Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-12

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Sita Ashok (Saraca indica) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India : Natural Occurrence, Traditional Medicinal knowledge and Trade Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Sita Ashok is valuable medicinal herb. Since generations, they are aware of unique medicinal properties and uses of Sita Ashok. It is an integral part of every home garden in Chhattisgarh. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh that presence of this herb in home gardens save the family members from all types of diseases and ill spirits. It is planted in north direction in home gardens. It is also common belief that presence of this herb in home gardens, destroys the bad or harmful effects of other herbs. The rich natives fond of ornamental Cactus species never miss to plant this herb in home gardens in order to save their family members from the harmful effects (?) of spiny species. You will be surprised to know that the persons suffering from mental disorder are advised to take bath under the shade of Sita Ashok tree. For mental piece, the natives prepare special Herbal Mala using root pieces of Sita Ashok and give it to the patients. During my Ethnobotanical survey in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed that there is confusion on correct species of Sita Ashok. In the name of Sita Ashok, most of the natives belonging to young generation plant another species Polyalthia longifolia. Botanically there are many basic differences in both species. According to the old natives and traditional healers, Polyalthia (also known as Bengali Ashok) is having different medicinal properties and uses and it is not substitute to Sita Ashok in home garden. Many healers informed me that the presence of this species in home garden may result in adverse effects. In the name of Ashok, this species have been planted in public places all over the Chhattisgarh. My surveys revealed that there is a strong need to aware the common natives about true species of Ashok. This is positive sign that most of the natives, both from young and old generations are aware of medicinal properties and uses of Ashok but in identification they are poor. The natives involve in nursery business are also weak in identification. The same is the case of local herb shop owners. In name of Ashok bark, they give the bark of Polyalthia species. Seeing this problem, with the help of biochemist friend, we are trying to develop special but simple chemical test. We are sure that our test can help the natives to check the adulteration easily. Although this is good answer that our forefathers were aware of unique properties of Sita Ashok and in order to conserve this herb forever, they instructed their young generations to plant it in home gardens after associating some important information with (that are available as common beliefs among us today) it but as researcher I am eager to know more explanation on why the presence of this herb, destroys the harmful effects of other herbs ? Whey it is planted in north direction ? and also what is reason behind instructing the patients suffering from mental disorders to take bath under Sita Ashok ? Although at present we are unable to answer these questions but we are sure that all these information are having the scientific base and through detailed research our researcher will try to explain it, as it is must for educated and intellectual coming generations. Common and popular names of Sita Ashok (Saraca asoca) around the world. ages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Assam Ashok, Ahok 2) Bengal Ashok, Asok, Asoka 3) Myanmar Thawgabo, Thawka 4) Kanarese Achenge, Akshth, Ashanke, Ashoka 5) Hindi Ashok, Asok 6) English Asoka Tree 7) Gujarati Ashopalava 8) Malyalam Asoka, Hemapushpam 9) Marathi Jasundi, Ashoka 10) Sanskrit Anganapriya, Apashaka, Ashoka, Hemapushpa, Madhupushpa, Pindapushpa, Pindipushpa, Vanjula, Vishoka, Vichitra 11) Sinhalese Diyaratmal, Diyeratembela 12) Tamil Asogam, Asogu, Anagam, Sasubam 13) Telugu Asokamu, Vanjulamu 14) Uriya Osoko Sita Ashok is natural occurring herb in Chhattisgarh. Before giving the details about its traditional medicinal knowledge, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. The family of Sita Ashok (Saraca indica syn. Saraca asoca, Jonesia asoca) is Caesalpiniaceae. It is small evergreen tree having height up to ten meters, with blackish bark and reddish-brown wood; Leaves paripinnate, stipules intra-petioler, united, scarious; leaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong, lanceolate, glabrous, lateral nerves 8-12 pairs; flowers orange to scarlet, in dense corymbose panicles; Calyx yellowish orange to scarlet, petaloid, cylinderic, four lobed; Petals absent; Pods tapering at both ends, seeds 4-8 ellipsoid- oblong. Flowering time December to May and fruiting time June-July (in Chhattisgarh conditions). Sita Ashok holds a reputed position as medicine in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. As medicine, bark, flower and seeds are used. According to Ayurveda, rk is acrid, refrigerant, astringent to bowels, alterative, anthelmintic, demulcent and emollient. It is used in treatment of dyspepsia, thirst, burning sensation, blood disorders, biliousness, tumours, colic, piles, ulcers, menorrhagia etc. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Sita Ashok mainly in treatment of gynaecological disorders. I am describing some popular traditional uses. In general it is considered as best female tonic. It is general recommendation by the healers to boil the bark with cow’s milk and take the milk (after removing the bark). For taste, sugar can be added. The healers suggest every female native to take this milk once in a up to three days, in every 3 months, as preventive to gynaecological troubles. In case of menorrhagia, the healers boil the bark in water and prepare a decoction. In this decoction many other herbs are added. This decoction is given every morning (empty stomach) to the patients. Many healers boil the bark in milk also. The decoction is also used externally for washing. In case of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea), the healers boil the bark in mixture of milk and water. When water evaporates, the combination is given to the patients. Sita Ashok based many herbal products are available for sale in open market. Many healers recommend the patients to buy the specific product and use it. As it is hard to get genuine herb, the healers, particularly the healers living in urban areas, prefer this method. In many cases, even Sita Ashok based herbal products fail to give desired effects. The traditional healers blame the adulteration of inferior species for this. The bone setters of Chhattisgarh use this herb, like Arjun (Terminalia arjuna). The patients having bone fracture are advised by the healers to take a Ashok bark with water. Sometimes it is given with Arjun bark. According to the healers, the bark contains valuable natural chemicals that helps in quick reunion. Many healers dip the bark whole night in bark and next morning prepare a paste. This paste is applied externally on injured bones in order to hasten the healing process. I interviewed the patients using this bark. According to them, it is effective as well as good pain killer. In case of respiratory troubles particularly in chronic asthma, the traditional healers use the powdered seeds for treatment. The patients are advised to put the powdered seeds inside the Pan (Betel vine) and eat it empty stomach. I have tried it successfully. The decoction of bark is considered good in treatment of bleeding piles. It is used both internally and externally. As external use, the patients are advise to wash the affected part with the decoction. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed me that the aqueous paste of Sita Ashok flowers and roots can be used for breast enlargement successfully. The native of this region prepare a special vegetable using the flowers and eat it as tonic. The flowers with water are given to the patients suffering from dysentery. The healers of this region suggest the diabetic patients to dip the flowers (fresh) in a cup of water and next morning drink the leachate empty stomach. My Guru Shri Vishal Bharat once told me that the powdered seeds with water can be used in treatment of Pathari (Renal Calculi). As memory tonic, the natives use the bark with Brahmi herb (Bacopa sp.). According to them, alone Bramhi is enough but addition of Sita Ashok bark improves its effects. In case of stomatitis, the natives use the decoction of bark for gargling. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, natives add the powdered bark to prepare herbal tooth powder along with other herbs mainly Akarkara. The decoction of bark is used to wash the face in order to remove the black spots. The natives adopt special method. The juice of fresh bark is extracted and Sarson (Mustard) seeds are added in juice. Then the juice is boiled and after cooling applied externally on face. Many of these traditional uses have not been reported in reference literatures. Although the name of Sita Ashok is not in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh but the injured Sita Ashok trees in natural habitat clearly indicate that many traders collect the bark unscientifically. And this debarking result in death of trees in majority of cases. The scientific method of harvesting is not available with them. We are also not much aware of this method. With the help of my surveys, I am trying to learn this method from the traditional healers. Many pharmacies active in Chhattisgarh are preparing Sita Ashok based herbal products but they are purchasing the ingredients from other states and unfortunately, their experts are not aware of adulteration. In my allelopathic experiments, I am trying to evaluate its allelopathic potential on medicinal crops and seeing the encouraging initial results, I am sure this herb will also be useful for the organic growers of Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about useful herb Giloi (Tinospora cordifolia) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Giloi is common climber in dense forests of Chhattisgarh. Due to over -exploitation, its natural population is decreasing at alarming rates in the state. It is in list of non-wood forest produces having heavy regular demand. The traders at national and international drug markets are well aware of its natural occurrence in Chhattisgarh forests. From two years, with this help of traditional healers, I am keeping close view on its trade from the state. The is very interesting but bitter fact that over exploitation of Giloi is resulting in disappearance of many associated herbs and insects. As informed by the healers, some specific herbs grow in association with this climber and they have specific relationship among them. In order to study this relationship, the help of allelopathic studies was taken. In these studies, I have observed the stimulatory allelopathic effects of different parts of Giloi on associated herb. The leachates were more promising as compared to the extracts. In general, Giloi possess positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effects on other herbs. This is interesting observation. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also informed that the Giloi collected from cultivated fields possess less medicinal properties as compared to the Giloi collected from wild, particularly when it is collected from patches having associated herbs in vicinity. Common and popular names of Giloi (Tinospora cordifolia) around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Arabic Gilo 2) Bengal Gadanch, Giloe, Gulancha, Gunchi, Nimgilo 3) Myanmar Singomone, Sinzamanne 4) Kanarese Amrytaballi,Madhuparne, Uganiballi 5) Chinese K'uan Chu Hsing 6) Hindi Giloe, Gulancha, Gulbel, Gulvel 7) Sri Lanka Chintil 8) Malyalam Amrytu, Peyamrytam, Sittamrytu 9) Persian Gulbel 10) Nepal Garjo 11) Sanskrit Amrita, Chakrangi, Chandrahasa, Dhira, Guduchi, Guluchi, Jivanthika, Nagakumarika, Somalatika, Vishalya 12) Tamil Amridavalli, Amudam, Asasi, Kunali, Narsindil, Paganrai, Pattigai, Silam, Sindil,Vayamadu 13) Telugu Guduchi, Iruluchi, Madhuka, Manapala, Somida, Tellatippatige, Tippatige 14) Uriya Gulancha, Gulochi For healers it is general observation and they have told many surveyors and researchers, this fact but no one has never taken interest in this observation. For me, it is valuable information and there is a need for scientific confirmation. In my previous article on Kevatch (Mucuna pruriens), I described specific "Kevatch Ecosystem". Like this unique system, "Giloi Ecosystem" also exists in Chhattisgarh. And non-scientific exploitation is becoming a curse for this unique ecosystem. Although many innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh, have started the commercial cultivation of this climber but the area and production are still very low. They are unable to fulfill the demand and requirements of traders. But I am sure this cultivation will soon be converted into commercial cultivation and will be helpful in reducing the pressure on natural forests. The herb growers are cultivating this herb with the help of method developed by themselves. The agronomical practices for commercial cultivation are not available for the farmers. Last week, a team of agricultural experts visited, one of the farmer’s field to observe the commercial cultivation. They have collected many data from field and pressurized the farmer to accept that he is cultivating this herb under their supervision. This is common practice in Chhattisgarh as the farmers are more innovative as compared to the agricultural scientists. I am proud to write about the achievements of Chhattisgarh farmer in my articles. For organic growers of Chhattisgarh, Giloi is a boon. The growers use different parts of Giloi to repel away the insects from crop fields. With other herbs like Calotropis, Datura and Blumea the growers also add the extract of Giloi in herbal solution and spray it frequently in crop fields. We have tried it successfully in case of medicinal and aromatic crop Kasturi Bhendi (Abelmoschus moschatus). Insect infestation is one of the serious problems in commercial cultivation of Kasturi Bhendi crop. As the use of agrochemicals result in reduction of natural aroma of seeds, the farmers avoid its use. As preventive, they apply the herbal solution having Giloi as major component on standing crop in a week, interval. We have not observed the harmful effects of this solution on crop and its spray prevents insect attack. As cultivation of Giloi is very simple, the farmers grow it and use it as natural pesticide. In my experiments at farmer’s field, I have found the special extract of Giloi (alone) very effective against insect Aphis craccivora Koch. (Hemiptera : Aphididae) in Kevatch (Mucuna) crop. I personally feel that there is a strong need to conduct a detailed allelopathic research on this potential herb in different corners of world. I am sure that it will become a promising tool for growers engaged in organic farming, specifically in farming of medicinal and aromatic crops. Botanical differences among Tinospora species. Characteristics T. malabarica T. crispa T. cordifolia 1) Leaves Pilose on both sides or at least beneath Glabrous Membranous, 7-9 nerved. 2) Endocarp Distinctly tuberculate Distinctly tuberculate Rotund-ovoid, ribbed on the back, otherwise almost smooth. Before describing its traditional medicinal uses, I am giving the details regarding its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Giloi is large deciduous climber with lenticellate, corky stem branches sending down slender pendulous, fleshy roots; Leaves deeply cordate with large basal lobes; Inflorescence racemose; Male flowers clustered in the axils of small subulate bracts; Sepals 2 seriate; inner broadly elliptical; Petlas six, equal; Female flowers usually solitary, similar to male; carpels three; Drupelets pisiform deep - red, marked with sub-basal stylar scar. Flowing time August to December and Fruiting time December to February in Chhattisgarh conditions. As medicine, Giloi holds a reputed position in all systems of medicine in India. All parts are used as medicine but stem and root are used most frequently. According to Ayurveda, stem is bitter, stomachic, tonic, appetiser, antipyretic and expectorant. It is used in treatment of vomiting , fever, blood disorders, jaundice (Pelia), enlarged spleen, vaginal and urethral discharges, giddiness, s, anaemia, diabetes, skin troubles, cough etc. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Giloi. They use it in treatment of over 50 common diseases with the help of about 200 herbal combinations. It is used both internally and externally. With root and stem, in Chhattisgarh leaves are also in use as medicine. Its presence in home gardens clearly indicates its popularity among the natives. I am describing some promising traditional uses of Giloi in Chhattisgarh, I have collected during my Ethnobotanical surveys. For Leucoderma (Safed Dag), many traditional healers use this herb with Bemchi (Psoralea corylifolia). The juice is extracted and powder seeds of Bemchi are mixed in this juice. The patients are advised to apply this juice (having Powdered Bemchi seeds) on white spots. In my previous article, I have described traditional medicinal knowledge about Bemchi herb in treatment of Leucoderma, and its seeds are mixed with, water and urine of different animals. In place of water and urine, the use of Giloi juice is not mentioned in reference literatures. It is in practice in Chhattisgarh. The natives add Haldi Powder (Turmeric) in this combination, apply it externally on red spots of Chhapaki (Urticaria). With this external application, the patients are advised to take Haldi with Gud internally. In place of Haldi, many healers recommend the juice of Giloi. On the basis of vitality of patients, dose is selected. According to them it is more effective as compared to Haldi. In place of Gud, pure honey (Madhras) is used with Giloi juice. The healers also prepare a herbal solution using many common herbs including Giloi ( Whole plant). This herbal solution is used for special bath, recommended for patients suffering from skin diseases. According to the traditional healer of Mudpar, Shri Verma, Giloi is a boon for diabetic and heart patients. He prepares powder by crushing the dried Giloi stem and use it for his patients. He uses it in different ways. The use of Giloi powder with Kali mirch powder (Black pipper) is very common. The stem powder is given to diabetic patients for a week. The patients are advised to dip the powder (a tea spoonful) in a cup of water and next morning drink the leachate empty stomach. After one week, he calls the patients and after checking "Nadi", he recommend further use. According to him, diabetes is manageable and even curable but it is wrong tendency among natives that they take many herbs simultaneously for this complicated trouble, without asking or consulting the healers. This self medication, harms the system. Shri Verma believes in single drug therapy for both diabetes and heart troubles. According to him, the faith ( on treatment) and Giloi can manage this trouble successfully. The healers of other parts, use Giloi stem powder in herbal combinations. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use Giloi with Mattha (Whey). Giloi with Mattha is considered best for the treatment of many diseases including Bavasir (Piles) and Pelia (Jaundice). The Giloi Juice is extracted and given with Mattha to the patients. The natives of Chhattisgarh use Giloi as antipyretic. Like Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) its used is also very common among natives. In treatment of different types of fevers, the juice is used alone or in combination with other herbs. Simple fever can be treated with juice only. In case of old fevers, the natives add Kalimirch, Ajmod and Pippali in Giloi juice and give it to the patients for quick relief. In case of non-availability, as substitute, dried stem powder can also be used. The healers informed me that the Giloi stem powder should not be stored over one year. After one year, its medicinal properties start decreasing and also due to storage many toxins develop in powder. Scientific confirmation and information in this regard are very essential. Many natives use the fruits of Giloi in face care. The fruits are collected and applied on face. Its use is very common and popular in Giloi region. The traditional healers of Ambikapur region use Giloi in treatment of boils. The leaves are collected and mixed in the Bariyara leaves (Sida acuta) with the help of water. This aqueous paste is applied externally on boils. In most of the cases, this application suppresses the boil within few days. It is also used for wound dressing by natives. In this region, the healers use the leaf juice as eye tonic. In case of conjunctivitis, it is applied on eye-lids, as the juice of Satyanashi (Argemone mexicana) leaves. The juice is also applied inside the eyes for the treatment of conjunctivitis and cataract (Motiabind). The natives of Chhattisgarh prepare a special vegetable using the Giloi leaves. According to the traditional healers this vegetable posses valuable medicinal properties. It develops resistance in body and also acts as anti-ageing factor. In vegetable farming zones of Chhattisgarh plains, the healers use the leaves of Parwal (Trichosanthes dioica; family Cucurbitaceae), with Giloi juice in treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea). The root bark of Giloi with Mattha is used in treatment of respiratory troubles particularly in asthma. The healers of Bagbahera informed me that the decoction of whole herb possess anti-venom properties and useful in case of snake-bite but the healers of other parts are not convinced with this use. I have yet not seen its practical use. The use of decoction for treatment of diarrhoea is in practice in Chhattisgarh. Many of above mentioned information, are very first information in form of written document. I will write more on different traditional uses of Giloi after completion of my ongoing surveys. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs, insects and soils used in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In forest areas, the natives collect the soil having urine of Jangli Suar (Wild boar) and in case of attack, they give this soil to patients. In general, the patients are advice to keep this soil always in their pockets. It is general belief that the soil in side the pocket, prevents the attack of Mirgi. The urine of domesticated boar is not taken. As it is very difficult to get this medicated soil, the natives are department on traditional healers and herb collectors. This use is very common in southern parts of Chhattisgarh. In plains, the traditional healers use the insects of Fudhar for preparation of drugs. Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) is a common weed in Chhattisgarh. Over ten species attack on this herb. The healers collect these species round the year and dry it in shade. The caterpillar of Ak butterfly is considered as most valuable ingredient. The caterpillar is also dried in same manner. Half quantity of dried caterpillar and in rest half quantity mixture of dried insects (all in equal proportion) are mixed. During attack the mixture is burnt and fumes are directed to the patient’s nose. Although for preparation of this mixture, one has to work hard round the year but according to the healers it is very promising mixture. Its popularity in the region, clearly indicates its efficacy. The traditional healers of Sarguja region, use the caterpillar of Ak buttery with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). The dried caterpillars and Kali Mirich are converted into powder and used in same way. As the healers of Sarguja are not aware of the method adopted by the healers of Chhattisgarh Plains (and vice-versa) it is hard to conclude that which combination is superior. The healers of both regions claim that their method is promising. For second method, relatively less efforts are required. Through this article, I would like to request the researchers to conduct studies on this important aspect. When I contacted Shri Vishal Bharat regarding this unique use, he replied that there are many such combinations and traditional uses. According to him, there is specific time for collection of particular insects. The medicinal properties of Fudhar herb play a vital role in healing properties of insect species and in general the traditional healers avoid to disclose this fact. He also suggested me to conduct a detailed study on this aspect as it is not easy to conclude or to understand this in depth knowledge. I am agree with him. Later I got information on criteria of selection of Fudhar herb for preparation of drug. The insects feeding on unhealthy or old Fudhar herb that is growing in rocky areas are not preferred by the healers. Similarly, the herb from cultivated fields is also not preferred. The insects are collected at different times. The nocturnal insects are collected in early morning (after sufficient intake of plant material) whereas the insects active at day time are collected at evening. The traditional healer practicing at Durg city, uses another combination. He uses Khatmal (Bed bug; Cimex sp.) and Gangaruva (earthworm) with the caterpillars of Ak butterfly. The earthworm and caterpillars are dried whereas fresh Khatmal is preferred. For routine use, the healer kill the Khatmal and use the dried powder also. All three creatures are mixed and put into the fire. The fumes are directed to the patient’s nose. These uses are not reported in reference literatures. These uses are limited to the traditional healers as all natives feel uneasy to handle the insects and earthworms. In general, the healers also avoid to disclose, what they are using, but the bottles having dried insects and earthworms can easily be seen with these healers. Besides use of insects and earthworms, the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs also. Most of the herbs or herbal combinations are used externally at the time of attack. But there are few special combinations available with the healers that are given internally in name of cure. In this article, at first I am describing the herbs and herbal combinations used by the healers and after this, I will describe popular home remedies, available with the natives use in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy). Among herbs used in case of acute attack, Fudhar is most important. The healers collect the roots and prepare a solution using cow’s milk. Few drops of this solution is applied into the patient’s nose. This is surprising to know that in many parts of Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers use cow urine in place of cow’s milk for preparation of solution. The urine collected from bull or pregnant cow is avoided. The old herbs are preferred as compared to young ones, for the preparation of solution. The use of Parsa roots (Butea monosperma) is also common. In this case, the roots are mixed with water. The roots are collected before flowering season. Many healers, aware of healing properties of Parsa and Fudhar, mix the root in equal proportion. In this mixture, water is used in a solution in place of cow’s milk or urine. In case of children and patients having poor vital force, the healers avoid the use of this combination. According to the traditional healer of Gunderdehi, this solution can be used in normal days also. During my Ethnobotanical surveys, in Kanker region of Chhattisgarh, I got information on use of Mahua. The stones of Mahua are mixed with Kali Mirch (Black pipper) and aqueous solution is prepared. This solution is applied into the patient’s nose. This use is limited to Kanker region only. The use of Bhat katiya is common among farming communities. If any person get attack during field work, far from medical facilities, the farmers collect commonly available weed Bhatkatiya or Bhachkatiyya (Solanum xanthocarpum) and extract fresh juice from whole herb. Few drops juice is applied inside the nose as treatment. Dried herb is also used in treatment. Herb is put in fire and fumes are directed into to the patient’s nose. According to traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, addition of some common weeds like Kukronda (Blumea lacera) increases its efficacy. The healers in general do not use this herb in their routine practice because many superior herbs are available with them. As first aid measure or in case of emergency, one can use Bhatkatiya successfully. Many natives informed me that the root portion is most important and if there is enough time, one must use its roots in place of whole herb. In reference literatures, the use of Bhat Katiya roots with the seeds of Bhang (Cannabis sativa) is mentioned. As Bhang is not a common herb in our region, the natives have developed their own method for treatment. In Gandai region of Chhattisgarh, the healers use common herb Bhagrenda (Jatropha curcas). The juice is extracted and applied in both nostrils. The matured fruits of Sitaphal (annona squamosa) are also used in many parts. The fruits are dried and converted into powders. In case of attack, this powder is used. Now, I am describing the herbs used internally for treatment by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. Among these herbs, the use of Akarkara is very common. Akarkara is reported as naturally occurring herb in Chhattisgarh. Akarkara is also under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers use both wild and cultivated species for the preparation of drugs. I am describing its botany at first. According to reference literatures, it is annual herb with hairy stem and branches; Leaves opposite, ovate, irregularly crenate-serrate, base usually acute; Flowers in heads ovoids, solitary or sub panicled, peduncles reaching ten cm long; involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate; ray flowers and ligules very often absent; the latter when present minute, pappus O; fruit achene, oblong, truncate, compressed. Flowering time November (in Chhattisgarh conditions). I have already described its medicinal uses in my previous articles. The healers collect the whole herb and prepare a solution using Sirka (Vinegar) and other herbs. This solution is given to the patients in name of treatment. I have interviewed many patients taking this herbal solution. According to hem, it is promising solution and they are getting relief. The healers also prepare a special combination for treatment. They do not disclose the formula. By interactions and discussions, I have listed out some herbs including Sonth (Dried ginger), Akarkara, Sun seeds (Crotalaria sp.), Pipal (Ficus religiosa). This combination is given to the patients till complete cure. I am satisfied that the secret of unique formula is safe and in use in Chhattisgarh. The healers using this combination have already transferred this traditional secret to their young generations and fortunately , the young generation is following the rules strictly and sincerely. Now I am describing the home remedies used by natives in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy). During attack and reatment, the use of Lason (Garlic) is very common among natives. During attack, the native apply the juice inside the nostril. The patients are advised to boil Lason in milk and take it daily. According to natives, long term use of Lason with milk cures the trouble. The oil prepared from Lason is also used externally. The natives of Rajnandgaon region prepare a herbal combination using three parts of Til seeds and one part of Lason. This combination is given to the patients daily for complete cure. Black seeded Til (Sesamum) is preferred for preparation of this combination. The juice of onion with water is also considered best in treatment of Mirgi. The natives of Pendra region, give the powdered rhizome of Bach (Acorus calamus) to patients. The Bach powder is given either with pure honey or with milk. One teaspoonful of powder is recommended. Overdose may cause complication like vomiting. Bach is a common herb in Chhattisgarh. It is also under cultivation as medicinal crop (For details, please refer to my previous articles). The natives of Sarguja region are specialized in use of Karaunda herb in treatment of Mirgi. The scientific name of Karaunda is Carissa carandas (Family Apocynaceae). It is an evergreen diffuse spiny shrub, occurring through Chhattisgarh. Its fruits are used for pickles, jams and chutneys and plant make good hedge. In treatment, the fresh leaves are used. The leaves (40 in number) are collected and after crushing it is given with Matha (whey) to the patients. According to the natives, within two three months the patients get rid from this trouble. In southern parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use the leaves of Mehndi (Lawsonia alba; family Lythraceae) in same way. In this region, Mehndi grows as wild herb. Many natives use it with fresh milk in place of Matha (whey). The natives of Chhattisgarh also use the wild species of Tulsi. The juice from leaves is extracted and it is massaged in whole body. The decoction of Anar leaves is also considered good for treatment. The above described traditional uses clearly indicate that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs, insects and soils useful in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy). Most of these information have not been mentioned in reference literature. I personally feel that there is a strong need for detailed surveys and in depth studies in order to understand this unique knowledge. Thank your very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herb Dhaincha (Sesbania sp.) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For present generation, Dhaincha is a green manure crop useful in paddy cultivation. For older generation, Dhaincha is one the most valuable medicinal herb. The regional research stations and Agriculture University, are promoting Dhaincha as green manure crop, through front line demonstrations. Dhaincha is leguminous plant and ideally suitable as green manure crop. Many studies conducted in different parts of India have proved that it is a boon for rice farmers of India. Due to poor irrigation network and uncertain rainfall, the farmers particularly the farmers dependent on rains, hesitate to adopt green manure crops. The farmers having irrigation facilities are very few in number. This is the reason the area under green manure crop is decreasing in Chhattisgarh. Recently an eminent rice scientist of Chhattisgarh Dr. S. K. Patil and his dedicated team have introduced potential new species of Dhaincha in Chhattisgarh. The old species possess nodules only on roots. This new species possess nodules both on roots and stems. The nodules are homes of nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria. The nitrogen fixing capacity of new species is very high and even in case of waterlogging, it performs well. Botanical differences among major Sesbania species Characteristics Sesbania Sesbania Sesbania Sesbania aculeata grandiflora sesban speciosa 1) Habit A tall, fast growing, succulent, erect, suffruiticose, shrubby annual A short lived, quickgrowing tree, 6-9 meters. A soft-wooded, quickgrowing, short lived shrub, upto 6 m. A perennial shrub, with pubescent branches, 3.6 meters. 2) Stem Smooth, sparingly prickly, green, with red stripes, branching from base, producing lateral roots in stagnant water for firm grip. Straight, cylindrical and deeply furrowed. 3) Leaf Alternate, abruptly pinnate, leaflets numerous, linear, oblong, glabrous. 15-30 cm long, abrubtly pinnate, leaflets 41-61, linear oblong, glabrous Paripinnate, 7.5-15.0 cm long, leaflets 8-20 pairs, linear-oblong, glabrous, entire. Densely pubescent, pinnate, 30-35 cm long, leaflets 40-60 4) Flower Yellow, motled, with brown or red to black, 1.2 cm long, in 3-4 flowered racemes. White, pink or crimson, showy, fleshy, sweet 6.0- 10.0 cm long, in short, axillary, 2-4 flowered racemes. Yellow, yellow spotted to red-purple, standard petal coloured purple to brown from outside, in 8-10 flowered, lax, axillary, racemes. Large, yellow spotted with purple, in axillary pendent, 6-20 flowered racemes. 5) Fruit Straight or slightly curved, torulose, 15-25 cm long pod. Pendulous, fourarmed, non-torulase, septate, 15-20 seeded, with swollen margins. Dinstinctly tortulose, weak, pendulous, twisted, sharply beaked 20-30 seeded pod. Light brown, with thickened sutures, many seeded. 6) Seed 1000-1600 /kg. Pale coloured, 15-50 in each pod. Does not possess dormancy. Few years back I got opportunity to work with Dr. Patil when front line demonstration was laid out in my village Khudmudi with the help of Agrocrat’s Society for Rural Development. Seeing the miracle effects of Dhaincha on soil fertility, I decided to study more about this herb. During field visit when a senior villager disclose the fact that Dhaincha also possess valuable medicinal properties, I surprised and later after confirmation, decided to conduct a detailed Ethnobotanical surveys in order to list out the traditional medicinal knowledge and uses of this useful herb. In first two years, I got very little information. When I read the finding of this two year survey, I noted that only old natives and senior traditional healers living in different parts of Chhattisgarh are aware of its traditional uses. During my visit, I have seen many species of Dhaincha in natural forests. All were growing luxuriantly. I have not seen a single damaged plant. The traders as well as the herb collectors ignore this herb as they are unaware of its traditional uses and also it is not in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. As herb expert, I was not in favour of introducing new species of Dhaincha in Chhattisgarh. Many such introduced species have became obnoxious weeds in the state (please refer to my previous articles). I was in favour of testing the efficacies of indigenous species and I personally feel that the indigenous or local species can perform more efficiently as compared to exotic species in any specific ecosystem. But at that time I was not in strong position to oppose this introduction. The indigenous species of Chhattisgarh can play a vital role in development of improved varieties through breeding in order to fulfill the requirement of green manure crops for farmers. Through detailed Ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected many valuable and rare uses of Dhaincha as medicine. Unfortunately, this unique knowledge is not transferred to present generation. Very few natives of present generation are aware. As result the young and coming generation is having know knowledge. This is really shocking for me. According to natives and healers belonging to older generation, the medicinal uses of Dhaincha are promising and a single herb is capable of curing many complicated diseases. The herb is also present in native forests. This is subject of in depth research, why these promising uses have not reached to the present generation ? I have also searched the reference literatures in order to find out the results of Ethnobotanical surveys conducted by early workers in Chhattisgarh (after and before independence of India) but unfortunately, I have not got any detailed information. On the basis of this search (of references literatures), I can say that this article is first written document on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herb Dhaincha in Chhattisgarh. I am hopping that this article will motivate the researchers, specially Chhattisgarh, to write more and more on this useful herb. Most of the healers and natives who have given this valuable information to me, are not present with us. The remaining are at very old age. These healers and natives are from different corners of Chhattisgarh and they have no association or communication among them. I was dreaming to form a "Dhaincha Forum" with the objective to bring all these healers and natives to gather but financial constraint was among the main constraints. I have communicated and explained my findings collected from north, to the natives and healers of south and viceversa. I am writing all these unique knowledge in form of article, for the young generation. Before describing these traditional uses, I am giving details regarding its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically it is soft-wooded unarmed tree having height upto 7 meters, with slender terete branches; Leaves paripinnate, 8-15 cm long, rachis 5-13 cm long; leaflets 10-15 airs, linear-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, glabrous, 1.8-2.8 cm long; stipules 5-7 mm long; Flowers in 10-15 cm long lax 3-20 flowered axillary racemes; Calyx 3-4mmlong; teeth broadly triangular; Corolla exserted, yellow; Pods torulose, thickened along sutures, twisted, 15-25cm long, 20-40 seeded. Flowering time February to December in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, not much have been written about Dhaincha. According to Ayurveda, root is hot, carminative, alterative, anthelmintic and useful in treatment of biliousness, inflammations, tuberculous glands, fevers, ulcers, diabetes, leucoderma and throat troubles whereas bark is reported as astringent. Leaves are useful in treatment of hydrocele whereas seeds remove small - pox eruptions. Seeds are considered as emmenagogue, stimulant and stringent. The flower of Dhaincha is the popular vegetable of Chhattisgarh. According to the natives, it is good in taste as well as full of unique medicinal properties. It is considered good for eyes. It is common belief that regular use of this vegetable improves eye sight and prevents the attack of harmful diseases. The natives also use it for anaemic patients. According to the healers, as medicine, this vegetable is good for patients suffering from dysmenorrhoea. The vegetable eaten in large quantities upto long time is considered good for treatment of dysmenorrhoea. The use of flowers during flowering season is recommended. Its off-season use is not considered good. In Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, the juice of fresh flowers is applied inside the eyes as eye tonic. The natives of this region collect the flowers early morning and dry it in shade. The dried flowers are used in treatment of skin troubles. After converting the dried flower into powder, the natives prepare a decoction and advise the patients to wash the parts having skin troubles with this decoction. In another method powder is boiled in milk and Makkhan is prepared. This Makkhan is applied as cream in affected parts. The traditional healers of this region, use the flowers in combination with other herbs in treatment of diabetes. They also prepare herbal combination using Dhaincha flower as main ingredient for young natives having the habit of masturbation. The regular use of this combination stops this habit. I have seen its practical uses and found it as effective as Homoeopathic medicine Agnus. In my detailed survey, I have never observed and noted information of this important aspect. According to healers, the use on this combination never harms the sexual potential of young natives. The natives of Chhattisgarh plains are also aware of this uses but they use only flowers. The roost the flower and one flower is given daily to the patients. This use do not cause any permanent change. This is the reason, it is given daily. And at the time of marriage, the young natives are advised to stop its use. The healers informed me that it is strictly for males but the natives use it for both male and female. Scientific investigation is essential to answer this question that whether it is only for male or for both male and female. The healers use the seeds of Dhaincha as ingredient in memory tonic. In case of weak memory due to sexual abuse, they give seeds with lukewarm milk. But it is given only for a week. In case of tonsillitis, its barks, flowers and leaves are collected by the natives and decoction is prepared. Equal amount of all parts (dried) are used. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. Many traditional healers use the fresh bark externally in treatment of Safed Pani (leucorrhoea). For the treatment of Adhasisi (migraine), the natives and traditional healers use its flowers and leaves in different ways. The juice is extracted mixed with Kali Mitti (Black Soil) and with the help of water aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied on painful parts during attack of migraine. As the paste dries ,it is replaced by fresh paste. In Sarguja region, the leaves and flowers are dried and burnt. The patients are advised to inhale the fumes for quick relief. In other method, the juice of fresh leaves and flowers is mixed in equal proportion and applied inside the nostrils (few drops). The juice of leaves is also used in treatment of Epilepsy). Its leaves are used as styptic in order to stop the bleeding. In case of injury, like Tridax procumbens, Cynodon dactylon, Achyranthes aspera, Blumea lacera etc. The natives also use the leaves to stop the bleeding. The decoction prepared by using leaves is used to dress the wounds. During my surveys, many natives informed that Dhaincha is useful in treatment of fevers but unfortunately I have yet not got detailed method of use. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the uses of different parts of Dhaincha is treatment of all types of fever are described but I am interested in methods adopted by the natives because in most of the cases in differs from reported methods. In case of gout, the roots are used alone or in combination with other roots. The roots are collected and with the help of water, aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on painful joints. The traditional healers of different parts of Chhattisgarh, add more herbs with Dhaincha roots in order to make it more potential. In Mahasamund region, the Datura roots are mixed in equal proportion. The black flowered species of Datura is preferred. In Saraipali region, the healers add Bariyara (Sida acuta) roots during rainy season and Kukronda roots (Blumea lacera) during winter season. In many parts, the healers use the Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) roots in Dhaincha roots. This is interesting to note these uses. The healers are unable to explain the reason why different roots are added in different regions, as all herbs used are common in all regions. As mentioned earlier, most of the above mentioned traditional uses are not in use in Chhattisgarh. I am not satisfied with these surveys. I am trying hard to get more information on different aspects of Dhaincha as medicinal herb. During my visit, I never miss the chance to stop at village market and ask the natives about the availability of Dhaincha flower as vegetable. In general, they laugh on me, saying they are listening the use of Dhaincha flower as vegetable for the first time. I feel sad. There are many traditional uses related to common herbs, insects, soil etc. of Chhattisgarh, which require immediate attention in form of scientific documentation, without any further delay. Studies on host specificity and preference of the Metallic Coloured Tortoise Beetle (Aspidomorpha miliaris F.), a Medicinal insect Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved INTRODUCTION lpomoea carnea Jacq., locally known as Beshram, is one of the common obnoxious weeds in Chhattisgarh region (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1998a). Inhibitory allelopathic effects of this weed on germination and seedling vigour of many agricultural crops have been reported (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1998b). During 1997- 98 and 99, heavy infestation of Tortoise beetle, also known as Fool's Gold beetle, was noted on lpomoea carnea and related species. The damage was caused by the adults and grubs feeding on the leaf tissues. Aspidomorpha miliaris F. (Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera) is a serious pest of sweet potato (lpomoea batata) but sweet potato is not under cultivation in Chhattisgarh region. The fact indicates that there is possibilities of utilizing this beetle as bio-agent for lpomoea and related species. Due to non-availability of any information regarding different hosts of this possible bio-agent of lpomoea in Chhattisgarh, the studies on host specificity and preference were conducted using more than 40 test plants including agricultural crops, weeds and ornamental plants. Table - 1 Studies on host specificity and preference of the metallic coloured Tortoise beetle (Aspidomorpha miliaris E) Test Plant Species Local Name Response of Beetles Remark (+) (-) Cynodon dactylon Doobi - Weed Croton sparsiflorus Vanmirch - Weed Calotropis gigantea Fudhar - Weed Datura stramonium Dhatra - Weed Sida acuta Bariyara - Weed Ipomoea reniformis Muscani ++ - Weed Commelina benghalensis Kauakaini Weed Lantana camara Gotiphool - Weed Parthenium hysterophours Gajargha - Weed Citrus medica Nimbu - Fruit crop Psidium guajava Jam - Fruit crop Mangifera indica Aam - Fruit crop Calliandra haematocephala Lal phool - Ornamental Melia azedarach Bakain + - Ornamental Acalypha hispida Shankarjata - Ornamental Jasminum sambac Mongra - Ornamental Hibiscus rosasinensis Dashmath - Ornamental Saraca indica Ashok - Ornamental Ipomoea aquatica2 Karmatta ++ - Weed Tridax procumbens Bhengra - Weed Euphoribia hirta Duddhi - Weed Phyllanthus niruri Bhuinawla - Weed Catharanthus roseus Sadasuhagan - Ornamental Bougainvilea glabra Kagaj phool - Ornamental Luffa acutangula Torai - Vegetable crop Colacasia sp. Jimikand - Vegetable crop Poinciana regia Gulmohar - Ornamental Codiaeum variegatum Croton - Ornamental Callistemon sp. Bottle-brush - Ornamental Punicaa granatum Anar - Fruit crop Ficus carica Anjeer - Fruit crop Thevetia nerifolia Kaner - Ornamental Rose indica Gulab - Ornamental Cyperus rotundus Motha - Weed Cassia tora Charota - Weed Typha angustata Hatthighas Weed Achyranthes aspera Chirchita - Weed Eclipta alba Bhengra van - Weed Polyanthus tuberosa Rajanigandha + - Ornamental Jatropha curcas Ratanjot - Medicinal Convolvulus arvensis3 Hirankhuri ++ - Weed Vitis vinifera Angoor - Fruit crop Lagerstroemia sp. Doodh mongra - Ornamental Cassia alata Nakli Sanay - Ornamental Impatiens balsamina Chirya phool - Ornamental Ipomoea palmata4 Panchpatri ++ - Weed Ipomoea carnea1 Beshram +++ - Weed ---> Heavy feeding ++ ----> Medium feeding + ----> Partial feeding ------> No feeding 12345 - Order of preference MATERIALS AND METHODS specificity tests were carried on 47 plant species as described by Oudhia, 1997 and Ramesh, 1996. CHOICE TEST A twig of 15-20 cm length of each test plant species was fixed in a 25 ml conical flask containing water with the help of cotton swab. Then the twig was covered with the big plastic jars. In wide-opened mouth of each plastic jar, mosquito net was fitted for aeration. Ten field collected grubs and adults starred for 24 hours were released into the plastic jars. Beetles were allowed to feed on the test plants for 3 days. Every plant species tested had three replicates and whole experiment was repeated twice. CHOICE TEST Plant species including lpomoea cornea, lpomoea aquatica, lpomoea palmata, Convolvulus arvensis and lpomoea reniformis were assessed in the following test. The aim of this test was to know the host preference. Sixty field collected grubs and adults were starved for 24 hours and released into big plastic jars having fresh leaves of these plant species. The experiment was repeated for 10 times. Number of beetles settled on each plant species was recorded in 15 minutes interval upto 48 hours. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Out of 47 plant species, feeding was observed on 7 plant species. These plant species include lpomoea carnea, lpomoea reniformis, lpomoea palmata, lpomoea aquatica, Convolvulus arvensis (All species belong to Convolvulaceae family), Melia azedarach and Polyanthus tuberosa. Heavy feeding was noted in case of lpomoea cornea whereas medium feeding was noted under other related species. In natural field conditions, similar behaviour of beetle was noted. Partial feeding was noted under laboratory conditions in Polyanthus and Melia leaves but in natural field conditions, the feeding was not observed. Also when some beetles were released on these species in field conditions, they migrated to lpomoea species. All the plant species on which heavy and medium feeding was noted are weeds except lpomoea aquatica. In Chhattisgarh region, some farmers cultivate lpomoea aquatica as vegetable crop. In such situations. Tortoise beetles are considered aspect which damages the economically important parts of 1. aquatica (i.e., leaves). But in general lpomoea aquatica is known as problematic weed. The study on host preference revealed that beetles preferred lpomoea cornea among all the other plant species. The order of its preference is given in Table 1. Negative response of Tortoise beetles towards agricultural crops like soybean, rice maize, mung, groundnut, Sesamum, castor, sorghum, cotton etc. have been reported. (Ramesh, 1996). The study suggested that there is a tremendous possibilities of utilizing this beetle for eco-friendly management of not only lpomoea cornea but also other common problematic weeds like 1. aquatica, 1. reniformis, 1. palmata and convolvulus s. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Author is thankful to Dr. R. S. Tripathi, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy, IGAU, Raipur, Dr. Jayalaxmi Ganguli, Scientist and Mr. Muktavan Das, Field Assistant for their kind co-operation during this REFERENCES , P. ( 1997). Evaluation of host specificity of Blumea leaf beetle (Chrysolina sp. nr. madrasae Jackoby). Insect Environment. 3 (3): 80. Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R. S. ( 1998a). Medicinal weeds of kharif crops in the plains of Chhattisgarh. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika. 13(1/2): 33-38. Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R. S. ( 1998b). Allelopathic potential of lpomoea carnea Jacq. Agril. Biol. Res. 14 (3 -8. Ramesh, P. ( 1996). Host specificity of the Tortoise beetle Aspidomorpha miliaris and its possible role in the management of lpomoea cornea and lpomoea aquatica. Indian. J. Ent: 58 (2): 140-142. (Originally published in Ecol. Env. & Cons. 6(3) : 2000; pp. (357-359) Allelopathic effects of root leachates of some obnoxious weeds on germination and seedling vigour of wheat Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Introduction [view table] Wheat is one of the rabi crops of Chhattisgarh. Many weeds infest wheat field in the region (Oudhia, 1999a). These weeds compete with crops for moisture, light and nutrients and believed to reduce crop yields. In ancient Indian literatures it is mentioned that all weeds are not harmful (Oudhia, 1999b). Many studies conducted at the Department of Agronomy, IGAU, Raipur have revealed that all weeds present in crop fields are not harmful to crops (Oudhia, 1999c; Oudhia et al., 1999). These studies also revealed that many weeds are beneficial to crops and with the use of these weeds farmers can improve the crop performance. The negative (stimulatory) allelopathic effects of extracts and leachates of different weeds parts on germination and seedling vigour and final yield of agricultural crops have been reported (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1998a, b, 1999a; Oudhia et al., 1995). The identification of harmful and beneficial weeds can be done by studying its allelopathic effects on related crops. Parthenium hysterophours, Blumea lacera, Lantana camara, Calotropis gigantea, Datura stramonium and lpomoea carnea are common weeds of wheat fields in Chhattisgarh region. (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1999b). Due to non-availability of any information on allelopathic effects of these weeds on germination and seedling vigour of wheat, a pot culture experiment was carried out during February 2000. Materials and Methods Fresh samples of roots of selected weeds were collected at random at the vegetative stage in January 2000. To prepare the leachates, the roots were immersed in water for 24 hours in the ratio of 1:10 w/v (roots : water). After 24 hours, leachates were collected. The bioassay experiment was done in earthen pots filled with neutral clay loam soil. Wheat seeds were soaked in different leachates for 24 hours. As a control, wheat seeds were also soaked in distilled water for the same duration. After soaking, 25 seeds of wheat were sown in each pot. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications the experiment was repeated twice. Germination was recorded at 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 DAS (Days After Sowing) and root and shoot lengths were noted a 11DAS. lts and Discussion The root leachates of different weeds produced significant allelopathic effects on germination and seedling vigour of wheat. At 3 DAS, Datura and lpomoea root leachates have hasten the germination and resulted in maximum germination (16.0%). At 5, 7, 9 and II DAS, Datura root leachate produced maximum germination as compared to rest of the treatments whereas at 5, 9 and 11 DAS, Blumea, Calotropis root leachates and control and at 7 DAS, Blumea, lpomoea root leachates and control produced comparable germination with maximum germination. At 5,7,9 and 11 DAS, Parthenium root leachate lowered the germination to the minimum (Table 1). In case of root elongation Blumea root leachate resulted in maximum elongation (9.1 cm) which was at par with elongation produced by all treatments except Parthenium and Lantana root leachates. Parthenium root leachate lowered the elongation to the minimum (4.9 cm). In case of shoot elongation, Blumea root leachate produced maximum elongation (13.1 cm) which par with elongation produced by Calotropis, Datura and lpomoea root leachates and control. Lowest elongation was noted under Lantana root leachates (5.2 cm). In this study, Blumea leaf leachate was identified as potential leachate which can be utilized for promoting the seedling vigour of wheat without affecting its germination. These observations are in the with those observed in previous studies on different crops including wheat (Oudhia et al 1997; 1998a and b). Blumea lacera is a common bund and field weed of Chhattisgarh region. The present study indicated that presence of this weed in wheat field is beneficial for the crops. Also farmers can utilize this weeds, after uprooting it, to prepare extracts and leachates from different parts in order to use it for pre sowing soaking treatment of wheat seeds. Parthenium and Lantana root leachates are identified as most harmful leachates, as these leachates resulted in lower germination and seedling vigour. Harmful allelopathic effects of these weeds on germination and seedling vigour of many agricultural crops have been reported (Narwal, 1994; Oudhia 1999d). Many lethal allelochemicals viz parthenin, coronopillin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, alkaloids and sesquiterpene lactones in Parthenium and protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid etc. In Lantana extracts and leachates have been reported (Narwal, 1994). The study suggested that early removal of these weeds from wheat field is essential in order to avoid the losses in terms of poor germination and seedling vigour. Calotropis, Datura and lpomoea root leachates are identified as relatively safe root leachates. Acknowledgement Author is thankful to SOPAM (Society for Parthenium Management) for providing laboratory facilities and also to Mr. Subodh Raile, Research Assistant, for his assistance during this work. References Narwal, S.S. (1994). Allelopathy in crop production Pbl. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur (India) p. 228. Oudhia, P. (1999a). Medicinal weeds in wheat fields of Chhattisgarh (India). Rachis. 18 (t): 40-41. Oudhia, P. (1999b). Medicinal weeds in rice fields of Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes. 14 (1) : 40. Oudhia, P. (1999c). Medicinal Weeds in groundnut fields of Chhattisgarh (India). International Arachis Newsletter. 19 : 62-64. Oudhia, P. (1999d). Studies on Allelopathy and medicinal weeds in chickpea fields. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea newsletter. 6:29-33. Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S.(1998a). Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on Kodo, mustard and problematic weeds. In : Proc. First international Conference on Parthenium Management (Vol II), UAS, Dharwad (India) 6- 8 October 1997 : 136-139 Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998b). Allelopathic potential of Datura stramonium L. Crop Research 16 (1) ; Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R. S. (1999a). Allelopathic research on rice seeds in Chhattisgarh (India) region : An overview. In : Abstracts Notional Seminar on Institute / Industry Cooperation Programme for Developing Skills in Students of Seed Technology, Govt. Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal (India) 20-21 November 89. Oudhia, P. and Tripathi, R.S. (1999b). Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara Ageratum conyzoides on germination and seedling vigour of wheat and selected rabi weeds, In Abstracts, II World Congress on Allelopathy: Critical Analysis and Future Prospects (Ed. A.U. Malik). August 1999, Thunder-bay, Ontario, Canada; Lake head University p. 142. Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1995). Allelopathic effect of Ageratum conyzoides on germination of linseed var. Kiran. Weed News I (I &2): 15-18. Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1997). Allelopathic effect of Blumea lacera L. on wheat. Indian J. Weed Sci. 29 (I & 2): 4-7. Oudhia, P., Kolhe S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998a). Allelopathic effect of Blumea lacera L. on rice and common Kharif weeds. Oryza. 35 (2): 175-177. Oudhia, P., Kolhe, S.S. and Tripathi, R.S. (1998b). Germination and seedling vigour of mustard as affected Allelopathy of Blumea lacera L. Agric. Sci. Dig. 18 (3): 183-186. Oudhia, P., Pandey, N. and Tripathi, R.S. (1999). Allelopathic effects of obnoxious weeds on germination and seedling vigour of hybrid rice. International Rice Research Notes. 24 (2): 36. [Originally published in Ecol. Env. & Cons. 7(1) : 2001; pp. (111-113) Traditional Medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Garmi (Syphilis) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the shape of Fudhar phal (fruit) clearly indicates its utility in treatment of syphilis,. If you see the fruits carefully, you will see a shape resembling a man sitting in front of any one with great shame, bowed down and explaining what he has done is just by mistake. When person having syphilis sits in front of traditional healers, from distance it looks like the fruit shape of Fudhar. According to healers, the patients suffering from rheumatism and respiratory troubles specially asthma, also sit in this specific position. Hence, Fudhar is a promising herb in treatment of these troubles. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many such interesting information. In our ancient literatures related to herbs it is clearly mentioned that " Aushdhia Bolti Hain" (i.e. the herb speaks). If you see any herb minutely, you will understand for which disease, it is useful. There is no need of chemical evaluation. Like traditional healers of other parts of India, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this unique knowledge and they are using this knowledge in treatment. In my previous articles on Ethnobotanical surveys of Bagbahera, I have described traditional knowledge on this important aspect. The natives of this region use Lal Kumhba (Lal -red) in order to enrich the blood. According to them the red colour clearly indicates its use in blood disorders. During the year 1999-2000, I conducted a separate Ethnobotanical survey to list out the traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs that speak. I have collected information on over 500 such herbs. I am describing some interesting findings. According to healers, the fruit of Sitaphal (annona squamosa) resembles to the skin of small pox patients, hence it is useful in treatment and prevention of small -pox. Similarly, the fruit of Karela (Momordica charantia) looks like pancreas, hence it is good remedy for diabetes. The fruit of Papita (Papaya) looks like the shape of stomach we are aware of its utility in stomach related troubles. The use of Shivlingi (Bryonia) is also common in Chhattisgarh. Shivlingi resembles to male - genitals. The seeds and its arrangement in Anar fruit (Pomegranate) resembles human teeth, hence the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, consider it best for dental care. The leaves of popular pot herb Muscaini Bhaji (Ipomoea reniformis) resembles to the shape of kidney. I have described its traditional uses in kidney related troubles particularly in case of renal calculi (Pathri). The use of Akhrot (Walnut) as brain tonic is mentioned in reference literatures. I will describe more in my future articles. This is unique knowledge and I am observing that in Chhattisgarh, due to poor documentation work, we are loosing it very rapidly. Like herbs, on the basis of shape and behaviour of insects and mites, the healers of the state, get information of its utility in treatment of specific diseases. As the fruit of Fudhar clearly indicates its utility in treatment of syphilis, the healers use this herb very frequently in treatment. All parts of Fudhar are used both externally and internally. Fudhar is a common wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. Taking advantage of patient’s shame, the medicinal practitioners, of Chhattisgarh, charge very high fees for the treatment of syphilis. The traditional healers informed me that syphilis can be treated easily and at very less expenses, with the help of common herbs growing as weeds in wastelands of Chhattisgarh. The healers take no charge for treatment. Many healers take nominal charges in the name of expenses on herbs. In general the healers express anger against patients and after long lecture they start the treatment. During clinical experience course, as a part of my Homoeopathy course, with eminent Homoeopath of Chhattisgarh Late Dr. B. R. Guha, I got opportunities to handle many cases of syphilis. In Homoeopathy, there are many promising drugs that can cure this trouble in relatively less time. Like traditional healers, Dr. Guha was also giving long lectures using harsh language to the patients before starting the treatment. According to him, it is his duty to warn the patients that what you have done is wrong and do not repeat it, be careful. It is common tendency that after getting early cure through herbs and Homoeopathic drugs, the patients do not take it seriously and repeat the same mistake. Like long lectures, the very high charges of medical practitioners, make the patients enough cautions. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Fudhar alone or in combination with other herbs. I am describing some promising traditional uses , I have noted during my Ethnobotanical surveys. For treatment, the healers use the roots of Fudhar very frequently. The roots are collected early in the g. During flowering time, collection is avoided. The roots are dried in shade and mix with Kali Mirich (Black Pipper). This combination is converted into small globules and given to the patients. The recommended dose is one globule twice a day. The stem of Fudhar is also used in treatment. The stem is dried in shade and put in fire. The ash is collected and given to the patients with sugar and cow’s ghee. The bark is used in combination with other herbs. All herbs are dried and burnt. The affected part is exposed in fumes. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, boil the yellow leaves of Fudhar in Sarson Ka Tel (Mustard oil) and this herbal oil is used externally on affected part. After mixing wax, many traditional healers use it as herbal cream also. It is also noted during surveys, that many healers add Neem leaves in this combination. It is a matter of scientific investigation that why the healers use yellow leaves, why they do not use normal green leaves. The healers are unable to explain the science. In general, twenty one leaves are taken and for collection of leaves, twenty one plants are selected. The healers collect only one leaf from one plant. The healers are following the instructions of their forefathers. I am trying to get the answer. As many leaves from one plant can damage the plant, possibly this is one of the reasons why one leaf is collected from one plant. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis gigantea. I have written a lot on this useful herb. For new readers I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, it is a common shrubby weed having height upto six feet (even taller Fudhar herbs can be seen in Chhattisgarh), with its younger parts and under surface of leaves covered with white floccose tomentum. All parts contain milky latex; Tap root, deep and branched; Stem woody below and herbaceous above, branched, tomentose; Leaf sessile, opposite and decussate, 2-5 inch, long thick, glaucous-green, elliptic or obovate-oblong, acute or shortly, acuminate with a slightly cordate or often amplexicaul base; Inflorescence : Flowers large arranged in axillary umbellate cymes; Flower pedicellate, complete, regular, bisexual, hypogynous, pentamerous except pistil; calyx five sepals, poly sepalous, deeply divided, inferior greenish; Corolla five petals, gamopetalous, pink or whitish with purple spots; Fruits as an entaerio of follicles, follicles 3-4inch recurved; Seeds numerous, broadly ovate, flat, minutely tomentose with tuft of silky hairs. The leaves of Kevatch are also in use in Chhattisgarh. The healers use both fresh and dry leaves. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region, use the fresh leaves. The leaves are mixed and with the help of water, paste is prepared. The patients are advised to take this paste, twice a day upto one week. The healers of Kanker region, particularly from Narharpur region, prepare a decoction by boiling the leaves in water. The decoction is given to the patients. In my previous articles, I have reported natural occurrence of many species of Kevatch (Mucuna sp.) in Chhattisgarh. In treatment of syphilis, the black seeded Kevatch species is preferred as compared to other species. The cultivated white seeded species is not used. The traditional healers also prepare special decoctions using different herbs. I am describing some popular decoctions. The barks of Mahul (Bauhinia sp.), roots of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) and Indrayan (Citrullus colocynthis), young pods of Babool (Acacia nilotica) are mixed in equal proportion and boiled in water. When water remains one fourth of initial quantity, it is collected in special bottles. Daily 100 ml. of this decoction is given to patients till cure. Many healers add the leaves of Bhatkatiya also in this decoction. The healers also prepare a special decoction by using the barks of Sirsa (Albizia sp.), Neem(Azadirachta indica) and Babool for treatment. This decoction is given upto seven days only. The healers instruct the patients to eat the Chapatis prepared from Chana (Chickpea) during this period. The traditional healers of Biladi forest region, use the leaves of Bar (Ficus benghalensis) and Hulhul (Cleome viscosa) in treatment of syphilis. Both herbs are used separately. The Bar leaves are dried and burnt. The ash is given with Pan (betel vine). The leaves of Hulhul are applied both externally and internally. The aqueous paste is applied on chancre whereas leaves are taken internally with water. Ghoda Ghas is a common wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Dinebra retroflexa. traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, use this grassy weed in treatment. The herb is collected and dried. After drying it is burnt and ash is given to patients internally. The ash is given upto one week only. Another weed, Raksi, commonly found in rice ecosystem is also used for treatment. The leaves are collected and dipped in water whole night. Next morning, the leachate is used. This use is recommended upto one month. The traditional healers of Dongargarh region, use the leaves of Kasondi (Cassia sophera) with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) for the treatment. Its close relative Charota (Cassia tora) is not used as substitute. For the treatment of syphilis, many healers use para (mercury). According to the healers, one has to be very carefully in use of Para as medicine and overdose may result in many complications. The use of para causes stomatitis and gives birth to many boils in different parts of body. For stomatitis (due to use of para), the healers suggest the patients to gargle with the decoction of Kachnar bark and leaves of Chameli herb. Both herbs are used separately. The above mentioned decoctions used in treatment of syphilis are considered safe as compared to the use of Para (mercury). In general, initially the healers try herbal decoctions and in case of complications, they use para based herbal combinations. The use of herbal decoction is considered as safe because this use do not produce any side effects like stomatitis. In para based herbal combinations, the healers use many common herbs like, Baibirang, Mahua flowers, Kali Mirich etc. Nila thotha (Copper sulphate) is also used very frequently. The traditional healers of Mudpar prepare a special drug by using Tulsi leaves with Nila thotha and give it to the patients. The use of wild species of Ber (Ziziphus) is also common in many parts of Chhattisgarh. The patients are advised to cover their bodies with cloth. The dried Ber herbs is burnt and fumes are directed into the cloth particularly in affected parts. In southern parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers very frequently use the herbal oil prepared from Indrayan. The traditional healers of Machkot forest areas described the method of oil preparation. The half paw (125 gms) roots are mixed in 2 litres of water. This mixture is allowed to boil. When the solution remains one fourth of initial quantity the healer add half litres of Arandi Ka Tel (Castor Oil). Again this solution is kept on fire. When water evaporates completely, this oil is collected and kept for future use. The oil is given with w milk to the patients daily. According to him, it is one of most promising treatment and in most of the cases the patients get cure within a week. The above mentioned herbs and herbal combinations are in use in Chhattisgarh since generations. Most of herbs occur as common weeds in the state. As syphilis is one of the common and complicated problem, the traditional knowledge of traditional healers of Chhattisgarh can help the researchers in their research studies and works. My surveys are in progress. I will write more on this important disease in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some Promising Traditional Medicinal Uses of Common in Herbs Chhattisgarh India, Noted from My Grandfather’s Diary Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved My grandfather Shri Purshattam Lal Oudhia was having rich traditional medicinal knowledge and uses of common herbs, insects, mites and soils. In my previous articles specifically in articles related to Rani Keeda (Red velvet mite; Trombidium), I have written a lot about his in depth knowledge. Although he was not the practising traditional healer, but in case of emergencies, the villages always prefer to consult him. In case of snake or scorpion bites, according to villagers of his time, the patients always visit to him for first aid. He has passed majority of his life in village Khudmudi where farming was our main business. Like me , he was also having deep interest in herbs and insects. In his personal diary, he has written many such uses. His diary is a valuable document for researchers like me, engaged in documentation of traditional knowledge. As my grandfather was passed away during my childhood, unfortunately I got no opportunity to interact with him about his knowledge. My father is Geologist and has nothing to do with herbs. My grandfather’s diary has motivated me and created the interest in traditional knowledge. In present article, I am describing traditional medicinal uses of common herbs that were in existence during his time. In many places, he has written the sources from where he had gathered the information. For Hathipav (filaria) disease, common in Chhattisgarh in past, the use of Andi (Castor) is mentioned. As treatment, it is given with cow urine upto one month. It is written that within month, it can cure this trouble. In case of Kamar dard (lumbago), the use of Andi with cow milk is mentioned. For preparation of drug, the seeds are peeled and boiled in one litre of milk. When it becomes pure Khova (Mava), it is given to patients. According to this diary, this preparation is also useful in treatment of paralysis and sciatica. The half paw (125 gms.) seeds are used. The external use of Andi Tel (Castor oil) is also mentioned in case tetanus. Andi is a common herb in Chhattisgarh. Natural occurrence of Andi is reported. It is also under cultivation. Kuchla is a popular non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Strychnos vomica (family : Loganiaceae). Its use in case of Bavasir (Piles) is mentioned. It is applied with cow’s ghee, externally on piles in order to reduce the intense pain. Chhattisgarh is well known for dense natural vegetation of Khair (Acacia catechu; family Leguminoseae) trees. The names of many villages are based on this tree viz. Khairagarh. Khairjhinti etc. The use of Khair bark as herbal tooth powder is mentioned. According to the diary, the regular use of this tooth powder prevents the attack of dental troubles and also destroys the germs. The bark is dried and converted into powder. According to another method, one can boil the barks in oil preferably in Sarson Ka Tel (Mustard oil) and use it like tooth paste. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I observed that this use is still in practice in Chhattisgarh. This is good sign. For treatment of Pelea or Pelia (jaundice), the use of Neem bark juice with pure honey is mentioned. This combination should be given twice a day to the patients. For treatment of Gathia (gout), the Neem leaf juice with pure honey is mentioned. Onion is in use as vegetable and medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh since generations. It is specially recommended for the patients suffering from gynaecological troubles. Piyaz Bhaji (the vegetable prepared from onion) is very popular in Chhattisgarh. In this diary, the use of Onion juice in earache is mentioned. The lukewarm juice should be applied inside the ears for quick relief. Its use in epistaxis (nose bleed) is also described. The use of Bach (Acorus calamus) for the treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy) is described. The powdered rhizome with honey should be taken upto one month. During the period of treatment, one should take only milk and Chawal (rice) as meal. In case of acidity, it should be given with gud or pure honey for immediate relief. Bemchi grows as common weed in rabi (winter) crop fields of Chhattisgarh. For the natives it is a valuable herb. I have written a lot on traditional medicinal uses, botany and reported medicinal uses of this so called weed. I was not aware of its use as potherb. From the diary, I have got this information for the rst time. In my surveys on pot herbs, I have not got any information about its use as pot herb. Unfortunately at present very few natives are aware. According to the diary, the vegetable prepared from Bemchi leaves should be mixed with curd and juice of Anar (Pomegranate). This preparation is recommended for dysentery. The use of leaves in case of painful boils is also mentioned. The leaves should be applied on boils externally. Bhengra (Eclipta alba) is a common weed in rice fields of Chhattisgarh. It is lso under cultivation in many parts of India as medicinal crop. It is one of the most frequently used herb in different popular combinations. Various Ethnobotanical surveys conducted by me in different parts of Chhattisgarh revealed that the natives and traditional healers of state have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Bhengra. The uses of Bhengra in treatment of acidity and to avoid abortion are described in this diary. For acidity ,its use with Harra (Terminalia bellirica) and gud is mentioned. In order to avoid abortion, it should be given with cow milk. Seeing my articles and research papers on net, many students and their parents regularly contact me to suggest promising (side effect free) herbal memory tonics. In this diary, I have got mation about use of Pen herb (Celastrus paniculata) as memory tonic. The herbal oil prepared from Pen should be taken with cow’s ghee. In diary, the use of two to ten drops of oil is mentioned, (When two and when ten drops, it is not mentioned). The use of Pen leaves as potherb is also mentioned. It is useful in gynaecological disorders. The use of lason (Garlic) juice in treatment of Rataundhi (night blindness) is mentioned. According to this diary, one or two drops of juice, if applied upto a week can root out the problem. Munga (drumstick) is also a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The use of juice of Munga leaves internally is mentioned in treatment of Bavasir (Piles). The use of decoction prepared from leaves is described useful in treatment of intestinal worms. The decoction is given with pure honey, Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) occurs naturally in dense forests of Chhattisgarh. It is also under cultivation as medicinal crop. The use of its valuable roots in treatment of hysteria is described. Very little quantity with rose water should be given internally. The duration of treatment is not described. The use of Dhikuar (Aloe vera) with Haldi (Turmeric) in treatment of diseases of Tilli (Spleen) is mentioned. In treatment of Pelea, Haldi is used with curd (Dahi) internally. The traditional uses of Indrayan are also well written in this diary. In treatment of jaundice, its root powder should be taken with gud whereas the fruit pulp with fresh cow urine is useful in treatment of Bahiyapana (Insanity). The use of Indrayan roots, for boils and wounds in breasts is also mentioned. The aqueous paste should be applied externally in affected parts. Indrayan (Citrullus colocynthis family Cucurbitaceae) is an important non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. The aluable medicinal properties and uses of Indrayan are reported in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. The use of Dhania powder (whole herb of Coriander) in treatment of urinogenital diseases is also mentioned. It should be given with water. Pudina (Mentha sp.) is common herb in home gardens. The natives generally plant this herb near to the drainage canal of kitchen. After one time planting, it spreads and flourishes well round the year. The natives use it as culinary herb. Also they have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about its uses. In the diary, the use of dry powder of Pudina in treatment of gynaecological disorders is described. The use of herbal tea prepared from Pudina leaves is also mentioned for same trouble. For treatment of Tonsillitis, one should gargle with the decoction of Babool (Acacia nilotica) bark. According to this diary, regular gargling can cure the trouble of tonsillitis forever. Satyanashi (Argemone mexicana) is a common herb in the state. The oil of Satyanashi seeds is considered toxic and even lethal by many experts. Many businessmen use Satyanashi seeds as adulterate in mustard seeds. According to reports, this adulteration is harmful and therefore, it is banned. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the oil of Satyanashi seeds is very valuable as medicine. In my previous articles, I described many traditional uses of this herbal oil. In the diary, I got another use. The oil mix with milk is recommended in treatment of nity. Its use in treatment of dog bite is also mentioned in this diary. In this treatment, it is used with Kali Mirch and Mathha (Whey). After reading the diary sincerely many questions came in my mind but unfortunately my grandfather is not with us now. I will describe more uses in my future articles. I personally feel that this diary is a valuable asset for us. In Chhattisgarh, there are many information available among natives and traditional healers. I am trying my best for the scientific documentation. I am satisfied as contents of my grandfather diary are now in documented form. Thank you very much for reading the article Effect of different Homoeopathic drugs prepared from common weeds on radial growth of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus membranaceus) under in vitro conditions Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved See Table With the objective of eliminating the increasing health hazards and toxic effects of fast uses of phytomedicines (insecticides, nematicides, fungicides and herbicides) and fertilizers in the modern agriculture, a novel method of harnessing Homoeopathic drugs are not only aptly suited for the control of most of the plant diseases, pests, logging, drought, etc. but are also able to increase fruit size and yields. y were found to be non-poisonous, non-toxic, non-polluting, effective, economical and very suitable to our poor and ignorant farmers (Oudhia, 1999). Mehta and Kachhwaha (1999) reported that the Homoeopathic drugs could affect the production of pectolytic and cellulolytic .enzymes and control the development of rotting in grape fruits. The Homoeopathic drugs are prepared by dissolving the crushed plant (or plant parts) in ethanol. In other words, Homoeopathic drugs specially the mother tincture (q) is l extract of particular plant (or plant part). Beneficial effects of many plant species including Calotropis and Cynodon have been reported (Saxena et al., 1987). Due to non- availability of any information regarding effects of Homoeopathic drags prepared from common weeds (Calotropis, Achyranthes, Boerhaavia, Cynodon and Solanum, respectively) on radial growth of Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus membranaceus, a study under laboratory condition was conducted at Department of Plant Pathology, IGAU, Raipur during 1998-99. Five Homoeopathic drugs viz,, Achyranthes aspera q, Boerhaavia diffusa q, Calotropis gigantea q, Cynodon dactylon q and Solanum nigrum q prepared from commonly available weeds of Chhattisgarh region were purchased from A. Ghani Homoeopathy and Biochemic Drug Shop, Raipur. These drugs were tested at four concentrations (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) by incorporating them in the PDA medium using food poisoned technique (Nene and Thapliyal, 1987). Suitable control (i. e. without Homoeopathic drug) was maintained. A 5 mm disc cut from young growing culture of Pleurotus was placed in the centre of each petridish aseptically. Three replications were maintained. The plates were incubated at 25±1°C till the mycelial growth . in any of the treatments reached to 90 mm. The radial growth of Pleurotus at each concentration was recorded. Different concentrations of selected Homoeopathic drugs had significant effects on radial growth of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus membranaceus). Maximum radial growth (90.0 mm) was noted under Solanum q of 1000 ppm concentration which was at par with the growth produced by Achyranthes q of 1000 ppm and Cynodon q of 1500 ppm concentration. Calotropis q of 1500 ppm concentration inhibited the radial growth to the minimum (48.5 mm). Calotropis q of 500 and 2000 ppm and Solanum q of 1000 ppm produced comparable radial growth to that of control. In case of Achyranthes, Boerhaavia and Cynodon q, 500 ppm concentration, whereas in case of Solanum q and Calotropis q, 2000 and 1500 ppm concentration, respectively, resulted in lowest radial growth (Table 1). In this study, the isolation of different chemicals present in Homoeopathic drug prepared from common weeds was not done. However, the different stimulatory and inhibitory effects of these drugs as observed during the study were due to presence of some ethanol soluble chemicals. The study indicated that there was a tremendous scope of utilizing promising Homoeopathic drugs like Solanum q at 1500 ppm concentration and Achyranthes q at 1000 ppm concentration, for mushroom production. Furthermore, repetition of this work using different potencies and concentrations would provide better understanding of stimulatory or inhibitory effects of these Homoeopathic drug on radial growth of Pleurotus membranaceus. References Mehta, A. and Kachhwaha, M. (1999). Control of fruit rot grapes by some Homoeopathic drug & In : Abstract. International Conference on Frontiers in Fungal Biotech and Plant Pathogen Interactions. Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad (India), 16-18 Jan. p. 89. Nene, Y. L and Thapliyal, N. (1987). Poisoned food technique. In : Fungicides in Plant Disease Control, 2nd edn. Pbl. Oxford and IBH Publication Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. p. 413. Oudhia, P. (1999). Application of Homoeopathic and Biochemic drugs in crop production-A review. In : Abstract. National Seminar on Homoeopathy. Indian Homoeopathic Organization, Homoeopathy College, Raipur (India), 27-28 Feb. p. 3. Saxena, Amar, Pandey, M. and Gupta, R. C. (19X7). Effect of certain Homoeopahtic: drugs on incidence of borne fungi and seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus. Indian J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 17 : 195- Sinha, K. P. (1998). The role of Homoeopathy in agriculture, In : Extended Summaries. First International Agronomy Congress, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi (India), 23- 27 Nov p.649-650. [A Gist from paper Gupta A., Thakur M.P. and Oudhia P. (2000) Res. On Crops 1(2) : 255-257] A Useful Weed Blumea lacera L. Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Blumea lacera L. (Family : Compositae) is one of the common rabi weeds of India (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1999a). It occurs throu the plains of India from the north-west ascending to 2,000 ft in the Himalayas. It is a common roadside weed in Ceylon and Malaya. It is distributed to the Malay Islands, Australia, China and Tropical Africa. Blumea genus consists of about 80 species (Caius, 1986). B. lacera competes with rabi crops like linseed, chickpea. wheat, etc. for light, food and moisture (Oudhia, 1997) and harbors diseases and insects like Euplexia dolorosa. Eublemma trifasiciata, etc. (Lefroy, 1909). Blumea is described as valuable medicinal plant in many popular systems of medicine including Ayurvedic, Homoeopathy. Yunani, etc. Stimulatory Allelopathy of different parts of B. lacera on many agricultural crops has also been reported (Oudhia, 1996). Not much work has been done on various utility aspects of B. lacera. Common and popular names of Kukronda (Blumea lacera) around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Arabic Kamafitus 2) Bengal BurasuKsung, Kukurmuta, Kukursunga 3) Myanmar Maiyagan 4) Gujarati Kolhar, Pilo Kapurio 5) Hindi Jangli Muli, Kukronda, Kakronda 6) Marathi Bhamurda 7) Sanskrit Kukkuradru, Kukundara, Mridu chhada, Tamrachuda 8) Tamil Kattumullangi, Narakkarandai 9) Telugu Advimulangi, Karupogaku A. Blumea as Medicinal Plant Blumea is described by Ayurveda experts as hot, pungent and bitter; antipyretic; good for bronchitis, diseases of the blood, fevers, thirst and burning sensations. The root kept in the mouth is said to cure disease of the mouth. In the Konkan region of India, the plant is used to drive away fleas and other insects. It is prescribed as an antiscorbutic in West Africa (Caius, 1986). Essential oil Blumea has been shown analgesic, hypothermic and tranquillizing activities (Anonymous, 1972). Campestrol has been isolated from aerial parts of Blumea. whereas 5-hydroxy-3, 6. 7, 3', 4'- pentamethoxy flavone, 5,3',4' trihydroxy flavone and an unidentified flavone have been isolated from leaves (Rastogi and Mahrotra. 1991). B. lacera is also a valuable Homoeopathic drug (Oudhia e 1998a). According lo Homoeopathic philosophy B. lacera as Homoeo drug is useful in case of enuresis. neuralgia. headache, cold borne cough. Its mother tincture is useful in case of bleeding piles (Ghosh, 1988). Natives of Chhattisgarh use this valuable weed for treating their health problems (Oudhia, 1998b). There is a heavy demand of different parts (fresh and dry both) of this weed in national and international drug markets (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1999b). Fanners can earn extra income after selling various parts of Blumea with the help of co-operatives (Oudhia and Tripathi, 1999c). Fresh leaves of Blumea are the most valuable part. B. Stimulatory Allelopathic Effects of Blumea on Agricultural Crops Stimulatory Allelopathy of B. lacera on many agricultural crops like rice. wheat, linseed, kodo, soybean, mustard, chickpea, etc. has been reported. When chickpea (Var. JG-74) seeds were soaked for 24 h in aqueous extracts (1:10 w/v) of different parts of Blumea, no detrimental effects on chickpea were noted, whereas root extract of 264 h was found promising extract and resulted in higher shoot and root elongation (Oudhia el al., 1997a). In case of wheat (var. Sujata), stem extract of 216 h (Oudhia et al., 1997b), rice (var. Mahamaya) and mustard (var. Varuna), leaf extract of 216 h (Oudhia et al.. 1998c,d) were found promising extracts. Thes extracts can be utilized for pre-sowing soaking treatment of crop seeds. These studies showed that there was a tremendous scope of utilizing the allelopathic potential of this weed for agricultural crop production. Allelopathic effects of B. lacera on rabi and kharif obnoxious weeds like Echinochloa colonum, Eclipta alba, Setaria glauaca, Cynodon dactylon. Ageratum conyzoides (Oudhia et al.. 1998c), Chenopodium album, Melilotus indica, Phalaris minor, Cirsium arvense. Spilanthes pyrethrum (Oudhia et al.. 1997a) have also been reported. References Anonymous. 1973. Phytochemistry II : 1855. Caius, J F.. 1986. In : The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Indian. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India p. 323-325. Ghosh. N. C. 1988. In : Comparative Materia Medica Hannemann Publ. Company Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, India p. 871. Lefroy. H. M., 1909. In : Indian Insect Life. Today's and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers. New Delhi pp. 318 Oudhia. P. 1996. Allelopathic effects of selected weeds on crops. M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis, IGAU, Raipur. p. 250. Oudhia, P., 1997. Evaluation of host specificity of Blumea leaf beetle (Chrysolina sp. nr. madrasae Jackoby). Insect Environment Oudhia. P. and R. S. Tripalhi, 1999a. Medicinal weeds of Raipur and Durg (Madhya Pradesh) region. Proc. National Conference o Health Care and Development of Herbal Medicines, IGAU, Raipur. pp. 71-78. Oudhia. P. and R. S. Tripathi, 1999b. Medicinal weeds : A boon for the farmers of Chhattisgarh. Abstract. Eighth Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science, BHU. Varanasi 5-7 Feb. p. 152. Oudhia. P. and R. S. Tripathi, 1999c. Scope of cultivation of important medicinal plants in Chhattisgarh plains. Proc. National Conference on Health Care and Development of Herbal Medicines. IGAU, Raipur. pp. 215-222. Oudhia. P.. B. S. Joshi and V. K. Koshta. 1998a. Chhattisgarh ke kleshkarak kharptwaron se homoeopathic dava nirman ki sambhavnayain (The possibilities of preparing homoeopathic drugs from obnoxious weeds of Chhattisgarh). Abstract V. National Science Conference. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Samittee, JNKVV, Gwalior p. 44. Oudhia, P.,R. S. Tripalhi and N. Pandey, 1998b. The possibilities of utilization of medicinal weeds to increase the income of the farmers. Abstract National Seminar on Medicinal Plant Resources Development, Gujarat Ayurved University and Govt. of Gujarat. Gandhi Labour Institute, Ahmedabad, 4-5 Oct. p. 3. Oudhia. P.. S. S. Kolhe and R. S. Tripathi. 1997a. Allelopathic effect of Blumea lacera L. on chickpea and rabi weeds. Agric. Sci. Digest 17 : 275-278. Oudhia, P.. S. S. Kolhe and R. S. Tripathi. 1997b. Allelopathic effect of Blumea lacera L. on wheat. Indian J. Weed Sci. 29:4-7. Oudhia, P., S. S. Kolhe and R. S. Tripalhi, 1998c. Allelopathic effect of Blumea lacera L. on rice and common kharif weeds. 007035:175-177. a. P.. S. S. Kolhe and R. S. Tripalhi, 1998d. Germination and seedling vigour of mustard as affected by Allelopathy of Blumea lacera L. Agric.. Sci. Digest 18:183-186. Rastogi. R. P. and B. N. Mehrotra. 1991. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II. Pbl. CDRI, Lucknow and P & I Directorate, New Delhi, p. 102. [Originally published in Indian J. Weed Sci. 31 (1&2) : 108-109 ) (1999)] Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about useful herb Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although natural occurrence of Ajwain in dense forests of Chhattisgarh is reported by the early workers but most of the healers specialised in use of Ajwain, purchase different parts of this herb from local herb shops. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I observed isolated patches of this herb. In many parts, I have seen it in home gardens. In India, Ajwain is under cultivation in Madhya pradesh, Andhra pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh states. It is not under cultivation as commercial crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about Ajwain. They use this herb in treatment of over 60 common as well as complicated diseases both externally and internally. In this article, I am describing these traditional uses. Most of these uses have not been mentioned by early workers, hence it is first written document on traditional medicinal knowledge about Ajwain in Chhattisgarh. The results and uses given in this article are collected from Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Dhamtari, Kanker, Bastar, Mahasamund and Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh only. The detailed surveys in parts are in progress. At first I am describing its botanical description and reported medicinal uses, I have collected from reference literatures. According to reference literatures, Ajwain is an annual erect 15-50 cm tall branched herb; stem glabrous; Leaves 2-3 pinnate; Ultimate segments linear; Inflorescence on axillary or terminal compound umbel; Involucre of 5-8 linear bracts; Rays about ten ; Flowers white; Pedicel in fruits twice as long as the fruit; fruits ovoid, Ca 2mm long or less and muricate. Flowering time November to March in Chhattisgarh conditions. In different systems of medicine in India, Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi syn. Sison ammi syn. Ammi copticum syn. Carum copticum; family Umbellifereae) holds a reputed position. According to Ayurveda, Ajwain seeds are ho bitter, pungent, stomachic, appetiser, aphrodisiac anthelmintic, carminative, laxative and useful in treatment of ascites , abdominal tumours, enlargement of spleen, piles, vomiting, abdominal pains and disease of heart and mouth. According to Unani system of Medicine, Ajwain seeds are bitter and hot, carminative and diuretic. It is useful in treatment of weakness of limbs, paralysis, chest pains, diseases of liver, spleen, hiccup, vomiting, dyspepsia, kidney troubles, inflammations etc. The traditional healers and natives use all parts of Ajwain as medicine but seeds and whole herb are used most frequently. They use it alone or in combination with other herbs. Ajwain is commonly used as stomach tonic. I have already described about its use in stomach troubles in my previous article on Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used in treatment of diseases of stomach, in Chhattisgarh, India. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. Plains use Ajwain in gynaecological troubles. In case of dysmenorrhoea, they suggest the patients to eat a fistful of Ajwain seeds daily till relief. During pregnancy, Ajwain is given with gud (Jaggery) in order to treat lumbago (Kamar dard). According to the healers, the use of Ajwain with gud, not only cures the lumbago but also purifies the blood and act as tonic. They also advise the patients to wash the vagina daily using decoction of Ajwain seeds. My surveys revealed that in many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives are also aware of these uses. Ajwain seeds are considered as aphrodisiac and frequently used as major ingredient in different popular herbal combinations. In case of night pollution, common at young age, the healers advise to rub the aqueous paste prepared from whole herb on sole before going to Many healers suggest the male patients to rub the aqueous paste of Ajwain seeds on genitals in order to increase the time of retention. Many patients using this paste complained me that regular use causes irritation and pain, in genitals, otherwise it is very effective. In case of Safed Dag (Leucoderma), the healers use Ajwain seeds in combination with other herbs for treatment. It is used both internally and externally. The traditional healers of Kanker region, burn the whole herb and use the fumes for the treatment of many common troubles. According to the traditional healers of Narharpur region, the fumes are best remedy for toothache due to decayed teeth. It also stops all kinds of Hichki (hiccup) immediately. In case of skin troubles, the healers suggests the patients to expose the affected parts in fumes in order to get quick relief . The healer of Narharpur region prefer Sundays for this treatment. He calls all the patients having dental, and skin troubles on Sunday and burns Ajwain herb in bulk in open place. The patients come one by one and get benefits of fumes. In order to maintain the secrecy, the healer also add other herbs in fire, but according to him the main effect is of Ajwain herb. Like other traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, he also takes no charge for the treatment. The old villagers of Khudmudi Village informed me that Ajwain seeds can be used for the treatment of Scorpion bite successfully. When I discussed this use to the traditional healers of region, they replied aqueous paste of Ajwain seeds reduce the pain to the great extent but not cure the patients completely. This is the reason its popularity is decreasing with time. The traditional healer of Mudpar village, use Ajwain in treatment of Pathri (Renal Calculi). The patients are advised to take the Ajwain seeds internally. Based on the vitality of the patients, the healers use Ajwain seeds in combination with honey or Sirka (Vinegar) for the patient having good health, it is recommended with pure honey. According to him within a week, stones drain away with urine. The herbal oil prepared from Ajwai seeds is used as home remedy in treatment of intestinal worms. The natives use 3 to 6 drops of oil internally to flush out the worms. In case of stomach pain, the natives use Ajwain seeds with namak (salt). Two parts of Ajwain and one part of Salt is taken with lukewarm water. It is also good appetiser. Since childhood, I am seeing its use in my home. The family members take this combination just after the meal as it aids in digestion. During rainy season, the members never miss to use it daily. Its taste is not agreeable for every one specially for children but after regular use, this initial trouble ends. The natives also use the herbal oil fo earache. Few drops of oil are applied inside the painful ears for quick relief. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region, use the oil as stomach tonic. They recommend the patients to take two drops of oil daily up to one month, in order to make the stomach free from all related diseases. The traditional healers of Mahasamund region prepare special herbal oil using the latex of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) and Ajwain. One part of Ajwain seeds and two parts of latex are mixed and boiled in Til oil (Sesamum).When watery content evaporates completely, the oil is collected and stored for future use. This oil is used externally in treatment of skin troubles specially Dad (Ringworm). During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted and observed many variations regarding use of ingredients in this oil. Many healers add the seeds of common weed Charota (Cassia tora) in this combination. They use equal part of Ajwain and Charota seeds with latex of Fudhar. The traditional healers of Durg region, add fresh Neem leaves or Neem oil in this oil in order to increase its efficacy. The traditional healers of Mahasamund region are not agree with this addition of Neem leaves or oil. According to them, the combination of Ajwain seeds and any part of Neem can cause harmful effects. This is really surprising that all types of herbal oils are in use in different parts. I personally feel that there is a strong need of comparative studies in order to evaluate the efficacies of these oils scientific In my previous articles, I have described traditional medicinal uses of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) in treatment of Malarial fever by the natives and healers of the state. The healers of Nagri - Sihawa region use Ajwain seeds with Kalmegh to treat the patients suffering from malaria. They take equal quantity of both herbs and convert it into fine powder. The powder is dipped in well water overnight. (why only well water?). Next morning, they boil the solution. When half quantity of water evaporates, collect the solution in bottles and add few herbs and salt. The healers give one teaspoonful of this solution twice a day to the patients. In reference literatures, the use of Ajwain seeds with Chiraita (Swertia sp.) in treatment of malaria is mentioned but the use of Kalmegh and Ajwain is not mentioned . I am proud to write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have developed this unique use and practising this knowledge successfully. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains suggest the patients suffering from bleeding piles to apply the aqueous paste of Ajwain seeds externally on piles. In most of the cases, the treatment root out the piles completely. The traditional healers of the region are aware of this use. According to them, for quick relief one should use the decoction of Ajwain seeds in place of aqueous paste. The fumes of burning Ajwain herb also help in alleviating the pain. The painful piles should be exposed to the fumes. My elder brother was the patient of Chhapaki (Urticaria) few years back. He used Ajwain seeds with sulphur internally with other herbal combinations to get rid forever. This knowledge is in practice among the natives. The natives also use Ajwain in face care alone or in combination with other herbs. The natives use this herb in many different ways. Its use with Dahi (Curd) is very popular in the state. A teaspoonful Ajwain seeds (powdered) are dipped in a cup of curd and after two hours, this paste is applied externally on face particularly on black spots. Many beauty parlors in Chhattisgarh frequently use this herb in face care. For the treatment of patients suffering from Gathia (gout), the healer of Mudpar village use special herbal combination. In this combination whole herb of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum), Leaves and roots of Munga ( Moringa sp.) and Ajwain are used. On Kg of Bhatkatiya, half Kg of Munga leaves and 250gms of Munga roots are dipped in earthen pot filled with 10 litres of water. After dipping, Adha paw (125 gms) Ajwain seeds are added. After adding the seeds, the mouth of pot is sealed with clay soil. Then earthen pot is boiled till two litres of solution remain. The healers prepare globules (size of Ber fruits) from this thick solution and keep it for future use. He gives two globules twice a day to the patients having the problem of gout. According to him, it is one of the promising treatment. As mentioned early, the detailed Ethnobotanical surveys are in progress in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I am sure that through these surveys I will get more information on traditional uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs, insects and mites used in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For treatment of Lakwa, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the oil of Birbahutti or Rani Keeda very frequently. The oil extracted from freshly collected Birbahutti is considered best for treatment. As base oil, most of the healers use Sarson ka Tel (Mustard oil). The use of Til Oil (Sesamum oil) is also common in Chhattisgarh. The healers collect Birbahutti during rainy season, kill it and dry it in shade. Birbahutti or Rani Keeda (Trombidium sp. ; Red velvet mite) is a common mite in Chhattisgarh. I have written a lot about this medicinal mite in my previous articles. Its use as sex tonic and aphrodisiac is very popular. According to the traditional healers, it is a valuable medicine for Lakwa also. In treatment of Lakwa it is used both externally and internally. For preparation of oil, female mites are preferred. The nature (Tasir ) of this oil is hot and regular massage result in complete cure in few weeks. The traditional healers specialised in use of Birbahutti prepare the oil themselves for their own use round the year. The traders engaged in herb business purchase this mite from villagers at very low cost. After drying they sell it to the traders of Uttar Pradesh particularly to the traders the Banaras. Many pharmaceutical companies of this city are engaged in preparation of Birbahutti oil. The traders of Chhattisgarh purchase the oil from Banaras and sell it to the healers and natives. In Chhattisgarh there is not a single oil preparation unit. Last year during my Ethnobotanical surveys in Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. I got new information about this oil. Many traditional healers are adding common herbs like Nirgundi and Bach in the Birbahutti oil in order to make it more potential. According to these healers, this is the results of their own research and experience. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the use of Birbahutti oil in combination with common herbs is not reported. I am proud to write that these new combinations are developed by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. For internal use, the healers remove the legs of mites collected and advise the patients to swallow it. In general, one mite a day is recommended. In case of hesitation, the healers use betel vine leaves or banana fruit as carrier, and give it to the patients without informing them that the carrier contains mites. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region of Chhattisgarh, prepare a special oil using the Gubraila (the dung beetles). As base oil Sarson Ka Tel (Mustard oil) is used. The freshly collected alive beetles are boiled in mustard oil and after evaporation of watery content, oil is used for external application. The use of dung beetles in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis) is not reported in available literatures. With the help of traditional healers of Bagbahera and Bastar regions, I am planning to evaluate the efficiency of combination of Dung beetle oil and Birbahutti oil. The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh use over 75 common herbs alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of Lakwa, both externally and internally. The traditional healers and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge on this important aspect. In this article, at first, I am describing the traditional uses of herbs practiced by the traditional healers and after this, I will write on home remedies used in treatment. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected the information about 38 popular herbal combinations used by the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, use the leaves of Andi (Caster), Dhatura ( Datura stramonium; black flowered variety is preferred). Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea), Munga (Moringa oleifera), and Negur (Vitex negundo) to prepare special herbal oil. Equal quantities of all leaves are taken and juice is extracted. Equal quantity of Sesamum oil (Til Ka Tel) is added in this juice. The combination is kept on fire and after poration of watery content, oil is collected and stored in bottles for future use. Yellow leaves of Fudhar are preferred for preparation of oil. During year 1998-2000, I conducted a special survey based on this special oil. In this survey, I discussed the contents and methodology adopted for preparation by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains with the healers of other parts. I also covered neighboring states. I got in formation on variations both in contents and preparation methods. The traditional healers of southern parts of Chhattisgarh add dried ginger (Sonth) in this combination. Sonth is added after preparation of oil by early described method. The traditional healers of Sarguja region particularly of Ambikapur city, add the leaves of common weed Sahadevi (Vernonia cinerea). As it occur as seasonal weed, during active growth state the healers use its leaves and in other part of year they use its stored seeds in herbal oil. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. It is an annual erect herb, 15-75 cm high; stem stiff , striate, pubescent; Leaves simple, alternate, variable in shape, (upper smaller), broadly elliptic or lanceolate, irregularly toothed or crenate serrate; Flowers pinkish violet; heads small, about twenty flowered in divaricate terminal corymbs; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, awned, silky on the back; pappus white; fruits achene, oblong, clothed with white hairs. Flowering time January – February in Chhattisgarh conditions. According to reference literatures, its whole herb, flowers and seeds are used as medicine. The use of leaves as medicine is not reported. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of medicinal uses of leaves also. According to Ayurveda, the plant is sweet, cold, tonic, stomachic, astringent and useful in treatment of consumption, asthma, bronchitis and fever. The traditional healers of Jabalpur and Chindwara regions also use this herbal oil for Lakwa (Paralysis). In place of Sahadevi leaves they add new leaves of Asgandh (Withania somnifera). I personally feel that there is a strong need to evaluate the efficacies of these different herbal oils. The traditional healers of Kanker region prepare a special herbal oil using the root barks of white flowered variety of Kaner, seeds of Ratti and leaves of Kala Dhatura (Black Flowered species of Datura). All ingredients are mixed in equal quantities and boiled in oil. This oil is applied externally in paralyzed parts. According to the traditional healers using this herbal oil, the oil is also a promising aphrodisiac, if applied on male genitals before intercourse. All herbs used in preparation of this oil are commonly available in this part of the state. Kaner (Nerium indicum syn. Nerium odorum Syn. Nerium oleander) is an evergreen glabrous shrub with milky juice; Leaves in threes, coriaceous, 15 cm long, linear-lanceolate, tapering into short petiole, dark green and shining above; Flowers red rose or white, fragrant; Corolla funnel shaped, lobes rounded, throat scaly; Fruits follicles, 15-23 cm long, rigid at length separating; seeds tipped with coma of light brown hairs; Flowering time more or less throughout the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. As medicine its roots, leaves and flowers are used frequently. According to Ayurveda, roots are aphrodisiac, tonic and useful in treatment of chronic pain in abdomen and in joints. Flowers are also aphrodisiac and good for lumbago, inflammations, headache and scabies. Another herb used in this herbal oil is Ratti (Abrus precatorius; family Leguminoseae). It is deciduous glabrous twining herb with slender branches; Leaves paripinnate, 5-10 cm long; leaflets 10-20 pairs; Flowers in racemes, small crowded, rose colored ; Fruits pod, turgid, finely silky, 4 seeded; Seeds scarlet with a black spot, ovoid. Flowering time rainy season in Chhattisgarh conditions. For reported and traditional uses of Ratti, I suggest you to read my previous articles. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains collect Lason (garlic), Sonth (dried ginger), Bakain and Negur (Vitex negundo) leaves and dry it in shade. After complete drying, all herbs are converted into powder. All herbs are taken in equal quantity. This powder is mixed in two liters of water and allowed to boil. The patients suffering from Lakwa (Paralysis) are advised to sit near the boiling herbs and fumes are directed to the affected parts. Just after treatment, the traditional healers instruct the patients to protect themselves from exposure in cold winds. In this combination, Bakain is new herb for us. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Bakain (Melia azedarach) is medium sized tree; Leaves biortripinnate, 30-80 cm long; leaflets ovate – lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic - lanceolate, acuminate at apex, bases cuneate, obliques, serrate to entire at margins; Flowers ca 15 mm across, purple; Calyx minute; Petals white, deflexed; Drupes fleshy, yellow when ripe, single seeded. According to Ayurveda, the herb is bitter, refrigerant, anthelmintic, maturant, pectoral, astringent and useful in treatment of vomiting, burning sensation, fatigue, fever, thirst, bad breath, bad taste of mouth, cough, ulcers, leprosy, blood disorders, skin diseases, asthma, piles, tumours, toothache etc. Bach or Buch (Acorus calamus) is one of the major non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh . It is under cultivation also as medicinal crop. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh prepare different herbal combinations using Bach as main ingredient for the treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis). Its use with Sonth (dried ginger) is most common. The healers mix Sonth and Bach in equal proportion and prepare globules (equal to size of Ber fruits) These globules are given to the patients twice a day till cure. Bach is also used in combination of Kali Mirch (Black Pipper), Kala Zeera (Black Cumin), Akarkara (Spilanthes acmella) in different ratio. Like Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Kali Musli also holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine in India. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb very frequently. The traditional healers of Gandai region of Chhattisgarh, prepare a special herbal combination using Pen (Celastrus paniculata; Family Celastraceae), Bhagrenda or Ratanjot (Jatropha curcas), Pipal (Ficus religiosa) and Kali Musli. The aqueous extracts of these herbs are prepared and given to the patients with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). The traditional healers of Gandai region are specialised and well known in the state for their specialization in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis). Kali Musli is naturally occurring herb in dense forests of this region. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses in brief, I have noted from reference literatures. Kali Musli (Curculigo orchioides; Family Amaryllidaceae) is a small herb, root stout with copious fleshy root fibers; Leaves sessile or petiolate, 15-45 x 1.3 – 1.2 cm linear or linear – lanceolate; tips sometimes rooting ; scape very short, clavate; Flowers in racemes, distichious, yellow; lowest in the raceme 2 – sexual; perianth segments elliptic, oblong, hairy on the back; Fruits capsule, oblong with a beak; seeds grooved, black and shinning; Flowering time June or even late, in Chhattisgarh conditions. According to Ayurveda, root is heating, aphrodisiac, alterative , appetizer, fattening and useful in treatment of piles, biliousness, fatigue and blood diseases. According to Unani system of medicine root is carminative, tonic , aphrodisiac, antipyretic and useful in bronchitis, ophthalmia, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhoea, lumbago, gonorrhoea, gleet, hydrophobia and pains in joints. Kali Musli is not under cultivation in Chhattisgarh as medicinal crop. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use pure honey in treatment. One part of pure honey and two parts of water are mixed and allowed to boil. When one third of initial quantity remains, they store the solution for future use. The patients having the problem of Lakwa are advised by the traditional healers to take this solution twice a day till cure. As I have described in my previous article on Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of rheumatism in Chhattisgarh, my relative Mr. Jaddu Oudhia is one of the leading traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, specialised in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis). Like other traditional healers, he takes no fees for his treatment. Daily morning you can see a long line of patients waiting in front of his home for their chance. He frequently use Doda (Opium) and Kuchla (Nux Vomica) in his treatment. All patients are advised to apply this unique combination of herb with base oil in affected parts and after a week, he starts special massage using other secret herbs. During interaction with him I got information about this unique use of Kuchla. According to him Kuchla should be dipped in water upto fifteen days, in order to soften it. During this process, water is changed in every two days (the leachate can be used as natural weedicide. The leachate is able to manage the obnoxious weed Doob, Cynodon dactylon to the great extent). When Kuchla gets soften, burn it in fire. When fumes check, stop the burning process. After cooling mix the Kali Mirch in soften Kuchla (in equal proportion) and prepare globules. These globules are given to the patients twice a day till cure. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialised in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis ) are aware of this formula. They add more herbs in this herbal oil in order to make it more useful. Although Babuna (Cotula anthemoides; family: Compositae), is not a common herb in Chhatisgarh but many traditional healers are aware of its utility in this case. The Babuna flowers with Til oil are used to prepare a special herbal oil. After mixing, the oil is kept in open sunlight upto two months. External massage using this oil is considered best for treatment. The traditional healers are dependent on local herb shops for this herb. The natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Lakwa. They use Lason (Garlic) , Shahad (Pure honey), Adrak (Ginger), Piaz (Onion), Urd (Black Gram), Tulsi (Ocimum sp.) very frequently. Out these herbs, the use of Garlic is most popular. The natives use this herb in many different ways. They advise the patients to take two buds of garlic with a cup of milk as treatment. They also instruct the patients to boil the Garlic buds in milk and take the extract. The use of herbal oil prepared from Garlic is also common. The natives of northern parts of Chhattisgarh use Lason buds in combination with Makkan (butter). Most of these uses are not documented in reference literatures. The traditional knowledge of traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh clearly indicates that there is a scope for sincere research in this important field. Through this article I would like to request the young researchers to focus their research on this aspect. The traditional uses I have described is just a exposed tip of iceberg, a lot information are still with the healers and natives. My surveys are in progress and I am sure that I will get more information on common herbs, insects and mites useful in treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis) in Chhattisgarh , India. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the roots of common herb Phalsa and leaves of Sadasuhagan very frequently in treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea) .Different healers use these herbs in different ways. In general, the healers dip the roots in water whole night and next day collect the leachate. The leachate with sugar is given to the patients having this odd disease. Many traditional healers dip the roots two to three nights for more beneficial effects and give it to the patients without sugar. Sugar is added just for taste but according to the traditional healers, without sugar it is more useful. The healers of southern parts of Chhattisgarh , use the stem bark of Phalsa in place of roots. They are aware of medicinal properties of Phalsa roots but according to them, the roots are suitable only for the patients having good vitality. For old patients, roots are not suitable. The healers have yet not tried the combination of roots and stem barks in different combinations. This is one more aspect on which young researchers can focus their studies. Phalsa is a common herb found in dense forests of Chhattisgarh. It is in list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh but there is less demand of this herb in national and international drug markets. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. I have noted from reference literatures. Phalsa (Grewia asiatica syn. G. elastica, family : Tiliaceae) is a tree with grey bark; branches with large white blotches; Leaves obliquely ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, minutely serrate, some times obscurely lobed, pale and softly downy beneath, especially when young; basal nerves 5-6; petiole generally not exceeding12mm; stipules linear; Flowers in densely crowded axillary cymes; peduncles hairy bearing 2-3 bracteolate pedicels; Sepals slightly pubescent and yellow inside; Petals yellow, much shorter than the sepals; Drupes globose, dark brown or black when ripe. Flowering April-June in Chhattisgarh conditions. Phalsa holds a reputed position as medicine in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, root, bark and fruit are useful as medicine. Unripe fruits are bitter, acrid sour and useful in treatment of biliousness where as ripe fruits are sweet, cooling, digestible, tonic and aphrodisiac. Ripe fruits cure inflammations, heart and blood disorders, fevers and consumption. Bark is useful in treatment of biliousness, urinary and gynaecological troubles. cording to Unani system of medicine, root and bark are useful for strangury, gleet and gonorrhoea . In many parts of India, it is under cultivation for its edible fruits. The use of Phalsa wood for preparing golf shafts has also been reported in reference literatures. The use of Sadasuhagan herb in treatment of Gonorrhoea is also common in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers collect the leaves of white flowered Sadasuhagan herb and cut it into pieces. These pieces are dipped in water whole night and next morning it is given to the patients having Gonorrhoea. The herbs having pinkish flowers are not preferred by the traditional healers. They are unable to explain the reasons for this specific use. Sadasuhagan is not a native to India. It is native to Malagasy. In Chhattisgarh, it occurs at both wild and cultivated form. Many herb growers of Chhattisgarh are growing this herb commercially as whole herb is having h demand in national and international drug markets. Its use in treatment of various types of cancer particularly leukemia , is the reason responsible for the heavy demand. It is also planted in home gardens as ornamental herb. Since few decades, the native Chhattisgarh are using this herb in treatment of diabetes. They are using the raw flowers and leaves for this trouble. Its use in treatment of diabetes is not reported in available literatures. The encouraging results have made this herb very popular among natives. Now they are planting this herb in home gardens for medicinal uses. The use of introduced ornamental herb Bougainvilea sp. for the treatment of diabetes is also not reported in reference literatures but you will be surprised to know that the uses of leaves and flowers in treatment of diabetes are becoming very popular among natives. I am describing the botany of Sadasuhagan in brief. Sadasuhagan (Catharanthus roseus syn. Vinca rosea syn. Vinca pusilla syn. Lochnera rosea; family Apocynaceae) is an erect, sl smelling perennial herb, 30-90 cm high; leaf oval, obovate or oblong-elliptic, acute, glossy; Flowers usually 2-3, fragrant, pinkish (var. roseus) or white (var. alba) throughout or pink or yellowish in orifice (var. ocellatus, not common in Chhattisgarh), in terminal and axillary cymose clusters; Fruits hairy many seeded follicles, 2-3 cm long; Seed oblong, minute, black, and germinate within ten Although for the weed scientists, Siliyari and Gokhru are obnoxious weeds but for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, both are valuable herbs useful in treatment of Gonorrhoea. The healers use these weeds alone or in combination. In combination, they use the whole herbs of Siliyari and Gokhru and seeds of Koha tree (Terminalia arjuna), in equal proportions. The herbs Siliyari and Gokhru are collected and dried in shades. After drying, healers convert these into fine powder. The patients are advised to take this combination with cows milk till cure. In area having dense natural population of Siliyari, the healers use Siliyari with Koha seeds whereas in Gokhru rich area, they use Gokhru with Koha. There are very few pockets, particularly in Mahanadi river belt where all three herbs occur naturally. The healers of these pockets, use the combination. This is interesting information. I personally feel that there is a need of scientific studies in order to evaluate the efficacies of different combinations. Siliyari (Celosia argentea; Family Amaranthaceae) is a common weed in upland agricultural crops of Chhattisgarh. In Raigarh region, it is one of the obnoxious weeds for rainy season crop. Siliyari herb is present in Chhattisgarh since generations. Many villages named on this herb (viz. Siliyari) clearly proves this fact. Both the traditional healers and natives are aware of its different medicinal uses but it is surprising to kno