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Traditional knowledge about medicinal insects, mites and
spiders in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003
Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In ancient Indian literature it is
mentioned that every plant and animal present on this earth are mutually
beneficial. India is rich in biodiversity. Many rare plants and animals from
India have been reported. Enormous work has been done on utilization of plants.
Industrial and allelopathic uses of common plants have been reported. Like
plants, insects, spiders, and mites also possess medicinal properties that can
be exploited for the benefits of human beings. For example, the oil from red velvet
mite Trombidium grandissimum is useful for paralysis. Also due to its ability
to increase the sexual desire Trombidium is named as Indian Viagra'. The
entomophagy (i.e. use of insects as food) is practiced in many parts of the
world including Chhattisgarh but the use of insects, mites and spiders as
medicine is done in very few parts of the world and we are fortunate that
Chhattisgarh people are rich in this traditional medicinal knowledge. Over 500
species of insects, mites and spiders are used as medicine to cure common
ailments to complicated ailments in Chhattisgarh from time immemorial.
Unfortunately, due to medicinal uses of these creatures in Chhattisgarh, the
problem of over exploitation of these creatures is increasing very rapidly.
Every year thousands of useful creatures are being killed and exported
illegally to developed countries like U S A. According to one study, the world
demand of Trombidium oil is fulfilled by Chhattisgarh. Therefore, it is
essential to consider this important aspect i.e. conservation of knowledge and
these creatures both during new Biodiversity plan for Chhattisgarh.
Fortunately, some valuable informations regarding traditional medicinal uses of
common insects, mites and spiders have been documented. The glimpses of these
documents are presented below. The POD BORER or the gram caterpillar
Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is cosmopolitan and is
widely distributed in India. It is a serious pest of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), cotton (Gossypium sp), sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), and maize (Zea mays). Medicinal uses
of Helicoverpa have not been reported in the available literature. Many
previous studies conducted in Chhattisgarh region in India have revealed that
the native people, particularly the old villagers, have rich traditional
knowledge about common insects and mites. A survey was conducted during 1998-99
to list out the information on traditional medicinal knowledge about H.
armigera. A detailed ethnozoological survey was conducted in Raipur, Bastar,
Rajnandgaon, Durg, Mahasamund, Sarguja, Kanker, and Bilaspur districts of
Chhattisgarh. With the help of a well-prepared questionnaire, common
information about the pod borer was collected from 100 randomly selected
villagers. Based on the responses to the questionnaire, 15 villagers (5 from
Raipur, 3 from Baster, 5 from Durg, 2 from Sarguja) having some knowledge about
the medicinal uses of Helicoverpa were selected. Through regular visits to their
villages and with the help of regular correspondences, the information on
medicinal properties of Helicoverpa was collected. The survey revealed that
these villagers (mostly above 60 years of age) use Helicoverpa alone or in
combination with herbal drugs to treat more than 50 common diseases. Some
medicinal uses are described below. Helicoverpa is used with herbal drugs such
as Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum),
and Satawari (Asparagus racemosus). Villagers use powder (after drying and
crushing) of caterpillars as a tonic for many common ailments such as fever,
general weakness, and nervous breakdown. They generally apply the fresh
extracts of caterpillars on injured parts of the body to stop bleeding as a
first aid measure. This is a common practice in Chhattisgarh region. A villager
from Durg, who is also a traditional healer, uses the aqueous extracts of
caterpillar to promote hair growth. It is used externally. Many villagers use
powder of the caterpillars with Sanai (Cassia obtusifolia) as a purgative.
Sanai is a reputed purgative. Addition of caterpillar to Sanai increases its
effectiveness. In Chhattisgarh, Helicoverpa infests many common weeds.
