Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-11

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Major Ocimum species (Tulsi) of Chhattisgarh, India : Natural Occurrence, Traditional Medicinal Knowledge and Trade Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I have evaluated the allelopathic potential of all the major Ocimum species viz. Ocimum canum (Memri), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Ocimum kilimandscharicum ( Kapuri Tulsi) and Ocimum basilicum (Van tulsa) of Chhattisgarh, India. I have tested allelopathic potential of these species on germination and seedling vigor of common crops like rice, wheat, linseed, chickpea, Pigeonpea, mustard etc. And observed stimulatory (negative) allelopathic effects of different plant parts particularly the leaves and roots. The aqueous extract and leachate of all species possess valuable allelochemicals that can be utilized as Green growth promoters. I have also tried these extracts and leachate on medicinal crops of Chhattisgarh viz. Kasturibhendi (Abelmoschus moschatus), Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Dhikuar (Aloe vera), Bach (Acorus calamus), Chandrashoor (Lepidium sativum), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) etc. Many herb growers of Chhattisgarh are utilizing these extracts and leachate in order to treat the seeds and planting material. For farmer’s use, we have developed a very simple method and with the help of this farmer’s friendly method, farmers are preparing the desired extracts and leachate at their own farms without sophisticated instruments. For seed treatment, these are used in place of fungicide. Out of all these species, Ocimum sanctum is used most frequently to treat the seeds. These growers spray the aqueous extracts and leachate of different parts on standing crops in order to repel away the harmful insects. We have not observed any harmful effects of this spray on standing crops. The growers use Ocimum basilicum (Van tulsa) most frequently for spray. Common and popular names of Tulsi (Ocimum species) around the world Languages/regions/countries Ocimum Ocimum Ocimum Ocimum basilicum canum gratissimum sanctum 1) Arabic Asaba-ul-feteyat, Badarwaj, Badruj, Baklut-ul-zub, Habaq, Habbok, Hebak, Hibag, Rihan, Schogar, Schachasfaram ------------------ Furanjmishk Dohsh, Schadjant, Vasub 2) Bengali Babuitulsi, Debunsha, Khubkalam Bharbari Ramtulsi, Ramtulshi Kalatulsi, Kural, Tulshi, Tulsi 3) Kanarese Kamkusturi, Ramkasturi, Sajjebiya Nagitulasi, Ramatulasi Kalatulsi, Karitulasi, Sritulasi, Tulasi 4) Chinese Hsan Ts'ao, Lo le Tzeu Sou 5) English Basil, Common Basil, Common Sweet Basil, Garden Basil, Roman Basil American Basil, Hairy Basil, Hoary Basil, White Basil, Hoary Tulsi Large Basil, Lemon Basil, Shrubby Basil Holy Basil, Monk's Basil, Rough Basil, Sacred Basil 6) Gujarati Damaro, Damro, Nasabo, Sabje ------------------- Avachibavachi, Ramtulasi Tulsi, Talasi 7) Hindi Babuitulsi, Babul, Bahari, Barbar, Kalitulsi, Rihan --------------------- Bantulsi, Malatulsi, Ramtulsi Baranda, Kalatulsi, Krishnatulsi, Tulsi, Varanda 8) Malyalam Paccha, Truinitru Katturamatulasi Kattutrittavu, Ramtulasi Krishnatulasi, Kunnakam, Punya, Shivatulasi, Trittavu, Tulasi 9) Sanskrit Ajaganothika, Surabhi, Tulasidevesha, Tungi, Manjarika Ajaka, Arjaka, Gambhitra Ramatulsi, Sukshmaputraka, Vanabarbarika, Vriddhatulasi Ajaka, Arjaka, Gauri, Gramya, Haripriya, Krishnamula, Krishnatulasi, Laxmi, Madhavi, Tulsi, Vaishnavi, Madurutala, Mudura tulla 10) Sinhalese Hintala, Sawandalata, Suwandutala Hintalla Tankay Madurutala, Mudura tulla 11) Tamil Tirunitru Ganjam Korai, Kanjan Korai, Naitulasi Elumicha tulasi, Peruntulasi Alungai, Karut tulasi, Kullai 12) Telugu Rudrajada, Bhutulasi Kukkatulasi Nimmatulasi, Ramatulsi Brynda, Gaggera, Krishnatulsi In my studies, I have found the Kapuri Tulsi (Ocimum kilimandscharium) more effective as compared to Van tulsa but due to poor availability, the growers are using Van Tulsa. Since centuries, the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of insecticidal properties of different species of Ocimum. The dried leaves are mixed with stored grain in order to repel away to harmful insects. In many parts of Chhattisgarh the natives use Tulsi leaves mixed with Neem leaves for the same purpose. In general the researchers question the practical utility of allelopathic experiments, as most of the experiments are conducted at laboratory level and after publication of research findings in form of nice research papers with sufficient and attractive data, the researchers shift to other studies. As Allelopath, I have also published many research papers in national and international journals, but as most of the journals are published in English, my people are unable to get benefit from these research findings. After knowing this fact, I decided to publish less papers and started for practical utilization of my research findings. Initially at university level, I demonstrated my experimental findings and after getting good responses from innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh like Mr. Deen Dayal Verma, I started experimentation at farmers fields, with the objectives of solving their burning problems. As the use of chemical inputs is not permitted in herb farming, this was the great challenge for us to protect our medicinal crops from insects and other harmful invaders. With the help of promising tool Allelopathy, we got success in our mission and today I am glad to see, the Chhattisgarh farmers are adopting the research findings in their routine farming. Many friends advise me to go for isolation of allelochemicals responsible for stimulatory allelopathic effects, but due to lack of advanced laboratory facilities, I am unable to fulfill this dream. I have satisfaction that although it is very crude method but farmers are taking advantage of our research findings. The herb growers plant different species of Ocimum around the fields in order to protect the crop. The natives are also aware of this fact and from crop fields they never try to uproot the wild species of Ocimum, grow as weed. In reference teratures, I have read that many species of Ocimum prevents the entry of mosquitoes in area where it is grown. I have tried many native species but not got the success. As per suggestions of traditional healers, I tried different species of Ocimum in combination with Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) but this combination is also not resulted in prevention of mosquito attacks. This is a fact that both herbs are useful in treatment of malaria (caused by mosquitoes) and the natives and traditional healers are using these herbs since generations. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is well known sacred plant of the Indians and is an essential part of their home gardens and temples. Since my childhood, I am listening about the importance of Tulsi herb from my grandmother and mother. Daily they worship the Tulsi herb planted in campus and at evening put a diya (earthen candle) near to this herb. During worship, they offer water near to the base of herb. In general, daily half litre of water is applied during worship process in Tulsi herb. Tulsi is not a water loving herb. Over irrigation make this herb weak and unhealthy. This is the reason in home gardens of Chhattisgarh, you will never find the healthy Tulsi herb and due to over irrigation, many insects and pathogens attack the herb and make the herb more prone to death. In reference literatures, the detailed information on various medicinal properties and use of all species of Ocimum are described. In this article. I am describing some promising and existing traditional medicinal knowledge and uses of Ocimum species particularly the Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi). The use of Herbal Mala prepared from the stem pieces of Tulsi is very popular and common in Chhattisgarh. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, this Herbal ala is useful for all age groups but specially useful for children. The presence of this Mala, saves the children from diseases. It is also recommended for persons having poor vitality. The natives use one Mala whole life and there is no provision for changing the old Mala into new in any specific occasion or time. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, natives use the root pieces to prepare Herbal Mala. According to them, this Mala prevents the soul from ill spirits. For preparation of Mala, Ocimum sanctum is preferred. There is no specific recommendation as how long stem should be used or how many pieces should be used to prepare the Herbal Mala. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the powdered seeds as sex tonic alone or in combination with other herbs. In general, they suggests the patient to take six pinches of powdered seeds with cow’s fresh milk twice in a day. For normal person the half dose is recommended. The overdose can cause adverse effects. The traditional healers of Bastar region mix the equal parts of seeds and roots, in order to prepare a sex tonic. In Dalli - Rajhara region, equal proportion of roots, seeds and leaves are mixed and used as sex tonic. Many healers recommend it with gud (Jaggery) in place of cow’s milk. The healers warn the patients to avoid its regular use. In general, they suggests the patient to take it up to two months. When I interviewed the patients taking this sex tonic, they informed that this combination is very effective and capable of producing desire effects within a week. The fresh juice of Tulsi seeds is applied by the natives into the eyes. According to them, this juice keeps the eye healthy and free from diseases. The herbal tea prepared from Tulsi leaves is also very common in Chhattisgarh. During attack of flu, coryza and cough, this tea is used. The leaves are boiled in water and after adding sugar, the natives use this herbal tea. The hot decoction is also used. To prepare a decoction leaves are boiled in water till half (of initial quantity) of water is remained. The patients suffering from skin trouble are advised by the traditional healers to apply the fresh juice of Tulsi herb in affected part and if possible, take special bath using Tulsi. In my previous article on Kadu Pani, I have described the use of Memri (Ocimum canum) in combination with other herbs for special bath. In mosquito infested areas, the natives rub the leaves of Tulsi in body in order to prevent the mosquito bites. In many parts, whole herb in burnt to repel away the flies. Although I have yet not seen the practical use, but according to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, every part of Tulsi is useful in case of snake bite. It is used both internally and externally. The healers apply the white paste of Tulsi root, makkhan and ghee in affected part. According to them as this paste cleans the affected part, its colour changes from white to black. The black paste is removed and fresh white paste is applied. This process is repeated till the complete treatment of patient. I personally feel that scientific evaluation of this use is essential to prove its efficiency and efficacy. In case of vomiting, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use the fresh juice of Tulsi as first aid measure. If problem persists, they use other herbs accordingly. As mentioned earlier, Tulsi holds a reputed position in different systems of Medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, the herb is pungent, bitter, heating, stomachic Cholagogue, anthelmintic, alexiteric, antipyretic and useful in treatment of heart and blood diseases, leucoderma, asthma, bronchitis, vomiting, foul smells, lumbago pains, hiccup, painful eyes, purulent discharge of ear etc. I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, it is annual plant, having 30-60 cm height, stems and branches sub quadrangular, purplish in colour, covered with soft hairs, leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, entire or serrate, pubescent, minutely glanddotted; Flowers in racemes, 15-20 cm long in close whorls; Corolla two lipped, purplish in colour, upper lip pubescent on the back; fruits nutlets, smooth and yellow with black marking. The family is Labiateae. As mentioned earlier, Tulsi is grown as garden herb in Chhattisgarh, it is not reported in wild. Also it is not under cultivation as medicinal crop. There is not a single pharmacy using Tulsi herb in bulk to prepare herbal drugs. Van Tulsa (Ocimum basilicum) is well known non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. There is a routine demand of this herb in national and international drug markets. Van Tulsa occurs as wasteland plant in the state. All parts of Van Tulsa are collected and delivered to nearby metro. As its popularity, in the field of organic farming is increasing, its demand is also increasing. Van Tulsa is not under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. Many herb growers have tried the commercial cultivation in early days but due to lack of distillation unit for extraction of oil and marketing infrastructure, they stopped this cultivation. Through my articles, I always suggest the herb growers of Chhattisgarh to utilize this wasteland herb There is good demand of Van Tulsa oil in national and international markets. During my Ethnobotanical surveys I have identified many villages having dense population of Van Tulsa herb. I am confident that the establishment of distillation units in these rich villages can generate enormous employment opportunities among rural youths. As all villages are not having the rich population of Van Tulsa, it clearly indicated that mother nature has selected these villages for this particular herb, I am sure that commercial cultivation of Van Tulsa will be successful in these villages. You will be surprised to know that many traditional healers are extracting Van Tulsa oil for their own patients but it is not produced commercially. These healers adopt indigenous method to extract the oil. I have seen the practical use of this indigenous method. As the cost of imported distillation units is very high, I am sure that this indigenous method can play a vital role and after small modification this method can be used to extract the quality oil in bulk. In my experiments on Allelopathy, I have found Van Tulsa very effective against obnoxious weed Gajar ghas (Parthenium hysterophorus) harmful to human beings, crops and animals and a real curse for the biodiversity. In nature, Van Tulsa successfully competes with Parthenium and smother its growth to greater extent. This natural observation motivated me to evaluate the allelopathic potential of different parts of Van Tulsa on different stages of Parthenium plant. As my experiments are completing, I am planning for the patent. Like Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Van Tulsa also holds a reputed position as medicine in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. In many parts of India, this herb is under cultivation in fairly large areas. According to reference literatures, Van Tulsa herb as medicine is pungent, dry, stomachic, alexipharmic, anthelmintic, antipyretic and useful in treatment of heart and blood diseases, biliousness, leucoderma, itch, joint pains, inflammations, enlarged spleen etc. I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Van tulsa is an erect herb having height up to one meter; glabrous or hispid pubescent; Stem d branches green or purplish; Leaves ovate, acute, entire, toothed or lobed; Flower in whorled racemes; terminal raceme longer than the lateral; bracts stalked; corolla two-lipped, white, pink or purplish, glabrous or pubescent; Fruits nutlets about 2mm long, ellipsoid, black and pitted. Memri (Ocimum canum) is also occur as wasteland plant in Chhattisgarh and used similarly as Ocimum basilicum by the traditional healers and natives. It is most frequently used Ocimum species for special herbal bath performed in different worship ceremonies. Kapuri Tulsi (Ocimum kilimandscharium) is not a common herb in Chhattisgarh, I have seen it in isolated patches in natural habitat. According to reference literatures, the leaves are source of camphor (Kapuri - Camphor). Like Kapuri Tulsi, Ram Tulsi (Ocimum grattissimum) is also rare in Chhattisgarh. RamTulsi is planted as garden herb in Chhattisgarh. And used as other Ocimum species for the treatment of common diseases. The presence of different species of Ocimum in Chhattisgarh since generations clearly indicate that the climate and soil are suitable for its commercial cultivation. At present, there is no pressure on natural population of Ocimum species but as its demand is increasing, there is a need to take timely step in order to promote the commercial cultivation of desired species. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used as veterinary medicine in Bagbahera region, Chhattisgarh Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Before reading this article, I suggest you to read the previous article titled "Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common Trees in Bagbahera region, Chhattisgarh, India." In present article, I am describing some herbs used as veterinary medicine in this region. This description is from my field diary. I am thankful to Mr. Panchu Ram and Mr. re Lal, my sincere and dedicated field workers who have collected the information for this Ethnobotanical survey. Shri Dasru Gond of Kalyanpur village informed the field workers that the oil is extracted from Bhelwa fruits and used externally in case of Foot and Mouth disease of domestic cattle. This disease is locally known as " Khurha Chapka" disease. This is one of the common and lethal diseases. The scientific name of Bhelwa is Semecarpus anacardium (Family : Anacardiaceae). I am describing its botany in short, I have noted from reference literatures. Bhelwa is a deciduous tree, up to ten meters tall; Young branches, petiole under surface of leaves and inflorescence tomentose; Leaves coriaceous above, margin entire, base rounded or cordate; Flowers greenish-yellow, sub sessile, in erect, terminal 12-30 cm long panicles; Drupes black on ripening, ovoid or oblong. Bhelwa is common tree in Chhattisgarh. The Indian names of Bhelwa (Semecarpus anacardium) Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Assam Bhala, Bholaguli 2) Bengal Bhela, Bhelatuki 3) English Marking Nut 4) Gujarati Bhilamu 5) Hindi Bhela, Bhilawa 6) Kanarese Karekeru 7) Malyalam Chera 8) Marathi Bibha, Bhilava 9) Tamil Shenkollei, Erimugi 10) Telugu Jidi The villages named on this herb clearly indicate its natural occurrence in abundance. Shri Dasru also informed that the bark of Kusum (Schleichera oleosa; Sapindaceae) is used as medicine to suppress all types of phulan (Swellings). It is used externally. The leaves of Sitaphal (annona squamosa) are used for wound cleaning, washing and dressing. According to him, it is promising worm killer and fresh leaf juice should be used. For diarrhoea and dysentery, common in cattle, the fruits the Thelka are very useful. He informed that fruits should be boiled in water and given to cattle with curd for immediate relief. The scientific name of Thelka is Catunaregam nilotica (Family : Rubiaceae). As this is new herb in my article, I am describing its botany. According to reference literatures, Thelka is armed small tree; Spines terminal at the end of brachyblasts; Leaves on short branch lets , elliptic lanceolate or oblanceolate; Flowers solitary, white; Calyx toothed; Fruits oblong-globose, smooth, young ones green, mature yellow; seeds blackish. Flowering and Fruiting time in Chhattisgarh conditions April-May. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, I have not found any description of its medicinal properties and uses. Shri Dasru also informed that Doomar (Ficus glomerata) is one of the favorite fruits of Bhalu (Wild bear). Bhalu is common in Bagbahera region and in my previous articles, I have described different aspects of Bhalu-human interactions in detail with medicinal knowledge of Bhalu about common herbs. Shri Heera Ram Patel of Mongra Pali informed that Chirai Jam (Psidium guajava) and Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) are also favorite fruits of Bhalu. Shri Hulkar Singh of Khamaria informed that the oil of Nilgiri tree (Eucalyptus sp.) is good tonic for cattle. As you know, Nilgiri is not indigenous to India. Shri Ghanshyam of Daizbandha village informed that the bark of Kumbi herb is used to treat stomachache in cattle. Babool (Acacia nilotica) bark is used for amoebic dysentery in cattle. It is given with water. The bark of Mahaneem is also used for this problem but in this case it is given with curd instead of water. The scientific name of Mahaneem is Melia azedarach (Family Meliaceae). According to reference literatures, Mahaneem is a moderate sized, deciduous tree having height up to 12 meters; stem cylindrical, with a spreading crown; Bark grey, rough, with shallow, longitudinal furrows; Leaf bi or occasionally tripinnate; leaflets ovate or lanceolate; Flowers lilac, fragrant, in axillary panicles; Fruits ellipsoid - globose, smooth first becoming wrinkled, green when raw, yellowish when ripe, in clusters, 4-5 seeded, takes one year for ripening, seeds having 30 to 80 percent germination. Shri Bisahu of Sondadar village informed that the neem leaves are rubbed in loosen teeth of cattle, in order to make it strong and free from decay. Shri Chamra of Lamkeni village informed the field workers about common herbs useful in treatment of swellings. According to him, the barks of Mahua (Madhuca latifolia), Negur, Semra (Bombax ceiba) and Karra can be used separately in this trouble. Shri Seetaram of Dokarpali adds that the bark of Gohera herb can also be used in same way. Shri Daya Ram of Parrachua village informed that during rainy season, the cattle are given a herbal combination having barks of Mahaneem and Bhelwa with Gud and Lason (Garlic) in order to save them from infectious diseases common in that particular season. This herbal combination is given internally. He also informed that the decoction prepared by using Tendu bark (Diospyros melanoxylon) is used as eye tonic. The eyes of cattle having poor eye sight are washed daily with this decoction. According to him, this decoction gives desired result in very short time and it is also useful in case of human beings. Shri Chamar Rai from Dhoyana Bahara informed that Gohera fruit in combination with Kodha (Rice bran) is good tonic for cattle. According to him, the leaves of Khamhar (Gmelina arborea) increases appetite and improves the digestive system of cattle. Babool bark given with Karhi bark is also a good tonic. He uses the leaves of Sicksa herb with water, to wash the cattle eyes in order to treat the conjunctivitis and inflammations. In case of problematic wound, the dried leaves of Bhirra (Chloroxylon swietenia; Family Flinderaceae) are applied on wound in order to increase the healing process. Shri Hujur Thakur of Sukhri Dabri informed that Patal kumhda herb is a good tonic for cattle. I have described in my previous articles, about similar uses of Patalkumhda in Tilda region. Shri Paras Sahu of Biroda informed that the leaves of common lemon tree (Nimbu) are collected and dried in shade. These leaves are burnt and the painful parts of cattle are exposed in fumes in order to reduce the pain. He also informed that the seeds of Bhatkatiya are used to treat toothache in cattle. The seeds are collected from matured fruits and burnt in fire. The fumes are exposed in affected teeth. Bhatkatiya or Bhachkatiya is a common weed in Chhattisgarh. It holds a reputed position as human medicine in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, it is bitter, heating, laxative, appetiser, stomachic, anthelmintic and useful in bronchitis, asthma, fever, ozoena, lumbago, pains, piles, thirst, urinary concretions, heart diseases and pruritis. It is also a reputed aphrodisiac. The scientific name of Bhatkatiya is Solanum xanthocarpum (family Solanaceae). Botanically it is very prickly diffuse, bright green perennial herb with zig-zag stems, prickles compressed, straight, yellow and shining, leaves ovate or elliptic, sinuate or sub pinnatifid, hairy on both sides, armed on midrib and nerves with yellow long prickles, base un-equal sided, petiole prickly, flowers in axillary few flowered cymes; Calyx purple, lobes deltoid, hairy outside; Fruits berry, yellow or white with green veins, surrounded by enlarged calyx. Shri Bala Ram of Maulimuda village informed that when during field work, the bullocks get injury, he apply the fresh leaves of Bans (Bamboo) to stop bleeding and to heal the injured part quickly. Shri Roop Rai of Dargaon informed that the fresh newly emerged leaves of Chirai Jam and Mango stone (Aam ki gohi) are useful in treatment of diarrhoea. Both herbs are used separately. These traditional medicinal knowledge are unique and documented for the first time. In Chhattisgarh, unfortunately not much work has been done on this important aspect by early workers. The above described traditional uses are result of survey at very limited area. This is a challenge for us, to work hard and conduct detailed surveys in this important aspect, in different parts of Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common Trees in Bagbahera region, Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Yesterday when I was searching the field diaries having very first information about herbs, suddenly I got one missing diary with information on traditional medicinal knowledge about common trees in Bagbahera region. This diary was completed in year 2000 by my sincere and honest field workers Mr. Panchu Ram and Mr. Dore Lal of Bihajhar Village. At that time I was associated with National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas and my work is to document the medicinal flora (and also fauna) of Chamra nallah watershed area. The survey was focused on traditional healers also but you will be surprised to know that in different parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives also have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs. Last month when I was interacting with Dr. Pati, senior anthropologist from Bhubneshwar (Orissa), I told him that the most of the Ethnobotanical surveys are based on random samples. In order to know the common problem of any community the random sample survey is useful but in case of documentation of traditional knowledge it is essential to interact and discuss with every native in detail. This is very important particularly in case like Chhattisgarh. I am agree that this is very long process and require more effort and time but it is promising one. During my Ethnobotanical surveys to different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed that every native have different level of knowledge about same herbs. In case of many herbs, the natives have more knowledge than the traditional healers. The natives are practicing traditional medicinal knowledge in their day today life and also disseminating this valuable knowledge to new generations. It is really hard to deny the fact that we can not put these natives in the category of traditional healers. According to Dr. Pati, even the sample surveys are not enough to document the actual knowledge in short time then how the detailed surveys are possible ? He is right but I personally feel that the documentation of traditional knowledge must be given more importance as compared to one’s academic career. For academic career more numbers of research papers are must and we all know in order to increase the number, we have to go for sample surveys. Through this article, I would like to request the researchers, particularly the researchers working in field of traditional knowledge, to change the methodology of sample surveys and go for detailed surveys. In my previous studies published in form of research papers in reputed journals, the sample survey method was adopted, but I am not satisfied with these incomplete surveys. It is common observation that the referee’s of these journals are not ready to publish the research papers based on detailed survey. When I conducted a survey based on problems perceived by the rural youths of Chhattisgarh, working in nearby cities’, I have selected 500 respondents, but honorable referee of reputed journal sent the paper back with comments "Rewrite the paper having the opinion of 200 respondents as the interview of 500 respondents in useless". He was ready to accept the opinions of even 50 respondents. I personally feel that this type of attitude is benefiting the researchers in respect of more numbers of research papers in very short time but this is also a bitter fact that our papers are not helping the common people in their hard life. I am observing this wrong trend in all over the world particularly in my country. In this article, I am writing about the traditional medicinal knowledge about trees as informed by the natives of Bagbahera region to my field workers. I am mentioning the name and address of the natives and also trying to describe the botany and reported medicinal uses of these Trees. Shri Kunjan of Khallari (Sthapana) informed the field workers that Saliha and Kaner trees are useful in treating the boils. The bark of Saliha and the roots of Kaner both are used separately. According to him, the bark and root is crushed with the help of stone and juice in applied as antiseptic and in order to increase the healing process. Saliha (Boswellia serrata) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The bark on injury exudes on oleo-gum-resin, known as Indian Olibanum or Salaiguggul. This olea-gum -resin is used as incense and also yield rosin, volatile oil and gum. There is heavy demand of this produce in national and international herb market and due to this heavy demand and over exploitation, the natural population of Saliha is under threat in Chhattisgarh. Recently the local administration have posed a ban on collection and selling of this produce but it is bitter fact that the produce is available easily even today. There is a strong need of regular monitoring on this illegal trade. I am describing the botany of this important tree, I have noted from reference literatures. Saliha is a tree up to 18 meters height; Bark greenish-grey, yellow or reddish, fairly thick, smooth, exfoliating in thin, papery flakes, resinous inside; Leaf imparipinnate, 30-45 cm long, ovate, ovate lanceolate; Flower small, white, in axillary racemes or panicles; Fruit trigonous, 12 mm long drupe, splitting along three valves ; seed compressed, hard and winged. This is common tree in Chhattisgarh as during preparation of article on village names based on herbs in Chhattisgarh, I have noted that the villages named on Saliha are common in the state. Shri Kulanjan also informed that the fresh juice of Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) is useful in scorpion bite. It is applied in affected part in order to get rid from intense pain immediately. According to him, to reduce the extra heat (Garmi) in body, he dips the roots of Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica) in water whole night and next day uses the leachate empty stomach. He is aware of use of Harra (Terminalia chebula) fruits in treatment of cough. Shri Umrao Gond of Birajpali village informed the field worker that he use the bark of Kusum Tree to wash and dress the wound. The scientific name of Kusum is Schleichera oleosa (Syn. Schleichera trijuga). He also informed about the use of Lal Keonti. Although Lal Keonti is a climber, not a Tree, but as its description is coming for the first time in my articles, I am eager to describe this climber. He informed that the roots are crushed with the help of stones and applied on wounds (particularly the old problematic wounds) directly. This juice can also be used with coconut oil (Nariyal Ka Tel). According to him, this juice is also effective in treatment of skin diseases particularly the ring worm. In problematic wounds of infants the root juice is given with mother’s milk to heal the wound. In reference literatures, not much has been written on medicinal uses and properties of this climber. In most of the literatures the use of bark is mentioned. The use of roots as informed by Shri Umrao is not mentioned. The scientific name of Lal