that the scientists and researchers of National Research Centre for weed sciences, situated in neighbouring state are investing a lot of funds in order to develop the weedicides for its eradication. They are also recommending many lethal agrochemicals for its management. The natives of Chhattisgarh believe in "Management through Utilisation’ concept but the scientists are eager to m this socalled weed through chemicals. The close relative of Siliyari, Celosia cristata, is popular ornamental plant common in home gardens. Another weed Gokhru is also a valuable herb for the traditional healers and natives. The book titled scientific weed management by eminent weed scientist Dr. O. P. Gupta describes Gokhru as a problematic weed in this manner "Dryland crops grown on light soils, particularly pearlmillet are plagued with Gokhru. The weed is a nuisance also on Kuccha walk ways, roads, grass lands and lawns etc." Gokhru holds a reputed position as medicine in all systems of medicine in India. Through my NGO, SOPAM (Society for Parthenium Management), I am trying hard to educate the farmers about various uses and importance of common weeds. I personally feel that the farmers can earn an additional income by selling these socalled weeds after knowing its import I am against the use of harmful agrochemicals in my homeland. I am describing the botany of this important herb in brief. According to reference literatures, Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris family ; Zygophyllaceae) is a prostrate silky herb; Leaves opposite or alternate with one leaf aborted paripinnate, leaflets unequal; Flowers solitary, bisexual regular, pentamerous, yellow or white; Fruits globose, of five woody cocci, each with two pairs of hard, sharp spines, one pair longer than the other; Seeds several in each coccus; flowering throughout the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. Besides these uses, the traditional healers and natives have traditional medicinal knowledge about many other herbs and herbal combinations. Now I am describing these herbs and herbal combinations. The traditional healers of Durg region use the Gol Bhaji very frequently in treatment of gonorrhoea. On full moon night, the healers collect the seeds and dip it in half litre of cow milk (without boiling). Next morning seeds are separated and milk is given to the patients. According to the healers it is one of the promising treatments. The healers use this herb with other popular herbal combination. Gol Bhaji is naturally occurring herb in Chhattisgarh. It is also under cultivation as vegetable crop. Botanically, Gol Bhaji (Portulaca oleracea, family : Portulacaceae) is prostrate, sub succulent annual herb ; Leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate - obovate, usually truncate, whorled above ; stipular hairs scarious, minute or absent; Flowers yellow, sessile, solitary, or in clusters or cymes, supported by a whorl of leaves; Petals oblong-obovate notched; Capsules dehiscing above the base; Seeds reniform, black and granuate. Flowering throughout the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. For burning in urine common in this trouble, the traditional healers of Durg region, advise the patients to drink the whole herb juice of Banana. The traditional healers of Kanker region, boil the leaves of Neem and Chameli in water and instruct the patients to expose the male genital in fumes. After boiling they prepare small globules of both leaves and instruct the patients to put this globule inside the penis. Like these leaves, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains, use the decoction of Sirsa leaves (Albizia species). The traditional healers of Mahasamund region, extract the juice from newly emerged leaves of Babool (Acacia nilotica) and whole herb of Gokhru and after adding sugar, give it to the patients. The traditional healers of Bastar region, prepare a special herbal combination using the newly emerged leaves and flowers of Parsa (Butea monosperma) and Gol bhaji and give it to the patients with cow milk. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh the treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea) requires patience. The herbal treatment of this complicated trouble is relatively cheap and effective. This is the reason the natives prefer to take treatment from traditional healers. The natives living in urban areas having easy access to qualified medicinal practitioners also prefer traditional treatment. These observations clearly indicates the in depth knowledge of traditional healers about common herbs used in treatment of Gonorrhoea. Some Unique Traditional Medicinal Uses of common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India, needing scientific evaluation and confirmation Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As an active member of Raipur based Andh Shradha Nirmulan Samitee (non-governmental organization engaged in awareness against blind faith), I get opportunities very frequently to interact with many natives having in depth knowledge about common herbs. During these visits, I have noted and observed many unique and surprising uses of common herbs in different parts of Chhattisgarh. The natives use the herbs for treatment of diseases as well as to protect themselves from ill spirits. As preventive measure, they use different plant parts of herbs with string, in form of Herbal Mala or Tabiz (Locket). Although our members consider it as blind faith but I personally feel the as these uses are in existence since generations, there must be the scientific reasons behind its popularity an we cannot ignore these uses. After all it is our traditional knowledge. My field diaries are packed with these information and uses. I am trying hard to explain these uses scientifically but I have got very little success. As ethnobotanist, I personally feel that these valuable knowledge should be documented for future generations. In this article, I am describing many such uses, in detail. Botanical differences between major Albizia species Characteristics Albizia amara Albizia lebbeck 1. Habit A small or moderate sized, much branched deciduous tree with a smooth, dark green, scaly bark. A moderate sized to large, much branched deciduous tree with a broad crown; Bark dark grey, and rough with irregular cracks, inner dark, dark red or crimson 2. Leaves Pinnately compound with 15-24 pairs of small linear leaflets, on 6-15 pairs of pinnae, Bipinnate, 10-40 cm long with greenish main axis bearing 3-4 pairs of lateral axes, each having 3-10 pairs of leaflets; leaflets are unequal at the dose, rounded at both ends. 3. Flowers Globose, in cluster, fragrant yellow, in April May, when trees are almost leafless Flat, thin, linear - oblong, straw coloured, each pod contains 6- 12 light, smooth oblong, compressed seeds with hard testa 4. Seeds Small, flattened, ovoid, 14,000/kg. Obovate-oblong, compressed, light brown, smooth, 8000- 13000/kg. In order to avoid or delay the death at young age the natives use Nagdauna herb. The roots are collected only during Chandra grahan (Lunar Eclipse). With the help of Blue string (Neela Dhaga), special herbal mala is prepared and given to the person to wear it whole life. Many natives use locket made up of Chandi (Silver). The roots are kept in this locket and used in same way. The natives have no answer of the question that why only blue string is used for preparation of Herbal Mala. It is also common belief in Chhattisgarh, that the presence of Nagdauna herb in home gardens restricts the entry of venomous snakes. In order to repel away the flies and mosquitoes the natives burn the dried herb at evening time. The rich natives keep the roots tied with red string (Lal Dhaga) in their cash lockers. It is common belief that the presence of this root, increases the money in the lockers. In the occasion of Deepawali, the festival of light, the natives use the roots of Nagdauna as pen, for signatures. The signatures done with the help of Nagdauna pen are considered beneficial as it eliminates the financial constraints. Nagdauna is an aromatic shrub distributed in different parts of India. The natural occurrence of this herb is reported in dense forests of Chhattisgarh. As mentioned earlier, it is a common plant in home gardens. It is not under cultivation as aromatic crop in Chhattisgarh. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses in brief. Nagdauna (Artemisia nilagirica syn. A. vulgaris, family : Asteraceae), is perennial, erect or ascending aromatic shrub, 60-200 cm high; Leaves 8-10 cm long, deeply pinnatisect, finely pubescent above, white tomentose beneath, uppermost leaves trifid or simple, lanceolate; Heads ca 1.5mm in diameter, pendulous, solitary 2-3 together ; involucral bracts two -seriate; Ray florets 2-3 lobed, disc florets, five lobed; Achenes oblong-ellipsoid, brown, pappus absent. Flowering and fruiting time October to September in Chhattisgarh conditions. Not much have been written on medicinal uses and properties of this valuable herb in different reference literatures related to prominent systems of medicine in India. The whole plant is used as medicine. According to Ayurveda, the Nagdauna plant is pungent, alexiteric, appetiser and useful in treatment of asthma, ulcers and itching. Sirsa is common tree in Chhattisgarh. The natives use the roots of this tree for many purposes. The families having mental tensions are advised by the natives to plant this tree in home gardens. Also they advise the families to put the branches (dry) of Sirsa in their homes. In front of homes, the branches are also buried. In order to get higher milk production and to prevent the attack of lethal diseases, the natives prepare Herbal Mala using the branches and roots of Sirsa for their milch cattle. This use is very common. According to the natives, this Herbal Mala makes and keeps the cattle happy. For botany and traditional medicinal uses and reported uses of Sirsa (Albizia sp.), I suggest you to read my previous articles. The positive (inhibitory) allelopathic effect of Desi Ber (Ziziphus sp.) on Banana (Kela) is a discovery of Chhattisgarh natives. According to natives, the Ber roots buried near the Banana plant can destroy the fruiting capacity of that particular plant. This is a discovery by the natives having destructive mentality. For revenge, the natives are using this traditional knowledge since generation. According to the traditional healers, the Ber roots of specific length, collected at specific occasion should be used to get desirable effect. The use of Ber roots to stop fruiting in Banana is not reported in available reference literatures. For scientific confirmation, I am conducting many field trials at farmers fields. I am getting proofs of the allelopathic effects of Ber roots. The orchid grows on Ber trees is considered as herb of good luck. The natives always keep this orchid with them. The natives use the roots of Parsa (Butea monosperma) to create dispute between two persons. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh, that the presence of dried root in home causes disputes and family tension. I have mentioned in previous articles that the roots of Parsa are used as brushes for wall painting and this use is becoming a threat to the natural population of Parsa in Chhattisgarh. In order to get male child, the natives use the leaves of Parsa very commonly. Five leaves are collected and with the help of milk (preferably from lactating woman) converted in to paste. The woman having desire to get male child is advised to take this paste just after bath upto one week. I personally feel that the scientific confirmation is essential in this regard. The natives prefer to keep Munj grass (Saccharum munja) in their homes in order to protect the homes from ill-spirits. It is common belief that the Herbal Mala prepared from root pieces helps in protecting the body from skin troubles. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, particularly in Raigarh area, the natives prepare the herbal Mala using Giloi (Tinospora sp.) roots is order to prevent snakebite. Although its use is very common but it is also bitter fact that in most of the cases the natives using this Mala get bites as natives not using it. For the treatment of anger and its bad consequences, the natives of Chhattisgarh, suggest the person to use lockets having Mehndi seeds and roots. I have experienced miracle effects of these lockets. During my visit to Mahasamund region, I got information on utility of whole plant juice of Mehndi. In this region, the newly borne child is washed thoroughly with whole plant juice. According to the natives, this special bath makes the soft and delicate skin free rom all troubles upto one year. The use of Mehndi for this purpose is not reported in available literatures. The scientific name of Mehndi is Lawsonia alba (family : Lythraceae). It is common herb in Chhattisgarh. Many medicinal properties and uses of Mehndi have been reported. According to Ayurveda, the leaves are emetic, expectorant and useful in treatment of leucoderma. Seeds ar astringent to bowels and antipyretic and useful in treatment of insanity. According to Unani system of medicine, leaves are bitter, vulnerary and diuretic. Leaves are useful in treatment of headache, lumbago, bronchitis, boils, ulcers, stomatitis, ophthalmia, syphilitic sores, amenorrhoea, scabies, diseases of spleen etc. Seeds are good tonic to brain. The leaves yield a dye and the natives of Chhattisgarh use the leaves for dying hands, finger nails and hair at different festive occasions. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the Black Dhatura herb very frequently for black magic (Kala Jadu). In order to make the enemy powerless, the natives prepare powder by crushing the dried herb and mix it in the ash resulted from burning of human body. Both are mixed in equal ratio. This powder is thrown on the enemy, in order to make him powerless. The natives write the name of enemy in simple paper and keep the paper inside the locket. For writing, the twig of Black Dhatura herb is used and as ink the juice of whole herb is used. The natives also write the name of enemy using this method in soles of legs. It is common belief that these uses give enough power to face the enemies. My allopath friends say that it is just psychological treatment but according to traditional healers, the application of Dhatura juice in any part of body, lows down the anger and make the patients (or persons) cool and calm. They are also agree that this method increases the self confidence. The natives of Chhattisgarh, collect the Dhatura roots before flowering and use it to prevent the abortion. A special Herbal Mala is prepared by using forty one piece of Dhatura roots. Black coloured string is used for Mala. The pregnant women are advised to wear this Mala during pregnancy time and at the time of delivery, tied it around the waist in order to avoid the abortion. The Mala prepared from eleven root pieces is used for ths. The youths having the problem of night pollution are advised by the natives to tie this Mala around the waist before sleep. This is used till cure. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the Neem in different ways. In order to reduce the intense labour pain, like Datura roots, the Mala of Neem roots is used by the natives. The natives take the Neem leaves with Masoor Dal (Lentil) every year between 15th to 30th January. It is common belief that this 15 days use make the body enough resistant to nullify poison of any venomous creature round the year. They are unable to answer why the 15 days of January are preferred ? In case of bites by venomous creatures as first aid measure, the natives instruct the patient to lay on bed covered with fresh Neem leaves. (Abrus precatorius) is a common herb and an important non-wood forest produce of the Chhattisgarh. I have written a lot on botany and traditional medicinal uses of this herb in my previous articles. The natives use all varieties of Ratti for different purposes. The roots spreading in north direction are preferred. It is common belief that the use of Ratti roots results in male child. For this purpose, the herbal Mala using roots is prepared and tied around the waist before intercourse. The aqueous paste of Ratti roots is applied externally on forehead of Leprosy patients. According to the natives it is good remedy against Leprosy. Most of these uses are not documented earlier. Although at present we have no scientific explanations regarding these uses but I sure that young researcher will take keen interest in these traditional uses and try to provide answers and scientific explanations for future generations. Thank you very much for reading the articles. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used in treatment of diseases of stomach in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs and herbal combinations useful in stomach diseases. They use more than 150 herbs alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment. They give emphasis on making the stomach strong and enough resistant of fight common diseases. According to them, the patients prone to these diseases should take the specific herbs or herbal combinations in order to make the stomach (as organ) strong. These stomach tonics are given when there is no attack. They instruct the mothers to start giving these combinations to their children from childhood in order to make them free from these complicated diseases. In present article, I am describing the traditional knowledge of both natives and traditional healers separately. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I collected the information on traditional healers specialised in treatment of these troubles and listed out over1500 traditional healers in the state. In the first part of the article, I am describing the herbs and herbal combinations used by these healers. Common Indian Names of Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum) Languages/Regions Names 1) Bengali Nirmali 2) Hindi Nirmali, Nelmal, Neimal 3) Kanarese Chilu, Chilladabeeja 4) Malyalam Tetranparal, Tetraparel 5) Oriya Kotaku 6) Sanskrit Kataka ambuprasada 7) Tamil Tetankotai, Tetta, Tettran 8) Telugu Indupachettu, Chillachetu Pipal is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. Since generations this tree is present and growing well in our state. In Chhattisgarh many village names are based on natural dominance of this tree in these villages. Pipradih, Piperchedi, Piparahi etc. are among some examples. All parts of Pipal(Ficus religiosa; Family Moraceae) are used as medicine in Chhattisgarh. As medicine, Pipal holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, all parts are cooling and useful in diseases of blood, vagina and uterus. Ripe fruit is considered as alexipharmic and useful in treatment of foul taste, heart troubles and intense thirst. Roots are good for Gathia (Gout) whereas root bark is used in treatment of stomatitis. Fruits are purgative, aphrodisiac and used in treatment of vomiting. As stomach tonic, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb very frequently. As stomach tonic, it is given with Chashni (sugar syrup), empty stomach. According to the traditional healers, this combination helps in digestion, it is good appetiser and free from side effects. It is also a good sex tonic. As stomach and liver tonic, the traditional healers also use Sonth (dried ginger) very frequently. Its use during rainy season is very common among natives also. The Sonth powder is mixed in sugar syrup (Chashni) and sweet dish is prepared. This medicated dish is used as stomach tonic. In many pa of Chhattisgarh, particularly in southern parts, the healers adopt another method, they dip the Sonth powder in fresh lemon juice and after soaking the Sonth powder is dipped in Chashni. According to them the additional of lemon juice improves its taste as well as medicinal properties. In Chhattisgarh plains, the natives prefer Adrak (Ginger) as compared to Sonth (dried Ginger). The ginger is cut in pieces, dipped in lemon juice and kept in sunlight upto one month. After soaking, the traditional healers collect the ginger pieces for future use. The natives are advised to take these pieces, just after the lunch to increase the rate of digestion process. Many healers add namak (salt) in this combination, to make it more tasty. We are using these tasty pieces since generations as home remedy. This is best remedy in case of indigestion and acidity. It is good appetiser. As it is very tasty, it is very popular among children. Many pharmaceutical companies prepare this combination in commercial scale and sell it in attractive packets. According the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the use of Sonth is more useful and effective as compared to Adrak but as the taste of Sonth is not agreeable to everyone, it is less popular. During my Ethnobotanical surveys, I have noted over 50 combinations in which Sonth, ginger and lemon juice are combined. There is no standardise method. In most of the cases, the traditional healers and natives, add the juice without measurement. I personally feel that there is a need for scientific research on this aspect in order to standardise the dose and quantity of herbs to be added in the combination. The use of Aonla is also very common among both natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. Aonla is in list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having routine demand. The buyers and traders at national and international drug markets are well aware of the unique medicinal properties of Aonla found in dense forests of Chhattisgarh. Aonla is also under cultivation as agroforestry crop in the state. But the natives an traditional healers, prefer wild varieties for preparation of herbal combinations. In Chhattisgarh, its fruits are used as stomach tonic. It is used in over 35 different ways. The use of Aonla fruit juice mixed in water and sugar syrup is most common in Chhattisgarh. Many healers use rose water (Gulab Jal) in place of water in the combination. The patients are advised to take this sweet preparation empty stomach as stomach tonic. For more details, I suggest you to read my previous articles, as I have written a lot about botany and traditional uses of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Syn. Phyllanthus emblica; Family Euphorbiaceae) tree. Ajwain is also among frequently used herb used as stomach tonic in Chhattisgarh. The natural occurrence of Ajwain is reported Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers and natives living in forest region use wild species as ingredient whereas those living in urban areas are dependent on local herb shops. According to reference literatures, Ajwain (Carum copticum syn. Trachyspermum ammi syn. Ammi copticum syn. Sison ammi; Family: Umbellifereae) is annual erect, 15-50 cm tall branched herb; stem glabrous ; Leaves 3 pinnate, ultimate segments linear; In florescence an axillary or terminal compound umbel; involucre of 5-8 linear bracts; rays about ten; Flowers white ; Pedicel in fruits twice as long as the fruit; Fruits ovoid, muricate, Flowering and fruiting time November to March. As medicine, the roots and seeds of Ajwain are used. Ajwain holds a reputed position as medicine, in different systems of medicine. According to Ayurved the seeds are hot, bitter, pungent, stomachic, appetiser, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, carminative, laxative, and diuretic. It is useful in treatment of ascites, abdominal tumours, enlargement of spleen, piles, vomiting, abdominal pain , heart and toothache, paralysis, chest pains , weakness of limbs, kidney troubles, inflammation, hiccup, diseases of ear, liver and respiratory system etc. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this useful herb. I will write a separate article on this herb. Here I am describing its traditional uses as stomach tonic. According to the traditional healer of Mudpar village, Ajwain with Sonth is good stomach tonic. He takes 2gms of Ajwain seeds and one gm of Sonth and dips it in half litres of water over night. Next morning, he stores the solution and add common table salt. This solution is given to the patients as stomach tonic. According to him, it is also useful as liver tonic. This is poor man’s tonic. The healers never disclose is formula to the patients. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use Ajwain in different way. In their preparations they use Tejab (Sulphuric acid) and sea salt with Ajwain. The traditional healers of Bastar region, dip the Ajwain seeds in fresh lemon juice like the Sonth and use it as stomach tonic. Many healers add sugar syrup also in this combination. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also use Bach powder (Acorus calamus) in same way, as stomach tonic. As you know, Pudina (Mentha arvensis) is integral part of home gardens in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers and natives prepare different herbal combinations using Pudina as main ingredient. All these herbal combinations are considered as stomach tonic. In these combinations, in general, the herbs viz. Sonth, Ajwain, Elaichi, Saunf, Kali Mirch, Kala Zeera etc are used mainly. As appetizer the healers prepare different Churna (Powder having many herbs). Here I am describing some unique combinations used by the healers. The matured fruit of Lal Mirch (Capsicum annuum) is dried in shade and converted into powder. The healers dip this powder in fresh lemon juice and keep the solution for sixty days as such. After sixty days, two pinch of powder is given as stomach tonic. According to the healers, regular use upto one month, in any part of the year, can make the users enough resistant to fight the diseases of stomach. Organically grown, indigenous varieties are preferred by the healers as compared to high yielding hybrid varieties. As appetiser, the use of fresh leaves of Sirsa (Albizia sp.) is also very common among healers. The decoction of leaves is used. Many healers boil the leaves with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) to prepare the decoction. Ajwain is also in use as appetiser. The decoction is prepared by mixing Ajwain seeds and black salt in water and given to the patients. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region dip the Ajwain seeds in freshly extracted juice of Dhikuar (Aloe vera) and dry it in shade. After drying, the seeds are dipped in fresh lemon juice and again kept for drying. The dried seeds are crushed and given to the patients. The healers prepare this combination once in a year and use it round the year. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of unique medicinal uses of Anar seeds (Pomegranate) in case of stomach disorders. Many formulations in name of Anardana Churna are available in local markets. In general, the natives purchase it for use and traditional healers instruct the patients to purchase it. Very limited healers prepare this combination at their homes. The use of Gulkand is also common. Gulkand (a syrup prepared from using rose petals) is considered as good stomach tonic. For preparation of Gulkand indigenous rose varieties particularly Rosa damascena is preferred. For both internal and external application, the traditional healers prepare specific herbal oils. The oils prepared from Castor and Nirmali leaves are most common. Both oils are prepared separately. The Castor (Andi) leaves are boil e oil and herbal oil is prepared. It is applied externally around the umbilicus. The leaves of Nirmali are also used in same way. Many healers simply prepare an aqueous paste using leaves and apply it around the umbilicus. Nirmali is common non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. The healers use all parts of Nirmali (Strychnos potatorum, family : Loganiaceae) in treatment of many common diseases. Among the herbal oils used internally, the oil of NakChhikni is very popular. In Chhattisgarh - Maharashtra der, it is a common herb found in abundance. The traditional healers and natives of this border region have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb. As I am writing about the uses of this herb for the first time in my articles, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. The scientific name of Nakchhikni is Mardsdenia volubilis (Syn. Drega volubilis, family : Asclepiadaceae). According to reference literatures, it is a large twinning shrub; older branches ash coloured with lenticles and black dots; Leaves broadly ovate or sub orbicular, few glands above the petiole cordate; flowers many, green or yellowish green, in lateral dropping umbellate cymes; Corolla rotate with broad lobes, overlapping to the right; Corona lobes large, fleshy; Fruits follicles, upto 10cm long, slightly tapering to a very blunt point, rugosely striae; Seeds broadly ovate, flattened, margined, pale yellowish brown, coma copious; Flowering time April-May. Not much has been written on medicinal properties and uses of this valuable herb in reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, it is tonic, cooling, aphrodisiac, alexiteric, antipyretic and astringent to bowels. It is useful in treatment of biliousness, burning sensation, tumours, piles, leucoderma, asthma, urinary discharges, diseases of eye, dyspepsia, inflammations and rat-bite. The roots and leaves are used as medicine. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh prepare a special herbal oil using Nakchhikni as main ingredient. The herb (four kg) is dipped in ten litres of fresh juice of Adrak (Ginger). After mixing, the tablets are prepared. The healers deep fry these tablets in cow ghee. The ghee is collected and used as medicine. In place of cow ghee, many healers use Sarson Ka Tel (Mustard oil) as substitute. The patients are advised to take this preparation daily upto two months in order to get rid from all complications related to vital organ stomach. Now I am describing some popular home remedies. The natives never miss to use t vegetable prepared from Palak (Spinach) and Bathua (Chenopodium album) during the season of its availability . According to them, both herbs are good stomach tonic. The juice extracted from whole Palak herb is also used by the natives. In northern parts of Chhattisgarh, the use of Chaulai (Amaranth) Bhaji as vegetable is very common. During my Ethnobotanical surveys, I noted that the natives are aware of its utility in stomach disorders. During hot summers the natives use raw Onion in daily meal. In general it is used round the year. It is common man’s vegetable. Onion is under cultivation as vegetable crop in fairly large areas in Chhattisgarh. It is common belief among natives that Onion is a good stomach tonic and its regular use prevents the attack of diseases. Among fruits, Kela (Banana), Anar (Pomegranate) and Nimbu (lemon) is considered as best medicine for stomach disorders. The natives use these fruits in many ways. The sweet dishes prepared from Kela are very popular in Chhattisgarh. I will write more on this important aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Alsi (Linum usitatissimum) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As a student of Agronomy, we have read about Alsi in famous book titled "Modern Techniques of Raising field crops" by eminent Agronomist Dr. Chidda Singh that "Linseed is an important oilseed and fibre crop. It is grown both for its seed as well as fibre wh used for manufacture of linen. Seed contains a good percentage of oil which varies from 33 to 47 percent in different varieties. The oil is edible and also due to its quick drying property is used for the preparation of paints, varnishes, printing ink, oil cloth, soap, patent leather and water proof fabrics.’ In Chhattisgarh, it is grown as oilseed crop, in winter season. Although for the farmers it is oilseed crop but for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh it is a valuable medicinal crop. They use all parts of Alsi (Linseed) both externally and internally in treatment of many common diseases. Alsi is considered as hardy crop and in general, farmers do not use chemical fertilizers. As it causes harms to the cattle, the farmers grow this crop without protection. The traditional healers fulfill their requirement of Alsi herb from crop fields. They never take the herb from the crop fields where fertilizers are used in order to get more yield. The healers also avoid to use new improved (high yielding) varieties for preparation of medicine . According to them, they avoid its use because they have not tested its effects on their patients. Although many research organizations are engaged in development of new varieties but unfortunately there is not a single breeding programme focused on increasing medicinal prope of Alsi herb. Common and popular names of Alsi (Linum usitatissimum) around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Arabic Bazar-ul-katan, Bazr-ut-kattan, Kattan 2) Bengal Masina, Mosina, Musni, Tisi 3) Brazil Linho 4) Chinese Hou Ma 5) Danish Hoer 6) Dutch Vlas 7) Egypt Kittan 8) Finland Lin, Pellavan 9) English Common Flax, Flax, Linseed, Lint, Lyne 10) Formosa Hu-ma 11) French Lin,Lin chaud, Lin commun, Lin cultive 12) German Flachs, Lein, Haarlisen 13) Greek Linon 14) Gujarati Alshi, Alsi 15) Hebrew Bad 16) Hindi Alsi, Tisi 17) Kurdish Gosh 18) Italian Linon 19) Morweiah Lin 20) Persian Basarak Katun 21) Polish Len 22) Portuguese Lin haca, Linho 23) Russian Len, Lyon 24) Sanskrit Atasi, Chanka, Deri, Huimwati, Nilapushpi, Madagandha, Parvathi, Masruna 25) Spanish Linon 26) Tamil Alshi, Alsi 27) Telugu Atasi, Ullusulu 28) Turki Ziggar 29) Urdu Alasi 30) Uriya Pesu I personally feel that there is a strong need to focus and start research works on this important aspect. Before describing the traditional medicinal knowledge about Alsi in Chhattisgarh, I am describing its botany. Alsi belongs to the Lineaceae family and genus Linum. The genus Linum consists of about 100 species which are widely distributed in the world. It is a herbaceous annual plant which attains height of 30 to 120 cm depending on the type of cultivar. Cultivar grown for seed (Oil) are usually shorter than those grown for fibre production. The root system is usually shallow. Stems are narrow and may branch from the base. The leaves are and narrow; they are alternate on the stem and are sessile. The leaves are linear to lanceolate and blunt at the apex. The inflorescence consist of terminal panicle that bears numerous flowers. Flowers are white or blue, complete and perfect with five petals, five sepals and five stamens. The pistil is compound and the ovary matures into a capsule having four to ten cells, each of which may contain two seeds. The fruit is a capsule known as seed ball. It is globular in shape. These capsules are divided into five locules or compartments, in which the seeds are borne. The seeds are flat, shiny and relatively small. The seed colour varies to white, shining yellow or light brown. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh extract the oil from Alsi seeds adopting traditional indigenous od. They extract two types of oil. In first method, freshly harvested seeds are used. In second method, the healers roast the seeds and roasted seeds are used for oil extraction. The healers use the oil extracted by using first method mostly. The oil extra by second method is used for the treatment of specific skin troubles. It is also good for carbuncles. The oil extracted by first method is used as purgative commonly. Its use as purgative is reported in reference literatures. The healers suggest the patients having constipation to taken 3 spoonful of Alsi oil with a glass of milk before going to sleep. According to the traditional healers, the oil is good remedy for Bavasir (Piles). The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon area use this oil internally in treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea). The healers add Sonth (dried ginger) and other herbs specially Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) in Alsi seed oil and apply it externally in case of rheumatic pains. The patients suffering from Mirgi (Epilepsy) are advised by the healers to boil the oil and inhale the fumes in order to get rid from this disease. The healers give this treatment under their strict supervision. The fumes are harmful to eyes and over inhalation of fumes can produce harmful effects. This is the reason the healers avoid to take the risk. The eyes of patients are covered during this treatment. The traditional healer of Narharpur region apply the few drops of Alsi seed oil inside the penis. According to him, it is beneficial for the patients having Sujak (Gonorrhoea). For the treatment of burns, many healers prepare a special paste by mixing Alsi seed oil in lime water (Chuna Pani). This white coloured paste is applied externally on affected parts. The natives are also aware of its medicinal properties. In case of insomnia, the natives suggest the patients to massage the sole of legs with the special oil prepared by mixing the equal quantity of Castor (Andi) and Alsi oils. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives collect the herb from crop fields and after drying burn it . The ash is collected and applied on whole body during bath. It is considered good for skin. The herb before flowering is preferred. The innovative herb growers utilize this ash as pest control measure. They prepare an aqueous solution by using this ash and spray the solution on standing crops. According to them, this solution repel away the harmful pest. I have seen its successful use on medicinal crop Kasturi Bhendi (Abelmoschus moschatus). The natives boil the Alsi herb in water and le the fumes as treatment of initial stage of coryza. During field work, in case of injury, the farmers of Chhattisgarh, use Alsi herb as styptic. The leaves and bark are used for this purpose. For dressing the old wound, the natives apply the ash of burnt barks. As many other alternatives are available, its use for these purposes are not so common and popular among natives but from resear point of view it is important information. The herbal tea prepared from Alsi seeds and Kusum petals (Carthamus tinctorius) is very popular among natives. For the preparation of herbal tea, the seeds of Alsi with Sugar are boiled in water and for taste few drops of lemon juice is added. After boiling it is kept for two hours. After this duration, the tea is filtered and used. As its taste is not agreeable to every one, its popularity is decreasing. The natives add the leaves of lemon grass and powdered Mulethi (Glycrrhiza glabra; family : Leguminoseae) to make it more tasty. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the herbal tea prepared by using Alsi seeds possess valuable medicinal properties. It is good for urinary troubles and diseases of respiratory system. Most of the natives are not aware of these medicinal uses. The Alsi seeds are used most frequently as medicine as compared to other parts. For the treatment of respiratory troubles, the healers used aqueous leachate of Alsi seeds. They dip the seeds in clay pot overnight and next morning suggest the patients to drink the leachate empty stomach. It is considered as good Lung tonic. As the nature (Tasir) of Alsi is hot, the healers give this treatment during winter season. After boiling the Alsi seeds, in another method, the healers suggest the patients having respiratory troubles, to eat the boiled seeds with honey. In reference literature, this use in mentioned. According to these literatures, during winter it should be taken with honey whereas in summer, sugar should be used. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of this fact. They use the boiled seeds with honey only. The traditional healer of Mudpar village, use the Alsi seeds in different way. He roast the seeds and convert it into powder. The powder is given with Sugar to the patients for same trouble. The use of Alsi seeds as poultic also common in Chhattisgarh. This special poultice is applied on wounds, swellings and joints having pain. The traditional healers of Bagbahera use the Alsi seeds as sex tonic. They use the seeds in combination with three types of Musli i.e. Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Kali Musli (Curculigo orchioides) and Semal Musli (Bombax ceiba). Two parts of Alsi seeds and one part of all Musli are used to prepare a herbal combination. The patients are advised to take this herbal combination during winter season. According to the healers, one season use is enough for round the year. The combination is given with milk. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains are also aware of this formula but they add Satavar (Asparagus racemosus) roots and Kevatch (Mucuna pruriens) seeds in this herbal combination to make it more potential. Many healers utilize the flowers of Alsi in treatment of many common diseases, but its use is not much common. Alsi holds a reputed position as medicine in all systems of medicine in India. I am describing the reported medicinal uses of this important herb, I have noted from reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, the seeds are oily, hot, hard to digest, tonic, aphrodisiac and useful in treatment of biliousness, backache, inflammations, ulcers, urinary discharges, eye troubles, leprosy etc. Leaves cure asthma. According to Unani system of medicine, seeds are mucilaginous, diuretic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, emmenagogue, and useful in treatment of cough and kidney troubles. Bark and leaves are good for gonorrhoea. Oil from seeds removes biliousness and impure blood. It is useful in loss of appetite, internal wounds and ring worm. During my post graduate studies, I evaluated the allelopathic potential of selected weeds Parthenium hysterophorus, Blumea lacera, Lantana camara, Ageratum conyzoides, Ipomoea carnea, Calotropis gigantea and Datura stramonium on germination and seedling vigour of Alsi (Linseed). I have found the encouraging effects of Blumea lacera on Alsi. The leaf extracts of Blumea resulted in stimulatory allelopathic effects. In nature, Blumea and Alsi grow in same season. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, Blumea occur as weed in Alsi fields. It is common observation by the farmers that the presence of weeds in Alsi fields do not harm the crop and hence, in general they never go for weeding or use the weedicides to manage these weeds. My preliminary experiments have indicated t the presence of some specific weeds in Alsi fields may be beneficial for Alsi crop. In small experiment, I planted one, two and three plants of Blumea, around the Alsi herb (one plant). The Alsi plant surrounded by three plants of Blumea resulted in higher yield. The detailed experiments are in progress. In nature, it is difficult to maintain the Blumea population in specific manner, as it occur as weed. I am trying to learn from the mother nature’s arrangement. I personally feel that Blumea growing with Alsi is a result of nature’s selection and I am sure that there must be some positive interactions between them. Later , I conducted many experiments to evaluate the allelopathic potential of Alsi (Linseed) on common weeds. I have found many extracts and leachates of different parts of Alsi effective in management of obnoxious weed Gajar ghas (Parthenium hysterophorus). The detailed studies are in progress. At present, Alsi is considered as oilseed and fibre crops but I am sure that with the help of detailed Ethnobotanical surveys and systematic research, we are capable of establishing this crop as potential medicinal crop. (Contd.)