Sphaeranthus indicus, locally known as Gorakhmundi, is a common weed in
chickpea fields. Helicoverpa caterpillar feeding on Sphaeranthus leaves is used
for the treatment of eosinophilia and asthma. During the survey, the villagers
complained that the new generation is not much interested in medicinal
properties of common insects and mites. The survey suggested that there is a
need to document the medicinal and other uses of Helicoverpa with the help of
extensive survey. The study indicated that there is a tremendous scope in this
new field of research. GREEN LEAFHOPPER (GLH), principally Nephotettix
nigropictus (Stal.) and N. virescens (Distant) are found all rice-growing
regions of India. These species are also known pests of rice in Japan, the
Philippines, Taiwan (China), and Sri Lanka. In Chhattisgarh, Nephotettix sp., commonly
known as Hara Maho or Saunf Keda, is one of the problematic pest of rice. To
farmers and agricultural scientists, GLH is a serious pest, but to folk
doctors, it is a source of additional income. The peoples of Chhattisgarh use
many problematic weeds insects, spiders, and mites as a source of medicine. As
ethnozoological survey was conducted in Raipur, Baster, Bilaspur, Durg,
Sarguja, Mahasamund and Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh during 1998-99 to
list the medicinal uses of common and problematic pests of different
agricultural crops including rice. The study focused on folk doctors older than
60 y. In all, 20 folk doctors were interviewed and some common medicinal uses
of GLH were compiled. The survey revealed that folk doctors in the region use
GLH as an additive to make traditional herbal drugs more effective. Van Bhengra
(Tridax procumbens), a common rice weed, is used to stop any type of bleeding,
and folk doctors mix fresh GLH with Tridax to increase its efficacy. Similarly,
dried leaves of the upland weed Kukronda (Blumea lacera) are used to reduce the
intensity of asthma attack. Dried leaves of Blumea with GLH are burned and the
patient is advised to inhale the fumes of the mixture. GLH was also a common
major ingredient in many popular herbal combinations to treat fever and
diseases such as gonorrhea. GLH that have fed on medicinal rice var. Kalimoonch
were reported to be useful for treating skin problems. Freshly crushed GLH is
prepared as a paste and applied on the affected area. GLH is also popularly
used as a poultry .feed in the region. A folk doctor from Sarguja said that GLH
and brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) combined can cure more than
40 diseases. The medicinal uses of GLH have not been previously reported. This
survey covered only a small number of the more than 2,000 folk doctors in
Chhattisgarh practicing and using traditional systems of healing. A detailed
survey is in progress and is expected to provide information on the medicinal
uses of GLH and other rice pests. In this survey, folk doctors said that useful
insects with high medicinal value can be easily identified through their
specific behavior and feeding habits. RED VELVET MITE, Trombidium grandissimum
Koch. locally known as Rani Keeda, is one of the beautiful mites. This
predatory mite appears on ground surface in rainy season in Chhattisgarh and is
found in almost all soils specially in alluvial soils. The tribes of
Chhattisgarh use this mite for the treatment of different diseases. A survey
was conducted by India Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (India) to list
out the existing uses of this mite with specially prepared questionnaire. The
survey revealed that the inhabitants of Chhattisgarh use this mite (in
combination with other herbal drugs) for the treatment of more than 10
important diseases including malaria, urinogenital disorders, paralysis, etc.
Its use as sexual stimulant is most popular in the region. The traditional
healers of the region purchase the female mite from villagers for Rs.25/100
mites for preparing drugs. The survey suggested that there is a need for
documentation of other uses of this mite. BED BUG, Cimex lectularius L. feed on
human blood at night and hide during the day in cracks and crevices. These bugs
are wingless, grow to be about inch long and have oval, flattened, brown
bodies. Chhattisgarh is rich in biodiversity. The natives use many insects,
mites and spiders as medicine. To list out the traditional medicinal uses of
Bed bug (commonly known as medicine), an ethnoentomological survey was
conducted during July-August 2000.Fifty traditional healers from six districts
(viz. Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Bilaspur, Sarguja and Baster) of Chhattisgarh
were selected. The survey was done with the help o personal interviews and weekly
visits to traditional healers. The survey revealed that many traditional
healers use this harmful insect as medicine. It is commonly used in treatment
of epilepsy, piles alopecia and urinary disorders. The traditional healer of
Sarguja was found using this bug internally in case of snake bite. External
application on piles, head (for promoting hair growth), inside the urethra (in
case of urine retention) were noted as most frequent uses of this bug. These
medicinal uses of Bed bug is described by the traditional healers of
Chhattisgarh have not been reported in available literatures. However, Cimex is
a popular Homeopathic medicine. The survey revealed that there is a strong need
to conduct a detailed ethnoentomological survey in order to compile the traditional
knowledge about insects, mites and spiders available in Chhattisgarh.
LIGHTENING BEETLES or Fireflies or Lighting bugs are common insects found in
forest areas of Chhattisgarh (India). Tribals of Chhattisgarh use many insects,
mites and spiders for the treatment of their health related problems. Series of
ethnoentomological surveys were conducted by the SOPAM to list out the
traditional medicinal knowledge about common insects, mites and spiders in
Chhattisgarh. The survey of year 2001 is focused on Fireflies. The survey was
done with the help of personal interviews and weekly visits to traditional
healers to observe their healing practices. The survey revealed that most of
the traditional healers use fire flies as first aid case of injury. Freshly collected
crushed Fireflies are used as styptic to stop the bleeding. In forest areas,
casualties due to wild bear attack are common. Traditional healers use herbal
mixture for the treatment of patients Fireflies are one of the main constituent
of this herbal mixture. Second popular use of this insect is in case of cold
borne earache. In earache, the Fireflies are mix with neem (Azadirachta indica)
leaf juice and the liquid extract is applied in the affected ears. This use is
found very common even school children are aware of it. These medicinal uses of
Fireflies have not been reported in available literatures. Of all the familiar
household pests, the HOUSEFLY, Musca nebulo Wiedemann is the commonest. But in
many parts of Chhattisgarh, housefly is used to treat many common diseases. A
survey conducted during 1994-99 revealed that many folk doctors use housefly as
medicine. Generally, housefly is used to treat more than 15 common diseases.