Keonti is Ventilago denticulata (Syn. Ventilago madraspatna; family : Rhamnaceae). It is a large much branched woody climber; young branches and panicles pubescent; Leaves 5-10 x 2.5-3.9 cm, oblong - lanceolate or elliptic-ovate, entire or crenate; Flowers in large drooping terminal panicles; buds five angled; Flowers in large drooping terminal panicles; buds five angled; corollas petals five, greenish, with an offensive odour; Fruit nut about 5mm diam., yellowish, globular, prolonged into a linear -oblong; one nerved wing. Shri Umrao is also aware of use of Neem leaves to dress the wound. According to him, the decoction is very useful. He informed that Papita (Papaya) fruit if taken without peeling, it is useful in treatment of stomachache of any kind. In order to reduce excess body heat (Garmi) he uses Munga bark with Sugar (to give it taste). The scientific name of Munga is Moringa oliefera. I have already described its botany and medicinal uses in previous articles. Shri Budhram of Lalpur village informed the field workers about the use of Karan (Pongamia pinnata) oil in wound for the quick healing. Its use is reported in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, the oil is anthelmintic and cures eye diseases, rheumatic pains, leucoderma, skin diseases and wound. It is styptic and also useful in leprosy, piles, lumbago, chronic fever and liver pain. Shri Rathu from Navagon informed that the decoction prepared from Bar roots is useful in treatment of dysentery. The scientific name of Bar is Ficus benghalensis (family Moraceae). He also informed about the herbal combination useful in treatment of headache particularly the migraine. According to him this herbal combination is prepared by mixing the bark of Kusum, Rohina (Mallotus philippensis), black salt and Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada). Shri Jairam of Bihajhar village informed that the oil prepared from Bar leaves is useful in treatment of skin troubles. For preparation of oil, the freshly collected leaves are boiled in Sesamum oil and ter burning of water, oil is collected. This oil is used externally on affected parts. Bar, also known as Bargad is native to India. It is common in monsoon and rain forests. It is large evergreen tree having height up to 30 meters, with spreading branches sending down to the ground many aerial roots, which afterwards develop into separate trunks; Leaves coriaceous, ovate to elliptic, cordate or rounded base, shining above; Fruit globose, about two cm in diameter, with male, female and gall flowers. As medicine, Bar holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine. Shri Jairam also informed that Kusum bark is useful in all types of swellings. The bark is crushed and after heating it slightly, applied it on swelling externally. According to him the decoction prepared from equal amount of Chirai Jam (Psidium guajava), Aam (Mangifera indica) and Saliha (Boswellia serrata) bark is very useful in treatment of dysentery. Shri Bedram from Biroda village described the use of Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) oil. It is applied on body externally in order to get relief from excessive heat during summer season. Shri Paras Ram of Biroda village told the field workers about many trees used in stomach disorders. The leaves of Munga (Moringa oliefera) is used to e vegetable. This vegetable is good for stomach troubles. He also uses Munga leaves in order to treat the swellings and Munga seeds for external application on head in case of migraine. For stomach ache he uses the decoction of Kauha (Terminalia arjuna ) leaves. According to him, the Bans leaves (Bamboo) can also be used in same manner. The flowers of Kumhi Tree are used with Gud (Jaggery) to stop the dysentery. For toothache, he uses the latex of Bar. With the help of cotton bud, latex is applied on painful teeth. It is promising pain killer. Shri Balaram of Maulimuda village informed that the bark of Munga is useful in treatment of snake bite but he refused to disclose the methodology. Shri Padam Sen of Basuladabri village use the trees Bar , Khair (Albizia sp) and Pipal for religious ceremonies. According to him, he uses Babool (Acacia nilotica) seeds in treatment of fever, whereas use the fruits of Gadur (Cocculus indicus) tree in case of snake bite. He also informed about the use of pods of Dhanbaher ssia fistula) in treatment of fever. He uses the decoction of Munga fruits, for the treatment of Lakwa (Paralysis). He also told the field workers that the latex of Doomar (Ficus glomerata) is useful to heal the wounds. According to him, the herb is boiled in water using earthen pot and decoction is useful in treatment of Sujak (Gonorrhoea). Shri Firtu Ram of Bihajhar village informed that Koria Tree is used for the treatment of dysentery. The roots are powdered and sugar is added. This combination is recommended to the patients suffering from dysentery. Shri Jaisingh from Ghasinagar informed that the decoction of Bans leaves (Bamboo) is very useful in respiratory troubles particularly in case of acute attack of asthma. He uses Harra with Chana seeds (Chickpea seeds) for gastric complaints. He also told the workers that the oil extracted from Bamboo shoot is mixed with Nariyal (Coconut) oil and applied externally on Bemchi disease ( a typical type of skin trouble). Shri Dhanesh of same village told that the bark of Koha (Terminalia arjuna) is used in treatment of snake and scorpion bite. According to him, the bark in burnt in fire and ash is applied externally in affected parts. This bark is powdered and given with milk. It is useful in respiratory troubles. For children having the problem of poor appetite, he have an unique herbal combination. He described the method as "Cook the rice (200gms) with 20 gms of Babool leaves add 20gms more leaves in cooked rice. After adding salt, serve it hot to children". According to him it is good for stomach ache also. Any variety of rice can be use in this preparation. He also informed about the uses of Bar latex in order to increase the milk flow in lactating woman. Latex is mixed with cow’s milk and women are advised to take it. He informed that he is using this formulation since generations. He is also aware of medicinal uses of Ashok Tree bark (Saraca indica). The powdered bark is mixed in Tea and patients having insanity problem are advised to take this nerve and brain tonic. According to him, it gives miracle effects in very short time. These examples are enough to confirm that the natives have valuable and rare traditional medicinal knowledge about common Trees. In this field diary, I have got information regarding some rare herb combinations and uses also, I will describe it in my future articles. The natives of this region also have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs used as veterinary medicine. Some rare uses of common herbs, insects and mites in Bagbahera region, Chhattisgarh, India : Traditional Medicinal Knowledge needing special attention Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed and noted many rare and unique uses of common herbs, insects and mites. Although all information related to traditional medicinal knowledge are important but the rare uses, I am describing are relatively less known uses among the natives (i.e. limited to few natives) and as the specialists are passing away, the valuable traditional knowledge is also ending. In present article, I am describing these rare uses, I have observed and noted during my survey at Bagbahera region, Chhattisgarh. From the natives of Sambar Village, I got an information on use of common agricultural pest Kambal Keeda in case g bite. According to the natives, this insect is poisonous and this poison is very effective against poison resulted due to dog bite. In case of dog bite the natives use freshly laid eggs of this insect. The patients are advised to eat the minute eggs in order to reduce the effect of dog bite. It is also applied externally in affected parts. The natives informed me that it is promising treatment and since generations they are using it successfully. Unfortunately, they are not aware of the name of great scientist discovered this unique use. In my previous articles, I have mentioned the use of Bhavri Keeda, an aquatic insect, used in other villages of Bagbahera region, in treatment of dog bite. The scientific name of Kambal Keeda is Diacrisia obliqua (Arctiidae; Lepidoptera). This is a polyphagus caterpillar that attacks variety of vegetation. It is serious pest of soybean crop. The moth lays from 500 to 1300 eggs. The egg, larval and pupal periods last for 6-9, 34-35 and 16-22 days respectively during October to February. Its life-cycle is completed in 50-76 days. As the freshly laid eggs are used for treatment, it is hard to get fresh eggs round the year. According to the natives, this is one of the constraints in its use. The natives even small children are expert in differentiating the eggs from other insect’s eggs. They regularly monitor the movement of these insects and on demand, collect the eggs within no time. The old natives informed that the herbs on which the adults feed play an important role in treatment. As researcher on Entomology, I have never read that the feeding habit or feeding on specific herb alter the medicinal properties of eggs. This is new information and also a new aspect on which the young researchers can focus their research works. I have written a lot on effect of herbs (on which particular medicinal insect is feeding) on the medicinal properties of their useful excreta but its effects on eggs, as informed by the natives suggest that there is a strong need of scientific evaluation and research. Unfortunately, the natives of other villages are not aware of this unique use and this article is first written document on this unique traditional medicinal knowledge. The natives of Ghasinagar use unique herbal preparation for the treatment of Bemchi diseases. Bemchi is an infectious skin disease in Chhattisgarh. As you know, Beshram (Ipomoea carnea) is an exotic weed in Chhattisgarh and only few decades back it was introduced in state in name of green manure crop. If you want to know more about this herb, I suggest you to read my previous article on major Ipomoea species (Morningglories) of Chhattisgarh. The natives of Ghasinagar collect the Beshram herb and dry it in shade. After drying, they burn it in fire and ash is collected. They also collect the fresh excreta of local wild monkeys, preferably of female monkeys, and dry it. After drying, the excreta is burnt and ash is collected separately. The ash of excreta and Beshram are mixed in equal proportion of Til oil (Sesamum indicum) and this special preparation is used externally on affected parts. According to the natives, it is promising treatment. The patients taking the treatment confirmed this quote. In case of complications or chronic trouble, the patients are advise to mix the excreta of monkey with Kanhar (Black clay soil) mitti and rub the mixture in affected part. They also suggest to take bath using this preparation in place of soap. The use of combination of monkey excreta and Beshram herb in treatment of skin troubles is not reported in reference literatures. According to the natives, within eight days, this preparation cures the disease. This preparation is also useful in treatment of other skin diseases. As Bagbahera is wild region, the collection of monkey excreta is not a problem. When I asked the natives, why the excreta of female monkey is preferred they replied this is more effective as compared to normal excreta. Why ? They have no answer. I am sure researchers can answer and explain is WHY for next generations of these natives that are loosing interest in this unique traditional medicinal knowledge. Many species of Ipomoea have been reported in Chhattisgarh but the natives of this region prefer Ipomoea carnea. According to them , when Beshram was not present in Chhattisgarh, they were using the another species Ipomoea aquatica (Karmatta Bhaji). After introduction of Beshram, they tried it and after experiencing its miracle effects, adopted it in place of Karmatta Bhaji. This is healthy sign that the natives are not only practicing the traditional medicinal knowledge but also adding their experimental findings for future generations. In this village, I have also seen the use of Gangerva (local species of earthworm) in treatment of snake bite. In case of snake bite, common in y days and during work at crop fields, as first aid remedy the natives crush the fresh Gangerva and apply the paste in affected part. According to the natives, this paste in capable of removing or extracting the poison if applied without any delay. In case of complications after this treatment the patient is referred to the traditional healers for further treatment. Many natives told me that the paste reduces the pain to the great extent and they use it in case of poisonous insect and scorpion bite also. On 11th January, 2003, I got an opportunity to visit Janjgir city as guest speaker to train the native farmers for commercial cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops. During this visit, I got many valuable information about traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs, insects and mites. The organizers informed about the village named Kaitha, famous for the treatment of snake - bite. This village is about 60 kms from Janjgir, the district headquarter. In this village, there is a temple of saint Birtia baba. This is common belief that if patients having snake-bite, visit to this temple and stay inside it for few hours, he get immediate relief from poison. As scientist it is hard to believe that without any treatment how the patients can get rid from poison. Many farmers also confirmed that the temple is a boon for the patients. They told me that patients are given herbal drink by the natives. Although most of the farmers, said that there is no role of this drink and only visit to that place is enough but I got the clue. As informed earlier, the name of village is Kaitha. Kaitha is local name of Elephant or wood apple (Feronia elephantum ; family Rutaceae). This village have many Kaitha trees in surroundings. This is the reason it is named as Kaitha. After coming back from Janjgir, I searched the reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine in India. In reference literatures related to Ayurveda, I read that seeds of Kaitha are antidote to poison whereas in Unani literatures. I got the information that the Kaitha leaves relieve pain due to stings of wasps and other poisonous insects. When I searched my field diaries, I got the information provided by the traditional healers of Bastar region, that if any one use the aqueous leachate of Kaitha wood (kept in specially prepared wooden glasses) he can get enough resistance against common poison of snakes. After getting these information, I am becoming confident that there must be the relationship between the presence of Kaitha trees and snake-bite treatment. I am planning to visit this important village. I will definitely write a separate article after coming back. I am also thinking about the effect of Kaitha tree surroundings on patients and natives of Kaitha village. In previous article on tree shade therapy, I have described Ethnobotanical knowledge about common tree shades in Chhattisgarh. I am sure that after confirmation , the name of Kaitha will get importance in the list of trees used in tree shade therapy. I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, Kaitha is a small deciduous spiny tree; Bark dark grey or nearly black, wrinkled and with longitudinal furrows; Leaves smelling of aniseeds; Leaflets 5-7, cuneate or obovate, cuneate at tip; Flowers pale green, stained with red, in racemes or panicled; Fruits globose, 5-8cm, with rough-greenish woody rind and white sour pulp. The natives of Ghasinagar also informed about unique herbal combination useful in treatment of pains due to gout and rheumatism. The Kusum and Mauha (Madhuca latifolia) bark, leaves of Arandi (Castor), Neem, Negur (Vitex negundo), Babool (Acacia nilotica) and whole herb of Gondila (Urginea indica) are cooked in earthen