Karanj is anthelmintic, alexipharmic and useful in diseases of eye, vagina, skin. It is good for tumor, wounds, ulcers, itching, ascites, enlargement of spleen and abdomen, urinary discharges. It also cures biliousness, piles, head pains, leucoderma, skin diseases and wounds. According to Unani system of medicine, seeds are acrid and carminative, purify and enrich blood, relieves inflammations, cure earache, chest complaints, lumbago, chronic fever and hydrocele. Oil is styptic and anthelmintic. It is good in scabies, leprosy, piles, lumbago, chronic fever, liver pain etc. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use different parts of Karanj as medicine very frequently. In case of joint pains, they use Karanj roots and barks externally. These parts are powdered and with the help of water, aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on painful joints. According to them, the roots are more effective as compared to barks. In order to stop, the vomiting, the natives use the roasted seeds of Karanj internally. It is used under supervision of traditional healers because overdose can create problems. The healers suggest the patients to take the pieces of seeds in place of whole seeds. To check intense pain of hydrocele, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use Karanj in many ways. They apply the aqueous paste of Karanj, seeds externally on hydrocele for quick relief. They also use the aqueous paste prepared from Karanj roots by mixing it in rice water. The healers informed me that they prefer the second combination, as its use is safe as well as effective. As mentioned earlier, the seed oil possess valuable medicinal properties, the natives use the oil externally in treatment of skin troubles. The traditional healers are also aware of this use. They add one or more herbal oils or herbs in this oil, in order to make it more effective. Although during field works, there is less chance of poisonous bites due to rats, but in such cases the field workers immediately apply the aqueous paste prepared by mixing equal quantity of Karanj bark and seeds in affected parts. The healers always keep the seeds with them for its use in offseasons. I have experienced its practical uses many times. The traditional healers specialized in treatment of liver related troubles, use different parts of Karanj as medicine, alone or in combination with other herbs. They suggest the patients to take fresh juice of bark or take bark powder with water. It is considered as good liver tonic. In treatment of Leprosy and leucoderma, the traditional healers of Pendra region, use aqueous paste of bark and seed oil externally as treatment. The traditional healer of Mudpar village uses the poultice of Karanj, Neem, and Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) leaves, to destroy the harmful worms present in wounds. It is frequently used as veterinary medicine. In treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine), the healer, suggests the patients to burn the seeds and inhale the fumes during attack, for quick and long lasting relief. As mentioned in previous articles that the problem of Filaria is increasing in Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers specialized in treatment of filaria, suggest the patients to take fresh juice of leaves daily as it acts as both preventive and curative. I personally feel that there is a need for dissemination of this knowledge in Chhattisgarh in order to check, the further spread of this problematic disease. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the flower buds of Karanj in treatment of acidity. They suggest the patients to roast the buds in ghee and take it internally after lunch. This intake induces vomiting and after one or two vomiting, the patients get complete relief from acidity. The use of Karanj seeds in treatment of Jalodari is already described in previous article on Jalodari. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region, informed me that Karanj is a boon for the patients having the problem of Bavasir (Piles). It is used both internally and externally. Internally, the leaves are roasted in ghee and given with whey (Mattha). Externally, the leaves and seeds are burnt, the patients are suggested to expose the piles in fumes. The healers claim that both treatments, if taken simultaneously, can root out the problem of piles within no time. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, advise the patient to apply aqueous paste of Karanj leaves externally on piles. The healers of Janjgir region, prepare a herbal combination using Karanj seeds and use it very commonly in treatment of stomach ache. According to them this combination is capable of checking the pain in most of the cases. The healers of Nagri - Sihawa region, specialized in treatment of fevers, use the leaves of Karanj with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). But as other promising alternatives are available, they use this combination less frequently. depth traditional knowledge about Karanj as medicine and as natural pesticide, is the reason that there is no threat on natural population of Karanj in Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers are aware that the presence of Karanj in their surrounding is must, in order to live safe and healthy life. New uses of Karanj can create the pressure on its natural population but large scale commercial plantation can help us in reducing the pressure. For this, timely step is essential. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herb Bhelwa (Semecarpus anacardium, Family : Anacardiaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although the villages having names like Bhelwadih, Bhelwapadar, Bhelwabhatha, etc., based on presence of this herb in abundance clearly indicates, the natural occurrence of Bhelwa, but I have seen it in almost every corner of Chhattisgarh. According reference literatures, it is a herb found in dry deciduous and Sal (Shorea robusta) forests of Chhattisgarh. Its English name is Marking nut because the black resin, obtained from pericarp of fruit, is used as marking ink to write on cloth. The washermen of Chhattisgarh still use the Marking nut, for this specific purpose. Bhelwa is one of the wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having fair demand in national and international markets. It has both industrial and medicinal uses. The herb traders of different regions informed me that there is more demand for the industrial purposes. The buyers at national and international are aware the presence of Bhelwa in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. These forests fulfill the annual requirement of many leading pharmaceutical companies of India. In different reference literatures, related to economic botany, Bhelwa is described as herb having many industrial uses. According to these literatures, the vesicant juice known in trade as Bhilawan Shell Liquid (BSL) is obtained from Bhelwa nuts and is rich source of phenols. BSL also finds uses in manufacture of varnishes, lacquers, enamels, paints, water proofing and industrial materials. The chlorinated derivates of phenolic constituents of BSL are used as insecticides, antiseptics, termite repellents, mildew and moth-proofing agents and also for preparation of synthetic detergents, herbicides and fireproof plastics. Kernels yield semi-drying oil which is used as wood preservative against white ants and also as lubricant for wooden axels of carts. Nuts are also used as Tan. The common natives and herb traders of Chhattisgarh are not awa of these multiple uses and this is the reason they are supplying this herb at relatively very low rates to buyers at national level. Like other herbs, there are many middle men, active in this business. As mentioned early, the buyers at national and international markets are aware of its presence, they only purchase the raw material. In Chhattisgarh, there is not a single processing or value addition unit. The natives are supplying raw material at poor rates and purchasing the processed material at very high rates. The politicians always quote that 'Chhattisgarh natives are poor men belonging to rich land' but as usual nobody do anything in real sense to make these natives, the rich men belonging to rich land. Many innovative processors are eager to start their units in Chhattisgarh but due to lack of support, and encouragement they are unable to start these units. In fact, there is a lack of political will. Although natives are not aware of its industrial uses, but as medicinal herb Bhelwa holds a reputed position among them. For its internal uses the natives are dependent on traditional healers. It is one of the toxic nuts and overdose can cause even death. The natives use different parts of Bhelwa externally without any tension. It is one of the commonly used veterinary medicines. In trader, there is demand of fruits but for the natives and traditional healers all parts are valuable. The insecticidal properties of Bhelwa are reported but the farmers of Chhattisgarh are not using it for this purpose. Bhelwa is not under cultivation and it is also not in list of medicinal herbs, the government is promoting. In public herbal gardens, it is planted as specimen. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have found that the natives and traditional healers have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb. Again it is a bitter fact that there is a lack of pharmaceutical establishment based on Bhelwa. The documentation part is also lacking. In present article, I am describing some traditional medicinal uses of Bhelwa, as noted during my surveys. This article is the first written document about th herb in Chhattisgarh and I am feeling proud to do this work. At first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literature, Bhelwa is a deciduous tree having height upto 10 meters (In Chhattisgarh, more taller trees can be seen); young branches, petiole, under surface of leaves and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves coriaceous above, margin entire, base rounded or cordate, petioles 1-4.5 cm long. Flowers greenish-yellow, sub sessile, in erect, terminal 12-30 cm long panicles. Pedicles accrescent, upto 1.5 cm long in fruits. Sepals long, ovate, acute, pubescent without. Petals 5, 2.5-4 mm long, ovate-triangular, acute. Drupes black on ripening, 2-2.5 cm long, ovoid or oblong. Flowering time May Oct. whereas fruiting time December-March. According to Ayurveda, fruits are hot, digestible, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, and useful in treatment of ascites, skin diseases, piles, dysentery, tumours, fevers, loss of appetite, urinary discharges, ulcers, insanity, asthma, dental troubles etc. The rind is oleaginous, acrid, stomachic, laxative and cures bronchitis, leprosy, inflammations etc. According to Unani system of medicine, sweet fruit of Bhelwa is carminative whereas leaves lessen inflammation, stomatitis, piles, fever, weakness. It expels bad humors from body. The oil is hot, dry, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, tonic, makes hair black, good for leucoderma, coryza, epilepsy, other nervous diseases, paralysis, superficial pains etc. It causes burns, ulcers and blebs. The traditional healers use the oil extracted from Bhelwa very frequently in treatment of many common diseases. The oil is extracted with the help f 'Patal Yantra'. I have described the detailed method in my previous articles on herbal oils. The natives are also aware of this use. In general, they do not extract the oil. For oil, they are dependent on the healers. The healers use the oil both internally and externally. Externally it is used in treatment of boils, wounds and skin troubles, alone or in combination with other herbs. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, mix Kattha in Bhelwa oil and use it externally to suppress the boils. The oil is also used in treatment of ringworm. Many healers informed me that the oil at recommended quantities can be added in soap during manufacturing process without any problem. According to them, this herbal soap is a boon for the patients having the problem of skin troubles. This is good information and is of great use for the new entrepreneurs, planning to establish herb business particularly the processing units in Chhattisgarh. Bhelwa oil is also considered promising in treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine) The healers use it in different ways. In general, few drops off oil is applied, under supervision of the traditional healers, on opposite eye, of painful head. For example, if the pain is right sided, then oil is applied in left eye and vice-versa. According to healers, initially the application of oil produces burning sensation and irritation, after this tear flow starts and very soon the patients feel relief from intense headache. To avoid the burning sensation and irritation, the healers suggest the patients to apply few drops of ghee into the eyes, just before the application of Bhelwa oil. I interviewed the patients getting this treatment. They were satisfied with this treatment. The healers informed that regular use of this oil upto specific period, ro out the problem of Adhasisi forever. In case of earache, as first aid remedy, the healers use Bhelwa oil with butter internally. Butter is added to reduce the same harmful effect. Under their strict supervision the traditional healers use this oil to treat stomach disorders. It is also used with milk as carminative. Two small drops of Bhelwa oil is recommended for the common cough and cold of small children. As other promising alternatives are available, the healers use this oil less frequently. But from documentation point of view, it is an important information. According to Unani system of medicine, the oil causes burns, ulcers and blebs, the traditional healers, aware of these bad effects, use different herbal combination to eliminate these effects. In burns, ulcers and blebs caused by Bhelwa, the healers apply the aqueous paste of Til (Sesamum indicum) and black soil exter Like ghee or butter, the milk is also used externally, for same purpose. Many healers suggest the use of fruit pulp of Bahera (Terminalia bellirica reduce or eliminate the bad effects of Bhelwa. The traditional healers specialized in treatment of bone fractures, use Bhelwa frequently. They prepare a special sweet dish by frying the Bhelwa in ghee and suggest the patients to take it regularly till complete setting and healing. In my previous articles, I have written about the use of Hadjod in same way. The healers prefer Hadjod in comparison to Bhelwa. Besides the use of oil, as carminative, the traditional healers also recommend Bhelwa fruit with curd or Imli (Tamarind). To make the immature boil, mature the natives apply Bhelwa externally with Chuna (Lime). The natives of Sarguja region, take the fruits of Bhelwa and burn it in fire. They collect the oil coming out from eds, and use it internally with milk in order to suppress the cough. During my surveys in Pendra region, I got an information on use of Bhelwa, in case of lead poisoning. This is an important information. The healers of this region use Bhelwa, mostly in form of decoction, to flush out the poison. In case of hydrocele, the healers use the combination of Bhelwa and Haldi externally an affected parts to reduce the pain. The healers also use it as female tonic and use it in popular herbal combinations as important ingredient. The in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about Bhelwa in Chhattisgarh clearly supports the recommendation that this herb should be promoted as potential herb in Chhattisgarh by conducting detailed and systematic research on every aspect i.e. From collection to marketing. The traditional healers and natives using Bhelwa as medicinal herb are eager to share the valuable information with interested researchers. I am collecting more information on this herb and in near future, I will write more on various aspects. Thank you very much for reading the article Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India, having less known traditional uses. I. Sagon (Tectona grandis, family Verbanaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved From this article, I am starting a new series on Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having less known traditional uses. In this series, the results of my Ethnobotanical surveys will be added in form of articles. These surveys were conducted in almost every corner of Chhattisgarh. In my previous articles, I have written in detail about the traditional uses of common herbs, but in this part I will write on common herbs having less known uses. As my surveys are in progress, I will try to add new coming information in these articles, to make the articles rich so that it can be shifted in ry of other herbs, having well known traditional uses. Sagon (Teak) is one of the most important heart wood of the world over. Sagon is indigenous to peninsular India. It is also a native to Chhattisgarh It is also under commercial plantation. The natives are well aware of different utilities of its wood. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use different parts of Sagon tree as medicine in treatment of many common as well as complicated diseases. It is hard to differentiate the traditional ealers of Chhattisgarh specialized in use of Sagon as medicine but through my Ethnobotanical surveys, I have noted that the number of these healers are decreasing at alarming rate. The natives are also not using Sagon as medicine most commonly. The natives living nearer to the forests rich in natural population of Sagon are even not taking interest in conservation and propagation of traditional medicinal knowledge about Sagon. The reference literatures are also unable to explain the status of this knowledge in Chhattisgarh. The reference literatures are also unable to explain the status of this knowledge in Chhattisgarh. Seeing and experiencing this gap, I was motivated to document all the knowledge through my article. I am confident that this documentation will further motivate the researchers from young generation to add more information. At first I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses of Sagon. According to reference literature, Sagon is a quick-growing tree, with rounded crown and straight stem, having height upto 27 meters. Stem-in favourable condition attains a large size, with tall, clean, cylindrical bole, having uniform girth, becomes fluted and buttressed with age. Branchlet-characteristically quadrangular, channeled. Bark-fibrous, light brown or grey, 4-18 mm thick, exfoliating in long, thin strips. Leaf broadly elliptical or obovate, 30-60 cm x 20-30 cm, gradually becoming smaller, finally becoming bract like in inflorescence, often larger in coppice-shoots, coriaceous, rough above, stellately- tomentose beneath, possessing minute, red, glandular dots which turn black. Flower small, white, sweet scented, numerous, in 45-90 mm long, conspicuous, terminal panicles. Fruit hard, long, irregularly globose, somewhat painted at the apex, 10-15 mm in diameter, enveloped by light-brown, bladder like calyx, 1-3 or rarely four seeded. Seed-marble-white, ovate, 4-8 mm long, 2000-3000 per kg. the commercial plantations of Sagon are under forest department in Chhattisgarh. Many private farms have lso planted this tree for valuable wood in fences. Few years back, the new wave of tissue cultured fast growing Sagon saplings reached to Chhattisgarh but the suppliers do not get much response from the private farm owners. During the discussion with the forest officers, I got information that for raising commercial plantation they use heavy doses of chemical inputs like pesticides, fertilizers etc. Alone for termite control, they dump large does on forest flour. They are raising the plantation in mid or nearer to natural forests. Possibly they are not aware that these large doses are creating the problems for the valuable medicinal herbs of surroundings. It is disturbing the natural eco-system severely. As the department is divided in many sections, the plantation division’s activity can not be challenged by the bio-diversity division. The dumped chemicals are reaching to natural herbs through run-off and through leaching it is polluting the pure ground-water. The herb traders of Chhattisgarh are aware is pollution and they never prefer to collect the herbs from plantation areas. They informed me that the buyers at international level reject the produce by seeing the test report with high residues of pesticides. It is very odd to write that many banned insecticides are still in use particularly in the name of termite control. I personally feel that there is a strong need to aware the concerned officials about this disturbance and threat to natural diversity. The commercial plantation of Sagon requires very high chemical inputs, a responsible officer told me and the countries around the world are using these inputs in commercial plantations. I am not aware of other countries but as nature lover, I am aware that these chemical inputs are damaging the ecosystem of Chhattisgarh forests severely. As medicine, Sagon holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine in Indi According to Ayurveda, Sagon wood is acrid, cooling, laxative, sedative to gravid uterus and useful in treatment of piles, leucoderma and dysentery. Roots are useful in anuria and retention of urine. The flowers are acrid, bitter dry and cures bronchitis, biliousness, urinary discharges etc. According to Unani system of medicine, oil is useful in scabies whereas wood is best for headache, biliousness, burning pains particularly over the region of liver. It allays thirst, and act as anthelmintic and expectorant. In previous article I have mentioned traditional medicinal uses of diseased Sagon leaves in treatment of many common diseases. The use of diseased Sagon leaves is unique and I have still not found its description in related literatures. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the seeds of Sagon in treatment of Pathri (Renal Calculi). The half seed is taken and with the help of cold water, aqueous paste in prepared. This paste is applied externally as treatment, in affected parts. According to the traditional healers, it is promising remedy to reduce the intense pain within no time. The seeds are given internally with rice water simultaneously. The seeds are also used as hair growth promoter. The natives mix the seeds in water used for bath and during bath, rub the seeds on scalp. According to them, it promotes hair growth. According to reference literatures, the contains fatty oil (2%) and this oil possess properties to promote hair growth. The natives are not aware of this oil and they use whole seed. They also rub the seeds on body during both to make the skin soft and healthy. This is considered good for the patients having skin troubles. The patients having the problem of Urticaria are advised by the natives to use Sagon leaves. The leaves are boiled in water and decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to take bath with this decoction to get rid from Urticaria. For the patients having the problem of leucoderma, the decoction of bark is used for bath. The healer also add cow urine in decoction to make it more effective. In treatment of Urticaria, the healers use Sagon in different ways. They burn the dried leaves of Sagon with a part of Blanket and collect the ash. This ash is mixed in base oil (mostly Til oil) and applied externally. The healers also collect the green leaves and slightly boil it in water. The softened leaves are applied on red spots. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region informed me that the Sagon roots possess anti-venom properties and in case of snake-bite, they give the roots internally. I have yet not seen its practical use. The herb collector of Pendra region informed that the wood of Sagon is having the capacity to reduce all types of swelling. For this, the aqueous paste is applied. According to the collector, this paste is also capable of make the body free from all pains and the field workers rub it on body, after days exhausted work. Many of the above mentioned uses have been mentioned in reference literatures. This is good to see that the natives and traditional healers are still practicing this traditional knowledge. Its popularity among them, clearly proves its effectiveness in treatment of particular diseases. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. II. Indrajau (Wrightia tinctoria, family : Apocynaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved From the traditional healer of Mudpar village Mr. Hanumat Prasad Verma, I got a lot of information on this medicinal herb. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of different uses of Indrajau but as it is considered as substitute to Kurchi (Holarrhena antiydysenterica) and Kurchi is found in abundance, they use it less frequently. The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in Indrajau but as non-wood forest produce, it is not in list of herbs having regular and high demand. The natives are also less aware of its traditional medicinal uses. Through my Ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have identified only 35 traditional healers specialized in use of Indrajau. Most of them are crossing the age of 60. Mr. Verma is among them and it is good news that he is young and enthusiastic gentlemen. For his requirement, he collects the herb from the nearby Sirpur forest. In my previous articles, I have written that Mr. Verma is using Indrajau in treatment of sickle cell anaemia successfully, in combination with other herbs. Many leading medicinal practioners are using the formulation in form of capsule, with very high fees. Like other traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Mr. Verma also take no fees for his treatment. Even the cost of medicine is also not charged, by him. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, not much has been written on this useful herb. To document the existing and traditional knowledge about this medicinal herb, I decided to include it in series of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having less known traditional uses. The Indian names of Holarrhena antidysenterica Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Assam Dhulkari, Dudkhuri 2) Bengali Kurchi 3) English Easter Tree, Ivory Tree 4) Gujarati Drowda, Kudakari di Kurchi, Karva Indrajau, Kutaja 6) Kanarese Koodsaloo, Korchie 7) Malyalam Kodagapula 8) Marathi Kodaga 9) Oriya Kherwa, Korwa, Kurwa, Pitakorwa 10) Punjabi Keor, Kewar 11) Tamil Veppalei, Kodagapalei, Indraban 12) Telugu Pala Kodasha Before describing the traditional uses, I am giving its botanical description with reported medicinal uses. I have seen two species of Indrajau i.e. W. tinctoria and W. tomentosa. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh give equal importance to both species. In ence literatures, the black species (W. tinctoria) is mentioned as hot (in nature) medicine as compared to white (W. tomentos It is also mentioned that white species possess superior medicinal properties in comparison to black species. As mentioned early, the traditional healers do not considered any species superior or inferior. In Chhattisgarh, both species of Indrajau are deciduous and 10 15 meters tall. The bark is pale grey, smooth and somewhat corky. The blaze in black species is green then milk-white, while in white species it is soft with a thin Chlorophyll layer outside, then nearly white or pale greenish-brown, exuding a yellowish white latex. Leaves large, simple, opposite and decussate in both species. In black species leaves are glabrous while in white species leaves are tomentose on both surfaces. In black species young leaves are bluish with reddish nerves (this is the reason it is known as Kali or Black species). Flowers are fragrant, white, 1-5 cm long, arranged in lax dichasial cymes, Fruits are a pair of pendulous, green follicles. The follicles of black species are 0.5 cm dia. By upto 50 cm long while those of white species are 15-30 x 1-2 cm. the seeds resemble the seeds of Jau (Barley), this is the reason it is known as Indrajau. The seeds are 1.2 - 1.8 mm long, pointed at the ends, linear, light yellowish-grey, crowned with a tuft of white silky hairs by the aid of which they are disseminated by wind. According to Ayurveda, the bark is useful in treatment of piles, skin diseases and biliousness. Barks and seeds have the same properties as Holarrhena antidysenterica. In literatures related to Unani system of medicine, the same information is available. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Indrajau both internally and externally in treatment of about 16 diseases. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, prepare an aqueous paste from the Indrajau roots and give it to the patients having the problem of intestinal worms. The healers also add Baibirang in this paste to make it more effective. In my articles on fever and Giloi, I have mentioned the use of Giloi decoction in treatment of fevers. The traditional healers add the Indrajau bark in this decoction to make it more effective. Like the germinated seeds of Mung (Green gram) and Chana (Chickpea), the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, recommend the germinated seeds of Indrajau to the patients suffering from Pelea (Jaundice). It is considered as one of the promising remedies. The barks are used externally in case of skin troubles. In general, the healers prepare a paste by mixing Indrajau bark with cow urine and apply it in affected parts. The healers also add common salt in this paste. In treatment of urinary troubles, the bark is given with cow milk. The fresh juice of Indrajau bark is considered good to check the diarrhoea. In treatment of Pathri (Renal Calculi), the traditional healers of Bilaspur region, use the Indrajau bark with Dahi (curd). But as other promising alternatives are available, the healers use it less frequently. In treatment of fevers, the traditional healers use Indrajau as main ingredient in popular herbal combinations. The traditional healers also suggest the female patients having gynaecological disorders to use the flowers as curry during flowering season, as a part of treatment. Out of all above mentioned uses, its uses in treatment of Pelea and worm problems, alone and in fevers, with other herbs, are still very popular among the traditional healers. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses, IV Gorakh Booti (Aerva lanata, family:Amaranthaceae Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Aerva is one of most common weeds in Chhattisgarh. It is reported in both crop fields and waste lands. Gorakh Booti is its Hindi name. In Chhattisgarh, it is known as Van Kachra (Van-Forest, Kachra-waste). In general, the natives name the unidentified species as Van Kachra. As medicinal herb, it is used less frequently. The natives belonging to farming communities, come in contact with this herb daily as weed, are aware of its medicinal uses. Very few traditional healers are aware of its medicinal uses. According to senior natives, this herb is a new herb for Chhattisgarh and possibly this is the reason, the natives and healers are not aware of its medicinal properties. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, it is mentioned that Aerva is present since generations in India. The documents on its availability and natural distribution in different parts of Chhattisgarh are not available. This is really surprising that the weed researchers have also not reported its occurrence as weed in Chhattisgarh. The true to the species identification was, possibly the reason. When I interacted the senior weed scientists, they confirmed that they have kept it in unidentified herb's category, due to lack of identification facilities. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have seen it as waste land herb in almost every corner. My surveys revealed that it is one of herbs having less known traditional uses. In present article; I am describing these uses but at first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. Botanically, Aerva is a herb erect or prostrate, with a long tap-root, branched from near the base, branches many, woolly tomentose, striate; Leaves alternate 2-2.5 x 1-1.6 cm on the main stem, 6-10 x 3-6 mm on the branches, elliptic or obovate, pubescent above, white with cottony hairs beneath; Flowers bisexual, very small, sessile, in small axillary heads or spikes, often forming globose clusters, greenish white, perianth silky, hairy on the back; Fruit utricle, broadly ovoid, acute; Seeds smooth, polished, black. Flowering time August to October. In reference literatures, not much has been written on medicinal properties and uses of Aerva. According to Ayurveda, the plant is diuretic, and useful in lithiasis. Aerva roots are demulcent, diuretic used in strangury. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use, Aerva externally in treatment of joint pains externally with other herbs. In case of acute asthmatic attack, the natives collect the herb and dry it. After drying, they put it in fire and suggest the patients to inhale it. I have experienced its miracle effect. It is also used with Kukronda (Blumea) leaves in order to make the effects stronger. Like the leaves of Doob (Cynodon dactylon), Kukronda (Blumea lacera), Ek dandi (Tridax procumbens) etc., the farmers use the leaves of Aerva as styptic to stop bleeding resulted during field work. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use it externally in treatment of Bavasir (Piles). The aqueous paste is applied externally. The surveys to list out more Ethnobotanical uses are in progress, but we are getting less information on this common herb. As it occurs in abundance, any promising traditional uses can be the potential source of income generation for the natives. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India, having less known traditional uses. III. Hingot (Balanites roxburghii, family : Balanitaceae Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh use the decoction of Hingot, for bath. It is recommended specially for the patients suffering from small pox. For natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Hingot is useful herb. For herb collectors and traders also, it is important herb. They do not sell it directly to the buyers at national and international levels. This is bitter fact that they collect the fruits for the purpose of adulteration. It is used as adulterate in myrobalans. It is also mixed in other herbs. The herb collectors and traders try to protect themselves by saying that they are adulterating one medicinal herb in other valuable herb, so it can not cause any harmful effects. The buyers at national and international levels are aware of its use as adulteration. They informed me that Hingot as medicinal herb is purchased by them from other States particularly from Rajasthan. They consider the quality of Hingot from Rajasthan superior to other states. Although Hingot is not found in abundance in Chhattisgarh but still there is a possibility to establish this herb as non-wood forest produce having regular demand. According to reference literatures related to the economic botany, Hingot is having many promising industrial uses. Hingot fruit is excellent erosion-inhibitor for brass and aluminum alloys. It removes stains on silk and cotton-clothes. In old days, the natives of Chhattisgarh were using this fruit to wash the clothes. Many senior natives still remember its use. They informed that the fruits were good for old clothes, but now as new fashion is coming, the clothes are becoming finer and thinner. The use of Hingot on these new fashion clothes reduces its life. Like this use, other uses of Hingot are now becoming obsolete due to similar reasons. Through this article, I am trying to document the available information on traditional medicinal uses of Hingot in Chhattisgarh . At first, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. Botanically, Hingot is a small tree, having height upto 8 meters, thorny, deciduous, with erect, short trunk and ascending branches. Bark smooth, 5 mm thick, green when young, blackish grey in very o trees of over 80 years. Leaves are in pairs, fleshy or leathery, ashy-green, leaflets 2-5x1-3 cm. Leafless in winters, new foliage appears in March. Sharp, large (up to 9 cm) green thorns are present in the axils of leaves. Thorns bear leaves and flowers. Flowers small, fragrant, white or greenish white in dense axillary clusters. Flowering season is between April-May. Fruit hard, stony drupe full of bitter but edible pulp with an unpleasant odour, turning green to pale yellow when ripe, large, distinctive, ovoid, with five distinct grooves. Fruiting season May-June. Seed usually one, whereas embryo with thick cotyledons. According to Ayurveda, bark is anthelmintic and spasmolytic. Leaf is anthelmintic whereas root is emetic. Fruit is used in treatment of whooping cough and skin diseases. Kernel is used in skin-diseases and burns. Roots (0.2-2.2%) and fruits (0.3-3.8%) contains diosgenin (used in contraceptives). The steroids (Sapogenin) are employed in synthesis of drugs including sex hormone and oral contraceptives. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have found it very difficult to locate or identify the traditional healers specialized in use of different parts of Hingot as medicine. In general, the traditional healers are more or less aware of its traditional uses but according to them, they use it less frequently in comparison to other herbs. The only reason is, the availability of other promising as well as cheap alternatives. The natives are also less aware of various medicinal uses. The senior natives are aware but with them, the traditional knowledge is also ending. The senior natives of Sarguja region informed me that in early days (before freedom of India i.e. before 1947), when Haija (Cholera) was in peak, they were using the powdered bark of Hingot with fresh curd both as preventive and curative. They further informed that the fruit pulp of Hingot can be used successfully in treatment of cough. This pulp is also beneficial in case of any pain. In treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine), the roots are used both internally and externally. The aqueous paste using roots and water is prepared and given to the patients during attack. It is also applied externally on painful head. According to them, both use together root out the problem in very less time. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, specialized in treatment of dog bites, use powdered bark with gud (Jaggery). At first gud is given and then powdered bark is given with water as a treatment. With this treatment, they use other herbs and herbal combinations also. In case of eye diseases, the use ingot fruit externally, was told by the traditional healers of Narharpur region. In case of painful boils on breast, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, mix the Hingot roots with warm water and prepare a paste. This hot paste is applied externally. I would like to mention here, that the traditional healers of Mahasamund region use the leaves of Dhatura (Datura sp.) in same manner. The senior natives of Chhattisgarh plains informed that the fruit pulp can be used successfully in face care. Its regular use helps in removing the black spots. The senior natives informed me about the insecticidal properties of Hingot also. With the help of innovative herb growers, I am trying my best to use this information, in commercial farming of Indian medicinal and aromatic crops. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh , India having less known traditional uses VI. Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba, family Naucleaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Kadam is a moderated sized graceful deciduous tree, grown as an ornamental. In Chhattisgarh, Kadam occurs as natural tree in dense forests. It is common belief among the natives that plantation of this tree near to lakes and ponds, brings happiness and prosperity in their life. Kadam is present in almost all villages of Chhattisgarh. It is one of essential features of any typical village. Now as the urbanization is increasing and flat culture is establishing deep roots in society, the place for Kadam is decreasing. The young generation, unaware of its importance, is not planting it nearer to home and public parks. The Chhattisgarh forest officials are also not promoting commercial plantation of Kadam. As result, its natural populations is decreasing and in near future, one can see it only in old pictures. This is really surprising that the natives and traditional healers do not have much knowledge about medicinal properties and uses of Kadam. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted that the natives and healers are aware of its presence but not using it as medicine. I have noted very little information on medicinal uses of Kadam in Chhattisgarh. In present article, I am describing these uses. At first, I am describing botany and reported medicinal uses of Kadam. According to reference literatures , Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba syn. A. chinensis syn. Cephalanthus chinensis syn. Nauclea cadamba) deciduous tree having height upto 10 meters. Leaves 12-25x 5-10 cm ovate or elliptic oblong, coriaceous, acute, pubescent beneath, sub cordate at base, stipules caduceus, lanceolate. Inflorescence as solitary terminal head. Flowers small, pentamerous, orange united by the confluent calyx tube. Calyx segments oblanceolate. Corolla funnel shaped, stamens 5, Ovary celled above 2-celled below, stigma white. Pseudocarp large, fleshy, Seeds minute and angular, Flowering time May-July. Fruiting persisting till next year. As medicine, bark, sprouts and fruits are used most frequently. According to Ayurveda, bark is pungent, bitter, sweet, acrid, saline, aphrodisiac, cooling, indigestible, galactagogue, astringent to bowels, vulnerary, alexiteric and useful in treatment of uterine complaints, blood diseases, strangury, biliousness, burning sensation. Fruits are aphrodisiac and heating whereas sprouts are acrid, stomachic and cures leprosy and dysentery. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the Kadam bark in treatment of hoarseness of throat. After mixing the bark in cold water, honey and cumin (Zeera), it is given to the patients internally. It is considered as one of the promising remedies. The natives of Chhattisgarh, dip the bark in water used for bath. According to them this herbal bath makes the skin soft and free from all infections. The traditional healers of Bastar region use Kadam bark in treatment of eye diseases. The bark is collected and with the help of lemon juice, aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on eyes, in order to reduce pain and inflammation. The healers of North Chhattisgarh use the decoction of Kadam bark in form of gargle to cure the gum related troubles. It is also used in case of stomatitis. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains prefer the decoction of leaves in place of bark for same purpose. The above mentioned traditional knowledge is rare and not documented by the early workers. The herb traders at regional and national level are not aware of medicinal properties and uses of Kadam. It is not in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh but many traders informed that they receive frequent inquiries regarding different parts of this herb and in such cases, they do not miss the chance to supply it. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriifolia, family : Euphorbiaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Thura is not a new herb for the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. In forest areas where wild animals enter the crop fields, the use of Thura as fence , helps the farmers effectively. In natural forest, this xerophytic herb is present in isolated patches. I have seen its natural population in arid states like Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat. As this herb is full of spines, the natives use it as fence herb commonly. This is the reason it can be seen easily in human habitat. During my work at Bagbahera region, I got opportunity to study the allelopathic effects of Thura on different herbs. In my studies, I have found it every effective in suppressing the growth of many herbs occur as weed in crop fields of Bagbahera region. The farmers adopting organic farming use this herb alone or in combination with other herbs, as natural pesticide. They are using it since generations successfully. The herb growers of Chhattisgarh are taking advantage of this traditional use. The growers informed me that Thura alone is capable of repelling harmful insects from Kasturi Bhendi (Abelmoschus moschatus) crop. Like Genda (Marigold) and Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), these growers are planting Thura in surrounding of cultivated fields, as guard crop. The herb growers of different region use different methods to prepare natural pesticide from Thura. In general , the whole herb is collected and dipped in water (1 : 10 ratio) and after one week, filter the solution. This solution is used as preventive spray. The growers add Neem, Kalmegh, Datura, Fudhar (Calotropis sp.) in this solution to make it more effective. According to them one must be careful in selecting the other herbs for this solution, as many herbs can cause harmful effects on crop plants also. They also give emphasis on concentration. The herb growers of southern Chhattisgarh, burn the dried Thura herb and collect the ash. The aque solution of ash is sprayed on standing crops. This is a bitter fact that the regional research institutes have yet not started any research to standardise the method for preparation of Thura solution. The farmer, aware of its miracle effects, are working hard in this direction. Unfortunately, the farmers of different regions are not in touch. With my Hindi articles and personal visits, I am trying to bring all the innovative farmers in one forum so that they can interact with each other and share their valuable experiences. I am not in mood of inviting academicians, as their research papers based on manipulated data can not help these real field scientists. Through reference literatures, I got information that the growers of Gujarat states are also aware of unique properties of Thura and they have developed many promising uses. I am confident that the meeting with the innovative growers of both states will provide a lot of valuable information that can be forwarded to the organic growers of other states. Although Thura is present in sufficient number in Chhattisgarh but it is not in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand. The traders at regional and national levels informed me that they purchase it from arid areas where it occurs in abundance. They further informed that the medicinal properties of Thura depend upon the climate. More arid the climate, more will be the medicinal properties. According to them , Thura of other states possess more properties as compared to Thura collected from Chhattisgarh. In reference literatures, I have yet not found any such practical information. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not ready to consider the native Thura inferior to other Thura. They are agree in the point that the Thura of different locations possess different medicinal properties and according to them, it is thumb rule for all the herbs. I personally feel that the scientific explanation through systematic research is essential in this regard. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of unique medicinal uses of Thura. But these uses are not much. This is the reason, have kept this herb in the category of herbs having less known traditional uses. As Thura is spiny herb, the natives having knowledge about its medicinal uses avoid to plant it at home gardens. They also consider it as a home for poisonous snakes. The farmers take advantage of this snake home. The presence of snakes in Thura herbs , helps in controlling the natural population of rats, harmful to crops. Before describing traditional medicinal uses, I am giving details regarding botany and reported medicinal uses of Thura. According to reference literatures, Thura is a succulent shrub or small tree, upto 6 meters. Bark reticulate. Stem cylindrical or obscurely five-angled branches , bearing short, stipular thorns in vertical or spiral line or warty knobs. Leaf fleshy, nearly sessile, deciduous, obovate-oblong, 15-30 cm long, terminal on branches. Inflorescence involucres yellowish, in small cymes, fruit deeply-3-lobed capsule, 1.25cm broad. Flowering and fruiting December to May. According to Ayurveda, the plant is bitter, pungent, laxative, carminative, alexipharmic, improves appetite, useful in abdominal troubles, bronchitis, tumours, loss of consciousness, delirium, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, enlargement of spleen, anaemia, ulcers, fevers, The milk is pungent, laxative and good for abdominal troubles, tumours, leucoderma. Leaves are heating, carminative and improve appetite. In my previous articles, I have mentioned that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about use of herbs as potherbs, and also described how the traditional healers like Shri Seetaram from Bagbahera region are still engaged in increasing the list of herbs that can be used as potherbs. Shri Seetaram tried Duddhi (Euphorbia hirta) and reported that its taste is sweet but it is strong purgative. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh use Thura, another Euphorbia species, as purgative. They advise the patients to prepare curry from leaves of Thura by frying it in cow ghee and take it to get rid from constipation. Only traditional healers are aware of this use. In general, the natives do not use Thura leaves as potherb. The healers of Chhattisgarh plains, use Thura milk for same problem. They dip the powdered Nisoth (Ipomoea turpethum) in Thura milk and after soaking give it to the patients having the problem of constipation, with pure honey. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted that the natives prefer external uses of Thura and use it internally under supervision of traditional healers. They are aware that overdose can cause problem like vomiting and loose motions. In case of Bavasir (Bleeding piles), the natives use Thura leaves as home remedy. They simply lukewarm the leaves and apply it externally on piles. This application reduces itching pain and swelling. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use Thura wood in unique way. They fill the Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) in the Thura wood by drilling and burn the wood in fire. After complete burning, the Kali Mirch is collected and with sugar, it is given to patients suffering from chronic respiratory troubles. The healers informed me that they are aware of this use since generations and using it successfully in their routine practice. In case of respiratory troubles in children, the traditional healer of Mudpar village, use Thura leaves both internally and externally. He lukewarm the leaves and extract the juice. The common salt and pure honey are added in this juice. This combination is given internally and also applied externally. According to him , both internal and external use at a time, root out the problem in very less time. To cure the deep cracks in soles of legs, the natives of Chhattisgarh plains use Thura milk successfully, They boil the Thura milk in Arandi (Castor) oil and after adding common salt, apply the paste externally on soles The milk of Thura is also used commonly, like Aloe gel, in case of burns during work at kitchen. This use is popular among the house wives. To solve the problem of insomnia, the traditional healers of Narharpur region, use the Thura root powder with gud (Jaggery), till complete cure. In case of poisonous insect bites or common mosquito bites, the natives of Bilaspur region, mix the Thura and Pipal and apply it externally on affected parts. This application reduces the swelling as well as intense pain. The honey collectors of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region, informed that Thura milk can be used successfully for healing the wounds, through external application but as other promising alternatives are available, its use is becoming obsolete. The healers use the Thura milk in treatment of rheumatism. The milk is collected and boiled in Neem oil. This herbal oil is applied externally on affected parts as treatment. Different parts of Thura are popularly used as veterinary medicine. I have written a lot about it in my previous articles. The above mentioned traditional uses are not enough to establish Thura as medicinal crop having high demand. I personally feel that these traditional uses in form of medicine, natural pesticide, live fence, allelopathic herb etc. should be taken into consideration by the researchers. I am confident that systematic research on these aspects, will help us to establish Thura as potential crop. As its propagation is relatively easy and cheap, after developing its uses, the farmers can be encouraged to plant this herb in their fields, to get additional income, with many benefits. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses, VIII. Manjholi Galfulli (Flemingia chappar, family : Leguminoaseae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Last week during interaction with the forest officers and traditional healers of Jashpur region of Chhattisgarh, I got shocking information about decreasing population of Galfulli in this particular region. Galfulli is relatively less known herb and it is not in list wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having routine demand. This was surprising news for me. After detailed investigation, I got the fact. After formation of new Chhattisgarh state, the forest department started many new programmes for conservation of medicinal herbs. In each forest zone, the herb rich areas are identified and demarcated as PPA (People's Protected Area). For the promotion and documentation of traditional knowledge, the potential traditional healers are identified and under their supervision herb dispensaries are established. theory, every thing was perfect but in practical like other government schemes it failed and now these innovative steps are becoming a curse for the bio-diversity of Chhattisgarh. Botanical differences among major Flemingia species Characteristics F. bracteata F. chappar F. fruticulosa F.grahamiana F. involucrata F.lineata F.macrophyla Erect undershrub or shrubs, 0.3-1m. high, with densely pubescent branches. Erect shrubs, 1-3 m. high, with cylindrical appressedly hairy branches. Undershrubs with trailing striate, grey tomentose branches. Small erect shrubs, with slender tomentose branches when young Erect shrubs, 0.5-1.5 m high stem cylindrical, branch pubescent Erect shrubs upto 1m high with terete pubescent branches Ferect bushy shrubs, 0.7 2.5m high, with pubescent oungs branches. Leaves 1-foliolate, petiole 3-1 mm long, stipules 12-25 mm long, linear scarious. Ovate or oblonglanceolate, 7- 18x2.5-7 cm, sub-cordate at base, acute or acuminate at apex, glabescent above pubescent Simple, suborbicular, cordate at base, acuminate or cuspidate at apex, 5-12 cm long and broad, globrous above, faintly pubescent 1-foliolate, leaflets elliptic, ovate or suborbicular, 2.5-10 cm long, acute or obtuse at apex, cordate at base, glabrescent above, pubescent and gland dotted digitately 3- foliolate leaflets obovate obtuse or subacute, 5- 8 cm long, plicate, glabrous above, grey silky beneath. digitately 3 foliolate, leaflets elliptic oblong or lanceolate narrowed at both ends, 4- 8 cm long, grey tomentose with darkbrown glands digitately 3 foliolate, obovate of oblanceolate, 2-7cm long, glabrescent above, adpressedly hairy beneath, lateral oblique. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate, leaflets ovate oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, glabrous above and faintly silky and black gland dotted beneath. and gland dotted beneath. beneath. beneath beneath. Flowers in axiilary and terminal branched 5-15 cm long racemes, arranged in clusteres hidden by distichiously arranged reniform emarginate hairy bracts Racemes axillary, simple or panicled Racemes terminal, flowers in clusteres enclosed by reniform folded 2-2.5x 2.5-3 cm bracts. Racemes axillary, spicate, 2.5-5.0 cm long, often fascicled. Flowers in dense globose heads surrounded by large bracts, terminal & axillary. Racemes lax, panicled, 5-12 cm long cm long, bracts subulate. Flowers in dense axillary racemes or panicled 7-12 mm pubescent 2- seeded 8-12 mm long, clothed with brightred glands 7-8 mm long pubescent oblong, 9mm long, pubescent, covered with viscid red glands. Oblong, 4-mm long, pubescent, one-seeded obovoidoblong, 6-10 mm long dotted with red glands, puberculous, 2- seeded. Pods 10-15mm long, brown pubescent, dotted with black glands, 2 seeded Floweing & fruiting time October to December NovemberMarch February - April January-May October - February DecemberMarch September- From the selection of PPA to the potential healers, everything was done in hurry and without taking help of any expert. I have already mentioned in my previous articles, how the traditional healers are pressurized by the officials in the name of documentation. In Chhattisgarh, many non-governmental organizations are working actively since many decades but ignoring this fact, the organizations from outside the state were allowed to document the traditional knowledge in Chhattisgarh. As result, now the healers are afraid to share their knowledge and they are hesitating to talk any person even with me. In the name of traditional healers meeting they organized many seminars and workshops and taken away all the information. The traditional healers of Jashpur region were also victimized by these outside organization. Many healers informed me that they tried their best to protect the traditional knowledge but not all the information. The information on traditional medicinal uses of Galfulli is one of these information. After getting this traditional knowledge, the officers make no effort to document it in scientific way and through greedy officers, the knowledge reached to the herb traders and rich natives of the region. As a result, they started collection and non-scientific exploitation of natural population of Galfulli. As result, within two years this forest weed has became rare herb in Jashpur region. The destructive harvesting is still in good progress and this article is first document explaining this destruction. The roots of Galfulli are used as medicine. For the collection of roots, the traders are uprooting whole herb and in this way destroying the herb completely from the collection sites. The miracle healing effects of Galfulli are creating new demand for this herb among herb traders. The traditional healers of Jashpur region informed that many insects feed on this herb, possess valuable medicinal properties and uses. As a result of mass destruction of Galfulli, these medicinal insect species are also destroying. As herb expert, I am aware that how the elimination of any component from any ecosystem, affect the whole ecosystem. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have seen Galfulli in different locations but noted that the natives and healers are not much aware of its medicinal uses. Through this article, I would like to attract the attention of concerned officers and herb lovers to stop the unscientific exploitation of Galfulli in this specific part of Chhattisgarh. The healers of this region, confirmed that two years back it was very easy to find out this herb in its natural habitat, now they have to travel relatively long distance to collect sufficient quantity of herbs. In present article, I am describing some traditional uses of Galfulli, I have noted through my Ethnobotanical surveys but at first I am describing its botany, According to reference literatures, Galfulli is erect shrub, 1-3 meters high, with cylindrical appressedly hairy branches. Leaves simple, sub orbicular, cordate at base, acuminate or cuspidate at apex, 5 cm long and broad, glabrous above, faintly pubescent beneath, petioles 2-4 cm long, racemes axillary, simple or panicled, bracts 2 2.5 x 3-3.5 cm emarginated, enclosing few flowered small cymes, calyx 4-5mm long, teeth lanceolate, corolla white, 8-12 mm long. Pods 8-12 mm long, clothed with bright red glands. Flowering and fruiting between November to March. In reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine in India. I have not got much information on reported medicinal properties and uses of this common herb. The traditional healers also confirmed this observation that it is used less frequently in popular herbal combinations. The traditional use of Galfulli that has made it popular in Jashpur region, is its use in treatment of acidity and other stomach disorders. The roots are collected and simply chewed. As the juice go inside the body, it starts giving relief from acidity and poor digestion. I have experienced its surprising effects. As the problem of acidity and poor digestion are becoming common problem, this herb is getting popularity automatically. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh aware of its medicinal uses, informed me th juice in excess, induce steep and it is a boon for the patients having the problem of insomnia. Many healers use it in treatment of epilepsy also. According to the healers, the juice of Gulfulli roots have no side affects. Recently I got the proceedings of recently organized seminar on herbs in Chhattisgarh. I was surprised to see the research abstract stating that the miracle effect of Galfulli roots is the discovery of specific department. This is not true. This is the discovery of natives and traditional healers of Jashpur region. The patients are getting relief, the traders are getting money, the forest people are getting appreciation, the scientists are getting awards but no one has time to recognize and appreciate the natives and healers, who have developed this use. The true story of natives and healers associated with this herb was motivated me to write a separate article on Galfulli. I am feeling good that the mother nature has given me opportunity to write on the problems of natives and healers. I will be more happy, if any organization will come forward to protect their rights in true sense. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herb of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses, IX. Boir (Ziziphus nummularia, family : Rhamnaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Since childhood, I am observing the traditional uses of Boir leaves with Doomar leaves in treatment of scorpion bite. The leaves mixed and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on affected parts as first aid measure and I have observed that in most of cases the application of this paste solve the problem. When I started Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I was happy to note that the natives specially the farmers and herb collectors are still using this combination. This is good sign and also it shows that the combination is still effective. Since childhood, I am fond of Birchun or Borkut, a powder prepared by crushing the dried Boir fruits. If you taste it once you will never forget the specific flavour of this delicious powder. Since my childhood, my mother is preparing Birchun for me and before writing this article, I have taken a fistful of Birchun to make the article interesting in real sense. Although it is standard rule that one must take healthy fruits for preparation of this powder but I have seen that the natives use the insect infested fruits without any hesitation. They know the insects select the best ones and when fruits are dried in intense sun light, the insect body inside the Boir fruit get sterilized and cause no harmful effects. The use of Birchun is popular in every corner of Chhattisgarh. The natives use it for taste but the traditional healers consider it very useful medicinal powder. According to them if taken in specific doses, it improves the digestion and act as carminative. But hardly any native consider or use it for medicinal purposes. The Boir trees are present in Chhattisgarh since time immemorial and the delicious fruits are fulfilling the demand of Birchun without any problem. Birchun as product is very popular in neighbouring states and many families are ge income by selling Birchun powder but it has yet not been developed as small cottage industry. The village names like Boirdih, Boirbhata, etc clearly confirms the presence of Boir in Chhattisgarh from very old time. There are many surnames based on Boir like Sonboir, in Chhattisgarh. It is not wrong to say that Boir is one of the most common herbs in Chhattisgarh. In reference literatures, the Boir of Chhattisgarh is considered as wild or indigenous species of cultivated Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana). The fruits are of small size and less sweeter as compared to cultivated Ber but Boir is considered as superior in terms of medicinal properties. Many reference literatures confirm this fact. The traditional healers are also aware of this fact. When I was studying Agriculture, as student I read by converting the desi Boir through improved breeding or propagation methods into improved Ber, one can improve the economical status of Chhattisgarh natives. As student and later volunteer, I worked hard with the help of budding methods and conducted several farmers training camps to convert the Desi Boir into improved Ber. But later when I interacted with the traditional healers and under stood the fact that in the name of improvement we are damaging and destroying medicinally important Desi Boir trees, I shocked and stopped this anti-bio-diversity act immediately. The Agricultural organizations at Chhattisgarh are still promoting improved varieties without understanding the bitter fact. Although Boir is present in abundance but very few natives and traditional healers are aware of its medicinal properties and uses. And all these information are not available in document form. This observation motivated me to write and document the traditional knowledge about different uses of Boir as medicine, in form of article. The name of Boir is not is list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh but I am confident that this article will motivate the Boir lovers to establish this valuable herb as potential medicinal herb. As the Boir is present in abundance, there is tremendous scope of establishing Boir based industries and processing units in Chhattisgarh. Common Indian names of different Ziziphus species Languages Z.mauritiana Z. nummularia Z.xylopyra Z.oenoplia Bengali Ber Jharhrberi - Siakul Ber Jhahrberi Kat-ber Makai Kanarese Elanji ------- Mullukare Barige Malyalam Elentha ---- ------ Kottavalli Elentha Kargodi Kottei Ambulam Marathi Bera, Bor Junglaber Koddntegoti Kanerblli Bodori ------ Goetoboro, Kantobohul Kanto Kolli Telugu Reega, Gangareegu Neelareegu Gotte Banka - Paragi English Indian Jujube Wild Jujube ----- Jackal Jujube Common Jujube Gujarati Bordi Chanyabor ----- ------ At first I am describing the Botany and reported medicinal uses of Boir, I have noted from reference literatures. Boir is a thorny, small bush or a shrub, with widely divaricating, flexuous, pale purplish stems and or grey-velvety stipular prickles in pairs. Leaf ovate to orbicular, densely tomentose beneath, serrate. Flower pale yellow, in axillary cymes. Fruit red or black drupe, one cm long. According to Ayurveda, root is bitter, cooling, causes cough, biliousness, headache. Bark causes boils, good in dysentery and diarrhoea. Leaves are antipyretic and reduce obesity. Fruit is cooling, indigestible, tonic, aphrodisiac, laxative and remove biliousness, burning sensation, thirst, vomiting etc, good in consumption and blood diseases. Seeds cure eye-disease. It is also useful in leucorrhoea. According to Unani system of medicine, root and bark are tonic, whereas leaves are anthelmintic, and good in stomatitis and gum bleeding. Flowers afford a good collyrium in eye diseases, fruits are sweet and sour, causes diarrhoea in large doses. Seeds astringent, tonic to heart and brain. It allays thirst. Difference among major Ziziphus species Characteristics Z. mauritiana Z.nummularia Z.xylopyra A small, evergreen tree of variable size, upto 15 meters or more with a spreading crown but more commonly as a compact shrub of 3- 4 meters. A thorny small bush or a shrub, with widely divaricating, flexuosus, pale-purplish stems and or grey velvety stipular prickles in pairs A large, straggling shrub or a small tree, armed with spines, upto 4 meters, covered with short, greyish tomentum. Variable, oblong-elliptic, ovate or suborbicular, closely serrulate or entire, Ovate or orbicular, densely tomentose beneath, serrate Broadly elliptic, obovate or orbicular, serrulate, globrous, dark above and covered with soft and pale tomentum rounded at both ends, prominently 3-nerved. beneath, oblique Greenish yellow, in axillary Cymes, AprilOctober Pale yellow, in axillary cymes. Yellowish green, in compact cymes, April-June Oblong-globose or ovoid, reddish brown, orange or yellowish, one seeded drupe, October - March Red or black drupe, one cm long, November Globose, 3 or rarely 2 or 4 celled, with usually a seed in each. Shape depend upon fruit,1240-1760 / Kg. ----------- Very hard, woody, January - April The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the decoction of Boir fruit in treatment of common fevers. The matured, insect free fruits are selected and after washing, decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to take this decoction along with routine herbs in order to reduce the high body temperature. The healers of all parts of Chhattisgarh are aware of this use. The fresh fruits are preferred for preparation of decoction. In off - season, the healers avoid the use of stored, dry fruits. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use the dried Boir leaves to dress the wound. The fresh leaves are also used for the same purpose. The aqueous paste of Boir leaves is also applied externally in parts having burning sensation. In case of vomiting, the natives of Chhattisgarh use the seeds with Bar sprouts (Ficus benghalensis) and sugar. But as other promising alternatives are available the natives use this combination less frequently. To treat dysentery, the healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the Boir roots internally . It is given with cow milk till complete Chhal (Bark) is also used for same purpose. The senior natives informed that in early days they were using the fresh leaf jui of Ber with Buffalo's milk in order to reduce the intensity of small pox. But at present, this use is not much popular among the natives. Similarly, in early days, the use of Boir seeds in case of eye troubles was common. In order to treat the hoarseness of throat, the traditional healers advise the patients to keep the fresh roots of Boir inside the mouth. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The traditional healers of Mudpar village use the fresh leaves of Boir with Zeera (Cumin) in treatment of urinary troubles. These uses are not enough to establish Boir as potential medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh but I personally feel the other uses like Birchun must be promoted. There is also a strong need for scientific evaluation and confirmation of traditional uses and after this, establishment of processing industries based on Boir herb. In the same time, the introduction of new improved variety should be regulated so that it can not harm the existing indigenous species of medicinal importance. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. X. Reetha ( Sapindus trifoliatus, family : Sapindaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh prepare a special Herbal Mala by the seeds of Reetha, for small children, in order to protect them from evil spirits. In time of severe infestation of foot and mouth disease in cattle, the natives use this Herbal Mala for cattle, It is common belief among them that presence of this Mala, stops the further spread of diseases. This traditional use has not been reported in available literatures. I am not sure about its effectiveness but as it is in use since very long time, it seems there must be some scientific reasons for this use. Reetha, the Soapnut tree, is a tree commonly occurring in all parts of India particularly in South India. In Chhattisgarh. It occurs naturally. The natives also plant this tree in their home gardens. The reference literatures are full of information about its use as detergent. According to these literatures, the use of the pericarp of the Reetha in anti-parasitic and has detergent effect on the skin and promotes its best function. The pericarp is used for clearing textile materials and also in form of hair wash. The volatile acid contained in the fruit which irritates eye is the formic acid, in the event of a few drops of decoction finding its way into it. A very small quantity is used by goldsmiths for washing gold and silver ornament. Although the pericarp is rich in Saponin but it is accompanied with a dark coloured matter possessing a disagreeable taste. The Saponin extracted from it could be use in brewery for which purpose quillai and other similar material are employed. The uses of Reetha as detergent and as natural soap were also popular among natives in early days but now the young generation is using synthetic material for the same purposes. Many leading pharmaceutical companies are using Reetha and its various extracts, in their hair care products. As mentioned early, the natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in Reetha but it is sad that there is not a single pharmaceutical company or processing unit in Chhattisgarh engaged in utilizing this relatively cheap raw material. Reetha is in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand. The natives and traditional healers are aware of its natural occurrence. You can heard the word Reetha frequently in the popular folk songs of Chhattisgarh. The tradition of Godna (Tattoo) making is still very popular in Chhattisgarh. After completion of Godna, the Reetha fruits are rubbed on skin to make it cool and fresh. The natives told me about this use. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use all parts of Reetha herb as medicine both internally as well as externally, but these use are less and not much popular among young generation. In present article, I am describing these traditional medicinal uses. Common Indian names of Reetha Languages Names Gujarati Aritha, Arithan Ritha, Reetha Kanarese Antharalo, Anthuvela, Kugale, Phenily Marathi Ritha, Ringhi Sanskrit Arishtaka, Kumbalbijak, Rishta, Phenila English Soap - Nut tree Nitha vanji, lugu Kukudu At first, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literatures, Reetha (Sapindus trifoliatus syn. S. emarginatus) is a tree up to 12 meters high. Young parts tomentose. Leaves upto 15 cm long. Leaflets opposite, glabrous above, tomentose beneath, oblong or -oblanceolate, apex obtuse to emarginated. Flowers white, in terminal upto15 cm long pubescent panicles. Drupes yellowish brown, 3-lobed, rusty pubescent, glabrescent, Seeds 5-7 mm in diam. Flowering and fruiting October to January. According to Ayurveda, Reetha fruit is digestible, emetic, abortifacient, alexipharmic and sedative to uterus. According to Unani system of medicine, root is expectorant, used as a collyrium in sore eyes and ophthalmia. Fruit bitter tonic. stomachic, alexiteric, aphrodisiac and useful in chronic dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera, hemicrania, tubercular glands, paralysis, lumbago, epileptic fits of children. It allays uterine pains. Seeds are used to stimulate uterus in child birth and to increase menstruation. Botanical differences among Major Sapindus species Characteristics Sapindus trifoliatus Sapindus laurifolia Sapindus mukorossi Trees upto 12 meters high Trees, upto 20 meters high Trees upto 20 meters high ves Upto 15cm long Leaves upto 20 cm long Leaves 15-40 cm long. Leaflets Opposite, 4.5-11 x 2-2.6 cm, globrous above,tomenase beneath, oblong or ellipticoblanceolate, apex obtuse to emarginate. 5.5 x 15 x 3.5 - 5.0 cm, elliptic - lanceolate, glabrous, apex acute or sub acuminate, base oblique Subsessile, subopposite, 5-15x 3- cm, lanceolate oblong, apex acute or acuminate, base oblique Flowers White, in terminal upto 15cm long pubescent panicles White, in terminal upto 20 cm long, tomentose panicles Flowers white or purple, subsessile, in teminal and lateral upto 25cm long, pubescent panicles. Drupes 1-1.5 x 1.5cm, yellowish-brown, 3-lobed, rusty pubescent, glabrescent, one or two cocci underdeveloped 1.5-2.0 cm, 2-3 lobed, ferrugineousvelvety, at length glabrescent. Yellowish-brown, 1.5-2.5cm long, globose, one seeded with two small, undeveloped carpels at the base. Seeds 5-7mm in diameter 6-8 mm long seeds 1.5 cm in diameter. Flowering and fruiting October - January November to April May to February The herb collector of Chhattisgarh always keep Reetha with them. The paddy growers of Reetha rich areas also plant this herb near their fields. They are aware of its anti-venom properties. All parts of Reetha are used to treat the patients having poisonous bites. It is common belief among paddy growers that presence of this tree repel away the venomous snakes, not all the snakes, as presence of snake is essential to protect the crop from notorious rats. In case of snake bite, the juice of Reetha fruits is used both internally and externally. Externally it is applied inside the eyes where as internally the juice is given to the patients. The traditional healers are aware of the presence of irritation causing acid in Reetha fruit. This is the reason they apply cow's ghee with juice into the eyes. The fresh leaf juice is rubbed on patients body. According to the healers, this different uses cures the patients in very less time and effectively. In case of scorpion bite, the Retha fruit juice is extracted and with the help of gud (Jaggery) small globules are prepared. The patients having scorpion bite are advised to take a globule with cold water. After fifteen minutes, another globule is given with hot water and five minutes after this dose, last dose is given with again cold water. The treatment cures the patients effectively. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, suggest the patients to use Reetha fruit rind in place of tobacco in popular smokes in order to get early relief from pain. They informed me that regular uses of Reetha fruit rind in place of tobacco, upto few weeks, reduces the crave for tobacco. This was new information for me. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, who meet snakes frequently during forest visits, informed that they can treat the patients having snake bite only with the help of fruits and for this, fresh as well as dried fruits can be used successfully. I personally feel that there is a need for scientific evaluation in this regard. The Reetha fruits are also used as veterinary medicine for poisonous bites in same ways. The traditional healers of Tilda region, use Reetha in treatment of gynaecological troubles. To regularize the menses, the patients are advised to keep the Reetha bark inside the vagina. In treatment of hysteria (in Chhattisgarh many times natives consider the patients are in control of evil spirits), during attack, the healers burn the Reetha fruits and suggest the patients to inhale the fumes. The treatment is also practiced in epilepsy. By seeing the treatment and its effect, the natives understand that the fumes have repelled away the evil spirit. The healers aware of its actual effect, do not say anything against this belief. According to the healers, it is one of most promising treatments for this trouble. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use Reetha in treatment of intestinal worms and stomach ache. For intestinal worms, Reetha bark is given with gud (Jaggery) where as for any type of stomach ache, Reetha seeds and Karanj seeds (Pongamia sp. ) are mixed in equal proportions, then half quantity of Hing (Asafoetida) is added and globules are prepared. Two globules one at morning and other at night are given to the patients till complete cure . To make the chest clear, the natives use Reetha bark under supervision of traditional healers whereas in treatment of cough, the seeds are given with Sonth. (dried ginger) internally. Many of the above mentioned uses have not been reported in available literatures. I am proud to write that although the natives and healers of Chhattisgarh have less known traditional uses of Reetha but the uses they have, are promising and its popularity among them, proves it. Although this is too late but last week, the members of state government, got information about my articles from Google search and surprised to know that I am from their own state. They have appreciated me and my work. I am expecting some positive and constructive supports from them, to make my dreams true. I am thankful to Botanical.com and thousands readers of my articles around the globe for their best wishes, support and encouragement, as their best wishes encourage me to write more and more and speedily. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XI Chironji or Char (Buchanania lanzan, family : Anacardiaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved When I deliver any lecture on scientific exploitation of herbs, I always quote the mass destruction of Chironji trees in Chhattisgarh. Few decades back, when the demand of Chironji plant parts increased, the greedy herb traders and collectors (mostly from outside the state), destroyed the whole trees for the collection of useful fruits. The standard method, is to collect the fallen fruits but the greedy herb traders and collectors cut down the trees completely without waiting for the fruits to fall. This non-scientific exploitation has decreased the natural population of Chironji tree drastically in Chhattisgarh. Although at present, this type of act is not in practice in case of Chironji as government claims but during my Ethnobotanical surveys I noted and observed this mass destruction still in progress by the greedy traders in case of other herbs like Satavar, Sarpgandha etc. Common Indian Names of Chironji Languages Names (1) Bengali Chironji (2) Gujarati and Marathi Charoli, Pyalchar (3) Hindi Achar, Char, Paira, Piyal (4) Kanarese Murkali, Charpoppu (5) Malyalam Mungaper (6) Oriya Charu (7) Sanskrit Priyalam, Char, Dhanu, Rajadana, Tapaspriya (8) Tamil Morala (9) Telugu Saara chettu, Morichettu In my previous article on Satavar (Asparagus sp.), I have mentioned that after collecting roots, the traditional healers refill the empty ground with fertile soil, leaving few roots, so that it can give the birth to new plant. On the other hand the greedy traders do not follow this practice. One can clearly distinguish the spots and identify whether the roots are collected by the traders or healers simply by seeing its filling pattern. The fruits of Buchanania lanzan are known as Char whereas the seeds are known as Chironji. Char is one of the major non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. Due to its mass destruction, and poor regeneration, as the propagation material i.e. seeds is of economic importance, its population is decreasing. The increasing human population pressure and demand are also responsible for this. The forest experts frequently quote the example of Chironji in their attractive looking lectures but nothing has been done to promote the artificial regeneration of this valuable herb. The is good sign that many non-governmental organizations have focused their attentions on this important aspect. Kondagaon based organization SAMPDA (Samagra Adivasi Medicinal Plants Development Association) is among these organizations. The scientists of this organization have developed special method and by adopting this special method they have propagated over one Lakh Chironji seedlings. The work is progress. The village names like Char Bhata clearly proves that Chironji (or Char) is present in Chhattisgarh since generations. Every year herb collectors collect this nature's gift during April to June. The fallen fruits are collected. Also collectors spread the gunny bags or similar material under the trees and by shaking the branches, fruits are collected. Fruits are kept for drying for sometime and after drying, through breaking the seeds are collected. During this process, special care is taken to avoid the damage to seeds as the damaged seeds give less rates. On the basis of size of seeds and damaged seeds, the produce can be divided into many grades. From experience, the collectors can identify the matured fruits and they avoid the collection of immature fruits. Chironji (B. lanzan syn B. latifolia), common English name Cudapah almond or Almondette Tree is distributed in the dried parts of India. In Chhattisgarh, it is common tree in dry deciduous forests. The Chironji fruits are considered as one of the delicious wild fruits. The seeds are also eaten. The seeds are regarded as substitute for almonds. Chironji tree produces gum benzoin similar but inferior to that from Styrax benezoin. Bark yields tannin (upto 13 percent) and used in tannin industries. As mentioned earlier, the seed is substitute to almond, the natives extract oil for seed and use it as almond oil. According to reference literatures, it is also good substitute to olive-oil. It is used for coating tablets for delayed action. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Chironji is a valuable herb. The natives use seeds for the preparation of sweets. A sweet dish called "Chironji Ki Barfi" is much popular among them both for delicious taste and nutritional properties. It is specially recommended for newly wed couples. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that in early days the use of wooden bowls made of Chironji wood was popular. According to them , the water kept in this bowl overnight is considered nutritious for the patients having sexual illness. During my surveys, I have seen many such bowls but now these bowls are not in use. I am trying to find out the reasons responsible for this. Although before mass destruction, the forests were full of Chironji tree but this is really surprising that the natives and traditional healers are not much aware of its medicinal uses and properties. The known traditional uses are loosing its popularity among the young generations. Through present article, I am trying to write about some traditional medicinal uses of Chironji in Chhattisgarh. At first I am describing s botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Chironji is an almost evergreen, moderate sized tree, with straight, cylindrical trunk, upto 15 meters and tomentose branches. Bark rough dark grey or black, fissured into prominent squares, 1.25-1.75 cm thick, reddish inside. Leaf thickly coriaceous, broadly oblong, obtuse, base rounded. Flower small, greenish white, in axillary or terminal panicles. Calyx 3-5 lobed, 1mm long, ovate , apex obtuse, petals 4-5, 3mm long, ovate, subacute. Disc fleshy, 5-lobed, stamens 10, inserted at the base of the disc, filaments linear. Ovary of 5-6 free carpels , situated inside the disc, only 1 carpel fertile. Drupe 8-12 in diameter. Seed hard stone, 4300-5300/Kg. According to reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, as medicine, roots, leaves, fruit, seeds and gum are used. According to Ayurveda, it removes biliousness, and cures blood disorders, fevers, thirst, ulcers, burning sensation of body. It is fattening, laxative, binding, cooling, aphrodisiac, cardio-tonic, astringent to bowels etc. According to Unani system of medicine, leaf juice is digestive, expectorant, aphrodisiac, purgative, blood purifier and allays thirst. Seeds are tonic to body and brain and useful in treatment of gleet, urinary concretions, fevers etc. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the seeds in face care. The seed powder is mixed in cow milk and paste in prepared. This paste is applied externally. According to them it improves the complexion and also removes the black spots. The leading beauty-parlors Chhattisgarh are using the herb for this purpose. In case of Chhappaki (Urticaria), along with other treatments the traditional healers of Bastar region, apply the paste prepared by mixing seeds in cow milk, in whole body. In case of dysentery, the Chironji bark is given with milk as promising treatment. Like other herbs , the Chironji based industries have yet not been established in Chhattisgarh. These industries are situated in other tes. The natives are supplying this herb to neighbouring states at low rates and purchasing the value added products from the very high rates. I personally feel that there is a need to encourage the entrepreneurs to start such industries in the state. The traders at national and international levels are aware of Chironji of Chhattisgarh and they realize without any hesitation that they are getting this valuable produce in very cheap rates from Chhattisgarh. The increasing demand is not providing any monetary gain to natives and destroying the natural population. This is really very sad. Frankly speaking , no one have any constructive plan or reason for worry. The responsible officers are getting regular salaries without any tension, then why they will ever think on this problem. I am expecting that my articles will motivate the world community to come forward to protect this part of earth. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XII. Champa (Michelia sp., family : Magnoliaceae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In Chhattisgarh, two species of Champa are commonly planted in home gardens. The yellow flowered Champa is known as Peela Champa whereas white flowered Champa is known as Safed Champa. Safed Champa is relatively less common as compared to Peela Champa. The natives plant it in gardens for beautiful scented flowers. The flowers are offered in worship. I have seen Safed Champa first time in Sarguja region at my farmer's home garden during my research work at Ajirma farm. Among Bengali communities, having expertise in Agriculture, Safed Champa herb is very popular. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that Peela Champa was introduced in Chhattisgarh by migrating natives of Bengal and Assam. For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh both Safed (Michelia montana) and Peela (Michelia champaca) are medicinally important. Peela Champa is present in Chhattisgarh sin time immemorial. There is a name of city Champa based on this herb. Last month, I visited Champa city with the members of social organization Andh Shradha Nirmulan Samiti (ASNS). Although at present it is hard to find a single Champa tree in Champa city but the Principal and botanists of government college confirmed that Champa is named on Champa herb. Champa city is also known as Chanpa, but original was the Champa. The traditional healers from Bengali community use Safed Champa more commonly and the healers of other communities use Peela Champa. Through my surveys I noted that the healers using Safed Champa are more in number as compared to the healers using Peela Champa. In reference literatures, surprisingly I got very little information of Safed Champa. These literatures are full of information on Peela Champa. The reference literatures state that the oil obtained from flowers is used in perfumery but here in Chhattisgarh, the herb growers engaged in aromatic crop production are not aware of this oil. Both species of Champa are not under commercial cultivation in Chhattisgarh. Both are also not in list of non-wood forest produces, having routine demand. In present article, I am writing on traditional medicinal knowledge about both species of Champa. At first I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses of Peela Champa (Michelia champaca). According to reference literatures, Peela Champa tall evergreen tree, bark grey or brownish. Leaves ovate - lanceolate, acute to acuminate, coriaceous, 15-20 x 7-9 cm. Flowers usually solitary, axillary golden yellow or orange, fragrant. Perianth segments 9 or more, oblong, fleshy. Fruit 5-10 cm long, ripe carpels ovoid or ellipsoid, woody. Seeds brown, angular with pink fleshy aril. Flowering and fruiting time April to July. Peela Champa holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine in India. As medicine, roots, barks, leaves, flowers and fruits are used. According to Ayurveda bark is bitter, acrid, destroys poison, diuretic, diaphoretic, aphrodisiac and useful in treatment of worms, bile, blood affections. Leaves are useful in case of vaginal discharges. Flowers are stomachic, diuretic , remove biliousness and good in leprosy, skin troubles and ulcers. According to Unani system of medicine, flowers are expectorant and useful in cough, rheumatism The natives are fond of sweet scented Champa flowers. It is common belief among them that the presence of Champa in home gardens purifies the air and destroy harmful micro-organisms. It is also a common belief among them that the presence of Champa attracts the snakes specially when the tree is in full bloom stage. Due to this fear, many natives ovoid the tree or plant it in fence. They also plant snake-repellent plants near to Champa to get sweet smell without the fear of snakes. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this species of Champa in limited diseases. In order to treat Leucorrhoea, the healers of Narharpur region, use the juice of Peela Champa bark internally. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the decoction of bark in place of fresh juice. The quantity of juice or decoction depends upon the vitality of patients mainly. The treatment is continued till complete cure. In case of respiratory troubles in small children, the traditional healers of Bastar region, give Champa flower bud with leaf juice of Pan (Bete vine) internally. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region, specialised in treatment of fevers, give the decoction of Champa roots internally in treatment of intermittent fever. As other promising alternatives are available, they use it less frequently. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, specialised in treatment of snake bites, use Safed Champa very frequently. As first aid, the fresh flower buds are given to the patients. In case of unavailability of fresh buds, they use dry buds, but the fresh ones are eferred. As treatment, the healers extract the juice from the bark of Champa and Bel (Aegle marmelos) and mix it in equal proportion. About half litre of juice is given to the patients. The healers informed that in most of the cases this combination cures patients. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this use. When I informed them about this use, they tried it and found it very effective. The traditional healers of Raigarh district, are planning to try this combination in coming rainy season. This area is famous for heavy population of poisonous snakes and large number of deaths due to snake poison every yea The healers of Chhattisgarh plains, use the leaves of Safed Champa, like the leaves of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) in joint pain externally. They lukewarm the leaves and tie it on the painful joints. The juice is also applied for same purpose. The milk of this herb is used externally to reduce the swellings. The healers of Kondagaon region prepares a special herbal oil by mixing milk in base oil and use it externally in treatment of skin troubles. The natives are also aware of this use but as wrong use of milk causes problems like irritation, they use it under supervision of traditional healers. The flower buds are used internally in treatment of malarial fever. But this use is also becoming less poplar. The natural occurrence of both species of Champa in Chhattisgarh clearly suggests that there is possibility of its commercial cultivation as aromatic herb in the state. Through my articles in regional languages, I am writing on this aspect and motivating the herb growers to start its commercial cultivation. The above mentioned uses are very important and valuable. As this article, fulfils the requirement of documentation but the job is not over. The detailed surveys and systematic studies are essential , to establish this herb as potential medicinal as well as aromatic herb in Chhattisgarh Thank you very much for reading the articles. (Contd.)