Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-24

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Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 69. Kundri (Melothria madaraspatna, family : Cucurbitaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have difference in opinion regarding its occurrence in Chhattisgarh. Many healers informed me that it is introduced species whereas many healers claim that it is present as natural herb since time immemorial. But both the healers, having difference in opinion, are less aware of its medicinal properties and uses. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected some important information on its traditional medicinal uses. The natives of Bagbahera region, particularly those living in forest areas use the roots of Kundri as Dataun (Datun) to clear the teeth. In my previous articles, I have written a lot on young twigs used as Dataun (Herbal tooth brush) by the native and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. The name of Kundri is new in the list. The traditional healers of the Bagbahera region are also aware of this use. They informed me about the benefits of Dataun prepared from Kundri roots. According to them, it is good for the patients having decayed teeth. Its use while toothache helps in reducing it. The use of Kundri roots in form of Datun is not much popular in other parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Kanker region use, the root decoction in form of gargle in treatment of stomatitis. The decoction of young shoots is also used for this purpose. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the uses of tender shoots, roots, leaves and seed have been mentioned but I have noted that the healers use only roots in Chhattisgarh. I have heard that the natives of many parts consume its leaves and fruits with taste but I have yet not seen it practically. I am giving the details regarding its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it an annual scandent or prostate herb, stem angular, very hispid; young parts white-hairy, tendrils simple; Leaves variable in size, deltoidovate entire, five angled or 3-5 lobed, scabrid, base cordate, lobes dentate or serrate; Flowers monoecious, male fascicled on short peduncles, male sessile; Fruits as the size of pea, slightly echinulate, initially green but red on maturity. It is not in the list of medicinal herbs having regular demand in national and international markets. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh also informed that this is not in their list. In Chhattisgarh, there are hundreds of herbs like Kundri having less known traditional use. I personally feel that as very less have been written about this herb by early workers, it is my responsibility to document all the information available. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of swelling in mouth, in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I am not aware that what this trouble is known in medical terms but it is common trouble in Chhattisgarh. In this trouble, intense swelling occurs inside the mouth and it is visible from outside. Without treatment, it becomes complicated. The natives having this problem consult to the traditional healers without any delay. The traditional healers use many common herbs and herbal combinations in treatment and mostly they use it externally. These remedies lessen the swelling and reduce the pain. In most of the cases, the healers get success in reducing the swelling but many times they suppurate it. I have not found any traditional healer specialized in treatment of this trouble. All healers treat this trouble successfully. The natives use many home remedies also in treatment. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many valuable information on this aspect. I am giving the details in present article. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use, the herbal combination having the bark of Andi (Ricinus communis), Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa) roots and Sonth (dried Ginger). All herb parts are mixed in equal proportion and converted into powder. The healers apply this powder in affected part externally. Many healers suggest the patients to tie or keep Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) or Dhatra (Datura stramonium) leaf, after application of this powder. According to them, the use of leaves in this way, increases the power of powder. All ingredients used in this combination are commonly available in this part. Most of the herbs occur as wasteland plants. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use common medicinal herb Doobi (Cynodon dactylon) in unique way. They select a healthy cow and give only Doobi grass for feeding to it upto three days. On third day, the excreta is collected and used externally in order to reduce the swelling. I have yet not found this unique use in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. This is really surprising that Doobi as such is not used for this purpose. According to the healers, after passing through the digestive tract of cow, Doobi faces many chemical changes that make it enough potential to treat the swellings when applied externally. The healers select black coloured cow for this purpose. Pregnant cow and bull are not preferred. The excreta is collected in morning time. Although the healers have no explanation that what changes occur inside the animal body but for the young researchers it is new field on which they can concentrate their future studies. The traditional healer of Khudmudi region uses the leaves of common medicinal tree Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) for this purpose. The lukewarm leaves are kept on swellings as treatment. This application is repeated many times in a day. The healer of this village also informed me about the use of fresh herb of Dhania (Coriander) for this purpose. The fresh herb is crushed with the help of stone and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on swellings. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use but they add human urine in this aqueous paste to make it more stronger. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region use the leaves of Raksi in combination with Imli seeds. Both herb parts are mixed in equal proportion, kept on fire and allowed to boil. After one boiling, the softened herb parts are collected and applied externally on painful swellings. This use is very popular among the traditional healers in this region. Raksi is a common herb that grows as weed in rice-fields. Its common name is Abutilon indicum. The scientific name of Imli is Tamarindus indica. It is common medicinal tree. The healers of this region also use the bark of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) for this purpose. In form of aqueous paste, bark is applied externally. With the help of above mentioned herbs and herbal combinations, the traditional healers treat this trouble successfully. Through on-going ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying my best to gather more information on this aspect. I will write more in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used for Breast Enlargement in Chhattisgarh, India. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved From the senior traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, I got valuable information on use of medicinal rice variety Kanthi banko for breast enlargement. This medicinal rice variety was under cultivation in Chhattisgarh many decades back. Now the healers and senior natives are aware of its name only. For the natives of young generation it is absolutely new name. The healers informed me that although the rice grains of this variety were in use for internal consumption but they were using it both internally and externally in treatment of many common diseases. I will write a separate article on this medicinal variety in future. For breast enlargement the healers were using the combination of rice grains with Moong seeds. They described the method. Mix both herb parts in equal proportion and with the help of water prepare an aqueous paste. Massage this paste on breast twice a day. According to the healers, within a week one can get desirable effects. Many healers informed that in place of water the use of lukewarm water give more promising results. Unfortunately, this use is not in existence. The non availability of medicinal rice variety Kanthi banko is the main reason the healers clearly said that the grains of other varieties not possess this medicinal property. When I disclosed this formulation to the traditional healers of Sarguja region, they replied that they are aware of this formulation but in place of rice grains they informed that, rice roots were in use. They are aware of Kanthi banko variety. I am in search of seeds of this unique rice variety in Chhattisgarh. I have mentioned in previous articles that in early days many valuable medicinal rice varieties were under cultivation in Chhattisgarh but due to introduction of high yielding improved varieties, not only the cultivation of medicinal rice varieties have stopped but also we have lost many valuable varieties. I have yet not seen its practical uses, but the confidence and faith of traditional healers in this formulation are enough to convince me. As this formulation is not in use, I am aware that we will loose the information about it with the senior healers. I am trying to gather more information on this aspect. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region informed me about the use of herbal combination having Asgandh and Chui-Mui herbs. The roots of these herbs are used. The roots are collected before flowering and by mixing these in equal proportion and with the help of water, an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on breast for this purpose. The use is continued till desirable effects. Asgandh is not under cultivation in this part but many healers claim that it occurs naturally in wild. Its scientific name is Withania somnifera. Chui-Mui is a common medicinal herb that grows in wasteland. Its scientific name is Mimosa pudica. This use is popular among the healers. The traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma informed me about the use of specially prepared oil from Anar fruit peels. For preparation of oil, the peels are boiled in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and oil is kept for future use. According to him, this oil is a boon for the natives who are interested in breast enlargement. Anar (Punica granatum) is popularly planted in home gardens for its fruits and different medicinal uses. Shri Verma further informed me that as per requirement he prepares the oil. As its preparation is not a tough job and also it can be prepared in less time, he do not prefer to store it. He is satisfied with the performance of this oil. To increase the effect of oil, he mixes the leaves of Jhau (Tamarix species) but he is aware that leaf extract of Jhau is not suitable for everyone. The patients having allergic to Jhau leaf extract are advised by him to mix the Anar peels and Jhau leaves in equal proportion and convert it into powder. Mix this powder in cow milk and prepare a paste. This paste is applied or massaged externally on breast. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of use of Anar peels. The traditional healers of Gandai region informed that in place of Jhau leaves one can use the roots of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) in same manner. The traditional healers of Bastar region replace Jhau from Maulsari bark (Mimusops elengii). The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the prop roots, that have not reached to the ground, of Bar tree for this purpose. The roots are collected and burnt. The ash is applied in form of aqueous paste. I have noted variations in its use. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use the freshly collected soft roots for this purpose. They simply crush it and prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is massaged externally. The healers consider the use of fresh extract more promising as compared to ash. The traditional healers have objection on using the word 'Breast enlargement'. According to them, these herbs and herbal combinations helps in maintaining its original shape and keep it free from different troubles. The healers rarely use these herbs because the natives of rural and forest areas are not taking interest in this matter. The natives living in urban areas particularly the natives of young generation are showing keen interest in herbal combinations. The use of medicinal rice variety Kanthi banko is unique. I am feeling proud to document the traditional information about this variety through the article. Thank you very much for reading the article. Weed management in commercial cultivation of wonder crop Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) : My experiences Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved It is common observation in majority of Safed Musli farms that most of time during cropping season, manual weeding operations are in progress. As this crop takes three to four months to complete its life cycle. The farmers start the manual weeding from the sowing and when they complete the weeding at last end, new flushes of weed species occupies the starting point again. Although in commercial cultivation of Safed Musli, the high cost of planting material is a major economical input but this is a bare fact that the farmers waste much money in weeding operations. Through proper planning and precautions this can be checked. This is good sign that most of the Safed Musli growers are not using the chemical weedicides to manage the weeds. I have not used the term all because I am aware that many multinational companies are engaged in field trials based of chemical weed control in Safed Musli crop. They are getting good results in terms of weed management but no one is aware that what damage the weedicides are causing to the medicinal properties of Safed Musli herb. Manual weeding is promising substitute to chemicals for Safed Musli cultivation. As the cost of labour is increasing and also the availability of young workers is decreasing the Manual weeding is becoming problematic in many areas particularly the areas near to urban establishments where better job opportunity are available. I am not in favour of regular manual weeding during entire cropping season. Through long experiences with this wonder crop, I have observed and noted many valuable information that can be of great use to the Musli growers. I am giving the details in this research article. Technically, any herb present in crop field other than Safed Musli can be considered as weed or unwanted plants that can damage the desired herb through competition for light, moisture and nutrients. But I have experienced that all weeds are not harmful to Safed Musli and can not attack on this herb with same potential, as said by the experts. Like competition between Musli and weed species, there is also the competition exists among the weed species. They do not behave as coalition force against Safed Musli herb. Through the extensive visits to Safed Musli fields of Chhattisgarh, I have prepared a list of about 105 weed species that infest the crop fields in growing season. Personally I do not consider these species as unwanted species because all 105 species possess valuable medicinal properties and uses and for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, these are valuable herbs that can save the life of hundreds of their patients. I simply explain the situation when we plant Safed Musli, the nature gives us 105 more medicinal herbs as gift. For time being, let us consider these species as problematic species that can cause damage to main crop. In Chhattisgarh, we are fortunate that most of these 105 weed species belong to Gramineae family having shallow root system. As its roots don’t go in depth, it damages the Musli herb very little. Hence, we can ignore these grassy weeds while manual weeding. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, I have seen the heavy infestation of sedges. Although the farmers try to manage these sedges through manual weeding but it is nearly impossible to uproot these hydra-headed deep rooted herbs. While its removal, it breaks from main plant and underground parts give the birth of new plant within no time. For these fields, I recommend the farmers to adopt the soil solarization method of weed management in which the solar radiations are used to destroy the dormant seeds and underground plant parts of weed species, in hot summer days. Many farmers have tried this cheap but effective method successfully to get rid from these problematic weed species. Many dicot weeds also infest Safed Musli field but I have observed much competition among the dicot species within them than the grassy weed species. If dicot species are more in number, it must be removed from field. These species can cause great harm to Musli tubers its roots penetrate into the tuber (I am not aware whether intentionally or incidentally) and the holes created by roots, in Musli tubers act as entry point to pathogens and insects. In my previous article, I have mentioned the intensity of this problem, I have observed while purchasing the planting material for one of my farmers in Maharashtra region. So, we can categorized the weed species that commonly occur in Safed Musli fields in three groups i. e. Grasses, Sedges and dicot species. Our emphasis should be on Sedges and dicot species. (and if solarization method is adopted, the emphasis should be only on dicot species). The field workers engaged can be instructed to identify the harmful species and remove only these specific species. There is no need to invest time as well as energy on less harmful or harmless species. For the Chhattisgarh farmers I am planning to prepare a field guide to differentiate between the friend and enemy species. If the farmers of other parts of India, wish I can prepare the guide for them also but many species common in Chhattisgarh are also common in other parts of the country, hence the guide is having broader scope. I have collected the local names of weeds. For better utilization, I am trying to add the names of weeds in other languages also. I have found the Farm yard Manure (FYM) as a potential source of weed species in crop fields. As Safed Musli is grown through organic inputs, the farmers use this manure in bulk. There is no harm with this manure but it should be well rotten during the time of application. Its role as seed bank of weed species can not be avoided totally. But by this little precaution one can stop the entry of unwanted species to great extent. I am aware that due to increasing use of FYM in Chhattisgarh, it is very difficult to get well rotten FYM but I suggest the farmers to try their best to apply the FYM in correct form. The research on weed management through the weeds, with the help of Allelopathic studies is in progress at farmer's fields in Chhattisgarh. After getting the promising results, I will write in detail on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India VIII. Munga Ke Bhajia Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Munga (Moringa oleifera syn. M. pterygosperma syn. Guilandina moringa) is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers and natives use almost all parts of Munga as medicine in treatment of many common diseases. Its green fruits are used as vegetable. All parts of Munga tree possess valuable medicinal properties. The natives prepare a special herbal dish Munga ke Bhajia using the freshly collected flowers of Munga. The natives consume this dish just for taste but according to the traditional healers, this preparation is a boon for the patients having respiratory troubles. Its use also helps in flushing out the intestinal worms. Many healers recommend its daily use to their patients. Its method preparation is very simple. Required material: Munga flowers, Besan (Chickpea flour), salt and cooking oil. Method of preparation: The petals are collected from flowers and after mixing with Besan, (in equal proportion) the combination is fried in cooking oil. When it colour changes into brown, frying is stopped and the Bhajia is served hot to the guests. Its use is limited to flowering season only because freshly collected flowers are preferred. This preparation is popular in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh particularly in Munga tree rich areas. Botanically, Munga is a small or medium, brittle tree with tomentose young parts and having height upto 10 meters; Bark light brown, thick, soft, corky, deeply fissured; Leaf tri-pinnate; leaflets elliptic; Flowers white, fragrant, in large panicles with sharp, pungent taste; Fruits pendulous, greenish, triangular, ribbed and pod like capsule; seeds trigonous with wings on angles. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Diabetes insipidus in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Diabetes insipidus. They use these herbs both internally as well as externally. The Bagbahera region of Chhattisgarh is well known for natural occurrence of medicinal herb Gondla (Cyperus sp.) The traditional healers of this region use Gondla in combination with other herbs in treatment. Its use in form of sweet herbal dish is very common. They mix the Gondla roots (dry) with Triphala (a combination of Harra, Terminalia chebula, Bahera, Terminalia bellirica and Aonla, Phyllanthus emblica, fruits) powder and fry it slightly in cow ghee. After this process, they add Ajwain (Carum copticum) seeds in it. The mixture is further kept on fire and after adding Shahad (Honey), the sweet dish is prepared. The internal use of this sweet dish stops the frequent urination. According to the traditional healers, Gondla herbs play a vital role in this combination and without it this combination is of no use. The healers try to use freshly collected roots for preparation. The old and stored roots are avoided. The sweet dish is given daily till complete cure. As this dish is delicious, the patients take it without any problem. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of the use of Gondla. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, use only Gondla roots in combination with Sirka (Vinegar) and Shahad (Honey). According to them there is no necessity of adding other herbs. They further informed me that the internal use of this combination is having several other health benefits. It is a good tonic and helpful in treatment of gynaecological troubles. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use simple formulation. They mix the Til (Sesamum indicum) seeds and Ajwain (Carum copticum) seeds in equal proportion and convert it into powder. This powder is given internally with Gud (Jaggery) in form of small globules. Many healers avoid the use of Gud and suggest the patients to take the powder as such with water. This formulation is also popular as home remedy in many parts. This simple looking formulation is one of promising remedies in this trouble. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the herbal combination of Imli (Tamarind) seed pulp and leaf juice of Munga (Moringa oleifera) externally. This combination is converted into an aqueous paste and applied around the umbilicus. This application is recommended once in day till complete cure. The traditional healers of Sarguja region use the immature pods of common medicinal tree Babool (Acacia nilotica) for this purpose. The pods are collected and dried in shade. After drying it is converted into powder and roasted with cow ghee. Sugar is added for taste. This preparation is used internally. It is taken twice a day. The traditional healers of Durg region use the Singhara Ata (Trapa natans) in combination with sugar internally in treatment. The traditional healers of Pendra region, rich in natural population of Bamboo, prepare the decoction by using both green and dry leaves of Bamboo and use it in treatment of this trouble. This use is very popular among the traditional healers. With the help of above mentioned herbs and herbal combinations the healers of Chhattisgarh try to manage the trouble. Through ongoing ethnobotanical surveys, I am expecting more information on this important aspect. I will give the details in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India IX. Kohada ke Bhajia Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Kohada (Cucurbita pepo) is well known vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. Its fruits are used as vegetable. For traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Kohada is a valuable medicinal herb. They use all parts of Kohada in treatment of many common diseases both internally and externally. The natives use its fresh flowers to prepare 'Kohada ke Bhajia'. This herbal dish is consumed for taste but the traditional healers are aware of its medicinal uses. They consider it as promising tonic after exhaustive diseases. It is specially recommended to the women after pregnancy. Many healers claim that it is also beneficial for the patients having the diabetes. Its method of preparation is very simple. As medicine, the healers recommend its use upto specific period. The natives also prepare this dish in special occasions. Material Required: Kohada flowers, Besan (Chickpea flour), salt, cooking oil. Method of Preparation: Kohada flowers and Besan are mixed in equal proportion after adding salt (for taste) in it. This combination is fried in cooking oil and when its colour changes to brownish red, frying is stopped. This dish is served hot to the guests. The natives consume it with Chutney but as medicine the healers restrict the use of Chutney with this preparation. Kohada is annual herb with angular sulcate stems; Leaves 5 lobed, lobes obtuse or acute, margin dentate, base cordate; male flowers 5 cm long, peduncles 4-6 cm long, 5- angular, Corolla companulate, yellow; Fruits variable, small or large, pulp fibrous, Seeds whitish yellow, 8-22 mm long, broadly or narrowly ovate, marginate. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XI. Bafauri Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Bafauri is one of the popular herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh served in break fast. It is recommended for the persons of all age group. It is prepared from Chana dal (Splitted Gram seeds). Gram (or Chickpea) is under cultivation as winter season pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers of the state have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about uses of different parts of this medicinal herb. The natives consume Bafauri for taste. They are not aware of its medicinal properties. The traditional healers informed me during the ethnobotanical surveys that if Bafauri is prepared by standard method, it is full of valuable medicinal properties and uses. It gives instant energy and very good for the patients recovering from exhaustive troubles. The healers further informed that it possess all the medicinal properties of raw seeds and through cooking its medicinal properties increases. This is bitter fact that now this herb dish is becoming a thing of past. Its use is restricted to rural areas only. The young generation, fond of Chinese food, is not showing interest in Bafauri. As mentioned earlier, most of the natives are not aware of its medicinal properties. We are trying our best to aware the natives particularly the natives of young generation about its health benefits. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use Tiwra Dal (Lathyrus sativus) in place of Chana dal to prepare Bafauri. I have tasted both types of Bafauri. The healers are unable to tell about the health benefits, Tiwra Bafauri is having. Material Required: Chana dal, Hara Dhania (Green Coriander), Green Chilli, Namak (salt) and cooking oil. Method of Preparation: Chana dal is cleaned and dipped in water upto 7-8 hours. After this duration, water is drained and the dal is collected. This dal is crushed into paste. In this paste, all the ingredients (except cooking oil) are mixed and big globules are prepared (at the size of Aonla fruits). These globules are cooked with the help of vapour (Bafara, in local language). After cooking upto 20 minutes, the globules are taken in pan having cooking oil and fried till its colour changes into Pink. This dish Bafauri is served hot to the guests. The natives use Methi (Fenugreek) seeds while frying to make it more delicious. Allelopathic potential of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum species) : Some preliminary observations Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I would like to start the article, with the details of great research Dr. Maria Olofsdotter and her team members are doing in the field of rice allelopathy. They are screening the rice varieties having Allelopathic potential to suppress the weed population in crop fields. They have got great success in this research. Like rice plant, all plants in nature possess the valuable Allelopathic potential to suppress the growth of certain species. As regular visitors to dense forests, I am aware that natural forests are the best place to study this interaction. Through the extensive visits to natural forests, I have identified many species having dominance power. Safed Musli (Chlorophytum species) is one of these potential species. In forests flour, during active growing period you will find very less herbs in surroundings of Safed Musli herb. This is a simple observation. I am talking about herbs not the shrubs or big trees. In Gandai region of Chhattisgarh, I have found only 8 species of other herbs that dares to grow around the Safed Musli herb. In Narharpur region, I have found only four species (in many places 6 species) and among these species Kali Musli (Curculigo orchioides) is the main species. In Bastar region, I have noted new species around Safed Musli herb. As I have mentioned in previous articles, in Chhattisgarh many species of Safed Musli grows naturally in different parts. The species of Gandai region is different from the Safed Musli of Narharpur region. These observations clearly suggest that there is possibility that the nature of dominance is common among all species of Safed Musli but within species there are many variations exist. These observations got further confirmation when I interacted with the traditional healers and herb collectors who frequently visit to forests rich in Safed Musli population. I assigned many of them to take observation at interior forests. They informed that it is a 'Raja booti' (The King herb). As Safed Musli is a new crop for agricultural researcher, not much works have been done on various aspects of this crop. The reference literatures clearly reveal that the work on Allelopathic potential of Safed Musli has yet not been started. I personally feel that now the time has come to start the research to evaluate the Allelopathic potential of Safed Musli. Encouraged with the observations in Natural conditions, when I tried to evaluate its Allelopathic potential by adopting very crude method, the results were beyond expectations. I am giving the details of this crude method for young researchers. I identified different patches around the Raipur city having rich population of specific weed species and during not summer days, when the patches were free from weed species, planted many Musli tubers randomly. When after first rainfall, the tubers and weed species started germination and initial growth, I took observations at frequent intervals. I observed that in many patches, the specific weed species suppressed the growth of Safed Musli but there are also patches where the Musli dominated the many weed species. This very crude method gave some promising indications. Now I am planning to conduct the laboratory experiments to confirm the effects and to find out the allelo-chemicals responsible for this dominance. In my previous articles, I have mentioned that even at farmer's field one can clearly observe the weed suppressing capacity of this herb. As I am engaged in documentation work, it is very difficult to spare extra time for this important work. I have explained by preliminary observations with the hope that the researchers will pay attention on this medicinal herb and find out its valuable Allelopathic potential. If you are motivated and planning to start the work on this aspect, I am with you for the guidance. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Throat Pain in Chhattisgarh, India : The results of recent surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations useful in treatment of Throat pain. Through the recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys. I have collected many new information. I am giving the details in present article. The use of herbal combination having Neem leaves and dry Makoi herb is common in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh particularly in rural areas where Makoi grows as wasteland weed. Neem leaves and dry herb of Makoi are crushed and converted into powder. After converting into powder, both herbs are mixed in equal proportion. After mixing, the healers add few drops of Shahad (Honey) in it. The combination is kept on fire and allowed to boil when all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and patients are advised to gargle with this decoction to get rid from throat pain. Neem is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The scientific name of Makoi is Solanum nigrum. The traditional healers of Pendra region, use different herb parts of common medicinal tree Shahtoot (Morus alba) in treatment. They mix thee roots, leaves and young branches in equal proportion and by boiling it in water, decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. This part of Chhattisgarh is well known for rich population of Shahtoot. The natives of rice growing regions of Chhattisgarh Plains use the decoction by boiling leaves in water. Babool is an integral part of rice ecosystem in Chhattisgarh. When I informed the traditional healers of Bastar region about the herbal combination having Neem leaves and Makoi whole herb, they informed about new combination having Dhanbaher, Masoor and Makoi herbs. The leaves of all three herbs are used in this combination. The leaves are used in form of decoction. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. The scientific names of Dhanbaher is Cassia fistula and Masoor is Lens esculenta. Dhanbaher is a common medicinal tree whereas Masoor is a popular pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Pendra region use Masoor seeds in combination with Dhania (Coriander) seeds. Both seeds are mixed in equal proportion and after adding the leaf juice of Shahtoot, solution is prepared. The patients are advised to gargle with this solution. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the raw herb of Dhania as home remedy. The patients are advised to chew the fresh herb and swallow the juice. According to the natives, in most of the cases, the patients get relief from throat pain by this simple treatment. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of use of Karela fruits in different ways. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region suggest the patients to take dry fruit of Karela and convert into powder. This powder is mixed in Sirka (Vinegar) and aqueous paste is prepared. The patients are advised to apply the paste externally in painful part. The traditional healers of Mudpar village, prepare a special combination having Karela fruits, Lal Chandan (Pterocarpus santalinus), Sirsa bark (Albizia lebbeck), Masoor (Lens esculenta), Zeera (Cumin), Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) etc. and after mixing with Sirka, prepare aqueous paste. This paste is used in similar manner. According to the healer, Karela fruits play an important role in this combination. Karela (Momordica charantia) is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The healers use only the organically grown Karela fruits. For their need they grow it in home gardens. With the help of above mentioned traditional uses, the healers and natives of Chhattisgarh manage the problem of throat pain successfully. I will write more on this aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XII. Berha Roti Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved It is a kind of Chapati (Roti), the natives use to get change in taste whereas the traditional healers recommend it to their patients having specific troubles. It is specially recommended for the patients having the problem of Safed Daag (Leucoderma). The patients having the problem of poor digestion and liver related troubles are also advised by the healers to take this Roti in place of Roti that is in general use. In general, the natives prepare Roti using Wheat flour. In Berha roti they mix Gahun, Chawal and Chana flour in equal proportions. All ingredients i.e. Gahun (Triticum aestivum), Chawal (Oryza sativa) and Chana (Cicer arietinum) are under cultivation as commercial crops and easily available. For taste natives add different spices, salt and consume it with chutneys but for medicinal purposes Berha Roti is prepared without using spices. This preparation is popular in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. The natives are not much aware of its therapeutic values. As mentioned earlier that in general, all ingredients are mixed in equal proportion but on the basis of diseases, the traditional healers recommend different proportions. According to them, in this preparation Chana flour and Chawal flour play more important role than the Gahun flour. As it is prepared by Standard method adopted for other Roti (Chapati), I am not giving the details. I am giving the details of reported medicinal properties of different seeds used as ingredient in Berha Roti, I have noted from reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, Gahun is cooling, oleaginous, tonic, aphrodisiac, laxative and improves appetite whereas Chawal is acrid, sweet, oleaginous, tonic, aphrodisiac, fattening, diuretic and improves taste. Chana is stimulant, tonic, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, and enriches blood. According to the healers, the flour prepared from these seeds possess the medicinal properties similar to the seeds. Medicinal herb of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 70. Pitt Papda (Fumaria indica, family Papaveraceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb in treatment of liver related troubles. In combination with Giloi (Tinospora cordifolia) it is frequently used in treatment of different types of fever. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use all parts of Pitt Papda as medicine both internally as well as externally in treatment of many common diseases. The healers informed me that two types of Pitt Papda are present in Chhattisgarh. They differentiate it from flower colour. One is blue flowered and another is red flowered. The traditional healers considered the red flowered species more superior in terms of medicinal properties. Although red flowered species is not much common but the healers use the blue flowered species only in case of non-availability of red flowered species. According to the traditional healers the fresh and dried herb of Pitt Papda possesses different medicinal properties and uses. Green Pitt Papda is a promising blood purifier and helpful in developing resistance in human body. The dried herb of Pitt Papda is used in treatment of fevers. The traditional healers also use it as appetizer. Its seeds are used very frequently as medicine. In local herb shops, one can get the seeds easily. Pitt Papda occurs as wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. I have seen it in almost all corners of Chhattisgarh particularly in Northern hilly region. When I was at Ambikapur for my field training, I got opportunity to interact with the healers specialized in use of Pitt Papda as medicine. You will be surprised to know that in many parts of India including Chhattisgarh, the agricultural experts consider it as problematic weed. Every year tons of Agrochemicals are dumped in agricultural fields in name of eradication of this socalled weed. The traditional healers are not ready to consider it as unwanted plant. Pitt Papda is in the list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having good demand in national and international markets. The herb collectors collect this herb from the traders. As its demand is not in increasing trend, there is no threat on its natural population in Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors informed me that the demand of its seeds is very frequent. Whole herb is not in good demand. They further informed me that while collecting the herb they do not differentiate the species on the basis of flower colour, like the healers. According to them, the traders are not aware of this differentiation. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a diffuse, much-branched annual glaucous herb leaves with flat linear segments; Flowers small, whitish or rose - coloured; Sepals two, lanceolate; Petals 2+2; Fruits globose, rugose when dry with two pits at the tip one - seeded. Flowering and fruiting time December to April in Chhattisgarh conditions. I have noted during the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh that very few traditional healers are aware of its medicinal properties and uses. This is the reason I have kept it in the category of medicinal herb having less known traditional uses. I am trying my best to gather more information on this herb so that it can be established as potential medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh forever. Thank you very much for reading article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. X . Guram Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Guram is prepared by combination of Gur (Jaggery) and Aam (Mango locally Ama). It is one of the very popular herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh. In this preparation immature fruits of Aam are used. Chhattisgarh is well known for Mango orchards. In almost every village you will find the orchards. Aam is also planted in home gardens. Although, in these orchards, you will find indigenous species that are less productive but according to the healers from medicinal uses, point of view , these indigenous species are far superior from improved varieties. In every season, the natives consume the Aam fruits with taste. They are aware of its health benefits. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about the use of different parts of Aam tree as medicine. Although most of the natives consume Guram just for taste but I have noted during the ethnobotanical surveys that many of them particularly the senior natives are well aware of its medicinal uses. In general, the use of Guram, prevents the sunstroke and protects the body from hot wind 'Loo'. It is considered as promising appetizer and if taken with meals, it helps in the digestion. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use this preparation internally in treatment of Migraine (Adhasisi). The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh confirmed these health benefits. Since Childhood, I am a great fan of this herbal preparation. Material Required : Immature Aam fruits one Kg Gud one Kg, Cow ghee. Method of Preparation : After washing and peeling the Aam fruits, it is cut into small slices. In iron pan, cow ghee is smeared and Aam slices are roasted slightly. Gud is added in the roasted slices. The combination is allowed to boil for sometimes. After this , it is cool down and served. The natives also keep this for future use. It can be stored upto fifteen days. I have noted many variations in preparation . In place of Gud, many times sugar is added. But the use of Sugar with Aam is not considered beneficial for health. Many natives add Zeera (Cumin) or Ajwain (Carum copticum) during the roasting process. This addition makes the Guram more delicious. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Vomiting in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations useful in treatment of vomiting. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles. In present article. I am giving the details regarding some less known herbs and herbal formulations. These use are limited to very few healers and they are maintaining its secret from time immemorial. Through regular visits and interactions with them ,I have gathered these information. During hot summer when atmospheric temperature goes very high, to treat the problem of vomiting, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the branches of Neem tree in unique way. They collect the branches having leaves and burry it inside the hot soil for two hours. After this duration the branches are dig-out and juice is extracted by crushing it. This juice is filtered and given internally as treatment. It cures the problem in one dose. To burry the branches, the healers prefer the sandy soil. What will happen if we give the same temperature through kiln and after treatment extract the juice? Whether the juice will be effective at some potential or not ? The healers replied, "Try it" With the help of villagers, when we tried this method and extracted the juice, the juice failed to show the desirable effect. This observation confirms that the sandy soil plays an important role in enriching the medicinal properties of Neem branches. Whether other soils can be used? The healers answer is No. I have seen its practical use in Sarguja region many times. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed me about the use of Pipal wood and bark in treatment of vomiting. A piece of wood is taken and equal weight of Pipal bark is added. The mixture is burnt and ash is collected. A fistful of ash is mixed in water and solution is kept in earthen pot. The mouth of this pot is sealed and whole pot is buried inside the soil. The healers burry it under the Pipal tree. One week after this process, the leachate is collected without disturbing the ash settled in bottom and leachate is stored for future use. The traditional healers use this leachate in complicated cases. In general, one cup of leachates are given in every hour. The healers informed me that they never prefer its use after one month. As its storage upto long time is not possible and also it is difficult to prepare, for traditional healers it is valuable remedy. I have seen the bottles filled with this leachate with the traditional healers. Pipal (Ficus religiosa) is well known religious and medicinal tree of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers consider this preparation as one of the promising remedies. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region , use Imli fruits and seeds in treatment of vomiting. They collect the seeds and dip it in water overnight. Next morning they add half quantity of Sugar. Next morning, the softened seeds are collected and crushed. In the crushed seeds double quantity of sugar is added and the combination is kept on fire and allowed to boil. After boiling, the concentrates are given to the patients. In general, this preparation is given to the patients having old problem. According to the natives, it acts as preventive also. The healers informed me that this preparation have several additional health benefits also It is considered as beneficial to stomach. The healers usually use these preparations in hot summer days. The healers further informed that for immediate relief, they suggest the patients to eat few Imli pods. This part of Chhattisgarh is well known for natural population of Imli (Tamarind) trees. The traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma informed me about the use of Boir fruit stone in combination of Tulsi leaves in treatment of Vomiting. The healers use the indigenous Boir (Ziziphus sp.) For this purpose. The stone is crushed and converted into powder. With the help of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf juice, small globules are prepared. These globules are given internally as treatment. To make this combination more strong the traditional healers add Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) in it. According to Shri Verma, he uses combination very frequently and consider it most promising. I am thankful to the traditional healers who have showed faith and confidence on me. They are aware of on going documentation work. I am confident that these herbal formulations can provide relief upto long time to native of future generations. Thank you very much for reading the article Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used in treatment of Epistaxis Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In previous article, I have given the details regarding the common herbs the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are using in form of nasal drops in treatment of Epistaxis. In complicated cases, the traditional healers use specific herbs and herbal formulations and in general, they do not disclose it to anyone, even to their family members. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. I have collected many valuable information on this aspect. I am giving the details in this article. In complicated cases, the traditional healers suggest the patients to apply different herbs in form of aqueous paste in palate (Talu). Also, many times this paste is given to apply on forehead. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the bark of Doomar tree for this purpose. The bark is collected and with the help of water an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied on palate, inside the mouth. The use is continued till complete cure. Doomar is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Ficus glomerata. The traditional healers of this region also use the combination of Neem leaves and Ajwain (Carum copticum) externally. Both herbs are crushed and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied on forehead. The use of Gobar (Cow dung) is also popular among the healers. As first aid remedy, the healers suggest to smell the fresh Gobar and apply it in form of paste on forehead. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region informed that they use the excreta of male Deer (Hiran) for this purpose. According to them, this dung is more powerful in effect as compared to cow dung. They also burn the dry dung and suggest the patients to inhale the fume coming. I think that the wild herbs on which Hiran feeds, play an important role in making the dung useful in treatment of Epistaxis. With the help of herb collectors, I am trying to gather this important information. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the Neem leaves in combination with Jangli Chaulai leaves. The aqueous paste is prepared and applied externally in forehead as treatment. Jangli Chaulai is a waste land weed in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Amaranthus spinous. During visits to Kanker region of Chhattisgarh, I got information on use of Parsa Flowers. The traditional healers of this region prepare a decoction by boiling Parsa flower in water and patients are advised to take it internally. According to the healers, its internal use stops all types of bleeding. This is the reason the traditional healers use this decoction frequently in treatment of gynecological troubles. Parsa is well known medicinal herbs having rich population in natural forests. Its scientific name is Butea monosperma. Its use as decoction is continued till complete relief. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this decoction but I have noted a lot of variations in quantities of flowers taken. In general, the healers boil 30 flowers of Parsa in four liters of water and when half quantity (of initial quantity) remains the boiling is stopped and decoction is considered ready to use. Many healers use 50 or more flowers in this decoction. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region use the bark of Parsa in combination with flowers to prepare the decoction. As first aid measure, the traditional healers of Tilda region suggest the use of Doobi (Cynodon dactylon) herb. The juice is extracted by crushing whole herb and few drops are applied into the nostrils as treatment. The healers of this region also recommend the use of Aonla fruits. The fruits of wild species are preferred. The fruit is soaked in water overnight and next morning the softened fruit is converted into paste. This paste is applied on palate in order to stop the bleeding. I am feeling proud to document this valuable traditional knowledge. I have observed successful uses of these herbs and herbal combinations many times. The healers have gained this knowledge from their forefathers and it is positive sign that they are using it in their routine practice with full faith. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XIII, Kaitha Ke Chutney Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend this herbal preparation specially to the patients having the problem of heart. It is considered as a boon for heart patients. The traditional healers specialized in treatment of gynaecological trouble recommend it in treatment of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea). In general, this chutney is a good stomachic. The natives consume this preparation just for taste but many senior natives of Southern Chhattisgarh informed me that it is promising blood purifier and the patients having skin trouble use it specially. Kaitha (Feronia elephantum) is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers use all parts of Kaitha in treatment of many common diseases. Material Required: Fruit pulp of Kaitha, Zeera (Cumin), Green Chilli, Dhania (Coriander), Lason (Garlic), Namak (salt). Method of preparation: It is prepared as other Chutneys. In seedless pulp, all other ingredients are mixed and with the help of stone, the combination is crushed into paste from. This paste is known as Kaitha Ke Chutney. This Chutney is served during meal. In Chhattisgarh, the fruiting occurs in September to November months in Kaitha trees. The natives never miss to use the fruits in form of Chutney during the season. Botanically, Kaitha is a small deciduous tree with dark grey or nearly black bark wrinkled and with longitudinal furrows; Leaves smelling of aniseeds; Leaflets 5-7, cuneate or obovate, cuneate at tip; flowers pale green, stained with red, in racemes or panicles; Fruits globule, 5-8 cm, with rough-greyish wood rind and white sour and acrid pulp. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India IV. Neem Ke Phool Ke Sag Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Neem ke Phool ke Sag (Sag - Curry) is one of the popular curries in rural areas of Chhattisgarh. This curry is used in rainy season when first rains fall. This curry is considered as boon for the patients having the problem of diabetes. The natives are aware of this medicinal property but the natives of all age group consume this curry with taste. The traditional healers recommend this curry to the patients having exhaustive diseases to get rid from weakness in very less time. Neem (Azadirachta indica syn. Melia azedarach, in English Indian Lilac, Margosa tree ) is well known tree of Chhattisgarh having religious and medicinal importance. All parts of Neem possess valuable medicinal properties and uses. It is one of the well studied medicinal trees of India and well known in other parts of the world. Material Required: Neem ke Phool (Neem flowers) one bowl, Dry spices-Dhania (Coriander), Chilli, Namak (Salt), Haldi (Turmeric), Tel (Cooking oil) Method of Preparation: Its method of preparation is very simple. In pan, cooking oil is taken and all spices with Neem phool are added. The mixture is fried in oil and after frying half glass of water and salt (for taste) are added. The curry is served hot to the guests. For taste, the natives add Tamatar (Tomato) fruits also in this curry. This curry is served with cooked rice. Botanically, Neem is a large, evergreen tree, with a large crown; Bark grey or dark grey or nearly black, rough, reddish-brown inside, with numerous, oblique furrows and scattered tubercles, Leaves imparipinnate, alternate; leaflets 8- 19, alternate or opposite, oblique or sub-falcate, falcate-lanceolate, glossy, bluntly serrate; Flowers white or pale yellow, generally small, honey-scented, numerous, in slender, lax, axillary panicles, Fruits green, turning yellow on ripening, aromatic, oblong, ovoid-oblong, smooth drupe. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used in treatment of painful eyes Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use Neem leaf juice in unique way for painful eyes. The juice is extracted and put on fire. The lukewarm juice is applied inside the ear. If the pain is in left eye, the juice is applied in left ear and vice-versa. Few drops of lukewarm juice cures the trouble miraculously. If both eyes are painful, the juice is applied in both ears. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many unique uses of common herbs in treatment of Painful eyes. These uses are limited to the specific healers and they are practicing this traditional knowledge sincerely and with faith. Like the juice of Neem leaves, the traditional healers of Mahasamund region use the Dhatra leaf juice in same manner but this is really surprising that while using herb, the healers adopt different method. The juice is applied in opposite side of the ear. If the pain is in left eye, then the juice is applied in right ear and vice-versa. Dhatra (Datura stramonium) is a common wasteland herb in this part of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region use the Haldi powder (Curcuma longa) in same way. The powdered rhizome is mixed in water and few drops are applied in opposite side ear of painful eye. I have observed its use practically many times. I personally feel that there is a need of systematic scientific study to explain the mode of action of these herbs. Why Neem leaf juice is applied in same ear and other juices are not applied in same side ? The traditional healers are satisfied with the efficacy of herbs but they are unable to give the scientific explanations. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region prepare a herbal combination by mixing the Lodhr bark and Aonla fruit and use it in treatment of painful eyes. With the help of cow ghee, the combination of herbs is roasted in it, and converted into paste. This paste is applied externally around the painful eye in order to get rid from intense pain. They take special precaution while this application so that it cannot enter inside the eyes. The scientific name of Lodhr is Symplocos racemosa whereas Aonla is Phyllanthus emblica. Both are common herbs in this part of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Durg region use the latex of Bar (Ficus benghalensis) in treatment of painful eyes. Few drops of fresh latex is applied inside the eyes. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, keep the herbal combination having Neem leaves and Sonth (dried Ginger) in equal proportion, in form of big sized globules. In case of need, they mix the globules in water and prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is applied around the eyes in order to reduce the pain. The traditional healers of Mungeli region, use the fresh leaf juice of Munga (Moringa oleifera), a common medicinal tree, in treatment. Few drops of juice are applied inside the eyes. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed about the use of herbal combination that can be used internally to get rid from all eye troubles. I got the complete formulation from Shri Vishal Bharat. In this combination, Makoi (Solanum nigrum), Gondla (Cyperus rotundus) and Urai (Vetiveria zizanoides) herbs are mixed in equal proportion. Sugar is added for taste and given twice a day to the patients upto complete relief. All herbs are commonly available in this part of Chhattisgarh. Shri Vishal Bharat also informed me about the use of fresh herb juice of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum). Its juice is applied inside the eyes. It is also a wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. The work of documentation of traditional knowledge seems endless to me. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles. This article is a supplement to previous articles. I will write more on this aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XV. Kochai ke Dahrori Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives prepare this sweet dish in the occasion of Holi festival, the festival of colours. Kochai is the local name of Arbi (Colocasia esculenta). Different types of Dahrori (Dahi-curd) are prepared using different ingredients. The traditional healers consider this preparation beneficial for all natives to get protection from change of season. Holi festival occurs during the transition period of winter and summer season. In this season, the natives faced many health problems. The herbal dishes prepared during this festival possess special properties to get protection from these health problems. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh consider this preparation useful for the patients having the problem of Migraine also. Although in urban areas this preparation is loosing popularity but in rural areas the use of this dish is still in existence. The natives are not much aware of its health benefits. Material Required : Tuberous rhizome one kg, Dahi (Curd) two teaspoonful, Sugar half kg, Oil for frying. Method of Preparation : the bells are removed from rhizome and rhizome is cut into very small pieces. These process are mixed Dahi and given it the shape of big globules (Bada). This Bada can be given different shapes also. After preparation of Bada, it is kept under sunlight half an hour. In pan, oil is taken and Bada is fried in low flame when its colour changes into brownish red, sugar syrup is added. The prepared dish is known as Kochai Ki Dahrori. This dish can be used upto one month. Kochai (Colocasia esculenta) is a rhizomatous herb, native to South-East Asia. It is cultivated throughout India for edible, starchy, tuberous rhizomes. Its young leaves are used as vegetable. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XVI. Tiwra Bhaji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although the reference literatures are full of information that the consumption of Tiwra plant parts particularly the seeds upto long time can cause lathyrism (Paralysis of lower limbs in man) as it contains toxic amino acid which is considered major factor responsible for lathyrism. But it is a bitter fact that the natives of Chhattisgarh are using this herb since time immemorial and in Chhattisgarh, even not a single case of Lathyrism has yet came in light. Tiwra (Lathyrus sativus) is well known winter season pulse crop in the state. The natives prepare different dishes, using different plant parts. Tiwra Bhaji is one of these dishes. The traditional healers are aware of its use and they are not ready to accept that this herb cause any harm to human body. The recommend the Tiwari Bhaji as tonic. Also, it is specially recommended to the patients having gynecological troubles. Material Required : Young herb of Tiwra, Adrak (Ginger), Mirch (Chilli), Tamatar (Tomato), Lason (Garlic), Namak (Salt), other spices (if needed), Tel (Oil). Method of Preparation: Tiwara herb is cut into very small pieces and all ingredients are mixed. When all ingredients form an uniform mixture, this mixture is roasted in pan. After roasting, it is transferred to another pan for frying. After frying, the hot curry is served. Botanically, Tiwra is a herb with spreading and winged stems; Leaflets 2, linear-oblong, tendrils 3-4 fid, stipules halfsagittate, lanceolate, some what toothed, ciliated, Peduncles one flowered, longer than the stipules; Bractlets very small; Legumes broad, oblong, irregularly reticulated; Seeds three nerved, somewhat truncate, brown, smooth. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of urine retention, in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Urine retention both internally as well as externally. I have collected many valuable information through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the petals and leaves of Gonda (Tagetes erecta) in treatment. The aqueous extract is given internally with sugar for this purpose. Gonda is a common ornamental herb in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region use the seeds of Kevatch for this purpose. The seeds are collected and after crushing it are converted into powder. This powder is given internally with water as treatment. The seed powder is used in very less quantity. In many cases it is given only few pinches at a time. This region of Chhattisgarh is well known for rich natural population of Kevatch. Kevatch is a common medicinal herb. Its scientific name is Mucuna pruriens. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the leaf juice of Punarnava in treatment of this trouble. The leaf juice is extracted and given internally with cow milk. The treatment is continued till complete cure. The scientific name of Punarnava is Boerhaavia diffusa. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the roots of Punarnava in place of leaves in treatment. This is a matter of scientific investigation that which part is more useful. The traditional healers of this region, also recommend the use of Chunchunia Bhaji externally. The herb is collected and after crushing it with the help of stone, paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on Pedu (Pubic area) in order to treat the problem of Urine retention. Chunchunia Bhaji is a common wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Oxalis corniculata. The traditional healers of Mahasamund region, along the belt of Mahanadi river use the herb Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris) in treatment. Its aqueous extract is given internally as treatment. The traditional healers of Shahtoot rich areas of Chhattisgarh use it both internally and externally in treatment. Externally it is applied on Pedu whereas internally a teaspoonful of juice is given twice a day. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region use the roots of common medicinal herb Indrayan (Citrullus colocynthis) in treatment. The aqueous extract is given internally as treatment. The traditional healers of Jashpur region use the roots of wild Banana (Kela) in treatment. The aqueous extract of juice is given with sugar. This use is also popular among the natives of the region. In general, three teaspoonfuls juice is given once in a day. The use is continued till complete cure. I have observed this use in Kanker region also. The healers do not prefer the roots of cultivated species of Banana for this purpose. The healers of this region also use the bark of common medicinal tree Semar (Bombax ceiba) in treatment. Its aqueous extract is given with sugar internally. The traditional healer of Mudpar village uses the bark of Indrajau (Wrightia tinctoria) in treatment. Its bark is used is same manner as the bark of Semal. Many of the above mentioned traditional uses have yet not been documented. I am proud to take this responsibility. With the help of these uses, the healers are treating the patients successfully. All of the above mentioned herbs are native to Chhattisgarh. The healers are not dependent on herbs from outside Chhattisgarh for the treatment. This is good sign. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Kapoor in Chhattisgarh, India. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) is not native to Chhattisgarh but natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about different uses of Kapoor. They purchase it from local herb shops. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. According to the reference literatures, the tree of Camphor is native to China and Japan and the oil obtained by distillation of wood, gives high yield of camphor and Safrole, highly valued constituent used in preparation of expensive perfumes. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Kapoor frequently to dress the old wounds. It is crushed into powder and this powder is applied externally on wound. Its use has tens the process of healing. Kapoor is used as home remedy in treatment of toothache due to decayed teeth. The powdered Kapoor is filled in holes to destroy the germs. The traditional healers of Bastar region use, Kapoor in combination with Imli seeds in treatment of Scorpion bite. It is mixed with Imli (Tamarind) seeds in equal proportion and applied externally on affected part. With Pan (Betle vine), this combination is given internally also. According to the healers, its internal and external use at the same time nullifies the scorpion poison effectively in very less time. In treatment of intestinal worms, the traditional healers of Bagbahera region use Kapoor in combination with Gud (Jaggery) internally. This use is also popular as home remedy in different parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed that Kapoor is useful in treatment of hair fall from eye lashes. Kapoor is mixed with Nimbu (Citrus medica) fruit juice and applied externally. This is new information for me because I have not written much on this common problem and herbal remedies to get rid from it. In treatment of Asthma, the traditional healers of Narharpur region, burn the Kapoor and suggest the patients to inhale the fumes coming. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The healers of this region use the remains of Kapoor burning, in treatment of Urticaria. It is applied externally on blisters for immediate relief. In treatment of Vertigo, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use Kapoor in combination with Jangli Chaulai (Amaranthus spinosus). They prepare a special curry from this herb and after adding Kapoor in it, it is given to the patients. In treatment of Asthma, the traditional healers of Bilaspur region use Kapoor in combination with Hing (Asafoetida). Both ingredients are mixed in equal proportion and given internally as treatment. This use is very popular among the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Jashpur region use the wild Banana (Kela) in combination with Kapoor in treatment of different gynaecological troubles. As a student of Homoeopathy, I am aware that the experts suggest the patients to avoid the use of Kapoor during the treatment as its sharp smell, reduces the effects of Homoeopathic drugs. In general, the natives use Kapoor during worship and other religious ceremonies. The housewives use Kapoor to protect the cloths and for food grains from storage pest. The sharp smell of Kapoor repels away the insects. This is really good observation that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about this herbal produce, although it is not native to Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XVII. Karmatta Bhaji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Karmatta Bhaji (Curry) is one of the popular as well as delicious curries of Chhattisgarh. Although Karmatta (Ipomoea aquatica) is considered as worst aquatic weed in many parts of the world but for the natives it is valuable herb. This curry is popular in both rural and urban areas. In urban areas, Karmatta is under cultivation. The farmers grow this herb along the railway tracks and earn good returns from it. In Local newspapers, many articles publish every year, warning the natives that the use of this herb as curry can cause health troubles because in many places the farmers grow it in sewage water but natives are not ready to accept it. They are using it since generations without any harm. 