pot filled with water. The patients are advised to expose the affected parts in the vapour in order to get immediate relief. All these ingredients are easily available in this region. Desi boir ( Ziziphus jujuba) is very common herb in Chhattisgarh. The natives of Bagbahera region, use this herb in treatment of paralysis. The whole herb is used to prepare a powder. The patients are advised to take the powder with milk in order to get early cure. In reference literature, many medicinal properties of Desi Boir are well described. According to Ayurveda, root is bitter, cooling, causes cough, biliousness and headache whereas bark causes boils and useful in treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea; Leaves antipyretic, reduce obesity fruit is cooling, indigestible, aphrodisiac, tonic laxative and removes biliousness, burning sensation, thirst, and vomiting whereas seeds cure eye diseases and leucorrhoea (Safed Pani). The medicinal properties of whole herb are not mentioned. Also its use in paralysis is not described. I am proud to document the unique traditional medicinal knowledge of natives of Chhattisgarh. The natives of Sukhri Dabri village use the herb named Lal Kumhda Lal Bel or Keonti to treat anaemic patients. I have described its botany in my previous article. According to the natives, its red colour clearly indicates that Keonti e used to increase the blood, as tonic. It is used in form of different preparations in order to treat the patients suffering from anaemia. The use of Keonti (Ventilago denticulata) as vegetable is most popular use. It is used both in case of human beings and cattle in same way. In other popular preparation, the roots are boiled in water and decoction is given to anaemic patients for early relief. The natives of Khairat village use the bark of Munga (Moringa oliefera) herb as heart tonic. The decoction is prepared and given to the patients. In reference literatures, the use of Munga bark as heart tonic is not reported. The natives of Ghoyana village use the leaves of Senha tree as first aid remedy in case of any type of injury in order to stop the bleeding. The leaf juice is applied in wounds in order to hasten the healing process. Its decoction is used for old and problematic wounds. Senha is a common tree not only in Bagbahera, but also all parts of Chhattisgarh. The above mentioned uses of Senha are also not reported in reference literatures. The scientific name of Senha is Lagerstroemia parviflora (family Lythraceae). As its description is coming for the first time in my articles, I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, it is small tree with ash-coloured smooth bark, young parts pubescent; Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent beneath when young, coriaceous; Flowers fragrant, in few or many flowered axillary or terminal panicles, up to 20cm long; Calyx not ribbed, tube sub-hemispherical; Stamens several; Capsule ellipsoid or up to 4 cm long, lower portion immersed in the accrescent woody calyx; seeds with terminal wings. Flowering and fruiting times in Chhattisgarh conditions vary between April to October. The use of Tendu Lasa (Diospyros melanoxylon) as eye tonic is also new reference. The natives of Lamkeni village dip the Tendu Lasa in water overnight and next morning the patients having eye troubles particularly poor eye-sight advised to wash the eyes with leachate. Its use increases during the transitional period when the problem of conjunctivitis increases. The natives of Birajpali village use the leaves of cultivated vegetable crop Karela (Momordica charantia) for reducing the pains due to gout and rheumatism. The leaves are collected and after warming it slightly in fire, it is tied around the affected parts externally to reduce the pain. In my previous articles, I have described the use of Fudhar leaves (Calotropis gigantea) in same way. The use of Karela leaves in also rare traditional varieties and organically grown Karela is preferred for the treatment. Karela is common vegetable crop in badies (homegardens) of this region. The natives of Bihajhar village prepare a special herbal combination using Sun seeds laria juncea), Datura seeds (Datura sp.) and Kali mirchi (Black Pipper) specially for the Khooni Bavasir (bleeding piles). The natives of Batora village informed me that in case of snake-bite they use the juice of Beshram (Ipomoea carnea) herb. Three drops of leaf juice is mixed with a glass of milk and given to the patients. I have not seen its use practically, but this is also a rare traditional medicinal knowledge. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in face Care in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, give more emphasis on internal care as compared to external care. In starting the treatment, the healers suggests the patients to make the bowels clear. For pimples and other relate les, according to them , constipation is main factor. They give herbal combinations to root out this problem and in many cases, treatment of constipation solves the problem of pimples. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected information on over 1500 herbal combinations commonly used in face care. Most of the combinations are applied externally. As mentioned earlier, the healers prefer internal care and they emphasize on healthy body and tension free routine life. The surveys revealed that in rural and forest areas face care is not taken as big problem and in general, natives adopt home remedies. They never visit to the healers for treatment or special herbs. In urban areas, as the modern culture is establishing its deep root in society , the natives take special care of face. The traditional healers living nearer to cities, have routine patients for this trouble. The healers blame busy life and over tension, as root cause for disturb health and according to them, face shows the symptoms of ill health very easily. In rural and forest areas, the Kanhar (Black clay) soil particularly, the Kanhar soil collected from organically grown rice crop fields is used to wash the face daily. In case of pimples and small boils common in young age, the healers suggest the patients to apply the aqueous paste on pimples and small boils in order to suppress it. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives mix neem leaf juice in place of water, in order to prepare aqueous paste of Kanhar soil. Pelopathy is also in existence and in this pathy, patients are advised to use Kanhar soil during bath as substitute to chemical soaps. This is a matter of scientific investigation that why the Kanhar soil of organically grown rice fields is preferred ? In urban areas, the natives use Multani mitti (Fuller’s clay) in place of Kanhar soil, due to poor availability of Kanhar soil. For the natives in urban areas, it is really hard to get this soil. The natives having home gardens purchase the Kanhar soil in bulk and keep a part of this bulk supply, for face care round the year. According to the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh, Kanhar soil is more effective as compared to soil. This is the reason that most of the beauty parlors at cities are using Kanhar soil. They are adding many herbs in this soil before using it for face care. These herbs are recommended for mixing in Multani soil. The traditional healers are against this mixture. According to them, Kanhar soil alone have enough potential to solve the problem. Mixture of exotic herbs in indigenous soil and its use in face care may result in side effects. But untrained beauticians ignore the warnings of the healers. For face care, the natives of Chhattisgarh are using Dhikuar (Aloe vera) since generations, alone and in combination with other herbs. The untrained beauticians are also using this herb for face care. In general, the natives strictly use fresh Aloe gel for face care and they are aware that storage of Aloe gel at room temperature up to long time can deteriorate its useful properties and result in harmful effects. You will be surprised to know that the untrained beauticians are using a month old Aloe gel for their clients. Last week when I asked a leading beautician of my city Raipur, She replied that she was not aware of this fact. The availability of Aloe vera in cities is a big problem. This is the reason, the beauticians purchase it once in a month and use it whole month. As mentioned in previous articles. Aloe as garden plant is not preferred by the natives and it is general belief, that the presence of this herb in home gardens may causes family tensions. The beauticians are dependent on herb growers and herb growers generally not take much interest in limited supply and small orders. Like the use of Kanhar soil, the use of dew crops collected from Doob ghas (Cynodon dactylon) is also popular in Chhattisgarh. The natives wash their faces with freshly collected dew drops. The traditional healers very frequently recommend its use to their patients. The dew drops are also useful as eye tonic. The natives walk barefooted on these dew drops (on Doob ghas) every morning. The dew drops collected from other herbs are not used for face care. This use is common in rural and forest areas, not in urban areas. According to the natives the dew drops are sure cure for pimples and its regular use prevents the problem of new pimples. Now, I am describing some rare traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in face care in Chhattisgarh, India, I have collected through my surveys. In treatment pimples, the natives prepare a herbal combination using the bark of Dhanbaher (Cassia fistula), Ama Curcuma amada) and Gondla (Cyperus rotundus) nuts and these herbs are mixed in water and aqueous paste is applied on pimples externally. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives add the bark of Anar (Pomegranate) and neem leaves in this combination. Due to poor availability of Gondla herb in urban areas, the natives are dependent upon herb shops. As many species of Cyperus are found in Chhattisgarh, the adulteration is common. This is the reason, the natives avoid using Gondla herb in this herbal combination. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region informed me that the stones of Desi Boir (indigenous Ber, Ziziphus sp.) are good substitute to Gondla herb in this combination. Stones from new crop are preferred but according to healers, stored stones can be used without any problem. When I discussed the traditional healers of Bastar region about this herbal combination, they suggested that use of fresh cow milk for preparation of aqueous paste in more beneficial as compared to water. The boiled milk is not preferred. The traditional healers of Pendra region suggest the natives to use Narkachura (Curcuma caesia) in case of pimples. Its aromatic rhizome is used to prepare aqueous paste. According to the healers, regular use of this aqueous paste is best remedy for pimples and specially suitable for persons having oily skin. For black spots in face, the natives and traditional healers use many herbs, alone or in combination with other herbs. The use of common wasteland herb Jangli Chaulai is very common among poor natives. The whole herb (including roots) is collected and dried in shade. After drying it is burnt in fire and ash is collected. The ash with water is applied ( in paste form), on black spots. After drying the paste is washed only with warm water. The scientific name of Jangli Chaulai is Amaranthus spinosus. The natives and traditional healers use Jangli Chaulai in treatment of many common diseases. As medicine, many valuable medicinal properties and uses of Jangli Chaulai are reported in reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, it is cooling, digestible, alexiteric, laxative, diuretic, stomachic and antipyretic and useful in biliousness, blood disorder, burning sensation, hallucination, leprosy, bronchitis, rate-bite, piles, leucorrhoea etc. In general, whole herb is used as medicine. In Chhattisgarh, Mahanadi river belt is popular for commercial cultivation of Tarbooz (watermelon). The natives of this region use Tarbooz fruits in special way for treatment of black spots. They make a hole in matured fruit and Sathi rice is filled in this hole. Sathi variety is specific short duration rice variety in Chhattisgarh. In different herbal preparations, Sathi rice variety is used very frequently. As this variety matures in sixty days (Sathi means sixty) , it is named as Sathi. After filling the Tarbooz fruit with Sathi rice, fruit is kept beneath the Neem tree up to ten days. After ten days, seeds are taken out and by crushing powder is prepared. The powder is applied externally on black spots. According to the traditional healers it is promising treatment. For regular face care, the natives prefer this method. They select many fruits in a way that they can get rice, daily. Many natives dip the Sathi or other rice in juice of Tarbooz, but according to the healers, this is not of much use, and one must adopt correct method in order to get desirable effects. In villages of Chhattisgarh plains, the use of Sirsa bark mixed with Black seeded variety of Til (Sesamum) is very common. Both Sirsa bark (Albizia sp.) and Black Til are commonly available. Both herbs are mixed with the help of water and paste is applied for face care. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh that regular use of Baigan (Brinjal) as vegetable, darken the skin colour, particularly the colour of face. Hence, the traditional healers suggest its limited uses. Baigan is under commercial cultivation in the state. I am not describing other common herbal combinations, as a lot have been written on these combinations by various herb experts and researchers in past. Aphrodisiacs of Chhattisgarh : Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used as Sex Tonic in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as aphrodisiac. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of the state, I have collected the formation about 1000 herbs used as aphrodisiac. A lot have been written on few herbs like Kevatch (Mucuna pruriens), Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Patal Kumhda (Pueraria turberosa), Asgandha (Withania somnifera), Dasmool (Asparagas racemosus) etc. In reference literatures, it is mentioned that only these herbs possess aphrodisiac properties and without these herbs any herbal combination is incomplete and ineffective. This is the reason most of the Indian pharmaceutical companies prepare herbal combinations using these limited herbs. The common people are also aware of these limited herbs and just seeing its name in label (of packet), they are ready to pay the high cost. In India, due to malpractice of adulteration, this is hard to believe that any herbal combination contains real and genuine herbs. As herb expert, I got opportunities to visit many leading pharmaceutical companies but what I have observed is difficult to write. From collection of herbs to packaging, many irregularities exist. Most of the manufactures are not having well equipped laboratories to maintain the quality. These manufacturers and dependent on commission agents for supply of herbs. Common Indian Names of Kali Musli (Curculigo orchoides) Languages/Regions Names 1) Gujarati Kali Musli 2) Hindi Kali Musli, Mushalikand 3) Kanarese Neltari godde, Nelodati 4) Marathi Kali Musali 5) Sanskrit Bhoomotala, Dirghakandika, Talamulika, Musali The purchasing managers are not aware of correct identification of herbs. They have no idea to judge the adulteration. It is common practice in the country, that in white root powder of Safed musli, the adulteration of chalk powder is done. You will be surprised to know that you will find this chalk powder in many products, based on Safed musli, available for sale in open markets. These irregularities are responsible for poor effects of herb based products including aphrodisiacs. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use these herbs less frequently because according to them there are many cheap and promising alternatives to these herbs and another reason is that the popularity of these limited herbs have made these herbs as the herbs of rich natives. In Chhattisgarh, the natives and traditional healers are using many common herbs, both internally and eternally, as aphrodisiac successfully. During surveys. I got information on many herbal combinations applied on body in form of paste in order to attract the females. There are many herbs recommended for the special bath in order to attract the females during routine life. The herb based lipsticks were very popular in early days. Also, there are specific Dataun (Herbal Tooth Brushes) recommended specially for the youths, in order to get sex power. The natives use these Datauns at specific period not round the year as the pharmaceutical companies recommend in its products. Along with herbs, many common insects and mites are also used as aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh. Rani keeda (Red velvet mite; Trombidium) is one of them. The healthy queen of Termites is also considered as aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh. As I always write in my articles that young generations are taking less interest in traditional practices, the valuable knowledge is not transferring to next generation. Hence, there is a strong need to document this valuable knowledge before further loss. These days whole world is eager to know the herbs for hair, skin and sex. Fortunately, the traditional healers and natives are specialized in using herbs useful for hair, skin and sex. In this article, I am describing some herbs used as aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh. These herbs are poor man’s sex tonic and easily available. The methods of preparation are also simple and most of the combinations can easily be prepared at home. Some special combinations, having more potential, are prepared by the healers without disclosing the secret formula and methodology. Common Indian Names of Satavar (Asparagus sp.) Languages/Regions Names 1) Gujarati Satavari 2) Hindi Satavari, Shatavari 3) Kanarese Satamulika, Satavari, Siprimuli 4) Marathi Asual Shatavari 5) Sanskrit Shatavari, Svetmuli, Svadurasa I am also describing these secret formulas because no one in the state have time to understand these formulas and methodologies. In Durg region of Chhattisgarh plains, the use of oil prepared from Jonk (leech) is very popular. Like preparation of other herbal oils, its preparation is very easy. The natives collect the leach from dabris and boil it in Til oil (Sesamum). When water evaporates, oil is collected and kept for future use. This oil is applied externally on male genitals before intercourse. Many natives using this oil complained that the regular use of this oil causes irritation and small blisters. When I discussed this problem to the traditional healers, they replied that they are aware of these troubles. As solution, they recommend the addition of some dried herbs in this oil. Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus, whole herb) is one of these herbs. The healers also told me that the natives do not follow the standard method of oil preparation. The standard method is to boil a big leech in Adha Paw (250 ml) of Til oil in order to make the oil more stronger and effective (?), the natives boil two to three leeches in this small amount of oil. The result is irritation and small blisters. When I discussed the use of Jonk oil as aphrodisiac, with the traditional healers of Bastar region, they suggest another method of preparation. In this method, the leach is dried and this dried leech in combination with other herbs is boiled in Til oil. Many healers recommend the use of Sarson Tel (Mustard oil in place of Til oil. The natives of Bagbahera region of Chhattisgarh, use white flowered Dhatura herb as aphrodisiac. The method of preparation is very tedious and require lot of patience. The whole herb is collected and juice is extracted by crushing the herb with the help of stones. About half litres (Two glassful) of juice is collected to prepare the herbal oil. After collection the natives dip a piece of cloth in juice and the juice with a piece of cloth is kept as such for 30 days. After 30 days, they lukewarm the Til oil in separate vessel. The piece of cloth having dried juice of Dathura herb is then burnt and drops of juice are allowed to mix in lukewarm Til oil. This medicated til oil is used as aphrodisiac. Many natives boil the piece of cloth in Til oil in order to get more strong effect. According to the traditional halers of the region, the first method is appropriate. This medicated Til oil is applied on male genitals daily. This oil causes no irritation and blisters. This is surprising to note that white flowered Dhatura is preferred as compared to black flowered Dhatura for preparation of these herbal oil. In general, black flowered Dhatura is considered superior medicinally as compared to white flower Dhatura. The natural occurrence of black flowered Dhatura is reported in Bagbahera region. Dhatura is a common wasteland plant in Chhattisgarh. Although it is considered as weed by weed scientists, but for natives and traditional healers, it is a valuable and frequently used herb in different herbal combinations. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a shrub having height up to 70cm; some what zig - zag, divaricately branched; Leaves ovate, acute, entire or with large teeth or lobes, usually pubescent, very unequal at the base; Flowers purple outside, white inside, double solitary, long, tubular, funnel-shaped, 18 cm long; limb with five or six deltoid lobes, and a short tail in the middle of each intervening sinus; Fruits capsule, nodding, sub globose, green, covered with straight sharp pickles; Seeds many, packed, yellowish brown. According to Ayurveda, seeds are acrid, bitter, heating, tonic, febrifuge, alexiteric, anthelmintic, emetic whereas whole plant is narcotic and toxic (?) . In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use indigenous species of Marigold, Chandaini Gona (Tagetes erecta) as aphrodisiac. They use the matured seeds with sugar during flowering season . Stored seeds are not used for this purpose. The traditional healers of Mahasamund region use common herb Duddhi (Euphorbia hirta) as aphrodisiac. Duddhi is wasteland weed in Chhattisgarh, hence it is considered as " Poor Man’s tonic." For use, the whole herb is collected and dried in shade. After drying powder is prepared and this powder is mixed with cow’s fresh milk and globules are prepared. The natives take these globules daily four hours before intercourse. Only small quantity is taken as medicine. Overdose may cause diarrhoea. The traditional healer of Durg region prepares a special herbal combination using high value herbs like Kali musli, Shatavar (Dhikuar) Kevatch seeds (Mucuna), Pen seeds (Malkangni), Untkatara roots (Echinops echinatus) etc. for his rich patients. These herbs are mixed in equal proportion and given with milk. I have seen a queue of patients in front of his home. He is well known in the region for his formulations. Unlike other traditional healers, he charges very high fees to the patients. When I discussed him, he informed that he charges no fees from poor patients. His fees is negligible for the rich patients and according to him higher the fees, (the rich patients consider), better will be the herbal combination. Singhara is common aquatic plant in Chhattisgarh. It is also under cultivation and natives take big ponds on lease for cultivation of this commercial crop. The natives of Chhattisgarh, prepare special sweet dish (Halwa) from Singhara fruits. They are aware of its aphrodisiac properties. This sweet dish is served to newly married couples and they recommend its regular use up to one year of marriage. During fast (Upwas), the natives use this sweet dish as tonic. They prepare many dishes from this fruit. Raw fruits are also eaten. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh, that the use of raw fruits, root out the problem of tonsillitis and the Iodine deficiency of human body. Boiled fruits are also in use. During growing season, the local markets are flood with Singhara and both poor and rich natives eat these fruits. The scientific name of Singhara is Trapa bispinosa (Family Onagraceae). May villages in Chhattisgarh are named on Singhara. These village names clearly indicate that since generation Singhara is in use in Chhattisgarh . Singhara as medicinal herb holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, the fruits are cooling, aphrodisiac, astringent to bowels, antipyretic, appetiser and useful in treatment of leprosy, burning sensation, fatigue, inflammation, blood disorders, urinary discharges, biliousness, stangury, fractures, erysipelas, pain, thirst, sorethroat, bad breath, toothache, fever, lumbago etc. The Chana dal (Chickpea as pulse) is very popular and integral part of daily diet in Chhattisgarh. The Chana dal is also used as aphrodisiac. The uncooked dal is dipped in water at night and next morning it is taken with honey. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the use of ked dal is good sex tonic but it is wrong to say that it is only a sex tonic. They recommend its use to the natives of all age groups. According to them, the regular use of this dal adopting this method, develops enough resistance in body to fight with diseases. This is also beneficial for the patients suffering from diabetes. The natives using Chana dal informed that it is effective but requires more time and patience, as compared to other alternatives. During my visit to Jagdalpur region last month, I got information on use of roots of Munga (Moringa oliefera) and Parsa (Butea monosperma) as aphrodisiac. Both herbs are used separately. Aik paw (250 gms.) of dried Parsa roots are boiled in three litres of water. When half quantity of water is evaporated, the patients or natives are advised to eat the roots with leachate in order to become sexually more potential. According to the natives, one time use in a whole year is sufficient for any person. The roots of wild species of Munga is preferred to prepare a decoction. High yielding cultivated species are avoided by the natives. The procedure is same as in case of Parsa. But it is slow acting decoction. The natives suggest its regular use (once in a day) up to six months, and never repeat it whole life. e of Parsa and Munga roots as aphrodisiac is not well described in reference literatures. I personally feel that there is a strong need to evaluate its efficacy scientifically. The natives of Bastar region, serve specially cooked (or prepared) rice to newly married couples. Desi varieties (indigenous rice varieties) are preferred in this preparation. During cooking, they add the fresh juice of Punarnava herb. According to the natives, this medicated rice is good sex tonic. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains are also aware of this medicinal preparation. They add more herbs in this preparation in order to make it more potential but they avoid to disclose these extra herbs. I am not describing the botany and reported uses of Punarnava in this article, as I have already described it in my previous articles. Beside these internal uses, the natives and traditional healers recommend and use, many herbs alone and in combination with other herbs, externally. These combinations are in oil or paste form and applied on male genitals for different purposes viz. to increase the retention time, to get delayed ejaculation, to get more pleasure etc. This is very difficult to categorized different formulations and combinations according to specific purposes as combination have multipurpose uses. I am describing many such promising combinations , I have noted during my Ethnobotanical surveys. The use of herbal oil prepared from common weed Bhatkatiya and black scorpion is very common in Chhattisgarh. The Bhatkatiya herb (Solanum xanthocarpum; family : Solanaceae) before flowering is collected. One big and black scorpion is also collected. Both herb and scorpion are boiled in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, oil is kept for future use. In rainy days, the natives add Rani keeda, (Red velvet mite, Trombidium sp.) along with Bhatkatiya and scorpion. In Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, the Red ants, common in mango trees, are used in place of Rani Keeda. They avoid to use both Rani Keeda and Red ant in e combination. They are not aware of reason but I am sure the researchers can answer this question after scientific studies. The oil is applied externally on male genital one hour prior to inter course. Its popularity in Chhattisgarh, clearly indicates its efficacy. As all basic ingredients are commonly available and method of preparation is very simple, the natives prepare and use it very frequently. Although it is common belief in Chhattisgarh that regular use of Baigan (Solanum melongena) as vegetable darkens the face colour (Please refer to my previous article on Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in face care in Chhattisgarh, India), but as aphrodisiac they use the fruits in different ways, very frequently. The natives collect the fresh fruit wrap it in Kanhar soil collected from rice fields. This fruits is kept inside the hot ash up to two hours. After this the juice is extracted. In the mean time, they collect the fresh Pipal (Ficus religiosa) leaf and dip it in Baigan juice three days. After three days, this leaf is crushed into powder and this powder is mixed with pure honey. This combination is applied externally on male genitals. In another method, the fully matured yellow Baigan fruits are collected.. In each fruits, 60 Pipal leaves are pierced and fruit is hanged with the help of Bamboo. After complete drying, it is boiled in base oil. At the time of boiling, the natives add freshly collected earthworms or Rani Keeda, as per availability. The oil is used in same way. It is general recommendation that use the oil up to fifteen days in order to get better results. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region, add the seeds of Mooli (Raphanus sativus) in order to make the oil more potential). The above mentioned traditional medicinal knowledge is valuable and still in use in different parts of Chhattisgarh. With the help of these formulations, the state government can develop many small cottage industries and can play a vital role in marketing and promotion of these formulation. Thank you very much for reading the article. Beneficial effects of Biochemic drug Natrum mur on germination and seedling vigor of rice Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Agrohomoeopathy is relatively a new branch of science. With the objective of eliminating the increasing health hazards and toxic effects of fast uses of phytomedicines (insecticides, nematicides, fungicides and herbicides) and fertilizers in the modern agriculture, a novel method of harnessing Homoeopathy in agriculture i.e. Agrohomoeopathy has been found useful (Sinha, 1998). The research works on use of Homoeopahtic and Biochemic drugs are in progress around the world (Oudhia et al 1998). The beneficial effects of Homoeopathic and Biochemic drugs on agricultural crops have been reported (Oudhia, 1999). Like human beings and animals, plants also respond to hygiene, sanitation and environment. Plants are also sensitive and form simple antibodies called phytolexins and have minor chances of immunization. These open the door of selection of a Homoeopathic medicines for plant patients just like human patients both for curative and prophylactic action (Sinha, 1998). In order to evaluate the effects of Biochemic drug Natrum mur on germination and seedling vigor of rice var. Mahamaya, an experiment under laboratory condition was carried out at Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, India during 1998-99. The two different potencies of Natrum mur i.e. 3x and 30x were selected for the experiment. Different concentrations (i.e. 