Two most popular uses of this insect are described here. These popular uses are
(i) For dyeing the hair black (ii) To cure the cold fever. For dyeing the hair
black, folk doctors take 100 houseflies and mix them in Sesamum oil. After
mixing, the oil is kept under open sky in direct sunlight for forty days. Them
this oil is used to dye the hair black. For treating cold fever, one housefly,
half black pepper (Piper longum) and one pinch of asafoetida are mixed and this
mixture is applied on eyes. This treatment is said to cure cold fever. The
survey also revealed that the folk doctors of North-Eastern hilly part of
Chhattisgarh use frequently the housefly as medicine. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. Oudhia,
P. (1997) Evaluation of host specificity of Blumea leaf beetle (Chrysolina sp.
nr.madrasae Jackoby). Insect Environment. 3 (3): 80. 2. Oudhia, P. and Ganguli,
R.N. (1998). Is Lantana camara responsible for Sal-borer infestation in M.P.?
Insect Environment. 4 (1): 5. 3. Oudhia, P. (1998) Medicinal insects and
spiders. Insect Environment.4 (2): 57-58 4. Oudhia, P. and Ganguli, J. (1999).
Outbreak of Tortoise beetle Aspidomorpha miliaris F. (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae)
in Chhattisgarh plains. Insect Environment 5(3): 110-111. 5. Oudhia, P. (1999).
Traditional medicinal knowledge about Red velvet mite Trombidium sp. (Acari:
Trombidiidae) in Chhattisgarh. Insect Environment 5(3): 113. 6. Oudhia, P.
(1999). Effects of Total Solar Eclipse on activities of some insects and mites.
Insect Environment 5(3): 113-114. 7. Oudhia, P. (2000). Studies on host
specificity and preference of the metallic coloured Tortoise beetle
(Aspidomorpha miliaris F.) Ecol. Env. And Cons.6 (3):357-359. 8. Oudhia, P.
(2000). Studies on host specificity of the orange Banded Blister beetle
(Zonabris pustulata L.) Ecol. Environ. And Conv. (In press). 9. Oudhia, P.
(2000). Effects of leaf extracts on Metallic Coloured Tortoise beetle
Aspidomorpha miliaris F. Insect Environment 5(4): 165. 10. Oudhia, P. (2000).
Toxic effects of Parthenium leaf extracts on Aspidomorpha miliaris F. and
Zonabris pustulata Thunb. Insect Environment 5(4): 168. 11. Oudhia, P.
(2000).Common housefly Musca nebulo Wiedemann (Diptera; Muscidae) as medicinal
insect in Chhattisgarh. Insect Environment.6 (I):36-37 12. Oudhia, P.
(2000).Evaluation of some botanicals against orange banded blister beetle
(Zonabris pustulata Thunb.).Crop Research 20(3):558-559 13. Oudhia, P. (2000)
Record of Orange Banded Blister Beetle Zonabris pustulata Thunb. (Coleoptera:
Metoidae) on Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). Insect Environment.
6(3): 13 8 14. Oudhia, P. (2001) Traditional medicinal knowledge about Bed Bug
Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Chhattisgarh (lndia).lnsect
Environment.7 (I):23. 15. Oudhia, P. (2001) Record of Aphis craccivora Koch.
(Hemiptera: Aphididae) on medicinal crop Mucuna pruriens L. in Chhattisgarh
(lndia).lnsect Environment.7 (l):24. 16. Oudhia, P. (2001).Traditional
medicinal knowledge about Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera in Chhattisgarh
.India. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter.l): 14-15. 17. Oudhia,
P. (2000).Traditional medicinal knowledge about green leaf hopper, Nephotettix
spp. in Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes.25 (3):40. 18.
Oudhia, P., Tripathi, R.S. and Ganguli, R.N. (1999). Bio-weeding potential of
Blumea leaf beetle. XIVth International Plant Protection Congress (IPC),
Jerusalem July 25-30, 1999. 19. Oudhia, P. and Ganguli, R. N. (1999) Chrysolina
madrassae: A potential bio-control agent for Blumea lacera. VIH Biennial
Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science held at BHU, Varanasi 5-7 Feb. p
134. Table 1: Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about insects, spiders and mites
in Chhattisgarh. Scientific and Common Name System of Medicinal Uses 1.
Heliothis armigera Ayurved In various Ayurvedic preparations for (Gram pod
borer) making health tonic. 2. Apis mellifica (Honey bee) Homoeopathy, Yunani
Jaundice, diseases of spleen and stomach. 3. Coccus cacti (Cacti insect)
Homoeopathy Pthisis and whooping cough. 4. Cimex lectularius (bed bug)
Homoeopathy, Yunani For intermittent fever, asthma and snake Poison (Yunani).
5. Musca nebulo (Housefly) Yunani For diseases of eye and digestive system. 6.
Cantharis strygosa (Spanish fly) Homoeopathy, Allopathy For the diseases of
skin, kidney and Urethra; Used as counter-impact (Allop.) 7. Blatta orientalis
(Cockroach) Homoeopathy, Ayurved Yunani. For Asthma. 8. Mygale lasiodora (Large
black Homoeopathy For chorea, chordea and nervous Cubian spider) disorders. 9.
Lycosa tarantula (Tarantula Homoeopathy For cerebral congestion and enlargement
spider) of lymphatic glands. 10. Hieroglyphus banian Yunani Diseases of liver.
(Rice grasshopper) [Originally published as Oudhia, P. (2002).Traditional
medicinal knowledge about common insects and mites in Chhattisgarh, India. Eco.