'Karmatta bhaji is harmful'? The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh simply laugh. This herb possesses valuable medicinal properties and uses. According to the healers, its consumption as Bhaji (curry) is having many health benefits. It is specially recommended to the patients having the problem of Leucoderma. It is also given to flush out the intestinal worms. In general, it is given as general tonic. This is good sign that many natives are also aware of its medicinal uses. But it is its unique taste; the natives consume it in bulk. Material Required: Karmatta leaves, Lason (Garlic), Mirch (Chilli), Namak (Salt), Tel (Cooking oil). Method of Preparation: The leaves are washed thoroughly in running water and cut into very small pieces. The small pieces and all spices are added in pan having cooking oil and mixture is fried well. It is cooked till all watery contents evaporate. This curry is served hot with meals. Karmatta (Ipomoea aquatica) is a herb having long, prostate stem that trails on mud or float on water; stems thick, hollow and rooting at the nodes; Leaves elliptic-oblong or sub-deltoid, acute, cordate or hastate; flowers in 1-15 flowered peduncles; Corolla limb very pale-purple (white), throat and tube dull purple; Fruits capsule, ovoid; seeds 4 or 2, pubescent. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Chhuhara in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Chhuhara is dry fruit of Khajur (Phoenix sylvestris, family Palmae). Khajur is not a native to Chhattisgarh. Also, it is not under cultivation in the state but the traditional healers have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about its medicinal properties and uses. The healers purchase the dry fruit from the herb vendors. They also purchase it from local herb shops. The traditional healers consider the dry fruit more useful as compared to the fresh fruit and this is the reason they use dry fruit frequently. The availability of fresh fruits is poor particularly in rural and forest areas. This is the reason possibly the healers have discovered the use of dry fruit available relatively easily. The healers use Chhuhara both internally as well as externally. Along with dry fruit, they use stone also in treatment. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many valuable information on its traditional uses. I am giving the details in this article. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the stones in treatment of piles. The stone is crushed and powder is collected. This powder is burnt and the patients are advised to expose the anus in fumes coming. The traditional healers add more herbs in it to make it more stronger. In winter season, they add the roots of common wasteland herb Kukronda (Blumea lacera) in it. The stone powder and Kukronda roots are mixed in equal proportions. The healers informed that the decoction prepared by boiling the Chhuhara in water is promising in treatment of piles. The patients are advised to wash the anus with this decoction. It is specially useful in treatment of bleeding piles. It stops the bleeding immediately. But as other cheap alternatives are available, the healers use this costly decoction less frequently. In treatment of Migraine, the traditional healers prepare an aqueous paste by mixing the powdered stone in water. This paste is applied externally on painful part. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains informed that the ash collected after burning the stone, is promising in treatment of skin troubles particularly the ring worm. The healers mix the ash in cow ghee and apply externally. In treatment of gynaecological troubles, the traditional healers of Bilaspur region use the crushed stone internally. The powder is fried in cow ghee and patients are advised to take it. The use is continued till complete cure. It is considered as promising remedy in treatment of Dysmenorrhoea. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, give powder with cow ghee without frying it. It is a matter of scientific study that which combination is more promising. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me about the use of Chhuhara in treatment of fevers. It is used as major ingredient in popular herbal combinations. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from references literatures. Botanically, Khajur is a tall graceful palm; trunk rough with leafstalk scars; crown hemispherical, large and thick; Leaves pinnate, grayish-green, petioles compressed towards the apex, triangular, spiny at the base, pinnules many, densely fascicle, rigid, ensiform, spinous, pointed; lower dioecious, Male flowers white, scented, spadix long erect, spathes separating into two boat shaped valves, flowers very many, angular, oblique; Female spadix and spathe as in the male, flowers distant and roundish; Fruits oblong-ellipsoid, orange-yellow, seeds rounded at the ends, deeply grooved on one side. As medicine, its roots, fruits and juice of the tree are used. According to Ayurveda, fruit is sweet, cooling, oleaginous, cardio-tonic, fattening, constipating, aphrodisiac, good in heart and abdominal complaints, fevers, vomiting, loss of consciousness etc. Khajur is not native to Chhattisgarh but this is good sign that the traditional healers are aware of many of its medicinal properties and uses and also they are using it in regular practice. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XVIII. Gumma Bhaji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Gumma is a common waste land as well as crop weed in Chhattisgarh. The natives use its leaves in form of Bhaji (Curry) whereas the traditional healers use all parts of Guma herb as medicine in treatment of many common diseases both internally and externally. The scientific name of Gumma is Leucas aspera. It is common belief among the natives that its consumption in form of Bhaji at one season in a year, develops a specific smell inside the body that repels away the venomous creatures particularly the snakes. The herb collectors aware of this useful property never miss the chance to eat the Bhaji during the season. The traditional healers use this herb in treatment of scorpion and snake bites. The traditional healers recommend the use of Gumma Bhaji to the patients having liver related troubles. It is a boon for the patients having Jaundice. For this purpose, Bhaji is taken empty stomach. This preparation is considered as good appetizer. According the healers, it possesses anthelmintic properties also. I have tasted this preparation many times. It is delicious in taste. Material Required: Gumma leaves, Lason (Garlic), Spices, Dahi (Curd), Tel (Cooking oil), Namak (salt) Method of Preparation: The leaves are washed in running water and boiled in water. After boiling the water is extracted and allowed to drain out. Leaves mixed with spices are fried in cooking oil and Dahi is added. Cooking is continued till drying of Dahi. This curry is served hot to the guests. Gumma is not under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. As it occurs as wasteland herb, the natives get it free of cost. The natives of urban areas purchase it from local vegetable markets. Its use is now limited in rural areas. For the Botany and reported an other medicinal uses of Gumma, I suggest you to read the previous articles. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XIX. Murai Bhaji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Murai (Radish) is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about different medicinal properties and uses of this medicinal herb. Murai Bhaji (Curry) is consumed for its specific taste. According to the traditional healers, the intake of Murai Bhaji is having many health benefits. It is considered good for digestion problems. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains recommend this preparation to the patients having kidney related troubles. According to them, it is a boon for the patients having Renal calculi. It regular use, flushes out the stones. The traditional healers of Mudpar village suggest his patients having the problem of Piles to take Murai Bhaji during meals. It is considered as promising appetizer. Its use in any form including Bhaji, helps the body to get enough resistance to fight with the diseases, common in winter season. Material required: Murai leaves, Lason (Garlic), Spices, Namak (salt), Tel (Cooking oil), Tamatar (Tomato) fruit. Method of Preparation: Murai leaves are washed thoroughly in running water and cut into very small pieces. These pieces are mixed with spices and other ingredients and put in pan having cooking oil. The mixture is fried in oil till the loss of water from it. The natives also add Besan (Chickpea flour) in it to make it more tasty. The curry is served hot during meals. Botanically Murai is erect herb with fusiform taproot; stem corymbosely branched, 20-90 cm tall, Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatipartite, with sinuate-dentate segments, 3-5 jugate, the upper leaves entire or dentate; Flowers usually white or violet, pedicels 5- 10 mm long; petals long clawed; Pods having 9-20 cm long beak; Seeds 6-12, sub-globose, uniseriate, brown, reticulated. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Hing (Ferula asafetida) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Hing is not native to Chhattisgarh. It is a perennial herb that is under cultivation in many parts of India. The gum-resin obtained from roots is used in perfumery and for favoring food products. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal about Hing. It is used as home remedy and regular medicine both. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on traditional medicinal uses of Hing. I am giving the details in this article. Hing is used as home remedy in treatment of stomachache. It is used both internally and externally. Externally in form of paste it is applied around the umbilicus, Internally, it is used both alone and in combination with other herbs. Many herbal formulations having Hing as main ingredients are available in markets inform of patent drugs. It is an integral part of many Ayurveda churna also. As home remedy, Hing is used in treatment of toothache also. The Hing powder is filled in decayed teeth to kill the germs. The natives of Chhattisgarh when get injuries due to sharp spines or thorns during field work, they use Hing like the Ghikuar (Aloe vera) Gel or Fudhar latex (Calotropis gigantea). In injured parts, the aqueous solution of Hing is filled. After sometime, the spines or thorns come out automatically. The natives use it as veterinary medicine for this purpose. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use Hing in treatment of Low blood pressure (hypotension). It is given internally in small doses. In treatment of Chhapaki (Urticaria), the healers use it both internally as well as externally. Internally, the roasted powder is used. Externally, it is mixed in cow ghee and applied to blisters. The natives of this region are also aware of this use. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use it in treatment of gynaecological troubles. According to them, its internal use regulates the menses and gives relief from pain. It is use as single medicine. During the visits to Narharpur region, I got information on use of Hing in treatment of ear related troubles. The traditional healers of this region prepare special herbal oil by boiling Hing in base oil. This oil is used as promising remedy in treatment of earache. The healers of this region also use Hing to nullify the effects of poison. In case of accidental poisoning, Hing is among the remedies tried at first. It produces vomiting and helps in flushing out the poison. The patients are given the aqueous solution of Hing internally for this purpose. The traditional healers having expertise in Naturopathy, use the aqueous solution of Hing through Anima. According to them, it is a boon for the patients having the problem of intestinal worms. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use Hing in combination with other herbs as tonic. In this combination, Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum), Pippali (Piper longum) and Sonth (dried Ginger) are added with Hing. All herbs are mixed in equal proportion. This combination is given internally once in a day. It is very useful for the patients getting recovery after exhaustive diseases. The healers of this region, use Hing in combination with Saunf (Fennel), Bach (Acorus calamus), and Sonth (dried Ginger) internally in treatment of Cataract (Motia bind). All herbs are mixed in equal proportion and mixed with Shahad (Honey) given to the patients. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this combination. The natives of Bagbahera region use Hing powder, like Bhirra leaves (please read previous articles) to repel away to mosquitoes and flies specially in rainy season. The powder is put in fire for this purpose. The traditional healers are dependent on local herb shops and herb vendors for Hing. Due to the common problem of adulteration, they have developed many testing methods. One of the popular methods is to burn the Hing powder in fire. If it is genuine Hing, it will burn completely. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use, Hing very carefully. They are aware that its internal use is harmful to the patients having liver troubles. Also, they avoid its use in treatment of pregnant women. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Hing is having perennial, fleshy roots with a coarse hairy summit; Leaves radical, shining, coriaceous, pinnatifid, Umbels with 10 to 20 rays, partial ones 5-6 flowered; Fruit flat, thin reddish brown, obovate. Hing holds a reputed position as medicine among the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. Also, for the natives, it is valuable herb. It is frequently used in preparation of different curries. Although its typical smell is not agreeable to every one but it is its medicinal utility, that have established it as popular medicine among the natives. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XX. Bhata ke Bhajia Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Bhata is a local name of Baigan (Solanum melongena). Like other parts of India, Bhata is also under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives use the fruits in different ways. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have difference in opinions about its consumption. Many healers consider Bhata as a root cause of many common health troubles. This is the reason, they restrict its use during their treatment. There are many healers that use different parts of Bhata as medicine. I have observed that if used judiciously, the harmful effects of Bhata can be minimized. Bhata ke Bhaji is popular among the natives. The healers recommend this preparation to the patients having liver related troubles. It is considered useful in reducing the toothache. Bhata ke Bhajia prepared by using good cooking oil and in less oil is considered as promising breakfast for heart patients. The natives are not much aware of its medicinal properties and uses. They consume it due to its unique taste. Required Material: Bhata Phal (Fruit), Besan (Chickpea flour), Spices, Namak (salt), Tel (Cooking oil). Method of Preparation: Bhata is washed thoroughly in running water and cut into small pieces. The small pieces are dipped in Besan. The cooking oil is taken in pan and small pieces with Besan are added. Cooking is continued till its colour changes into pink. The Bhajia is served hot as tasty as well as nutritious breakfast. Different chutney are also served with the Bhajia. Botanically, Bhata is an erect, herbaceous, perennial; Leaves simple, large, entire, lobed; Flowers blue, in clusters of 2-5, Fruits large, white, yellow or dark purple berries of different shapes, capped with thick persistent calyx; seeds numerous, yellow or cream, discoid. Bhang (Cannabis sativa) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved NOTE: Bhang (cannabis sativa) is illegal to possess, cultivate or distribute in many parts of the world. Check with your local governing authority for laws specific to the use of Bhang. The cultivation and sell of Bhang are not permitted in Chhattisgarh, without the permission of state government. This is the reason that Bhang is available at specific shops in Chhattisgarh. The different plant parts of this herb are the sources of well known narcotics i.e. Bhang, Charas and Ganja. Although the herb is named as Bhang in general but actually Bhang is a produce of this herb, composed of dried leaves and flowering shoots of male and female plants. Bhang is taken or used in the form of a drink. Another produce Ganja consists of dried unfertilized female inflorescences whereas Charas is crude resin. Ganja and Charas are used in form of smoking. One can see the Bhang herb (Cannabis sativa) in wasteland and forests of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about different uses of Bhang. They are aware about its natural occurrence and this is the reason, they rarely purchase it from licensed shops. Its illegal cultivation is also in progress but the strict state authorities perform regular monitoring and destroy the illegally grown crops time to time. Bhang is used in many religious ceremonies and festival but the natives are aware that its regular use is harmful to the body. But this is a bitter fact that the young generation is addicted to different produces of Bhang herb to great extent. This problem is becoming worse among the unemployed rural as well as urban youths. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many valuable information on use of Bhang herb in Chhattisgarh. I am giving the details in this article. In treatment of Convulsions, the use of Bhang herb in form of Herbal Cigarette is popular among the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. The healers use the dry herb in place of Cigarette also. The herb is put on fire and patients are advised to inhale the fumes coming. The traditional healer of Narharpur region, use whole herb in treatment of Bavasir (Piles). After crushing the whole herb with stone, an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on Piles. This traditional use stops the bleeding and cures the trouble in less time. The healers also use the dry herb. The patients are advised to expose the affected part in fumes coming from burning dry herb. The traditional healers of other parts are also aware of this use but they use it in combination with other herbs both internally as well as externally. The traditional healers of Gandai region informed me that Bhang as a medicine, is a boon for the gynaecological troubles. They use it frequently in treatment of Amenorrhoea. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use Bhang in treatment of insomnia. For this purpose, it is used in many ways. In general, its aqueous paste is applied in soles to induce sleep. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region boil the leaves in cow milk, and apply the softened leaves on soles before going to bed. The healers also use the cow urine in place of cow milk for this purpose. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me about the herbal combination having Bhang as major ingredient, used in treatment of complicated cases of diarrhoea. In this combination, roasted Zeera (Cumin) seeds, Hing (Ferula asafetida), Sonth (dried Ginger), Harra (Terminalia chebula) fruits, black and rock salts are used. All herbs are mixed in equal proportion and converted into powder. This powder is taken internally. The healer further informed me that it is a boon for the patients having poor appetite and other troubles related to digestive systems. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb as medicine very judiciously and carefully as they are aware that over or wrong doses can create the great problems. I am giving the details of its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Bhang is a tall erect, dioecious, annual herb having string smell; female plant are taller than male plants; Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, upper 1-3, lower 3-8 foliate, serrate; Flowers small axillary, dioecious, male fascicled, Female crowded under convolute bracts, male flowers, sepals 5, imbricate female perianth hyaline. Bhang holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in the reference literatures related different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, its leaves are bitter, heating, astringents to bowels, tonic, stomachic, alternative and useful in treatment of leprosy. Female inflorescence is stomachic, soporific, abortifacient and useful in conclusions. According to Unani system of medicine, leaves are bitter, hot, tonic, aphrodisiac, antidiarrhoeic, intoxicating, and soporific, Bark is tonic, good for hydrocele, inflammations and piles. Seeds are carminative, astringent and aphrodisiac. Its resin is smoked to allay hiccup and bronchitis. Although the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of many of above mentioned uses but through their traditional knowledge they are using Bhang herb successfully in the routine practice. I have observed that the traditional healers aware of its medicinal properties are very less and most of them are of old age. I personally feel that there is a strong need to document the traditional knowledge they are having, without any delay. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXI. Gondli Bhaji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Gondli is local name of Piaz (Onion, Allium cepa). The natives prepare this dish using green leaves of Gondli herb. Gondli is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives frequently use Gondli both internally as well as externally in treatment of many common diseases. It is used as home remedy. The traditional healers also have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about the medicinal uses of Gondli. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the medicinal uses and properties of Gondli seeds and bulbs have been mentioned. This is good sign that the healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of the medicinal uses of its leaves also. Gondli Bhaji (curry) is considered beneficial for the digestion. It is consumed with heavy food including meat and ghee to digest it easily. Its use during growing season develops a natural resistance inside the body to fight against many common diseases round the year. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specially recommend it to the female patients having gynecological troubles. It is used as both curative as well as preventive. Material Required : Gondli leaves with soft stems, Chana dal (Gram split seeds), spices, Namak (Salt), Tel (Cooking oil), Lason (Garlic), Tamatar (Tomato) Method of Preparation : Gondli leaves are washed thoroughly in running water and cut into small pieces. Chana dal is boiled in water separately. When it is cooked and become softened, boiling is stopped and Tamatar (Tomato) is added. In a pan having cooking oil, Chana dal, Gondli leaves and spices are fried. When all watery contents evaporate, the dish is served hot to the guests. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 1. Cough Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Like the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the herb collectors engaged in collection of wild herbs from forests have also in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used in treatment of many common as well as complicated diseases. I have written many articles focused on herb collectors. From this article, I am starting a new series, document the traditional medicinal knowledge our herb collectors are having. In every article, I will write on different diseases I have collected these informations through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh Plains informed me about the use of Fudhar herb in treatment of cough. To prepare the combination, the leaves are collected and dried in shade. After complete drying it is crushed into powder. This powder is mixed with Shahad (Honey) and Adrak (Ginger) juice and taken internally as treatment. The collectors further informed me that in case of dry cough, the leaf powder is used with milk cream. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis gigantea. It is a common wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors collect all parts of Fudhar for trading. The herb collectors of Narharpur region informed about the use of Bhatkatiya herb in treatment of Cough. According to them, its flowers are useful. They consider white flowered Bhatkatiya more promising but its natural occurrence is rare. In case of non-availability, one can use blue flowered species, that is common everywhere. The flowers are collected and with Shahad (Honey) given internally as treatment. It is specially suited to the children. In case of chronic cough, the healers further informed that the ash collected after burning the flowers is used. It is also given with Shahad. The scientific name of Bhatkatiya is Solanum xanthocarpum. Like Fudhar, it is also a common wasteland weed. As mentioned earlier, white flowered species of Bhatkatiya is rare in occurrence but the herb collectors are well aware about the specific locations inside the dense forests where this herb occurs in abundance. This is a matter of appreciation at the herb collectors, never collect all the herb from one place at a time. They are aware that this unique herb will given good returns in future also. This is the reason, they always leave some plants for regeneration. They know it very well that if greedy traders and other persons, will find the spots, they will remove it completely. For the protection, they never disclose these secret spots. I got opportunities to visit these secret spots many times. The herb collectors informed that many species of wild animals are also aware of medicinal uses of white flowered Bhatkatiya species. They frequently visit to these spots. I have gathered many valuable information on this aspect. I will write a separate article on this aspect. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh Plains engaged in collection of Koha bark informed me about the use of aqueous extract of bark in treatment of Cough. The aqueous extract of bark is given with Shahad (Honey), Sugar and Ghee internally as treatment. The collectors further informed that for promising results one must use the old bark. Koha (Terminalia arjuna) is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. It is popularly used in treatment of heart troubles. The herb collectors of Bagbahera region informed about the use of Lason (Allium sativum) buds in treatment. The buds are burnt and ash is collected. In ash equal amount of black salt is added and used internally in treatment of Cough. Although the above mentioned traditional uses are less in number but these informations are valuable. I personally feel that like the natives and traditional healers, the herb collectors are also very important and they know equally or many times more about the uses of herbs in comparison to the natives and healers. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 71. Hardi Nar (Coscinium fenestratum; family Menispermaceae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh claim that this herb is present in natural forests of Chhattisgarh but I have still not found it. According to these healers, this herb is present in dense forests of Abhujmarh and Rengakhar. In the name of Hardi Nar Chhali, the herb vendors sell the bark of this herb. When I showed the bark to botanists, they identified it as Coscinium sp. The traditional healers have less information on its traditional medicinal uses. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have gathered some valuable information. I am giving the details in this article. The traditional healers use only its bark in treatment. The healers specialized in treatment of Jaundice (Pelea) use its bark in combination with Shahad (Honey) internally. The traditional healers of Bastar region use it in their regular practice but the healers of Kanker region are only aware of this use. They use other alternatives for this purpose. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains consider the bark of Hardi Nar very promising in treatment of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea). The informed that its aqueous extract is more useful but due to nonavailability of fresh bark, they prepare a decoction by boiling the bark in water and suggest the patients to take this decoction empty stomach daily morning. The healers further informed me that it is also useful in treatment of other gynaecological troubles. The traditional healers of Gandai region use the powdered bark in treatment of eye troubles. It is used both internally as well as externally. Internally it is used in combination with other herbs whereas externally, they prepare a paste by mixing bark in cow milk and apply it externally. According to them, its external application removes the extra heat from eyes. Hardi Nar is not in the list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having regular demand. The herb collectors confirmed that it is not collected from wild. From reference literature, I have noted its botanical description and reported medicinal uses. I am giving the details. Botanically, it is a woody climbing shrub with cylindrical stem which is yellowish-brownish-red outside and yellowish inside [This is the reason it is named ass Hardi (Turmeric) Nar (Climbing herb) in Chhattisgarh. Also due to its yellow colouration, the traditional healers consider it useful in treatment of Jaundice.] ; Leaves simple, oblong-deltoid, shiny and smooth above, divaricately branched inflorescence, Fruits globose, smooth; seeds globose. According to Ayurveda, it is useful in treatment of diabetes, jaundice, inflammations, wounds etc. I have yet not found much details on its medicinal properties and uses in the reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. Recently, I received information from the traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region that they have observed related species in natural forests. I am planning to visit this region with expectation that I will get more valuable information on traditional uses of this herb. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India, having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 2. Renal calculi Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved During visit to natural forests of Gandai region with the herb collectors, I got information on use of Andi roots in treatment of Renal Calculi. They informed that the decoction of roots is used internally. The roots are collected and boiled in water. When half quantity (of initial quantity) of water remains, the boiling is stopped and decoction is given to the patients immediately. According to them, it reduces the pain and also helps in flushing out the stones. In my previous articles, I have mentioned about the same use of Andi roots by the traditional healers of Dhamtari region. The herb collectors further informed me that to make the decoction more strong, one can add Sonth (dried Ginger) in it. They also informed about the addition of Hing (Ferula asafetida) and Namak (salt) in this decoction. According to the collectors, for them Renal calculi is not a serious problem. Andi is a common herb in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Ricinus communis. During my visit to Sirpur forests with the herb collectors of Pithora region, I got information on use of Gokhru herb in treatment of Renal Calculi. Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris) grows naturally along the Mahanadi river belt. Its fruits are used as medicine. The herb collectors informed that they prepare a combination by mixing Gokhru fruit powder with Shahad (Honey) and use it internally twice a day. Before using the herb the fruits are soaked in water overnight and leachates are drained out. After soaking, the fruits are dried in shade. The herb collectors suggest the patients to increase the consumption of cow milk during the use of Gokhru for getting desirable effects in relatively less time. Later, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh explained the reason behind the use of cow milk more clearly. According to them, like Shilajeet, Gokhru assimilates inside the body very rapidly as well as effectively, if taken with cow milk. The herb collectors of Narharpur region, informed me about the use of Bhatkatiya and Van Bhata in treatment of Renal Calculi. Both herbs are of Solanaceae family. Bhatkatiya is Solanum xanthocarpum whereas Van Bhata is Solanum indicum. Both herbs occur naturally in this part of Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors informed that for treatment, the juice of whole herb is extracted. Both herbs are mixed in equal proportion again and with Meetha Dahi (Sweet Curd), it is given to the patients. In general, it is given upto ten days. According to the healers in most of the cases the patients get rid from this trouble. The herb collectors of this region, collect both herbs for trading. Although both herbs are considered as weeds but it is a bare fact that both have fair demand as medicinal herb in national and international drug markets. The herb collectors of this region are also aware of use of Chirchita, another wasteland herb, in treatment of Renal calculi. The whole herb is burnt and ash is collected. The ash is given internally for this purpose. The scientific name of Chirchita is Achyranthes aspera. The herb collectors of Pendra region informed me about the use of Varun bark in treatment. According to them, the decoction of bark is given internally as treatment. The scientific name of Varun is Crataeva nurvala. I have written a lot an traditional medicinal knowledge about Renal Calculi our healers and natives are having. Now after writing about the traditional knowledge of the herb collectors, it is not wrong to say that all have rich traditional knowledge but due to lack of communication among them, they are not getting the chance to share as well as enrich their knowledge. I personally feel that there is a strong need to think and act in this direction and for this great work, both governmental and non-governmental organizations can play an important role. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXII. Chaulai Bhaji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Chaulai is a local name of Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus sub. Sp. Cruentus syn. A. paniculatus). Chaulai is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. Chaulai Bhaji (curry) is one of the frequently used curries. Both the natives and traditional healers are aware of its therapeutic value. It is specially recommended of Anemic patients. It is good appetizer. According to the traditional healers, Chaulai Bhaji as herbal preparation is cooling by nature. Its regular use cures the trouble of constipation. The natives prepare this Bhaji using different methods. I am giving details of one of the popular methods. Materials Required : Chaulai Bhaji (Leaves with young twigs), Masoor dal (Lentil), Lason (Garlic), Lal Mirch (Red Chilli), Spices, Namak (Salt), Tel (Cooking oil) Method of Preparation : Chaulai Bhaji is washed thoroughly in running water in pan, Masoor is boiled in water and it is continued till softening of Masor. Bhaji is cut into small pieces and spices are added. The combination is cooked. After evaporation of water, cooking oil is added. At this time, Lason, Lal Mirch and Namak are also added. The cooking continued till drying. The prepared curry is served with meals. In general, it is served with hot rice. Botanically, Chaulai is an erect, glabrous herb, often reddish; leaves ovate, lanceolate, obtuse, entire; Flowers in terminal and axillary dense spikes, numerous, unisexual, male calyx acute, bristles pointed, female calyx oblong, obtuse, apiculate; Fruits capsule, long, ovoid, thickened at the top, rugose. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXIII. Kaua Kaini Ke Bhajia Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Kaua-Kaini (Commelina benghalensis) is a well known name for the rice farmers of Chhattisgarh. This herb grows as weed in rice fields. Although for weed experts it is a problematic weed but for the natives of Chhattisgarh, it is a valuable herb. They never miss to use it as food stuff during its growing season. Its Bhajia is very popular breakfast. It is still in use as food stuff in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. Both poor and rich natives use the weed in this way. The traditional healers consider this preparation useful in treatment of constipation. But natives consume it just for its delicious taste. As this herb occurs in everywhere particularly in moist areas, the natives collect it from its natural habitat. It is neither under cultivation nor sold in market like other herbs. Its method of preparation is very simple. Material Required : Leaves of Kaua-Kaini, Besan (Chickpea flour), spices, Namak (Salt), Tel (Cooking oil) Method of preparation : Besan is mixed in water and solution is prepared. The leaves are added one by one. The leaf smeared with Besan is fried in oil separately. This hot preparation is served with tea as break fast. It is also served with Chutneys. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 3. Jaundice Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The herb collectors of Gandai-Salewara region informed me about the use of Dhikuar (Aloe Vera) in treatment of Jaundice. I have observed wild population of this medicinal herb in nearby forests of Bakarkatta village. Dhikuar is used in combination with other herbs. Alone its juice is extracted and patients are advised to apply few drops of juice through nostrils. It is considered beneficial in treatment of Jaundice. Many such valuable information, I have collected during visits to forests with the herb collectors. I have observed that the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about the use of common herbs in treatment of Jaundice. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh collect Nishoth from wild for trading. They are also aware of its medicinal properties and uses. According to them, it is very useful in treatment of Jaundice. Its roots are collected and after shade drying, it is converted into powder. This powder is used internally with sugar in treatment of Jaundice. The scientific name of Nishoth is Ipomoea turpethum. There is a good demand of this herb in national and international drug markets. The herb collectors of Bagbahera region are aware of use of Neem bark in treatment of Jaundice. They informed that the aqueous extract of Neem bark can be used in combination with Shahad (Honey). This combination is used supplement treatment with main treatment. Neem is one of the well known medicinal as well as religious tree in Chhattisgarh. This part of the state, is well known for the rich population of Neem tree. The herb collectors collect Neem seeds in bulk. The oil is extracted and seed cake (Neem Khali) is used as organic input in commercial farming. In this part, one can get both medicinal Neem oil as well as cake at very cheap rates. The traders of Chhattisgarh at Metros purchase these produces from here and sell it at fairly high rates. This part is 100 kms from the capital of Chhattisgarh Raipur. As you travel, from this region to Raipur, you will find the increasing trend in rates at each small town and big villages. Due to modern research on Neem oil, its demand has increased many folds in last few years. Although this demand is giving good returns to the herb collectors but they are in worry that this demand is creating unnecessary pressure on natural population and if precaution is not taken, very soon the Neem trees will cut down in this part. The herb collectors disclosed the bare fact that although it looks as the demand of Neem oil has increased but in fact the traders are asking for all parts even for trunk and roots. This demand is a potential threat. I was aware of use of Parsa (Butea monosperma) trunk in alternative system of medicine but the herb collectors informed that the traders purchase Neem trunk also for this purpose. I am trying to gather more information on this aspect. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh Plains informed about the use of Gumma Bhaji in treatment of Jaundice. It is used both internally as well as externally. Gumma (Leucas aspera) is a popular pot herb in Chhattisgarh. It occurs as weed in crop fields. Its Bhaji (curry) is prepared and used in treatment. They further informed me that the freshly extracted juice of Gumma herb is applied inside the eyes to remove the yellow discolouration of eyes common in Jaundice. The herb collectors of Dhamtari region informed about the use of Giloi (Tinospora cordifolia) in treatment. The juice of whole herb is taken internally with Mattha (Whey). This use is very popular among the herb collectors. I have mentioned in previous articles that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also well aware of this use of Giloi. Giloi is in the list of herb collectors as herb having high demand. They collect it in bulk and supply it to the traders. One extra advantage with the interaction with the herb collectors is that they also give details regarding the market trend and about the present status of herbs in natural forests. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Chopchini (Smilax glabra) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Chopchini is not a native to Chhattisgarh. Also it is not reported in natural forests. But in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb in Chhattisgarh, has given me opportunity to write a separate research article on Chopchini. The traditional healers purchase this herb from herb traders. The herb traders collect it from the traders of Himalaya region where this herb occurs naturally. This is a matter of scientific investigation that when for the first time the healers of Chhattisgarh have tried this herb and why ? It this herb is superior in terms of medicinal properties and uses, in comparison with local herbs ? Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have tried to search the answers of the questions. The traditional healers informed that they are using Chopchini as medicinal herb from generations. The healers know it as Chopchini or Chini booti but it is really surprising that they have yet not coined its local name. The healers purchase the roots, almost dry, from the traders. According to the traders, this root is not available round the year. When at specific season it reaches in bulk, they supply it to the concerned healers. As the healers do not purchase it in bulk and traders are doing this work as social work without expecting much returns. The traders are aware of adulteration but they informed that in this social work, they do not perform this malpractice. Like other exotic herbs, the healers have not developed its testing method. The healers use Chopchini root as blood purifier and use it internally in all troubles related to blood disorder. It is used specifically in treatment of skin troubles. The traditional healers of Bastar region use it in treatment of diseases related to nervous system. It is used in combination with Bach (Acorus calamus), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) etc. According to them, it is a boon for the patients having the problem of Migraine. They also claim that with the help of this herb, the gynaecological troubles can be treated successfully. Many traditional healers are against the use of Chopchini. According to them, there are many promising and indigenous substitutes are available and the use of this herb growing outside the region can cause harms to the patients. I am not taking interest in these claims. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a climbing herbs with a large tuberous rhizome; stem and branches unarmed, polished; Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, 3-nerved, glaucous underneath; Umbels axillary simple, sessile, solitary. In Chhattisgarh, the healers use many herbs that do not grow in Chhattisgarh. Similarly, the traditional healers of other parts of India, use the herbs growing in Chhattisgarh. I see it as a good subject of study to understand the attitude of the healers about these herbs and to document the new medicinal uses, they have developed through their vast experiences. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 72. Roheda (Tecomella undulata, family : Bignoniaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Roheda is a large shrub or small tree bearing deep-orange flowers. It is planted as hedge plant. In Chhattisgarh it is found in wild and also the natives plant it in home gardens as ornamental herb. But this is surprising that both the natives and traditional healers are not much aware of different medicinal properties and uses of Roheda. The ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India revealed this fact. This is the reason, I have kept this herb in the category of herbs having less known traditional uses. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Roheda bark as medicine. Bark is used internally. It is used mainly in treatment of liver and spleen related troubles both alone and in combination with other herbs. The traditional healers of Northern hilly region of Chhattisgarh consider Roheda useful in treatment of old wounds. According to them, when all herbs fail, the bark of Roheda cures the trouble effectively. The herb collectors of this region use it as styptic to stop the bleeding from injured parts. They use it frequently as first aid remedy. The traditional healers of Narharpur region informed me that they use Roheda bark in herbal combinations used in treatment of troubles. They also use it in treatment of gynaecological troubles. Roheda is not in the list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having demand in national and international markets. Its wood is popular among the natives. It is used in furniture, carvings and agricultural implements. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a deciduous or nearly evergreen, ornamental shrub; Leaf grey, oblong or linear oblong; Flower pale yellow to deep orange in few flowered, corymbose racemes; Fruit slightly curved, smooth capsule, 15-20 cm long; seed winged. I have yet not found much details regarding its medicinal properties and uses in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. The anti-cancer properties of Roheda (Tecomella undulata syn. Bignonia undulata syn. Tecoma undulata) have been reported in reference literatures but the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this medicinal use. Through the on-going surveys I am trying my best to gather more information on its traditional uses. I will give the details in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 4. Hysteria Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the intensive visits and interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many valuable information on use of common herbs in treatment of Hysteria. Although they have less knowledge as compared to the traditional healers but the traditional uses they have, are promising. I have observed its practical applications many times. The herb collectors of Southern Chhattisgarh informed that both species of Sarpgandha i.e. Rauvolfia serpentina and R. tetraphylla are useful in treatment of Hysteria. According to them, its roots are used for this purpose. The powdered root is given with rose water internally as treatment. The collectors warned me to use this root very carefully as overdoes or wrong doses can cause harmful effects. Although the collection of Sarpagandha is banned in Chhattisgarh but in fact, its collection is in progress. Due to lack of information and interest, the concerned authorities are not much aware of its distribution in specific locations. The herb collectors are aware of these specific locations. Through this article, I would like to mention this fact the herb collectors are also worried because of its over-exploitation in natural habitat and you will be surprised to know that they are trying their best to conserve it in wild. They are adopting the rotational harvesting method, so that every location can get chance to support regeneration. They are more concerned than us because it is a source of their livelihood. They are aware of ban imposed by the authorities but they said that ban means to give more money for greasing the palms. The herb collectors of Sirpur region of Chhattisgarh informed that they use Hing powder (Ferula asafoetida) during acute attack of Hysteria. The patients are advised to smell the Hing powder. The herb collectors of Bastar region informed me about the herbal combination in which Bach (Acorus calamus) and Dasmool (Asparagus racemosus) are used as major ingredients. According to them, in this combination all ingredients are mixed in equal proportion. All ingredients are boiled in cow milk and it is given to the patients as treatment. The traditional healers of this region are also aware of this herbal combination. The herb collectors also informed about the use of Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) and Bach (Acorus calamus) in equal proportion in treatment of Hysteria. To mix the herbs, Shahad (Honey) is used as base material. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh avoid to play the role of traditional healers but in case of urgency they never miss to utilize the traditional medicinal knowledge, they are having. I have noted that they have in depth knowledge about herbs used in treatment of troubles that occurs during their visit to natural forests. They have less knowledge about complicated troubles like Hysteria. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XXIV. Phutu Ke Sabji Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As the monsoon rains start in Chhattisgarh, many species of Phutu start emerging from the ground. In general, the natives believe that there is a relation between lightening and emergence of Phutu. Chhattisgarh is well known for hundreds of Phutu species. Many of these species possess valuable medicinal properties. Phutu is a local name of wild Mushroom species. In rainy season, you will find the local markets full of wild Phutu. Unfortunately, not much work have been done to identify these fungal species in Chhattisgarh. Also, the documents describing its medicinal properties are lacking. The natives prepare different dishes using wild Phutu. They eat it with taste. Phutu ke Sabji is Mushroom curry. On the basis of different species, the healers explain its medicinal properties. But in general, the traditional healers consider it a boon to increase the resistance of body to fight with diseases. Its one season consumption in any form develops enough resistance for whole year. The traditional healers use specifically in treatment of cancer also. Material Required: Phutu (broken pieces), Masala (Spices), Lason (Garlic), Dhania (Coriander), Tamatar (Tomato), Namak (salt), Tel (Cooking oil), Piaz (Onion). Method of Preparation: It is prepared like other curries. Two teaspoonful of oil is taken in pan and pieces of Piaz are added. After this, spices and Phutu pieces are added and mixture is fried well. After frying Tamatar and Namak are added. Frying is continued till the evaporation of water completely. This nutritious as well as delicious curry is served with hot rice during meals. When it is prepared for the patients, the healers suggest to minimize the quantity of spices. These days Mushroom cultivation is becoming popular in Chhattisgarh. Many exotic species are under cultivation but I have observed that the natives prefer naturally growing Phutu and also they consider it more nutritious. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XXV. Papita ke Badi Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Papita is a local name of Papaya (Carica papaya). Papita is an integral part of home gardens in Chhattisgarh. It is also under cultivation as fruit crop. The natives use its unripe and ripe fruits. The unripe fruits are used to prepare curry. They also use it in preparation of Badi. I have not found the exact meaning of this local word Badi in English dictionary. When I will describe the method of preparation, I am expecting that you will understand it more clearly. Like potherbs of Chhattisgarh, different types of Badi of Chhattisgarh are also very popular. Once Badi is made and stored. It is used time to time, in curries. According to the traditional healers it is nutritious preparation. It is very useful in treatment of constipation. Its regular use flushes out the intestinal worms. The traditional healers recommend this preparation to the natives who want to get rid from obesity through the nutritious food. As Papita is consumed in many parts of the world, I am expecting that the information on its preparation will be of great use to the natives of these parts. Material Required: Unripe fruits, Urd Dal (Black Gram seeds), Lason (Garlic), Hara Dhania (Green Coriander), Adrak (Ginger). Method of Preparation: The peels are removed from unripe fruit and it is cut into very small pieces. These pieces are covered with cloth and heavy stone is kept on it to drain away the water. Urd Dal is soaked in water overnight and next day it is converted into fine paste. All the spices and ingredients are mixed in this paste thoroughly. Papita pieces are also added. From this paste, many big sized globules (at the size of Aonla fruits or more) are prepared. These globules are not compressed to give specific shape. This is the reason, all globules have different shapes. These globules are dried in open sunlight for 2-3 days and protected from rains. When it dries complete, it is collected and stored in dry places. These dried globules (i.e. Badi) are used as curry or added in other curries. Botanically, Papita is a plant with soft stem; Leaves palmatifid petioles long and hollow, Flowers greenish-white or creamy yellow; Male flowers in long drooping panicles, Female flowers in short clusters, with staminodes. Fruits succebment, one-celled, oblong, green when unripe and orange-yellow when ripe, seeds black. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXVI. Kathal ke Achar Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Kathal is a local name of Jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia). Achar is pickles. Kathal is one of the popular wild fruits of Chhattisgarh. The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in its population. The natives plant this tree in home gardens and badis and prepare different dishes. Kathal is liked by the wild animals specially by the Bhalu (Beer) also and many times, the matured fruits of Kathal becomes a root cause of the conflicts between Bhalu and human beings. The natives informed me that Kathal taste like meat, very delicious. It is very popular among non-vegetarians also. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh consider all the preparations of Kathal beneficial for health. They recommend it specially to anemic patients. According to them, it enriches the blood. Although it causes obesity but it is a good tonic. Many natives consider it as a good aphrodisiac. Materials Required: Matured fruit of Kathal, Aam (Mango) fruit, Namak (salt), Sarson Tel (Mustard oil), Haldi (Turmeric), Zeera (Cumin), Methi (Fenugreek). Method of Preparation: Unripe fruit of Aam is cut into small pieces and kept in shade. Kathal fruits are also cut in small pieces and dipped in water having Namak and Haldi. The solution having pieces are boiled upto 15 minutes. Precaution is taken to avoid the over boiling. Over boiling can change the taste of Achar. After boiling water is drained out and pieces are dried in sunlight for 20-25 minutes. Aam pieces are fried in pan with the help of oil and after frying Kathal pieces and all ingredients are added. The ingredients are mixed thoroughly. Dry container (Burney) is taken and filled with mixture layer by layer. One layer of mixture is added and filled with Sarson Tel and then second layer add. The container is kept as such upto 3-4 days. After this time period, Achar (pickles) can be used. Supari as home remedy in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about Supari (Betel-nut, Areca catechu). They use it both internally and externally as home remedy. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. I am giving the details in present article. Supari is frequently use in treatment of diarrhea. It is cut into small pieces and boiled in water. In general they take a glassful of water and when half quantity (of initial quantity) remains, boiling is stopped and decoction is taken internally after filteration. This decoction is taken twice a day. Every time it is prepared fresh for use. According to the natives it is good for digestive system. Its use stop the diarrhoea effectively. The natives of Narharpur region use Supari in treatment of boils. They crush the Supari into powder and mix equal quantity of Imli (Tamarind) seeds and with the help of water prepares an aqueous paste. This paste is applied externally on boils in order to suppress it without suppuration. The traditional healers of this region are also aware of this combination. They add more herbs in combination to make it more useful. The natives are not aware of these herbs. Initially the natives try to manage this problem through home remedy and in case of complications, they approach to the healers. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the powdered Supari with lukewarm water to flush out the intestinal worms. It is taken internally. The use is continued till complete cure. Many time treatment continues to several months. The traditional healers are not in favour of its regular use. According to them, one month is sufficient to experience the effect of powdered Supari and if problem still persist, one must change the remedy. The natives of Mahasamund region use Supari in treatment of Migraine. During intense pain, Supari is rubbed on stone with the help of water and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on painful parts. This use is popular among the natives. Its popularity among the natives clearly indicates its effectiveness. The natives of Bagbahera region use this aqueous paste externally in treatment of skin troubles. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region informed that this paste is useful in treatment of wounds due to Syphilis (Garmi). Areca catechu is not under commercial cultivation in Chhattisgarh. It is popularity used with Paan (Piper betle). This is the reason Supari is available in every small village. The suppliers fulfill their requirement from neighboring states. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also have rich traditional knowledge about its medicinal uses and properties. I will give the details in coming articles. I am giving the details regarding its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically Areca catechu is a prickly tree with a cylindrical stem; Bark dark grayish- brown, exfoliating in long and narrow strips; Leaves pinnate, with a pair of recurved prickles at the base of rachis; Flowers pale yellow, in cylindrical spikes; Fruits glabrous, flat, oblong pod, readily dehisces. According to Ayurveda, unripe seed poisonous and harmful to the eyesight, Seed cooling, indigestible, laxative, improves appetite and taste, removes foul breath, Gum pungent, cooling and causes biliousness. According to Unani system of medicine, but is astringent, digestive, diuretic, cardio-tonic, emmenagogue and used in treatment of eye-inflammations, giddiness, gleet etc. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying to gather more information on this herb. I will give the details in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in Chhattisgarh, India in treatment of Injuries (as first aid measure) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed the use of many common herbs used in injuries as first aid measure. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous article. This article is a supplement to previous articles. The natives of Kanker region use the stem juice of Kela (Banana) in treatment of injuries. The wild Banana species are preferred but in case of non-availability, the juice of cultivated Banana can be taken. The juice is extracted by crushing the stem with help of stone. According to the natives, this juice is having miraculous healing power. It stops the bleeding immediately and also prevents suppuration. The natives having the diabetes never miss to use this simple treatment in case of any injury in order to avoid further complications. The natives as well as traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth knowledge about the use of Haldi in case of injuries both internally as well as externally. Through the surveys, in Narharpur region I got one more use. In injured parts, to reduce the pain, the healers apply a herbal combination. This herbal combination is prepared by mixing two teaspoonful of Haldi powder, one teaspoonful of Piaz (Onion) juice. This mixture is further added in Sarson (Mustard) oil and applied in injured parts as pain killer. According to the natives, it is very effective combination. The natives of Bastar region, use Lason (Garlic) in place of Piaz in this combination. This is a matter of scientific study that which combination is more promising. The natives of both region claim that their combination is more effective. When I asked the healers they replied the combination having Lason is relatively more effective. They have no comment on experimental combination having both Lason and Piaz. The natives of Bagbahera region use Haldi in combination with Chuna (CaCO3). They prepare a combination by mixing two part of Haldi and one part of Chuna and apply it externally on swellings. According to them, it reduces the pain and swelling effectively in less time. The natives of Dhamtari region use the Pan of Andi (leaves of Ricinus communis) in the treatment. They smear the Til oil (Sesamum indicum) on Andi leaf and lukewarm it. This leaf is kept on injured parts. This simple treatment is helpful in reducing the intense pain. The leaf is changed in every hour, till complete relief. The use of combination of Namak (Salt) and cow-ghee, both in equal proportion, is also popular among the natives. This combination is massaged in painful parts. The above mentioned home remedies are common in other parts also but I have mentioned the specific regions because I have noted and observed it in that particular region. Unlike the secret knowledge of traditional healers, the information on home remedies are available easily and this is the reason, the natives of young generation do not take it seriously. I feel that the documentation of information on home remedies is equally important as the secret knowledge of the healers. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 6. Diarrhoea Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India, I have collected many valuable information on traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Diarrhoea. In dense forests, during their visits, the problem of diarrhoea can take their lives, also. This is the reason they get special training from the seniors about the use of herbs in case of emergencies. The traditional knowledge is transferring from one generation to other, through this training. Unlike the traditional healers, the herb collectors have no problem to share these age old secrets. They do not earn from these formulations. They use it for their own safety. And if their knowledge saves the lives of any other, they have no problem to disclose the uses. The herb collectors of Kanker region informed me about the use of Bahera fruits in treatment. They prefer fresh fruits but its off season use is also in existence. As precaution, they keep it with them, during off season, for its use in urgency. Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. Every year it is collected in bulk to fulfill national and international demands. The herb collectors of Bagbahera region informed me about the use of Gondla roots in treatment. This region is well known for commercial collection of Gondla herb. The scientific name of Gondla is Cyperus sp. The collectors informed about the method of use. The roots are collected and boiled in equal quantities of milk and water [Gondla roots are mixed in milk (and water) in ratio of 1:20]. When half quantity (of initial quantity) remains, boiling is stopped and decoction is taken internally. In case of complication, the collectors suggest the addition of Shahad (Honey) also. The herb collectors of Sirpur region informed me about the use of Parsa fruit pulp in treatment of diarrhoea. The pulp is given with cow milk internally as treatment. Parsa is a common tree is Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Butea monosperma. The herb collectors of Durg region, informed me about the use of Khamhar in treatment. Its bark is given in powdered form internally with cow ghee. The scientific name of Khamhar is Gmelina arborea. The herb collectors of Bhopalpatnam region informed about the use of Chita bark in treatment. Chita bark is given internally with Whey (Matha). Chita is found naturally in nearby forests. Its scientific name is Plumbago zeylanica. The herb collectors are also aware of the use of Jamun or Chirai Jam bark in treatment of diarrhoea. The bark is converted into powder and given internally with cow milk. Its scientific name is Syzygium cumini. The herb collectors of Rajnandgaon region use the wood of Chandan in treatment. A piece of wood is rubbed on stone and by adding Shahad, paste is prepared. The paste is used internally to stop the diarrhoea. The scientific name of Chandan is Santalum album. Its natural occurrence is reported in many parts of this region. I have already written a lot on this aspect in precious articles. I am not repeating it again in this article. Many of the above mentioned traditional uses have yet not been documented in reference literatures. The faith and confidence of these collectors on the herbs confirms its effectiveness. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXVIII. Amli ke Chutney Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Amli is a local name of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica). The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in wild population of Amli trees. It is a source of revenue for the state authorities as it is one of the major non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having high and regular demand in national and international drug markets. Amli pods are popular among the natives. They use it in daily life in different food preparations. Also they use it as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of its medicinal properties and uses. Amli ke Chutney is prepared by using matured and half matured pods of Amli. The natives consume this preparation for taste but the traditional healers are aware of its health benefits. Very few natives are aware that Amli ke Chutney is very useful for the patients having heart troubles. They also consider it promising in liver related troubles. As it is sour in taste, it is a good appetizer. The traditional healers informed that this prepared must be use in limited quantity as over consumption may result in biliousness. It can also result in blood related troubles. Required Material: Amli pods, Zeera (Cumin), Shakkar (Sugar), Lason (Garlic), Hara Dhania (Green Coriander), Harra Mirch (Green Chilli), Namak (Salt). Method of Preparation: Amli pods are washed thoroughly in running water. All ingredients and pods are mixed and with the help of stone converted into fine paste. This fine paste is Amli ke Chutney. It is served with meals. Botanically, Amli is large evergreen tree with spreading crown and fissured dark grey, rough bark; Leaves 5-15 cm long, pari pinnate, leaflets 10-20 pairs, opposite, linear oblong, obtuse; Flowers yellow, in 10-15 flowered lax racemes; Petals three, yellow, streaked with red, the lower two reduced to scales; Pods linear, 5-20 cm long, with crustaceous pericarp and pulpy mesocarp; seeds 3-10 (or more), brown in colour. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXVIII. Amli ke Chutney Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Amli is a local name of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica). The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in wild population of Amli trees. It is a source of revenue for the state authorities as it is one of the major non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having high and regular demand in national and international drug markets. Amli pods are popular among the natives. They use it in daily life in different food preparations. Also they use it as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of its medicinal properties and uses. Amli ke Chutney is prepared by using matured and half matured pods of Amli. The natives consume this preparation for taste but the traditional healers are aware of its health benefits. Very few natives are aware that Amli ke Chutney is very useful for the patients having heart troubles. They also consider it promising in liver related troubles. As it is sour in taste, it is a good appetizer. The traditional healers informed that this prepared must be use in limited quantity as over consumption may result in biliousness. It can also result in blood related troubles. Required Material: Amli pods, Zeera (Cumin), Shakkar (Sugar), Lason (Garlic), Hara Dhania (Green Coriander), Harra Mirch (Green Chilli), Namak (Salt). Method of Preparation: Amli pods are washed thoroughly in running water. All ingredients and pods are mixed and with the help of stone converted into fine paste. This fine paste is Amli ke Chutney. It is served with meals. Botanically, Amli is large evergreen tree with spreading crown and fissured dark grey, rough bark; Leaves 5-15 cm long, pari pinnate, leaflets 10-20 pairs, opposite, linear oblong, obtuse; Flowers yellow, in 10-15 flowered lax racemes; Petals three, yellow, streaked with red, the lower two reduced to scales; Pods linear, 5-20 cm long, with crustaceous pericarp and pulpy mesocarp; seeds 3-10 (or more), brown in colour. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXIX. Dhania ke Chutney Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Dhania is a local name of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). It is an aromatic herb, native to the Mediterranean region. In India, it is under cultivation in commercial scales. Its leaves and fruits are used as condiment for flavouring curries and soups. In Chhattisgarh, it is also under cultivation. The natives plant this herb in home gardens. Besides its use as condiment, they also use it as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases. Dhania ke Chutney is prepared by using its green leaves. The natives consume this preparation due to its unique taste but the traditional healers are aware of its medicinal benefits. According to them, it is useful for the patients having the problem of piles specially the bleeding piles. They also recommend this preparation to the patients having Jaundice. It is considered as promising remedy in treatment of diseases related to respiratory system. Required Material: Green leaves of Dhania (Patti), Hari Mirch (Green Chilli), Lason (Garlic), Namak (Salt). Method of Preparation: Green leaves of Dhania are washed thoroughly in running water. After washing, the green leaves are chopped into small pieces and all ingredients are added. This mixture is crushed with the help of stone into fine paste. This paste is Dhania ke Chutney. It is served with meals. For taste, the natives also add Adrak (Ginger) and Lemon (Nimbu) juice in it. Botanically, Dhania is a slender branched glabrous herb, with a strong smell and having stem upto 0.75 meter high; Basal leaves ternately lobed, segments ovate, margin toothed, upper leaves pinnately dissected; Compound umbels terminal or seemingly lateral, rays 3-6, involucre one or absent, filiform; Inner flowers actinomorphic and outer zone zygomorphic. Petals purplish white, emarginated; Fruits subglobose, ribbed, vittae solitary, obscure. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. 73. Dehan (Toddalia aculeata, Family : Rutaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh all parts of Dehan are useful in treatment of many common diseases. Its use in treatment of fevers is very popular. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me about the formulation. In this formulation, along with Dehan fruit, leaves of Babool (Acacia nilotica), Zeera (Cumin), and Pipal (Ficus religiosa) are used. After mixing all the ingredients in equal proportion, the healer prepares tablets. These tablets are given internally in treatment of fevers. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. Its regular use thrice a day upto a week cures all the fevers. This use is common in many parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the leaves of Dehan in combination with Neem leaves and Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) in treatment of Syphilis. Dehan and Neem leaves are mixed in equal proportion and juice is extracted. In this juice, half quantity of Kali Mirch is added and given to the patients with sugar. In general, it is given upto seven days. The patients are advised to take simple food, without spices during the use of this combination. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the leaves of Dehan and Neem to prepare special herbal oil. This herbal oil is used externally to dress the wounds. Its application heals the wound in very less time. The method of oil preparation is very simple. The leaves are 'burnt in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and oil is stored for future use. As base oil, Til (Sesamum indicum) oil is used. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use, Dehan fruits in combination with Pippali (Piper longum), Adrak (Ginger) and Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) in treatment of diseases related to respiratory troubles. After mixing all ingredients, the healers prepare globules and the patients are advised to take it internally daily morning. It is a boon for the patients having the problem of Asthma. It is used both as curative and preventive. The traditional healers of this region, also prepare a tooth powder using Dehan leaves. The leaves are burnt and ash in collected. The ash is used as tooth powder. In decayed teeth, the ash is filled in order to kill the germs. In treatment of joint pains, the traditional healers of Pendra region use the Dehan herb externally. The herb is burnt and patients are advised to expose the painful parts in fumes coming. In case of complications, they also add more herbs in it. I am desorbing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Dehan is an evergreen scandent shrub, armed with small hooked prickles; Leaves alternate, digitately trifoliate; leaflets sessile, oblong, crenulate, coriaceous, dark shining green above; flowers in axillary cymes, white, unisexual, Male flower bud globose, ovary rudimentary; Female flower buds oblong, stigma sessile, 5-7 lobed; Fruits globose, size a large pea, 3-5 grooved, orange coloured, pitted on the rind. According to Ayurveda its roots are acrid, astringent, bitter, aromatic, antipyretic, digestive, carminative, constipating etc. the unripe fruits and leaves are good for rheumatic troubles. Flowers are useful in blood-disorders. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying my best to gather more information on traditional uses of Dehan in Chhattisgarh. I will write more on this aspect in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses 74. Tun (Toona ciliata, family : Meliaceae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Among the natives of Chhattisgarh, Tun is known as timber yielding tree. Its wood is used for furniture, picking-sticks, boxes etc. Its bark is used as a source of Tannin. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its many medicinal properties and uses. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected the information on traditional medicinal uses of this medicinal herb. I am giving the details. As medicine, the traditional healers use its barks and flowers frequently. Its roots are also used but rarely. According to the traditional healers, Tun is an integral part of many herbal combinations used as sex tonic. Its bark is used for this purpose. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use alone bark both internally as well as externally for this purpose. Externally, the healers prepare an aqueous paste by mixing the bark in water and apply it externally on male genitals before intercourse. Internally, the decoction is given for the same purpose. But as other promising and cheap alternatives are available, this use is not much popular. From documentation point of view it is an important information. The healers informed me that it should be used judiciously as overdoes can result in problem of constipation. Externally, the traditional healers of Narharpur region, use Tun in treatment of skin troubles. According to them it is specially useful in treatment of ringworm. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers prepare a decoction by boiling bark in water and use it in treatment of stomatitis. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. According to the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh there is less frequent demand of this herb by the traders at national and international levels. As its flowers have commercial value as dye-yielder, they collect the flowers. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Tun (T. Ciliata) is a tree having height upto 40 meters; Leaves even or odd pinnate, leaflets obliquely ovate or oblong lanceolate, acuminate at apex, entire or undulate, glabrous, base obtuse, cunneate; Flowers in suberect panicles, white; Capsules ellipsoid, five valved; Seeds brown, membranous, winged at both ends. According to Ayurveda, its bark is acrid, digestible, astringent to bowels, cooling, aphrodisiac, tonic, fattening and useful in treatment of ulcers, leprosy, fevers, itching, headache, biliousness, blood compliments etc. According to Unani system of medicine, bark is bitter, cardiac-tonic, aphrodisiac, expectorant and anthelmintic. Seeds also possess same properties. I have observed the natural occurrence of Tun in many parts of Chhattisgarh. This is really surprising that the traditional healers are less aware of its traditional medicinal uses. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys I am expecting more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses 74. Tun (Toona ciliata, family : Meliaceae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Among the natives of Chhattisgarh, Tun is known as timber yielding tree. Its wood is used for furniture, picking-sticks, boxes etc. Its bark is used as a source of Tannin. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its many medicinal properties and uses. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected the information on traditional medicinal uses of this medicinal herb. I am giving the details. As medicine, the traditional healers use its barks and flowers frequently. Its roots are also used but rarely. According to the traditional healers, Tun is an integral part of many herbal combinations used as sex tonic. Its bark is used for this purpose. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use alone bark both internally as well as externally for this purpose. Externally, the healers prepare an aqueous paste by mixing the bark in water and apply it externally on male genitals before intercourse. Internally, the decoction is given for the same purpose. But as other promising and cheap alternatives are available, this use is not much popular. From documentation point of view it is an important information. The healers informed me that it should be used judiciously as overdoes can result in problem of constipation. Externally, the traditional healers of Narharpur region, use Tun in treatment of skin troubles. According to them it is specially useful in treatment of ringworm. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers prepare a decoction by boiling bark in water and use it in treatment of stomatitis. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. According to the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh there is less frequent demand of this herb by the traders at national and international levels. As its flowers have commercial value as dye-yielder, they collect the flowers. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Tun (T. Ciliata) is a tree having height upto 40 meters; Leaves even or odd pinnate, leaflets obliquely ovate or oblong lanceolate, acuminate at apex, entire or undulate, glabrous, base obtuse, cunneate; Flowers in suberect panicles, white; Capsules ellipsoid, five valved; Seeds brown, membranous, winged at both ends. According to Ayurveda, its bark is acrid, digestible, astringent to bowels, cooling, aphrodisiac, tonic, fattening and useful in treatment of ulcers, leprosy, fevers, itching, headache, biliousness, blood compliments etc. According to Unani system of medicine, bark is bitter, cardiac-tonic, aphrodisiac, expectorant and anthelmintic. Seeds also possess same properties. I have observed the natural occurrence of Tun in many parts of Chhattisgarh. This is really surprising that the traditional healers are less aware of its traditional medicinal uses. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys I am expecting more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 5. Dental troubles. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved During visits to dense forests of Gandai region, when I informed the herb collectors about the promising use of Haldi (Turmeric) powder as tooth powder to get rid from all dental troubles, in exchange they informed me about the use of Zeera (Cumin) seeds. In this toothpowder, four parts of Zeera and six parts of rock salt are mixed. They prepare it in bulk and use it round the year. The collectors informed me that this tooth powder root out all troubles and if any one is using it since childhood, then he will be free from these troubles upto very long time. After coming back, when I give this tooth powder to my family friends, they informed me about its miraculous effects. The traditional healers of Gandai region are also aware of this combination but they suggest to add more herbs in it. But the herb collectors are satisfied with this simple formulation. The herb collectors of Kondagaon region informed me about the use of Sirsa bark in form of tooth powder. They informed the detailed method. To prepare the tooth powder, Sirsa bark is collected and mixed with Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum). The bark and seeds are mixed in 3:1 ratio. After mixing, the mixture is crushed into fine powder and used twice a day as tooth powder. They further informed me that in place of bark, the seeds can also be used. They were unable to tell that whether seeds are more effective or bark. The herb collectors also use its bark in form of decoction. In case of decayed teeth, they gargle with this decoction. According to them, decoction kills the germs effectively and reduces the pain. The herb collectors collect different parts of Sirsa, particularly seeds and barks for trading. They are aware about the best quality herbal produce. For their own use, they keep these quality produces with them. They are aware that the traders purchasing the herbs from them are not interested in quality produces. This is the reason that they do not give emphasis on collection of healthy herbs. The scientific name of Sirsa is Albizia lebbeck. It is common medicinal in Chhattisgarh. Sirsa bark is also used to make the loose teeth strong. The herb collectors use the flowers of Anar (Punica granatum) as tooth powder. I have observed its practical uses many times. They dry the flowers in shade and after drying crush it to prepare the powder. They use it specially for bleeding gums. The herb collectors of Bhopalpatnam region use Adrak (Ginger) in treatment of dental troubles. As many wild species of Adrak grows naturally in nearby dense forests, they prefer these wild species. During visit to forests for the collection of herbs, when the collectors face the problem of toothache, they simply dig the Adrak rhizome and keep a piece in mouth. This simple use relieves the toothache immediately. According to them, Adrak of cultivated origin can also be used for this purpose. They are also aware of use of Sonth (dried Ginger). In decayed tooth, Sonth is filled to kill the germs. The collectors also use the decoction of Sonth by boiling it in water. In case of toothache, they suggest the patients to gargle with this decoction. The use of decoction of Neem leaves is also popular among them. During visits to forests, the herb collectors, use many twigs as Dataun (Herbal tooth brush). I have written a lot on this aspect in previous articles. It is not wrong to say that these herb collectors are the real king of forests and they never miss to use the natural resources for their health. Thank you very much for reading the article. Kanda (Ipomoea batatas) as medicinal herb is Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Since childhood, I am fan of red skinned roots, available in village markets, locally known as Kanda. Every Wednesday, was the big day for me because this day, is the market day of my village Khudmudi. Even today, I never miss the chance to consume this Kanda. After washing the Kanda, it is cooked and eaten raw. The natives use it in different ways. Many times, the boiled Kanda can be seen at local markets. I was not aware of its botany, at that time. Later, I got surprised to know it as Shakkarkandi (Ipomoea batatas). During the ethnobotanical surveys, I got opportunity to see its commercial cultivation in different parts of Chhattisgarh. Although it is not under cultivation is large scale as in other parts of India, but this cultivation is capable of fulfilling the demand of Kanda in Chhattisgarh. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Kanda is present in wild also. The herb collectors have also confirmed this observation. I got opportunity to observe it in wild in Rengakhar region but the experts are not ready to accept this observation. According to them, the wild population we have observed, is escape from cultivated fields. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb. They use Kanda of both natural and cultivated origins. In my previous articles I have mentioned that many Ipomoea species occur naturally in Chhattisgarh. Most of these species possess valuable medicinal properties and used by the healers as medicinal herbs. Many of these species are in trade. I am feeling good to write the details regarding one more Ipomoea species. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many valuable medicinal uses that are in practice since generations. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use all parts of Kanda in treatment of many common diseases. You will be surprised to know that the insect Aspidomorpha miliaris feeding on its leaves is also used for its medicinal properties. This insect feeds on many common Ipomoea species. Although for crops of commercial importance like Kanda it is considered as pest but by using this insect as medicine in treatment of many complicated diseases, the traditional healers try to compensate the losses caused by this insect. In absence of Kanda or in areas where Kanda is not under cultivation, this medicinal insect, feeds on common weed Beshram (Ipomoea carnea). In this way, it becomes the friend of farmers who want to get rid from this weed. I would like to mention here that the Aspidomorpha insect feeding on Beshram is not considered as medicinal insect. This is really interesting observation. The traditional healers aware of medicinal properties of Aspidomorpha, informed that by feeding on Kanda leaves it extracts the valuable medicinal elements from leaves and left the harmful elements. This is the reason many times (or in case of specific diseases) they prefer Aspidomorpha (after feeding on Kanda) than Kanda leaves for preparation of medicine. The use of Aspidomorpha and the in depth traditional medicinal knowledge our healers are having, have yet not been reported in reference literatures. I am feeling proud to document this knowledge through the article at Botanical.com. Kanda (or Sweet Potato in English) is a diffusely spreading, tuberous plant rooting at the nodes. It is native to tropical America. It is a very important crop in the tropical regions of India. Its main uses are for human consumption and for the manufacture of starch and alcohol. Its contains about 16 percent starch and about four percent sugar. For commercial cultivation, Kanda requires long and warm growing season. It is grown from sprouts produced from its tuber-like roots and vine cutting. Kanda herb having red and white skins (of roots) is available in Chhattisgarh. Medicinally, the traditional healers consider red skinned Kanda more useful. From storage point of view red skinned Kanda is also considered superior. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed that the consumption of its roots through different preparations have many health benefits. It increases the fat in body and provides extra strength. These preparations are recommended specially to newly wed couples. The healers are aware of its aphrodisiac properties. The senior natives of Chhattisgarh Plains informed me that it is a boon for the students because it is a promising memory enhancer. The natives are not much aware of its health benefits but it is good sign that they are using it with taste. The natives of all age group like these preparations. Although the markets at villages and small towns still supply Kanda roots to the natives but I have noted during the surveys that its popularity is decreasing among the natives living in Urban areas particularly those belong to new generation. I am confident that by awaring them regarding its health benefits we can encourage them to use this natural food. Through this article, I would like to request the researchers working on medicinal insects to pay attention on the medicinal properties of Aspidomorpha miliaris feeding on Kanda herb. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used externally in during attack of Epilepsy in Chhattisgarh India : The recent observations Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In previous articles, I have given details regarding use of many common herbs and herbal formulations in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy). In this article, I am giving the details on common herbs used externally during attack (also in normal times). I have collected these informations through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys in progress in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. The herbs, I am describing in this article, are applied through the nostrils. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region informed about the use of Fudhar roots in treatment. They rub the freshly collected roots in cow urine and apply the juice into the nostrils. It is used both during attack and in normal times. As Fudhar is a common wasteland herb, the natives aware of this simple combination can use it in case of emergencies. Keeping this in view, the traditional healers disclose this combination to the patients without any hesitation. I have observed its practical uses many times. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis gigantea. Many healers recommend the use of goat urine but in case of non-availability, one can use cow urine also. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the fruit stone of Mahua tree in combination with Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) in same way. The powdered stone is mixed with Kali Mirch using water and in form of solution, applied inside the nostril as treatment. The traditional healers mix both herbs in different ratios. In general they mix it in 1:5 ratio. Mahua is a common medicinal tree in this part of Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Madhuca latifolia. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the seed pulp of Sitaphal in treatment. The healers specialized in treatment of Epilepsy always keep the dried seed pulp with them. When the patients having Epilepsy approach to them, they suggest them to burn pulp and inhale the fumes coming. It is used both as curative and preventive. Sitaphal is well known for its delicious fruits in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is annona squamosa. It is both under cultivation and occurs in wild in Chhattisgarh. The healers prefer the fruits of wild origin in treatment. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region use the dry herb of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) for this purpose. The herb is put in fire and patients are advised to inhale the fumes. The traditional healers of other parts are also aware of this use. The traditional healers informed me that if only dry fruits are used, it gives more promising results as compared to whole herb. The traditional healers of Gandai region, suggest the patients to use the fresh juice of Bhatkatiya. The juice is applied into the nostrils as treatment. The above mentioned traditional uses are very popular among the healers. Its popularity indicates its effectiveness. As most of herbs used for this purpose are available in nature easily, the patients can use it immediately without any delay. The easy availability of herbs makes the formulation cheap also. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XXX. Patal Ke Chutney Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Patal is a local name of Tomato. In general, the local species of Tomato is known as Patal. The hybrid species are known as Tamatar. Both species are under cultivation but the area under local species is decreasing in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh prefer local species for medicine. Although from production and appearance point of view, the hybrid species are more promising but this is an interesting observation that the farmers growing hybrid species, grow local species in small land for their own consumption. The traditional healers truly say that the hybrid species have no taste. The natives use Patal in different food preparations. They also use it as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases both internally as well as externally. Patal ke Chutney is consumed in Chhattisgarh with taste. The traditional healers are aware of its medicinal properties. According to them, this preparation is very useful for the patients having the problem of diabetes. Its use enriches the blood. It is a good appetizer. Although the specialists of modern medical science suggest the patients having kidney troubles to avoid the use of Tomato but the healers of Chhattisgarh pose no restriction. Material Required : Patal Phal (Patal fruits), Lason (Garlic), Hara Dhania (Green Coriander), Hari Mirch (Green Chilli), Namak (Salt), Zeera (Cumin). Method of Preparation : The fruits are washed thoroughly in running water. All ingredients and fruits are crushed with the help of stone and fine paste is prepared. This paste is known as Patal Ke Chutney. It is surveyed with meals. When it is recommended as medicine, the spices are not added in bulk. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XXXI. Ama Ke Arakka Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Arakka is different from Achar or Athan (Pickles) in many ways. The main difference is that in this preparation oil is not used. Like Achar, Arakka is also a very popular preparation in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers consider Arakka more promising in medicinal properties as compared to Achar. They are not in favour of combination of Tel (oil) and Khatai (Sour things). In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have read that this combination is considered as harmful specially for the patients having skin troubles. Although the natives consider Arakka less tasty but the healers give emphasis on its use due to health benefits. Like Achar, Arakka is also prepared from indigenous varieties of Ama (Mangifera indica). Immature fruits of Ama are considered best for Arakka preparation. Material Required: Ama Phal (Mango fruits), Namak (salt), Hardi (Turmeric powder), Roasted seeds of Methi (Fenugreek) or Zeera (Cumin), Lal Mirch (Red Chilli). Method of Preparation: Ama Phal are cut into small pieces and all ingredients are mixed. The Ama pieces having ingredients are kept as such in glass ware upto fifteen days. After this duration, pieces are used during meals as per requirement. These pieces are known as Arakka. Like Achar, it cannot be stored upto long time. Botanically, Ama is large, evergreen tree with a dense, dome shaped crown; Bark thick, rough, dark, grey, flaking off when old; Leaf linear-oblong or elliptic lanceolate; Flower tiny, reddish-white or yellowish green, pungently odorous, in large panicles, male and female flowers on the same panicles; Fruit drupe, variable in form and size, green, yellowish or with reddish splash; seed solitary, ovoid- oblique, converted with hard, fibrous endocarp. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXXII. Tuma ke Badi Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Tuma is a local name of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria syn. Cucurbita siceraria syn. C. Lagenaria syn. C. leucantha syn. Lagenaria vulgaris). It is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. Also natives plant it in home gardens. It is popular vegetable and natives use it in different preparations. It is also used as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases. Tuma ke Badi is prepared by using Tuma fruits and it is popular in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of the medicinal properties of this herbal preparation. According to them, this preparation is good liver as well as brain tonic. It must be given to small children for active growth. The traditional healers of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh recommend its use to the patients having bleeding piles. In commercial production of Tuma, the farmers use heavy doses of pesticides for crop protection. The traditional healers suggest the patients to avoid the use of these produces. From consumption in small quantity, they give emphasis on organic cultivation of Tuma in home gardens. The natives are also aware that the Tuma they are getting from markets is chemically grown. They wash it thoroughly before use but this is not a fully safe option. Material Required: Tuma (Bottle gourd fruits), Urd Dal (Black gram seeds), Adrak (Ginger), Methi (Fenugreek), Hara Dhania (Green Coriander), Mirch (Chilli). Method of Preparation: Tuma is washed thoroughly in running water and after peeling cut into small pieces (or in other shapes). After cutting, the pieces are kept in cloth and on cloth heavy stone is put in order to drain away the water. One night before Urd Dal is soaked in water over night and next day, with the help of stone crushed it into fine paste. All the ingredients and small pieces of Tuma are mixed in it. After mixing the big globules are prepared by light hand (do not compact it) and the globules are allowed to dry in sunlight upto two-three days. Then it is dried in shade. The dried Badi (big globules) are stored in dry place for future use. This Badi is used as curry and also added with other curries to make it more delicious. Botanically, Tuma is softly pubescent trailing or climbing herb with pentagonous stems and bifid tendrils; Leaves ovate or orbicular, cordate, dentate, 3-5 lobed or angled, equally broad, acute or shortly acuminate at apex) Flowers large, solitary male with longer peduncles than female ones. Fruits variable in shape and size, yellowish-green; seeds obovate-oblong or triangular, white, apex truncate or bi-dentate, rarely round. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used in treatment of Ratondhi (Night Blindness) in Chhattisgarh, India. : The results of recent surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the recent ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected many new information on traditional medicinal uses of common herbs used in treatment of Night Blindness. Through these surveys, I have also collected the informations on some old but important formulations. Most of these old formulations are not in use or limited to few traditional healers. The traditional healers of Narharpur region consider the fresh juice of Sirsa leaves very promising in treatment. They suggest the patients to apply few drops of fresh juice twice a day upto complete cure. The stored juice is not preferred. Sirsa is common medicinal tree in this part of Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Albizia lebbeck. The traditional healers also suggest the use of Sirsa seeds. After converting it into powder, they suggest the patients to prepare Roti (Chapati) from seeds and take it with meals atleast once in a day. The seed powder is mixed in wheat flour. According to them both internal as well ass external use cures the problem in very less time. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not found the information on use of Sirsa seeds in form of Roti to treat the problem of Night Blindness. I got opportunity to taste this preparation during my visit. Its taste is agreeable. I also interacted with the patients taking this treatment. They were satisfied regarding progress in treatment. The traditional healers of Mungeli region use the fresh juice of young twigs of Munga in treatment. The juice is applied twice a day as treatment. The healers of this region also suggest the patients to consume different herbal preparations having Munga plant parts for early cure. Munga based curries are popular in Chhattisgarh. Munga is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Moringa oleifera. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region suggest the patients to use the fresh juice of Adrak rhizome. As mentioned in previous articles, this region of Chhattisgarh is rich in natural population of wild species of Adrak (Ginger). The healers prefer these wild species. I have collected the samples from forests and in process of its identification true to the species. In case of nonavailability of fresh rhizome, the healers use Sonth (Dried Ginger) for this purpose. After mixing it in water, an aqueous solution is prepared and applied inside the eyes. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region use the common herb Sarkanda (Saccharum munja) in unique way. It is cut from nodes and its out bark is burnt. When a small pieces remains unburnt, fire is stopped. The red pith is collected and after extracting the juice, few drops are applied inside the eyes. It is considered as promising remedy in treatment of Night Blindness. The traditional healers are aware that the application of this juice, produces irritation and burning sensation in eyes but after some times it gives immense feeling of relief. According to the healers, its use removes extra heat from the eyes. In general, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) very frequently in treatment of Night Blindness. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains suggest the patients to mix Kali Mirch with their own saliva and apply the solution inside the eyes. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh, use the fresh juice of Piaz (Onion) to mix the Kali Mirch seeds in place of saliva. The healers of Bhopalpatnam region, prepare a herbal combination by mixing Sonth, Harra (Terminalia chebula) fruits and Kali Mirch in equal proportion. This combination is applied inside the eyes as treatment of Night Blindness. As mentioned earlier this article is a supplement to previous articles on Night Blindness. Many of the above mentioned traditional medicinal uses have yet not been reported. I am feeling proud to document this important knowledge. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Problematic wound inside the eyes, in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I am not aware that what is this trouble in medical terms but when this wound occurs in eyes, many times it result in loss of vision. It starts from the side of nose. When it is pressed, the pus and watery blood oozes out. The traditional healers have named in Nasor (Carbuncle). After cleaning the wound, they suggest the patients to apply different herb extracts for quick healing. The traditional healers are not much aware of its cause but they say it is a result of extra heat inside the body. The healers take special precaution in treatment and till complete cure, continue the use of herbs. I have observed this common problem in many parts of Chhattisgarh. Whenever I will get the name of disease in medical term I will edit in this article. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected some valuable information on use of herbs for this problem. I am giving the details. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, consider the leaf juice of common weed Bathua very promising in treatment. The juice is applied after cleaning the wound. This use is limited to only in winter season, because this herb occurs as winter weed in crop fields. Its off-season use is not preferred. Its scientific name is Chenopodium album. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains prepare a herbal cream by mixing Neem leaves with Boir (Ziziphus sp.) Leaves and apply it externally on wounds. Both leaves are mixed in equal proportion. The use of Kattha (Acacia catechu) and Dhikuar Gel (Aloe vera) in form of herbal cream is also popular among these healers. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use the combination of Masoor seeds and peels of Anar in treatment. Both herb parts are mixed and paste is prepared. This paste is applied on wound. Masoor is under cultivation as pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Lens esculenta. Anar is a popular fruit crop. Its scientific name is Punica granatum. They also informed me about the use of Hing (Ferula asafoetida) in treatment. According to them, Hing with Sirka (Vinegar) can be used for this purpose but this combination creates irritation, now it is loosing popularity among the healers. Although the above mentioned uses are less in number but all of these uses are promising. In general, when the healers start use of one combination, continue its use till complete cure. They are not in favour of changing the combination time to time. All these combinations are equally important for them. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as 7. Aphrodisiac Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the regular visits and interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, I have found that they have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as Aphrodisiac. It is not wrong to say that many herb collectors have even more knowledge than the healers. The herb collectors informed that they have learnt or gained information on Aphrodisiac properties of common herbs during visits to natural forests, by seeing the wild animals. According to them all animals have some knowledge but Bhalu (Bear) and Hiran (Deer) are specialist. In natural forests of Chhattisgarh, both species of animals are common and the herb collectors meet these animals frequently. I have mentioned the medicinal knowledge about herbs these animals have. I personally feel that it is an important aspect for research and documentation. And in this great work, the herb collectors can play an important role. When they start their long stories about their experiences with wild animals, the common person can get exhausted. They talk about the observations that are beyond the imagination of normal person. Although the valuable information can be extracted from the long discussion and earlier I was doing the same but know, I document all the information, even a small detail because I am aware that in most of the cases, they speak true. In case of doubt, they get ready to show the miraculous effects of common herbs without hesitation. The herb collectors of Chhattisgarh are not fond of information related to Aphrodisiac but they are aware that their observations are valuable and can be a boon for the patients having low sexual potential. One more observation I would like to mention is that in general they never use these knowledge and herbs for amusement. Also they are also not in favour of selling the knowledge to rich natives for its misuse. This is one of the reasons; I give full respect to the herb collectors. In present article, I am giving the details of common herbs used as Aphrodisiac as stated by the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh. Parsa is one of the well known trees of medicinal as well as industrial importance, in Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors of Charama region, informed me that its new leaves can be used for this purpose. They collect the young leaves (more appropriately the newly emerged leaves) and by crushing it with the help of stone, prepare paste. This paste is taken with stored Gud (Jaggery). The more older the Gud, the greater will be the effect. In general, they suggest the intake of this combination daily morning empty stomach. For ease, they prepare small globules (having the size of Ber, Ziziphus, fruit). Daily one globule is taken upto four days. According to the herb collectors, the four doses are sufficient to give desirable effects round the year. They are not in favour of its long term use. I have given it to many family friends. It is hard to believe that this small dose is capable of giving good results. The friends having habit of taking medicines upto long time, want to use it upto at least a month. For these friends, there is no promising alternative to placebo pills. The traditional healers of this region are also aware of this use. They have explanation for its short term use. They informed me that long term effect can result in adverse effect and aggravate the trouble. The herb collectors of Durg region informed me about the use of Chana dal (Chickpea splitted seeds) for this purpose. The seeds are soaked in water over night and next morning it is crushed and paste is prepared. In this paste, Sonth (Dried Ginger) and Shahad (Honey) are added and taken internally. It is taken once in a day. According to the herb collectors, it can be taken upto two months every year during winter season. This combination have other health benefits also. Chickpea is under cultivation as winter season pulse crop in Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors of this region also use the roots of wasteland herb Untkatara for this purpose. The Untkatara herb growing in Murum (Laterite) soil is considered good for this use. The herb collectors have no scientific explanation for this specific soil condition. The roots are collected and after removing bark, roots are thrown away. The bark is kept in cloth and tied. This cloth (having bark) bag is dipped in a pan having equal quantities of cow milk and water. The solution is allowed to boil. When all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and milk is collected. This milk is considered as promising Aphrodisiac. After adding sugar in it, it is used internally daily morning. It is taken daily upto one week. Many collectors suggest its use upto one month also. I got opportunity to observe the process of preparation. When I weighed the roots bark used in this combination, it was nearly 50 gms. This root bark is added in half litres of milk and water. The herb collectors informed me that this preparation must be used fresh. They are not in favour of using stored combination. All ingredients are commonly available; hence it is not difficult to prepare it at home. The scientific name of Untkatara is Echinops echinatus. When I informed the herb collectors of Gandai region about the use of Parsa leaves as Aphrodisiac as informed by the herb collectors of Charama region, they gave me another promising formula of Parsa. In this formulation, Parsa roots are used. The roots are collected and boiled in water. The softened roots are taken with Paan (Piper betle) leaf for this purpose. In general, half kg. Of fresh roots are boiled in two litres of water. I have noted that there is a variation in terms of quantity. Different collectors use different ratio. I personally feel that there is a need for standardization. The herb collectors of this region also use the combination of Shahad (Honey) and Mooli (Radish) seeds for this purpose. The Shahad is boiled and filtered. In this filtrate, Mooli seeds are mixed and taken internally twice a day. This combination is taken during winter. In general, its use upto one month is recommended. The experts engaged in biodiversity conservation, in general consider the herb collectors as component that can damage the bio-diversity. The purpose of this series of herb collectors is to aware the world about the contribution of the herb collectors to our society, so that the society can understand their importance in biodiversity conservation. Thank you very much for reading the article. Interactions with the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh, India having traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of 8. Gastritis Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved This is the problem the herb collectors face during their visits to natural forests for the collection of herbs. I have observed that they have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs having immediate effects. In general, they suggest the co-workers having this problem to eat more and more Lason (Allium sativum) in any form. The natives and traditional healers are also aware of this use. In Chhattisgarh, Lason is an integral part of all curries and other food preparations. The presence of Lason makes the preparations easily digestive and nutritive, besides making it delicious. The herb collectors of Dhamtari region, informed me about the use of Andi herb in different ways in treatment of Gastritis. The use of its root in combination with Sonth (dried Ginger) and Hing (Asafoetida) is one of the ways. The root and Sonth are mixed and boiled in one litre of water. When half quantity (of initial quantity) of solution remains, the boiling is stopped and Hing and salt (Namak) are added. This decoction is taken internally to get rid from Gastritis. The herb collectors also informed about the use of Andi roots in other way. The roots are burnt and ash is collected. A fistful of ash if taken internally, it can cure the problem within no time. Andi is a common waste land herb in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Ricinus communis. The herb collectors of Gandai region use the seeds of Mehndi in treatment. The seeds are taken internally with Saunf (Fennel) seeds. Mehndi is a common medicinal herb in this part of Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Lawsonia alba. Mahua is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The herb collectors of Southern part of Chhattisgarh, use the seed pulp of Mahua in treatment of Gastritis. It is used both internally as well as externally. Externally, the seed pulp is applied around the umbilicus for treatment. Internally, seed pulp is mixed with Dhikuar (Aloe gel), Andi pulp and a herbal combination is prepared. This combination is taken at very small doses for treatment. This is really surprising that after adding Sirka (Vinegar) in it, the collectors use this combination externally also for the same purpose. The herb collectors also use Til and Chameli oil for this purpose. Both oils are applied externally around the umbilicus. Til (Sesamum indicum) oil is extracted from Til seeds whereas to prepare Chameli (Jasminum grandiflorum) oil, its leaves are boiled in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and oil is used. The herb collectors of Dhamtari region, use the roots of common wasteland herb Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) for this purpose. The aqueous paste of root is applied around the umbilicus to get rid from intense pain. With the help of above mentioned herbs and herbal formulations, the herb collectors get rid from Gastritis in very less time. The in depth traditional knowledge helps them in their work. Thank you very much reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. XXXIII. Kundru Chana dal Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Since childhood I am hearing this information about Kundru fruits that its consumption results in deafness. Later, when I got the opportunity to gather the information on traditional medicinal knowledge about Kundru in Chhattisgarh, I found it very promising herb having many health benefits. Kundru is a local name of Ivy Gourd. It is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. Kundru Chana dal is a curry prepared by using Kundru fruits with Chana dal (Chickpea splitted seeds). Among the natives this preparation is popular for its delicious taste but the traditional healers are aware of its health benefits. According to them this preparation is specially useful for the patients having diabetes. It is also useful in biliousness and diseases of blood. During fever the use of this preparation with meals, helps in reducing the high temperature. Like other vegetable crops, Kundru is also cultivated by using chemical inputs. The traditional healers recommend the use of organically grown Kundru fruits in preparation of this dish, to get real health benefits. Material Required : Kundru fruits, Chana Dal, Methi (Fenugreek), Lason (Garlic), Mirch (Chilli), Haldi (Turmeric), Dhania (Coriander), Namak (Salt), Tel (Cooking oil). Method of Preparation: Kundru fruit is cut into two pieces and seeds are separated. After this, the fruit is washed thoroughly in running water. In Pan, cooking oil is taken and all the ingredients and Kundru fruits are added. The mixture is cooked in low flame. After cooking, it is served as curry with meals. The natives prepare Kundru curry without adding Chana Dal also but according to the healers the combination of Kundru fruits and Chana Dal is more promising. Botanically, Kundru (Coccinia grandis syn. Coccinia cordifolia sensu syn. Bryonia grandis syn. C. medica syn. Cephalandra indica) is perennial twin with tuberous roots; stem smooth or scabrous, grooved or angled; Leaves palmately 5-nerved from a cordate base, 3-5 lobed, shining, margins glandular tipped; Flowers white. Male flowers having peduncles one-flowered; Female flowers solitary; Fruits fusiform-ellipsoid, slightly beaked, young marked with white steaks, bright scarlet when ripe, seeds embedded in red pulp, yellowish grey Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India XXXIV. Karonda Ke Athan Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Karonda is a local name of Karonda (Carissa carandus). It is popularly planted as herb plant in Chhattisgarh. The natives plant it in home gardens and also it is under commercial cultivation. Its fruits are used for pickles (Athan), jams and chutneys. As it is hardy plant and needs very less care, the agriculture experts are motivating the farmers of Chhattisgarh to plant this herb. The natives use Karonda as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers also have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about medicinal uses and properties of different plant parts of Karonda. They informed me that its consumption in any form is beneficial for health. They are aware of Karonda ke Athan. According to them, it is good appetizer. Its regular use in this form throughout the cropping season, flushes out the intestinal worms. It is also considered good for stomatitis. Material Required: Karonda fruits, Tel (Oil), Masala (Spices), Namak (Salt). Method of Preparation: The fruits are washed thoroughly in running water. After washing it is cut into small pieces. These pieces are boiled in water. After 5 minutes, water is drained and pieces are kept in sun light for drying upto 10 minutes. All ingredients are mixed with the pieces and mixture is kept in Glassware (Burney). After this, the warm oil is added in the glassware. On second day, it is served with meals. Once prepared, it can be used upto long time.