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively) of solutions containing Natrum mur were prepared by dissolving the globules in distilled water. The laboratory bioassay was done in 10 cm. dia. petridishes with sterile sand as substrate and distilled water as control. In each petridish, 50 seeds of rice were placed inside the sand and 25 ml. solution was applied as per treatment. No external watering was done during the course of investigation. The petridishes were kept in germinator at 25±2°C. The treatments were replicated for four times in Randomized k Design and repeated twice. The germination was recorded at 5 DAS and 9 DAS (Days After Sowing) and root and shoot elongation of seedling at 9 DAS. Different concentrations of Natrum mur produced significant effect on germination and seedling vigor of rice var. Mahamaya. At 5 DAS, maximum germination (64.6%) was observed in case of 0.25% Natrum mur 30 x that was at par with germination produced by 1.0% Natrum mur 30 x. 1.0% Natrum mur 3x lowered the germination to the minimum. At 9 DAS, 0.25% Natrum mur 3x resulted in maximum germination (86.0%) whereas lowest germination was noted under control (water). All concentrations of Natrum mur irrespective to its potencies produced stimulatory effects on germination as compared to control at 9 DAS. 0.5% Natrum mur 3 and 30 x and 0.25% Natrum mur 3x were resulted in comparable germination with maximum germination. In case of root elongation, 0.5% Natrum mur 3x produced maximum elongation (6.8cm.). All concentrations (except 0.5% Natrum mur 30x) including control (water) resulted in comparable elongation with 0.5% Natrum mur 3x. In case of shoot elongation, maximum shoot elongation (14.0 cm) was noted under 0.25% Natrum mur 30x. 0.25% Natrum mur 30x and 1.0% Natrum mur 3x resulted in lowest root and shoot elongation, respectively. Natrum mur., a common biochemic drug, is basically of potensized sodium chloride. Beneficial effects of sodium on plant growth have been reported (Tisdale et al 1985). Beneficial effects of many other biochemics drugs on crops have also been reported. For instance, the use of Biochemic drug Kali mur 12x increases the fruit size of mango and productivity of marigold flowers (Sinha 1998). The present study indicated the possibilities of utilizing some promising concentrations of Natrum mur like 0.25% Natrum mur 3x as pre sowing soaking treatment of rice seeds in order to promote the germination and early seedling vigor. 0.25% Natrum mur 3x resulted in maximum germination and relatively higher root and shoot elongation, such beneficial effects of simple salt solution have not been observed in early studies. Early germination and seedling vigor of rice crop is essential in rainfed areas and for achieving this target Natrum mur seems to be one of the promising stimulators. References Oudhia, P. (1999). Application of Homoeopathic and Biochemic drugs in crop production: A Review In: Abstract. National Seminar on Homoeopathy, IHO, Raipur 27-28 Feb. p. 3. Oudhia, P., Joshi, B.S. and Koshta, V.K. (1998). The possibilities of preparing Homoeopathic drugs from the obnoxious weeds of Chhattisgarh. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika. 13 (1/2) : 54-57. Sinha, K.P. (1998). The role of Homoeopathy in Agriculture. In: Extended Summaries. First International Agronomy Congress, Indian Society of Agronomy, N.Delhi, p. 603. Tisdale, Samuel, L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J.D. (1985) In : Soil fertility and fertilizers. Pbl. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, p. 89 Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Leucorrhoea (Safed Pani) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The problem of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea - a whitish viscous discharge from the vagina and uterine) is very common in Chhattisgarh. In urban areas, the problem is more severe as compared to rural areas. The traditional healers and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Safed Pani. This is the reason that it is not consider as serious problem in rural areas even today. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Safed Pani is not a disease but it is a result of many complicated disease and with the help of natural cure, one can get rid from this problem in very less time. In this article, I am describing traditional medicinal knowledge present in natives and traditional healers, separately. According to the natives, in most of the cases, the patients get cure from home remedies but in case of complexities, they consult the traditional healers for treatment. The natives prepare various preparations from wild Aonla fruits for the Leucorrhoea patients. In general, the fruits are collected from wild early in the morning and dried in shade. After drying, it is converted into powder. A teaspoonful of powder is recommended with two tea spoonful of pure honey, daily. As mentioned earlier, only wild Aonla fruits are preferred, as these fruits are rich in fibre and medicinal properties. Cultivated high yielding Aonla fruits are not preferred by the natives. For wild fruits, the natives living in urban areas are dependent on local herb shops, where it is hard to get pure powder. According to the natives, regular intake of above mentioned doses daily, one can get rid from this problem within a month. In case of less relief, the patients are advised to take fresh juice of Aonla fruit, in place powder with pure honey. The scientific name of Aonla is Emblica officinalis (Syn. Phyllanthus emblica; family: Euphorbiaceae). Botanical differences between major Bauhinia species. Characteristics Bauhinia tomentosa Bauhinia variegata 1) Habit An erect shrub, Branches slender, terete, zig-zag A medium sized deciduous tree, young shoots brown pubscent. 2) Leaves Broader than long, divided a little less, than half into two rounded lobes, base truncate. 10-15 cm, long and as broad, cleft 1/4 to 1/3 into two obtuse lobes, base deeply cordate. 3) Flowers Usually in pairs, petals rarely (one or three) on short axillary or leaf opposed peduncles, petals 3.8-5.0 cm, yellow, much imbricated, obovate, spatulate. In racemes, large fragrant, white or purplish, petals 5.0-6.3 cm, long, Clavate with broad claws, all white or four parts purple and fifth darker. 4) Fruits Pod, stalked, 10.0-12.5x1.3-1.6 cm, flat, pointed, veined. Pod, 15-20x1.8-2.5 cm flat dehiscent. 5) Seeds 8 - 12 . 10 -15 . The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are well known for natural population of wild Aonla trees and Aonla fruits are in list of non wood forest produces having regular high demand. When drought occurs in any part of Aonla rich forests in India the demand and rates of local Aonla increases many folds. Few decades back, due to high demand, the pressure on natural forests increased many folds. And in order to fulfill the demand, the collectors started felling the whole trees instead of collection of fruits only. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, many natives complained that due to this unscientific exploitation, the natural population has decreased up to one third. During the preparation of bio-diversity action plant of Chhattisgarh state, we have added the fact in the draft in order to emphasize the need to educate the collectors about non-destructive harvesting methods. Seeing the heavy demand of Aonla fruits as non-wood forest produce, many innovative rich farmers have started commercial plantation of Aonla trees but unfortunately they are growing high yielding hybrid varieties having less medicinal properties. As medicine, there is less demand of cultivated species in drug markets. As medicine, Aonla holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine in India. All parts of Aonla are used as medicine. According to Ayurveda Aonla fruit is acrid, sour, cooling, alexiteric, carminative, alterative, laxative, tonic and antipyretic. It is useful in treatment of burning sensation, vomiting, inflammations, erysipelas, anaemia, stangury, sweats anuria. Leaf is useful in treatment of ophthalmia and incipient blindness whereas seeds are useful in asthma, bronchitis, leucorrhoea and considered as acrid and aphrodisiac. I have described its botany and many traditional medicinal uses in my previous articles. The matured fruit of Kela (Banana) is also considered as best remedy for Leucorrhoea by the natives. They suggest the patients to take a banana fruit, with milk and honey. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains, Suggest the patients to take matured fruit with cow’s ghee as treatment. A sweet dish "Kheer" is also prepared by mixing the banana fruit in milk. Banana is under cultivation as horticultural crop in Chhattisgarh . The farmers are taking keen interest in commercial cultivation of this important fruit crop. Under the technical guidance of eminent horticulturist Dr. Sanket Thakur, an advanced tissue culture lab is also working in the state, in order to provide the high yielding varieties to interested banana growers. mon and popular names of Bauhinia species around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries B. tomentosa B. variegata 1) Myanmar Maha-le-ga-wa Bwaycheng, Bwechin 2) Kanarese Kadatti, Karanasupu Arisinantige, Ayata 3) Hindi Kachnar, Kanchana Barial, Kachnar, Kandan 4) Malyalam Kanjanam, Kattatti Kovidaram, Suvannamadaram 5) Marathi Aptu, Pivalakanchan Kanchan, Thaur 6) Sanskrit Phalgu, Pitakanchana, Ush madugha Raktakanchana, Gandari, Yugapatraka, Kantar 7) Tamil Iruvaji, Kanjani, Kattatti, Tiruvatti Mandarai, Segapumanchori, Semmadarai, Vellaippuvatti 8) Telugu Adavimandaramu, Devakanjanamu, Kanjelapa, Kanjini, Mandara, Palepi Bodanta, Kanjanamu, Mandara, Mandari Last week, I got the information in form of news from BBC that due to attack of specific diseases, the banana crop will become extinct within next ten years. This is really shocking. Fortunately, the banana crops in Chhattisgarh are free from these diseases. In my previous article on Aphrodisiac of Chhattisgarh, I described the uses of Singhara fruits and its various preparations, popular in Chhattisgarh. The natives use this useful aquatic herb also for the treatment of Leucorrhoea. A sweet dish "Halwa is given to the patients suffering from leucorrhoea. The special Chapati prepared from the fruit powder (dried) of Singhara is also given to the patients. The scientific name of Singhara is Trapa bispinosa. The fruits of indigenous varieties of Tamatar, locally known as Patal (Tomato) are also considered a good supplement in treatment of leucorrhoea. High yielding tasteless Tamatar fruits are not used for treatment. Tamatar is also under cultivation in Chhattisgarh as vegetable crop but like other crops the area under low yielding indigenous varieties is decreasing very rapidly. Different parts and species of Tulsi herb (Ocimum species) are also used in treatment by the natives. The use of freshly extracted leaf juice with pure honey is most popular use among the natives. The patients are advised to take this combination twice a up to six months in order to get permanent relief. According to the patients, getting relief from this combination, although this is time taking method but alone it is capable of treatment. Many natives recommend the use of decoction prepared by boiling the dried Ginger (Sonth) in water, along with Tulsi leaf juice for early relief. All parts of Chickpea herb (Chana) are also used by the natives. The use of Chickpea seeds with gud Jaggery) is most common combination given to the patients as supplement. In rural areas of Chhattisgarh plains, during winter the whole herb with dew drops is collected and juice is extracted. This juice is given to the patients suffering from leucorrhoea. The herb at vegetative stage is preferred. As many insects attack on Chickpea crop in ttisgarh, the natives use lethal agrochemicals for pest control. This is the reason, the popularity of fresh juice is decreasing, as it is hard to get pesticide free herb. Like Chickpea herb, the juice of wheat herb is also used by the natives. The wheat and chickpea are common winter crops in Chhattisgarh. The natives have develop a special therapy named "Jawara Chikitsa" and in this therapy they use the juice of various herbs like wheat and chickpea. Now, I am describing the common herbs used by the traditional healers. Before starting the systematic treatment, the healers instruct the patients to follow certain rules strictly during the treatment. They instruct to be happy and take special care of health, avoid tension and stress. Light exercise is recommended. They also suggest them to avoid ( at least decrease the frequency ) the intercourse during treatment period. The use of tea and spicy food is restricted. For bath, they recommend to take bath with black soil and avoid the use of soap. They recommend the use of common herbs both internally and externally. There are many common herbs used alone or in combination with other herbs. During my surveys, I have met fifteen traditional healers specialized in treatment of leucorrhoea only. Other traditional healers also give herbs but natives prefer specialists for the treatment. As the specialists are less in number, they have special status in society. In general, they avoid to disclose the herbs used in treatment. In this article, I am describing some promising herb and herbal combination, I have noted during my Ethnobotanical surveys. The bark of common tree Maulshri is very frequently used in treatment of leucorrhoea. The healers collect the barks early morning and convert it into powder. After mixing, sugar (for taste) in it, they instruct the patients to take a teaspoonful of bark before breakfast. According to the healers, regular use up to one week with strict rules, one can get rid from this trouble. Many family friends have tried this bark powder and found it very effective. According to them, the time required for cure varies from person to person and one month is maximum time required for complete cure. Maulsari occurs as forest tree in different parts of Chhattisgarh. It is also planted as garden plant. As medicine, all parts of Maulsari used. It holds a reputed position as medicine, in different systems of medicine in India. I am describing its reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, its bark, flower and fruits are acrid, sweet, astringent to bowels, cooling an oleaginous. Bark is cardio tonic, alexipharmic, stomachic, and anthelmintic whereas flowers cure blood disorders. It is also useful in treatment of biliousness, liver complaints, headache, nose bleed, and asthma. The buds of common medicinal tree Kachnar are also used to prepare a herbal combination for the treatment of Leucorrhoea. In this herbal combination Kachnar buds are used as main ingredient. The fruit rind of Anar (Pomegranate), immature pods of Babool (Acacia nilotica) are also used in this combination. All herb parts are dried and converted into powder. This powder is recommended to the patients (Two teaspoonful twice a day up to complete cure). I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses of Kachnar is short. The scientific name of Kachnar is Bauhinia variegata (family : Leguminoseae). It is a small tree with hairy branches; Leaves up to 15cm long, as broad as or broader than long, 9-15 nerved, cleft one-fourth to one-third way down, lobes obtuse, base cordate; Flowers in corymbose from leafless axils or terminating lateral branches; bracts and bracteoles deltoid; Calyx pubescent, spathaceous five-toothed at apex; Petals 4-5cm long, obovate-oblong, the uppermost darker with purple veins; pods flat, glabrous containing 10-15 seeds. According to reference literatures the bark is alterative, tonic, astringent, increase appetite and useful in treatment of leucoderma, biliousness, leprosy, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, asthma, blood disorders, cough, ulcers, vaginal discharges, thirst, headache, tuberculous glands etc. Bud is used in treatment of piles, cough and eye troubles. In third important and valuable herbal combination the traditional healers use Babool Gond (Acacia gum) and Dhawai phool (Woodfordia flowers ). The equal quantity of both herb parts (or produces) are mixed and converted into small globules. The patients are advised to keep these globules inside, the vagina. This use is also popular among natives of many parts. Many healers add the fruit powder of Harra (Terminalia chebula) in this combination in order to make it more useful. I personally feel that there is a strong need of scientific evaluation and standardization of these useful combinations. My surveys are in progress. I am sure that I will get more valuable information about common herbs useful in treatment of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea) through these surveys. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional Medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of intestinal worms in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For the treatment of intestinal worms the use of Kerosene oil (Mitti Ka Tel) is very common in Chhattisgarh. Although Kerosene oil is not a herbal oil but after seeing its efficacy and popularity, I am describing its use at first and after this, I will describe herbal treatment. In general, the natives dip the cotton bud in Kerosene oil and put it inside the anus before sleep. Next morning it is removed. According to the natives, this little treatment drains the worms out during motion. It is prescribed for persons of all age group. This is popular home remedy and since generations it is in use. During my Ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected information on many herbs and herbal formulations that are in use in different parts of Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of intestinal worms in Chhattisgarh. In my previous article on Potherbs, I have described that many pot herbs are popular in the state. These potherbs are preferred not only for taste but it also possess valuable medicinal properties. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of medicinal properties of Bathua against intestinal worms. They use nt parts of Bathua for this purpose. Bathua is among most popular potherbs in the state. In Chhattisgarh, it grows like a weed in winter crops particularly in wheat fields. As potherb, new leaves are used. Leaves collected after flowering are not preferred. The natives living in rural areas get the Bathua Bhaji free of cost whereas for natives living in urban areas, it is available as vegetable in local markets. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh, one season (i.e. winter) use of Bathua as pot herbs, saves the body from various troubles including intestinal worms. It is also considered useful in treatment and prevention of Safed Dag (Leucoderma). In my previous articles I have mentioned that the traditional healers blame the intestinal worms as root cause of Leucoderma. According to them, the use of Bathua, kills the worms and in this way, cures the problem of Leucoderma. During surveys I noted that many natives are not aware of miracle medicinal properties of Bathua but they are still using it regularly. This is positive sign. Many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh extract the juice of whole herb and give it to the patients having the problem of intestinal worms. According to them, for quick relief this treatment is more effective as compared to its use as potherb. The natives prepare special Chapati and Paratha, using the leaves of Bathua. The scientific name of Bathua is Chenopodium album (family Chenopodiaceae). As medicine, Bathua holds a reputed position in reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, the whole herb is generally used as medicine. It improve appetite. It is oleaginous, anthelmintic, laxative (at over dose), diuretic, aphrodisiac (this is new information for the natives of Chhattisgarh), and tonic. It is useful in treatment of biliousness, abdominal pains, eye-diseases, throat infections, piles, blood disorders and troubles of heart and spleen. Botanically, it is 1-3 feet high, herbaceous annual, having branched tap-root; Stem erect, branched, angled, of ten striped green, red or purple, young shoots mealy; Leaf variable in shape, 1-5 inches long, lower ovate or oblong, toothed or entire, angled or lobed, margin more or less sinuate, upper mostly narrow, entire, petiole slender, often equal to or longer than the lamina, more or less fleshy, covered with whitish mealy powder; Inflorescence : flowers in cymose clusters, forming axillary spikes or long terminal panicles, flowers very small an inconspicuous, sessile, without bracts and bracteoles, regular, actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous; Fruits having a membranous utricle enclosed in the perianth; Seeds rounded, compressed with a hard testa, having black shining. Although Bathua occur as weed and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge but it is bitter fact that there is not a single pharmacy engaged in preparation Bathua based drugs. There is a tremendous scope in this field. As it is not in list of non-wood forest produces, there is no threat to its natural population in Chhattisgarh. Baibirang or Baibidang is in list of herbs having high demand in national and international drug markets. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb alone and in combination with other herbs for treatment of intestinal worms. During my Ethnobotanical surveys. I have collected the information about 50 herbal combinations in which this herb is used as main ingredient. The healers use Baibirang with Harra, Baheda, Aonla, black salt, and wild Pudina (Mentha) very frequently. These Baibirang based herbal combinations are given nally to the patients and in most of the cases, a single dose cures the trouble. The scientific name of Baibirang is Embelia ribes (family : Myrsinaceae). As carminative, it is well described in reference literatures. Its black berries are used as medicine. In ancient literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the Baibirang from Kabul (Afghanistan) was considered best for preparation of medicine. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of this fact but they prefer, the berries collected from natural forests as compared to berries purchased from local herb shops. I am describing its reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. According to these literatures, Baibirang is hot, dry with sharp bitter taste, good appetiser, carminative, anthelmintic, alexiteric, laxative, alterative, analgesic, vulnerary and useful in treatment of tumours, ascites, bronchitis, dyspnoea, mental diseases, diseases of heat, urinary discharges, jaundice (Peelia), Adhasisi(migraine), worms in wounds etc. Anti-ageing properties of different parts of Baibirang are also reported in reference literatures. In national drug markets, Chhattisgarh is one of the major suppliers of Baibirang. Unfortunately, like Bathua, there is lack of pharmacies engaged in processing and utilization of this important and valuable herb in Chhattisgarh where raw material is available in plenty and at very cheap rates. Botanically Baibirang is a large scandent shrub with long and slender branches; Leaves alternate, coriaceous, ellipticlanceolate, shining above, paler and silvery beneath, whole surface covered with minute reddish sunken glands; Flowers berry, nearly globose, smooth, succulent, black when ripe, like a pepper corn when dried. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, use the bark of Bakain (Melia sp.) for this trouble. The fresh bark is collected and dried in shade. The decoction is prepared and patients are advised to drink this decoction once daily up to three days. For taste, sugar or gud is added in decoction. The healers of Mahasamund and Pithora region, use the fresh juice Dhatura leaves for external application. Black flowered Dhatura species are preferred. The juice is extracted and patients are advised to apply the juice with the help of index finger, inside the anus, at night. Like application Kerosene oil, the use of cotton bud dipped in juice of Dhatura leaves is also common in these regions. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region, add the juice of Arandi leaves (castor) in Dhatura juice and use it in same manner. According to them, the addition of Arandi juice increases its potential. Various preparation of Til (Sesamum indicum) are also used by the natives. For details you can read my previous article on traditional medicinal knowledge about Til in Chhattisgarh, India. As mentioned earlier, the natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of intestinal worms, I am describing some popular home remedies that are in use in Chhattisgarh and lar among the natives. The natives collect the seeds from ripe fruits of Papita (Papaya) and used it as carminative. The seeds from indigenous species are used. The patients are advised by the natives to take 10-12 seeds of Papita with water up to seven days. The natives also use pure honey with herbs like Lason (Garlic) to treat this trouble. According to healers alone pure honey is capable of solving the problem but it takes longer time. The natives of Durg region, use the fresh juice of Tulsi herb (Ocimum sanctum) for this trouble. The decoction is also used in many cases. In rural areas of Chhattisgarh, the use of Neem oil is also common. According to the age of patients, five to ten drops of neem oil is given for intestinal worms. But as taste and smell are awkward, this use is loosing its popularity in young generations. In general the natives avoid the intake of lemon seeds but the natives of Sarguja region, use the lemon seeds for the treatment. The seeds are crushed and taken with water in case of intestinal worms. The use of Mango fruit stone (Gohi) is also common is Chhattisgarh. The dried stones are converted into powder and the powder is given with lukewarm water. Like Kerosene and Dhatura juice, the cotton bud dipped in Hing juice (Asafoetida) is also used for external application. The fact that very few natives visit to medical practitioners for the treatment of intestinal worms, clearly indicates the efficacy and popularity of these home remedies commonly used by the natives of Chhattisgarh. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of stomatitis in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Stomatitis is known as Chhale or Muh Aa Jana in local language. The natives and traditional healers have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs useful in treatment of stomatitis. They use many common herbs both internally and externally in treatment. In most of the cases, the patients get relief through home remedies. In complicated cases, the natives consult the healers for specific treatment. Although there are more than 2000 common home remedies in form of herbal combinations in use but it is bitter fact that systematic documentation of this traditional medicinal knowledge has yet not been done. All these combinations are not available at one place. In case of complications, the healers use specific herbs. This valuable knowledge has also not been documented so far. As the old natives are passing away, the knowledge is also ending with them. The young generation believe less in these herbal combinations and use costly mouth wash liquids in order to treat stomatitis. In modern system of medicine, many antibiotics are prescribed for this little trouble. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, try to find the reason responsible for stomatitis at first and after this diagnose, they try to cure the root disease. On the basis of colour of ulcers, they diagnose the patients. According to them, they have gained this knowledge from their forefathers. They consider the yellow coloured ulcers, as most dangerous because in most of the cases the patients die in very short period. For natives, it is hard to believe that anyone can die due to stomatitis. According to the healers, the stomatitis (of any kind ) should not last more than a week. If it exists over a week, one must pay special attention and should contact them for cure. In majority of cases, they advise the patients to root out the problem of constipation. The traditional healers of different parts of Chhattisgarh use different plant parts of Shahtoot. Matured sweet fruits are used most frequently. The herbal drink is prepared with these fruits and given to the patients. It is used for long time. The healers also advise the patients to gargle with this drink. The natives of this region are also aware of this use. The patients are also advised to chew the young leaves of Shahtoot. The healers of Pendra region, prepare decoction from roots and give to the patients for gargling. As Ethnobotanical uses of Shahtoot are coming for the first time in my articles, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. The scientific name of Shahtoot is Morus indica (family : Moraceace). The medicinal properties of different parts of Shahtoot are well described in reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, the t of Shahtoot is acrid, sweetish, sour, cooling, tonic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, fattening, appetiser, anthelmintic, and laxative. It is useful in treatment of small-pox, lumbago, diarrhoea, ulcerated intestines, biliousness, burning sensation etc whereas leaves are useful in treatment of sore-throat and scabies. The use of root decoction for the treatment of stomatitis is not mentioned in reference literatures. I am proud to write unique traditional medicinal knowledge of natives and traditional healers of my state and this is good sign that they are still practicing this knowledge. Shahtoot is a middle sized tree. Leaves cordate, dentate, teeth small; monoecious male and female flowers on the same plant; Male flowers in catkin-like spikes; Female flowers are in short avoid spikes; Fruit ovoid, white or red and ultimately black, when ripe sweet. The use of common weed Makoi in case of stomatitis is also not reported in reference literatures. Its use is very common among farming communities of Chhattisgarh. The natives use different parts of Makoi. Its use as decoction (of whole herb) is popular among them. The herbs before flowering are preferred for the preparation of decoction. It is also used in combination with other herbs. The fresh leaf juice is extracted and mixed with rose leaf juice. The patients are advised to gargle with this combination. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use the leaf juice of Munga (Moringa sp.) in place of rose leaf juice. The scientific name of Makoi is Solanum indicum (family Solanaceae). Botanically it is much branched under shrub with large, sharp and recurved prickles; stem stout, covered with stellate hairs; Leaves ovate, sub entire or triangular ovate, lobed, sparsely prickly and hairy on both sides, base unequal sided, petiole prickly; Flowers in racemose extra - axillary cymes; Corolla pale - purple, clothed outside with purple hairs; Fruits berry, dark yellow when ripe; seeds minutely pitted. As mentioned in previous articles, Babool is a common tree in Chhattisgarh particularly in rice belts. The natives use different parts of Babool (Acacia nilotica) in treatment of stomatitis. Its new leaves are used most frequently. The juice is extracted and applied on ulcers. The decoction of its bark is also in use. It is mostly used in case of dental troubles. The natives add the barks of other herbs in this decoction also. The bark of Guava (Psidium guajava) is one of these barks. Like Babool, Arhar (Pigeon pea) is also common in Chhattisgarh. It is under cultivation as Kharif (rainy season) crop in the state. The natives use indigenous varieties of Arhar in treatment of stomatitis. Two uses are most common. The leaves are collected before flowering and patients are advised to gargle with the fresh leaf juice. In second use, the matured seeds are collected and kept in water over night. Next morning leachate is used for gargling. Like Arhar seeds, Aonla fruits (wild varieties) are also used in same manner. In southern parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use leaves of many common herbs for stomatitis. The patients are advised to chew the leaves and spit out the juice. The use of Amaltas and Mehndi leaves are very common in this region. The scientific name of Amaltas is Cassia fistula (family Leguminoseae) and Mehndi is Lawsonia alba (family Lythraceae). I have written a lot on various aspects of Dhanbaher (Amaltas) in my previous articles, here I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses of Mehndi. Botanically it is a shrub having height up to three meters with branchlets spinous at tip; Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2-3cm long, apex acute, sub sessile, petioles short; Flowers cream-coloured, fragrant, in terminal panicled cymes; Sepals persistent; Petals four, yellowish, orbicular or obovate, crumpled; Fruits depressed globose, red, tipped with persistent styles. According to Ayurveda, leaves are emetic, expectorant, bitter, vulnerary and diuretic and useful in treatment of headache, lumbago, bronchitis, boils, ulcers, stomatitis, ophthalmia, syphilitic sores, scabies, diseases of spleen, amenorrhoea etc. The use of pure honey and fresh curd (Separately) is also very common in Chhattisgarh. I am using the both since my childhood. In case of stomatitis, patients are advised to eat more curd and gargle with oney mixed water. It is also applied on ulcers. Like the leaves of Amaltas and Mehndi, the natives of Chhattisgarh plains, chew the leaves of Chameli and Tulsi. Both herbs are common in home gardens. The use of Kela (banana) with milk is also very common among natives. Indigenous varieties and organically grown Dhania herb is used in eastern regions of Chhattisgarh. The juice of green herb is extracted and used in many ways. It is applied in ulcers. It is also used for gargling. The decoction of whole herb is prepared and used for gargling. Powdered fruits are also used to prepare a special decoction The natives use different preparations according to their ease. They are unable to answer that which one is more effective as systematic studies have not been done so far. I am sure that researchers can answer this question after their trials. The scientific name of Dhania is Coriandrum sativum (family Umbellifereae). In reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine in India many valuable medicinal uses and properties of Dhania have been described in detail. According to Ayurveda, the plant and fruit are acrid, cooling, diuretic, antipyretic, stomachic, aphrodisiac, stimulant, laxative and anthelmintic. Dhania is under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The use of Haldi powder (Curcuma longa) is also popular in the state. The decoction is prepared and used for gargling. Ankol (Alangium lamarckii) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although "Allelopathy" is an unknown term for the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, but there are many evidences that are enough to prove that this new branch of science have deep roots in Chhattisgarh, India. Since generations, they are using the extracts and leachates of different herbs in order to stimulate and promote the growth of specific herb. In my previous articles, I have mentioned many examples. The example of Ankol is one of them. According to the healers, all parts of Ankol have enough potential to pose the positive effects on growth of many herbs. From seed treatment to preventive sprays for possible attack of insects, different parts are used. For seed treatment, it is specially suitable for fruit crops. It is general practice in Chhattisgarh to dip the mango stone (guthli or gohi) in herbal oil prepared from Ankol seeds. According to natives , it stimulates the initial germination process and also seedling vigor. Common names of Ankol Languages / regions Names 1. English Sage-leaved alangium 2. Gujarati Ankala, Ankoli, Onkla 3. Hindi Akoly, Ankora, Anedhera, Dhera 4. Kanarese Ankola, Ankotha, Asroli, Kullumovu 5. Marathi Ankol, Ankoli 6. Sanskrit Ankola, Ankota, Dridha kantaka, Kathora, Tamraphda, Vamaka It is an age old practice. I have seen miracle effects of this herbal oil on mango. The natives of almost all parts of the state are aware of this use and it is interesting to observe that there are much variations in methods of use, specially duration of soaking in herbal oil. The natives of Sarguja region, use this oil most frequently for Kathal tree (Jackfruit). Its use for the growth of Kela (Banana), Papita (Papaya) and Jam (Guava) is also common in different parts. Many healers have secret formulas. The natives having Mango tree or orchard, frequently visit to these healers and invite them to perform special Jhad-Phook for the safety and good yield. As agricultural researcher, it is hard to believe that simple Jhad-Phook by healers can help in getting good yields. But it is true. The healers apply herbal combinations on different herbs of economical importance with specific objectives. Since childhood I am observing the activities of these healers carefully. In early days when there was serious attack of any pest in rice crops, the natives request the healers to do something in order to save the crop. On request of natives, the healers perform special worship ceremony and after this ceremony, spray special solution on crop plants. In early days when the use of pesticides were not common this practice was very common. Now in modern days, very few natives believe in this special solution and in case of attack, apply synthetic pyrethroids without any delay. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected the samples of many such special solutions and analyzed it. ealers readily gave me the solutions as these solutions were no more special solutions these days With the help of my Biochemist friend, we are analyzing and testing its efficacy. The solution containing matured fruits of Ankol with Bach (Acorus calamus) and pure honey was most frequently used solution in early days. According to the healers, this solution is used to promote the growth of agricultural crops. I have tried this solution for seed treatment in many common medicinal crops like Safed moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Sarpgandha ( Rauvolfia serpentina), Kasturi Bhendi (Abelmoschus moschatus), Kevatch (Mucuna pruriens) etc. I have got encouraging results in case of Kasturi Bhendi and Kevatch. You will be surprised to know that this solution was found beneficial for the growth of Bach crop, in spite of the fact that it contains Bach powder as ingredient. This is valuable information for herb growers engaged in organic farming of medicinal and aromatic herbs. When I searched the reference literatures, for this unique use of Ankol, I got information on use of seed oil for seed treatment in case of Aam (Mango). I am proud to write, that our forefathers tested it on many other herbs including Mango. My allelopathic experiments have added more new findings in this traditional knowledge and we are sure, our future generations will also contribute in this field. This article is the first written document describing the traditional knowledge and uses of allelopathic potential of common tree Ankol. is a common tree found in almost every corner of Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about its use as medicine. All parts of Ankol are used to treatment common diseases both internally and externally. Its timber is popular in the state. It is considered good for musical instruments and furniture. At first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, and after this, I will describe traditional medicinal knowledge and uses of this herb. According to reference literatures, Ankol is deciduous rambling shrub or small tree having height up to ten meters; Leaves oblonglanceolate, ovate or elliptic, chartaceous 3-5 nerved at base, glossy above, glabrescent or puberulous beneath, base oblique, apex attenuate or sub-acute, slightly retuse; petiole tomentose; Flowers white, fragrant, in up to 2.5cm long, 1.5cm across irregular axillary cymes or clusters; bracts ovate, deciduous; Calyx tube cupular, adnate to ovary, tomentose; petals ten, white, linear oblong, tomentose, reflexed; Berry globose, crowded by lobes; seed solitary and ovoid. Flowing and Fruiting time - March to June. Ankol holds a reputed position as medicine in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, the root is acrid, pungent, heating, anthelmintic and alterative and useful in treatment of erysipelas, biliousness, inflammations etc. The juice is emetic and alexipharmic and useful in treatment of pain, blood disorders, hydrophobia, rat-bite, lumbago, dysentery and diarrhoea whereas the seeds are cooling, aphrodisiac, indigestible and tonic. The root bark is used in piles whereas fruits are considered as purgative, expectorant, carminative and alexiteric. It is useful in treatment of inflammations, blood disorders, burning sensation, Spermatorrhoea, gleet, acute fever and lumbago. The matured seeds of Ankol are used to prepare the oil. As base oil Til Ka Tel (Sesamum oil) is used. The collected seeds are dried in shade and converted into powder. This powder is mixed with Til oil and kept in bright sunlight up to twenty one days. After twenty one days, oil is kept in bottles for future use. Many traditional healers boil the seed powder in Til oil for preparation of herbal oil in less time but oil prepared from this quick method is not considered good for treatment. As mentioned earlier, the natives and traditional healers use this oil in order to promote the growth of specific herbs. This oil is also used as medicine. Its use as styptic and wound healer is most common among the natives. It is applied externally on wounds. The natives prepare special herbal cream by mixing some common herbs and wax in this oil and use in treatment of common skin diseases externally. According to them, alone Ankol oil is enough to care the skin troubles at initial stages. This oil is also used for the treatment of Kodh (Leprosy). The healers avoid to disclose the herbs added in this oil for the treatment. This oil is used both internally and externally. Internally, it is used as tonic. The patients are advised to mix five to seven drops of oil in a glass of milk and take it daily. For taste, sugar is also added. In case of chronic headache, patients are advised to add ten to fifteen drops of oil in a glass of milk. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, it is very effective in treatment of migraine. The traditional healers of Raigarh and Bagbahera regions, use Ankol in treatment of venomous bite of snake, scorpion, dog and even poisonous fish. In this treatment, root and root bark are used most frequently. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of these uses but the healers of different parts adopt different methods for treatment. I have observed and noted different methods of treatments. In general, the decoction (Kadha) of Ankol roots are given to the patients having snake bite. The decoction is given at the interval of fifteen minutes. Many healers give cow’s ghee (equal amount) with hot decoction also. The healers of Chhattisgarh plains add the Neem leaves in this decoction. After treatment when patients get cure and healers instruct them to visit regularly, without any gap, for further treatment, up to fifteen days. The healers prepare a decoction using root bark (not the root) and Neem bark and give it to patients daily. In general, they do not disclose the secret formula of decoction to the patients. According to these healers, Ankol and Neem have enough potential to clean the body and make it free from poison. They try to explain the science behind this treatment. The frequent doses causes vomiting and motions and through this, the venom drains out from the body in very short time. The healers adopt similar treatment strategy in case of dog bite. Many healers give the Ankol root with cow’s milk or ghee, instead of decoction. During research work at Ajirma research farm, Ambikapur, I got rat bite in my index finger. My field assistant, native to that region, suggested me to take Ankol root for treatment. But Later when pain increased we visited to the healer. He boiled the Ankol roots in water and instructed me the drink it. Next morning, he repeated the dose, then the treatment was over. He told me that he uses the roots for external application also. affected parts roots mixed with cow urine are applied externally in order to alleviate the pain due to rate bite. In case of scorpion bite, the traditional healers of Bagbahera region, mix the roots in water and prepare a paste. This paste is applied externally in affected parts. It is also applied (few drops) inside the ears as a part of treatment. A special herbal oil is also prepared by using Sarson Ka Tel (Mustard oil) as base oil and this oil is applied inside the ear, in case of scorpion bite. In this herbal oil in place of powdered seeds, roots and root barks are used. In case of scorpion bite, many healers also use the leaves of Ankol. In case of intense pain due to gout, the patients are advised by the healers to apply the Ankol leaves in affected parts. Like the leaves of Fudhar (Calotropis), the leaves are collected and after slight warming it is tied around the affected parts. In another method, the more effective one, the healers prepare a paste by mixing fresh leaves in soil with the help ter and apply the paste in affected parts. The healers use the soil of termite mounds for preparation of paste. They are unable to explain why other soils are not used in paste. I am sure that researchers can answer this question after conducting detailed research on this new aspect. The leaves are also used in treatment of asthma. The leaves are dried and put on fire. The patients are advised to inhale the fumes. As this fume is not agreeable for every one, this use is loosing its popularity among natives. Many healers use its roots to prepare the drugs for the treatment of asthma. The use of roots with lemon juice is very common in the state. It is given as preventive before transitional period (Change of season). The traditional healers of Bastar region, prepare special herbal combination using Ankol root, lason (Garlic), gud and Rai seeds and give it to patients suffering from chronic asthma. I have interviewed many patients taking this combination under supervision of the healers. According to them it is best remedy for acute attack. It acts as expectorant and induces sleep. But for complete cure, they have not found it effective. When I discussed the healers, they replied that only long time use can cure the patients but it is general tendency among patients that after getting temporary relief, they do not take the further treatment seriously. I got one interesting information about the collection of roots to prepare herbal combination. The healers never collect the roots during flowering and fruiting time (i.e. March to June in Chhattisgarh conditions). According to them during this time, its medicinal properties decreases and its use can cause lethal side effects. This is an interesting and valuable information. I personally feel that there is a strong need for details studies on this important aspect. The natives of Chhattisgarh are also well aware of antipyretic properties of Ankol. Like the decoction of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata). ( please refer to my previous articles for details), the natives of many parts , prepare a decoction using Ankol root to treat common fevers. According to them, this is very valuable herb for them and the powdered root bark with water have enough potential to cure any type of fevers. The decoction and powder are also used as preventive. The natives use the seeds of Ankol in face care also, in combination with other herbs. The above mentioned traditional uses are not described in reference literatures in details. The traditional healers and natives, use Ankol in treatment of many other common diseases but these uses are well described in reference literature, hence I am not repeating it. Although the healers and natives have rich traditional knowledge about uses of different parts of Ankol but it is bitter fact that there is not a single pharmacy engaged in manufacturing of Ankol based herbal drugs. There is big scope in this field, as raw material is available in bulk and at cheap rates. Ankol is not in list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. There is a strong need to give emphasis on research on different aspects of this important allelopathic and medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh. (Contd.)