Env and Consv.8 (4):339-340.] Traditional medicinal knowledge about common
herbs used for Rheumatism in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia
© 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved During my stay at
Ambikapur city for practical training programme on Agriculture for 6 months, I
have learnt a lot from local community. Ambikapur is situated in Northern hilly
regions of Chhattisgarh. Ambikapur is well known for diverse flora, undulating
topography and dense forests. Beside local community, thousand of migrant
Bengali families from Bangladesh have been resettled by the government. As they
are living since very long time, their culture has mixed with local culture. In
front of every Bengali home, I have noted a presence of shrub called
"Nishindi". According to local Bengali community, the presence of
this shrub saves their home from ghosts. They use this shrub for its unique
medicinal properties. In many common diseases it is used both externally and
internally. In acute and chronic rheumatism, they use Nishindi in many ways. The
most attractive and common use is wooden shoes. These shoes are made of the
wood of Nishindi and believe to prevent rheumatism in normal person. These
wooden shoes are very popular among children. For patients suffering from
chronic rheumatism, they prepare wooden bed from the wood of Nishindi. They
also boil the fresh Nishindi leaves in water and fumes are passed on the
affected part. During my survey, I have found very few patients suffering from
rheumatism in Bengali community. Even people from Ambikapur city regularly
visit to Bengali villages for the treatment of rheumatism. Locally rheumatism
is known as Amvat, or Sandhivat. I have not found the natural occurrence of
Nishindi in Ambikapur and adjacent areas. Locally Nishindi is also known as
Mediki (because its presence in Med i.e. bunds) and Nirgundi. The scientific
name of Nishindi is Vitex negundo. Over 13 species have been reported in India.
In Chhattisgarh, the natural occurrence of Vitex negundo has been reported.
Vitex is a large, aromatic shrub with quadrangular, densely whitish - tomentose
branchlets. Bark is thin and grey. Leaves 3 to 5 foliolate, leaflets
lanceolate, entire or rarely crenate. Flower bluish - purple, small in
penducled cymes, forming large, terminal often compound with pyramidal
panicles. Fruits globose, drupe, black when ripe. Use of bark powder of
Nishindi for the treatment of sciatica is also popular in this region. In
scientific literatures, use of Vitex for rheumatism is well documented but the
description of unique ways used by Bengali community has not been mentioned. I
am not sure about its efficiency against ghosts but I think their ancestors
have associated this useful shrub with ghost to keep this shrub in home garden
forever. You will get details of other potential and popular uses of Nishindi
in my next articles. In whole Chhattisgarh, Aak or Fudhar is well known for the
treatment of rheumatism. I have also used it. Almost every plant part of Aak
alone or in combination with other herbs is useful. In majority of cases,
external application is preferred. Application of freshly harvested leaves with
lukewarm ghee on painful joints in an age old practice in Chhattisgarh. The
pillow and mattresses prepared from Aak floss are prescribed to patients
suffering from chronic rheumatism. The fresh roots with Sesamum oil is also
used as external application. The scientific name of Aak is Calotropis gigantea
and 3 species have been reported in India. In Chhattisgarh, I have found two
species Calotropis gigantea is preferred over Calotropis procera in
Chhattisgarh by traditional healers I have found this botanical description in
scientific literatures. Calotropis is large shrub (upto4-3 meters high), much
branched, often gregarious, branches stout, covered with powdery pubescence. Leaves
opposite sessile, elliptic, or ovate oblong, thick, base cordate, sometimes
amplexicaul, both surfaces tomentose, flowers in umbellate cymes, purplish or
white, and buds avoid. Fruits follicles, 9-0 cm long broad, green. Flowering
time in Indian conditions is February to July Calotropis is a popular
Homoeopathy drug commonly used in many diseases including for weight loss. An
eminent traditional healer from Raipur city, the capital of Chhattisgarh,
specialized in treating rheumatism use wooden roller and herbal oil prepared
from many native and exotic herbs. He has visited abroad many times for
treatment. Surprisingly, he charges no fees for his miracle treatment. Even he
arranges and bears the cost of herbs (for preparing oil). Daily morning you can
see hundreds of patients standing in front of his small home. He treats both
poor and rich patients equally. Fortunately, he is my relative and by relation
he is my uncle. Once during my visit to dense forests of Bastar, an old
traditional healer has told the secret of wooden roller used by them to treat
the rheumatism. According to him they use pith of Mahua or Tendu trees (Over
100 years old) for preparing wooden roller. There is a strong need to search
the science behind this. I have experienced the miracle healing properties of
these wooden rollers. Also I have found the herbal oil prepared from many herbs
viz. Tobacco, Opium, Cannabis, Nux vomica, Asafoetida, Pippali etc. effective.
This oil is applied externally in affected parts. I have noted from all the
traditional healers expertise in rheumatism that they suggest their patients to
drink a lot of water along with treatment. After long and exhaustive sitting
with traditional healer of village Gunderdehi, I have found a unique formula to
prevent rheumatism. According to this traditional healer, from childhood one
has to put a small potato tuber in the pocket of pant. This will save him life
long from rheumatism. He informed me that it is mentioned in ancient
literatures but I have yet not found that literature. I feel this use needs
scientific investigation. Similarly like potato during hottest part of year,
the common people are advised to keep raw onion in the pocket in order to avoid
the harmful effect of hot winds. This is age old practices. Now science has
also proved onion's efficiency. Similarly, there is a need to evaluate the
efficiency of potato against rheumatism. Beside these, Garlic oil and long term
use of pure honey are also recommended by the traditional healers of the
Chhattisgarh.
Traditional medicinal knowledge about common
rice weeds used for first aid in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj
Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Chhattisgarh
(India) is rich in bio-diversity. Many valuable medicinal plants grow in the
region as weeds. Chhattisgarh is known as "Rice Bowl of Eastern
India". Many medicinal weeds infest the rice fields of Chhattisgarh.
Majority of native people still have faith in traditional systems of medicines
and they treat their health problems with plants available in their
surroundings, specially during field work where they invest their major time
period, far from medical facilities. During field works, farmers use common
weeds as first aid measures. Due to non-availability of any systematic
information as survey was conducted to list out the common rice weeds used for
first aid by Chhattisgarh farmers. The survey revealed that farmers use 13
common weeds for first aid. These weeds are Tridax procumbens, Cynodon
dactylon, Caesulia axillaris, Blumea lacera, Eclipta alba, Sida acuta,
Achyranthes aspera, Leucas aspera, Spilanthus acmella, Ocmum basilicum,
Xanthium strumarium and Scoparia dulcis. These are common weeds of rice fields
and bunds. In case of injury, cuts, wounds etc. farmers apply fresh juice of
crushed leaves in injured part. In majority of cases, the bleeding stops and
fast healing of wound occur. For bleeding fresh juice of whole plant of
Caesulia is useful. It is general belief in Chhattisgarh, that keeping the
Achyranthes root in foot wears, repel away the scorpion in case of scorpion
bite, as first aid measure farmers apply fresh juice of crushed leaves in
affected part. Leucas aspera, locally known as Gumma, is one of the popular
potherbs. It is general belief that person taking Leucas leaves as potherb for
long period develops specific smell in his body which repels snakes away. In
case of snake bite farmers apply the fresh juice of crushed plant in affected
part. For sever toothache, during field work, farmers chew Spilanthus fruits.
The bitter taste of this fruit juice mixed with saliva relieves toothache
immediately. For acute headache farmers apply paste of Ocimum leaves in
affected part. In Northern-hilly part of Chhattisgarh, farmers wear the
Xanthium fruits as earring to cure headache. In hot summers sun-stroke is
common ailment. To prevent and also to cure sunstroke farmers use the decoction
of Scoparia. During field work, while working under open sky, farmers chew
Scoparia leaves to prevent Sunstroke. Mature fruits of Cucumis trigonus,
locally known as Kolhi Kekdi, are a popular on field breakfast for farmers.
This fruits cure indigestion and help farmers to work for long time.
Traditional medicinal knowledge about common rice weeds used for first aid in
Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj
Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Chhattisgarh (India) is rich in bio-diversity.
Many valuable medicinal plants grow in the region as weeds. Chhattisgarh is
known as "Rice Bowl of Eastern India". Many medicinal weeds infest
the rice fields of Chhattisgarh. Majority of native people still have faith in
traditional systems of medicines and they treat their health problems with
plants available in their surroundings, specially during field work where they
invest their major time period, far from medical facilities. During field
works, farmers use common weeds as first aid measures. Due to non-availability
of any systematic information as survey was conducted to list out the common
rice weeds used for first aid by Chhattisgarh farmers. The survey revealed that
farmers use 13 common weeds for first aid. These weeds are Tridax procumbens,
Cynodon dactylon, Caesulia axillaris, Blumea lacera, Eclipta alba, Sida acuta,
Achyranthes aspera, Leucas aspera, Spilanthus acmella, Ocmum basilicum,
Xanthium strumarium and Scoparia dulcis. These are common weeds of rice fields
and bunds. In case of injury, cuts, wounds etc. farmers apply fresh juice of
crushed leaves in injured part. In majority of cases, the bleeding stops and
fast healing of wound occur. For bleeding fresh juice of whole plant of
Caesulia is useful. It is general belief in Chhattisgarh, that keeping the
Achyranthes root in foot wears, repel away the scorpion in case of scorpion
bite, as first aid measure farmers apply fresh juice of crushed leaves in
affected part. Leucas aspera, locally known as Gumma, is one of the popular
potherbs. It is general belief that person taking Leucas leaves as potherb for
long period develops specific smell in his body which repels snakes away. In
case of snake bite farmers apply the fresh juice of crushed plant in affected
part. For sever toothache, during field work, farmers chew Spilanthus fruits.
The bitter taste of this fruit juice mixed with saliva relieves toothache
immediately. For acute headache farmers apply paste of Ocimum leaves in
affected part. In Northern-hilly part of Chhattisgarh, farmers wear the
Xanthium fruits as earring to cure headache. In hot summers, sun-stroke is
common ailment. To prevent and also to cure sunstroke farmers use the decoction
of Scoparia. During field work, while working under open sky, farmers chew
Scoparia leaves to prevent Sunstroke. Mature fruits of Cucumis trigonus,
locally known as Kolhi Kekdi, are a popular on field breakfast for farmers.
This fruits cure indigestion and help farmers to work for long time. Natural
ways to get sound sleep : An Indian experience Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia ©
2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The problem of sleeplessness
or insomnia is becoming a common problem around the world. The modern life has
given us so much but also given complications like insomnia. In India, the
patients of this problem are increasing rapidly. According to Indian systems of
medicine, with the help of some natural ways and herbs, one can get sound
sleep. Vitex negundo is one of such useful herbs. In Sarguja district of
Chhattisgarh (India), the traditional healer advice the patients of insomnia to
put three leaves between head and pillow to get sound sleep. This is common
practice in India since ancient time. This miracle effect of Vitex (locally
known as Nishindi) has not been reported in available literatures. In southern
parts of Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers advise the insomnia patients to
wear fruits (Full of spines). According to them, this garland helps in getting
sound sleep. The Scientific name of Kuthua is Xanthium strumarium (family
Solanaceae). Here are some effective ways of getting sound sleep. 1. Gentle
massage of mustard oil on sole of feet before going to bed daily, helps in good
sleep. 2. Take Jaiphal and mix it in water and apply it on outside of eye lids.
This will give you sound sleep. 3. Regular intake of fresh carrot juice is also
helpful. 4. During meal, take fresh curd with black pepper (Piper nigrum),
Saunf and Sugar. 5. Use of Homoeopathic drug Passiflora incarnata is also
useful. Consult your Homeopath. 6. Regular intake of fresh honey is also found
useful in eliminating this problem. 7. Washing thoroughly the legs up to knees
before sleep is one of best natural ways to get sound sleep. 8. I have found
long use of Schussler's biochemic drug Kali phos 30x, best for sound sleep. It
is good nerve tonic. 9. External application of linseed and castor seed oil on
eyelids is also a common practice to induce sound sleep in tribal belts of
India. 10. In many parts of India, traditional healers apply the paste of fresh
leaves of Bhang (Cannabis sativa) mixed in goat milk on sole of the feet. This
induces sleep. 11. In ancient Indian literatures, use of poppy seeds (khaskhas)
with sugar is recommended for insomnia patients. Oil prepared from seeds is
also reported effective. 12. The herbal mixture having Viola (Banfsha) and
Posth (poppy) seeds is very popular Ayurvedic formation for insomnia patients.
Constipation: A Disease Of Intellectuals? Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia ©
2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Constipation is a common
health problem around the world. It is fact that the victims of constipation
are mostly intellectuals who spent most of their time in mind related
activities; they do not do physical works. Contrary to this, the labor class or
sportsmen who do more physical works than the intellectuals, suffer less from
this disease. In this article, I am trying to explain the possible reasons of
constipation and its natural and herbal cure with reference to Ayurveda and
other traditional systems of medicine. Irregular diet: This is one of the
important reasons responsible for constipation. Spicy foods, overeating, fast foods,
inadequate chewing etc. are also responsible. It is clearly mentioned in
Ayurveda that diet, sex and sleep are increases with increased desire and there
is no limit. So, one has to take his diet in proper balance. It is also
mentioned that take meals by your own choice and wear clothes of other's
choice. Less Physical activities: Generally rich and intellectuals do less
physical activities. This results in constipation. Habit to delay the natural
call by force: It is a general habit that when we are engaged in some work or
watching movies or engaged in any kind of entertainment, we try to avoid the
natural call. In the process of delaying, many times we get success. In
Ayurveda, this delaying is considered the major cause of constipation. This
delaying generates gases in the body which gives birth to many related
complications. Overwork: Hectic routine gives little time to inner organs to
work properly. This results in constipation. This is the reason why after deep
sleep, motion become clear. Timely and deep sleep not only removes the gastric
problems but also help you to become healthy. Mental Tension: According to
Ayurveda, continuous mental tension, bad and sex related thoughts are also
responsible for constipation. Less intake of water: Less intake of water is
also responsible for constipation. Use of narcotics: The regular habit of
taking narcotics likes tobacco, cigarettes, opium, wine etc. reduces the
activity which results in constipation. Weakness of intestines: According to
Ayurveda, regular uses of purgative produce weakness in intestines. In many
books, cleanliness of place (i. e. latrine) is also considered as important
factors. You might have seen that even dog cleans the place before excretion.
Indian Ways of treating constipation (1) Make your life regular, To avoid the
mental tension start meditation and yoga. (2) Daily two motions (One morning
and another evening) are essential. The number of motions required depends upon
the number of meals you are taking. If you take three meals a days, motions
should be thrice a day. It is mentioned in Ayurveda that. EK bar yogi, DO bar
Bhogi, TEEN bar Rogi. (If you have one motion a day (means one meal a day) your
are perfect like Yogi (Saint); If you have two motions a day (means two meals a
day) you are Bhogi, Hedonist, Voluptuary and if you have three motions a day
(means three meals a day) you are Rogi, Patient.) Always try to go for motion
at fixed time. Although there is no urge, but go to latrine at fixed times
(just for formal visit). After some days you will observe that it is coming at
that fixed time. This is due to your biological clock; nature has fitted in
your body. Once in a week take no meals and take only fruits. This will give
rest to your intestines and after proper rest it will work more efficiently.
Always take bath in cold (not very cold) water. Invest some time in
entertainment after every meal. This will improve you digestion. Sit tension
free when you are at meal. Avoid phone calls. Isabgol is most popular natural
purgative in India. The scientific name of Isabgol is Plantago ovata. You will
be surprised to know that India is No. 1 in cultivation and export of Isabgol.
Among the states, Gujarat is No. 1 in India. Isabgol is reputed Ayurvedic
medicine. Plantago ovata is reputed drug in Homoeopathy. As Homoeopathic drug
it is not used as purgative. In Homoeopathy, it is used as pain killer both
internally and externally. Isabgol is recommended as purgative in many reputed
books. I have also tried it. Take two tea spoon full of Isabgol husk and dip it
in water for 6 hours. After 6 hours, take it with sugar. You can also take dry
Isabgol husk alone or with sugar without dipping in water. Isabgoal has unique
property. When it is taken with water it act as purgative but when it is taken with
curd it stops the loose motion. This is the reason why it is considered as a
regulator (not the purgative) in Ayurveda. Gram (Chickpea) is a boon for the
patients suffering from constipation. Dip the fistful of gram in water
overnight and next morning eat it. If this not suits you, you can take the
boiled gram with salt and ginger. Chapati prepared from gram flour is also
recommended. If you are feeling discomfort, you can prepare Chapati by mixing
wheat and gram flour in equal ration. This will give the familiar taste to the
Chapaties. Drink plenty of water daily. Drink at least 5-6 litres of water
daily. If it is not feasible, after waking in morning before motion drink at
least 4 glasses (1 litre) of water I know, it is quite difficult but it will become
a routine after some days. Never take tea, coffee or any hot drink to generate
a pressure. My grandmother has taken the Lemon water with black pepper and
table salt life long before motion. It helped her to fight with the problems of
digestive systems even in old age. If possible, try to make your latrine in
Indian style which is more effective and scientific. Include Amaranthus,
Lentil, Water melon, dry fruits, whey milk etc. in your daily meal. This will
help you to overcome your problem. Never take water or any drink during and
after (up to 1 hour) meal. If it is most essential, you can sip water during
the meal. Avoid drugs and purgatives for constipation. If necessary, try the
Homoeopathic medicine Nux Vomica 30. Take 4 pills daily before sleep for a
week. This will regulate your motion. Honey is a natural mild purgative. You
can take 50 gms. of Honey in fresh water or milk in morning and before sleep.
Put a wet cloth on abdomen and keep a layer of wet clay soil on it and again
wrap it with wet cloth. Leave this as such for whole night (on your abdomen).
Next morning you will feel good. This mud treatment is useful for patients
suffering from chronic constipation. Take a glass of hot milk with Gulkand
(Syrup prepared from fresh petals of pink rose flower) for at least one week.
Take one onion daily with meal. During my visits to tribal region of
Chhattisgarh, I have seen the plant of Shankar Jata (Acalypha sp.). The folk
doctors, recommend the leaves of this plant for chronic constipation. The
leaves are rolled and insert inside the anus for seconds, this stimulates the
rectum and stool comes out spontaneously. In Ayurveda, it is mentioned that
sleeping underneath the Bahera tree (Terminalia bellirica) keeps the motion
regular. I have yet not experienced it as Bahera plant at my herbal garden is
of not much height. In Ayurveda, Triphala powder is recommended for chronic
constipation. Triphala (Tri-Three; Phala: Fruits) is prepared mixing equal
amounts of Harra (Terminalia chebula), Bahera and Amla (Emblica officinalis)
fruits. So, you can plant this useful plant in your garden. Traditional
medicinal knowledge about common weeds used as potherbs (Bhaji) in
Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj
Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Besides its unique bio-diversity, Chhattisgarh is
also known as "Land of potherbs'. Almost every common weed is used as
potherb by the tribals of Chhattisgarh. They are using these herbs since
ancient time. The old tribals are still aware of the medicinal properties of
these common potherbs. In urban areas, the natives are giving more preference
to cultivated herbs as compared to traditional potherbs. Unfortunately, most of
them are not aware of unique healing properties of these potherbs. The series
of surveys conducted by me as a researcher at Department of Agronomy, Indira
Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) during 1992-98, I have
listed over 150 herbs (mostly weeds) as potherbs in Chhattisgarh. It was also
observed (as mentioned earlier), The use of these potherbs is decreasing day by
day as most of people think that these are waste plants which generally grow in
polluted areas and can cause harmful diseases. Many respondents said that the
decreasing use of these potherbs in daily diet is that reason why the
villagers, specially rural youths are loosing their natural resistance. In this
article, I am describing some most popular potherbs, its medicinal properties,
botany and other uses. Some important potherbs are Charota (Cassia tora), Muscaini
(Ipomoea reniformis), Karmatta (Ipomoea aquatica), Barra (Launea asplenifolia),
Tinpania (Oxalis corniculata), Gumma (Leucas cephalotes), Bathua (Chenopodium
album), Macharia (Corchorus sp.), etc. In both rural and urban areas, Charota
is a very popular potherb. Young leaves and tender shoots are used for potherb.
The delicious potherb is prepared using mustard oil. This potherb is taken in
lunch in very small quantity. Larger doses cause loose motions. Young leaves
are preferred as compared to matured leaves. In India, it is used between June
to August. Every year I never miss the chance of taking this useful potherb. In
Chhattisgarh, Charota is available in plenty. It grows as wasteland weed.
According to traditional healers of the state, Charota is useful for patients
suffering from gout and rheumatism. It is common belief that eating Charota as
pot herb in rainy season prevents the attack of gout and rheumatism whole year.
In urban areas of Chhattisgarh, Ayurvedic practitioner and in rural areas,
traditional healers still recommend this herb to their patients. In scientific
literatures, use of Charota in skin diseases have been mentioned, but its use
in prevention and cure of gout and rheumatism has yet not been reported. In
other parts of India, Charota occur as weed but the people are not aware of its
use as potherb and also about its unique medicinal properties. In many parts of
India, the leaves are used to prepare an herbal tea. In Hindi, it is known as
Dadmari (Dadring worm; Mari - to kill) because its ability to destroy ringworm
in few days. Botanically Charota is described as foetid, annual herb up to 1.2
height. Leaf 6.0 - 12.5 cm long; leaflets 3 pairs, membranous, ovate oblong
with glands in the last two pairs, showing sleeping movements. Flower bright
yellow, axillary peduncles, fruits stout pod, 15-20 cm long, seed green, 25-30
in numbers. In English Charota is known as Foetid Cassia, The Sickle Senna or
Wild Senna. I personally feel that the systemic research is needed to give
benefits of the unique properties of Charota as potherbs to patients around the
world. Common and popular names of Leucas around the world.
Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Bengal Chotahalkusa 2) Hindi Chotahalkusa
3) La Reunion Herbe Tombe, Tombe 4) Mauritius Madame Tombe, Couma, Poualla
toumi 5) Tamil Tumbai 6) Telugu Tummachettu Ipomoea aquatica is not a native
herb; it was introduced in the region for unknown reason centuries back. It is
locally known as Karmatta. The potherb prepared from its fresh leaves is very
popular both in rural and urban regions. In English it is known as Swamp
cabbage, as it grow naturally in swampy areas. In big cities of Chhattisgarh,
Karmatta is cultivated in swampy places nearer to railway tracks. In almost
every part of India, it is used as potherb. According to traditional healers of
Chhattisgarh, it is best remedy for chronic constipation. It is also a good
tonic for lactating woman. Very few people are aware of this unique property of
this potherb. It is one of the most frequently recommended potherbs by
traditional healers specially the specialist of female diseases. These
medicinal properties have also not been reported in scientific literatures.
Over 60 species of Ipomoea are reported in scientific literatures. Over 60 species
of Ipomoea are reported in India but very few are used as potherb. In
Chhattisgarh, popular potherb Muscaini bhaji is also Ipomoea species. It is
Ipomoea reniformis. It leaves resemble the ear of mouse (Musa - Mouse; Caini-
Ear). Muscaini is rainy season weed. It is a common weed of paddy fields. The
traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend this potherb specially to anaemic
woman. Among rural people it is popular potherb. In scientific literatures, I
have found this botanical description about Ipomoea aquatica. Ipomoea aquatica
(Syn. Ipomoea repens) is a very fast growing, aquatic, trailing, and herbaceous
perennial herb. Stem long, hollow, rooting at nodes, leaf elliptic or
ovateoblong, cordate or hastate at base. Flower infundibuliform, white or pale
purple with a dark - purple eye. Fruit ovoid, and smooth. Seeds densely
pubescent. The problem of leucoderma is increasing very rapidly in India. Very
few patients of this non-contagious but odd looking disease have been observed
in Chhattisgarh particularly in tribal belts. In tribal belts, traditional
healers use many herbs for the treatment of this skin problem like Bemchi
(Psoralea corylifolia). But in traditions of Chhattisgarh, these are many
common diseases. The example of Bathua is the promising example. According to
traditional healers of Chhatisgarh, leucoderma is associated with worm problem,
and Bathua as potherb kill these worms particularly the hook worm and make the
leucoderma patient disease free. Bathua grow as winter (rabi) weed with wheat,
chickpea and other winter season field crops. In winter season, you can get
this herb in vegetable market easily. According to weed scientists, Bathua is a
trouble sum weed for winter crop. By selling Bathua to local markets, farmers
not only get rid of this troublesome weed also earn additional income. This is
known as "Chhattisgarhi Ways of weed management (more appropriately weed
utilization) among weed scientist's community all over the world. The
scientific name of Bathua is Chenopodium album. It medicinal properties have
been well documented in scientific literatures. Chenopodium oil for hookworm is
world famous. In many parts of India, special Chapati (paratha) is almost every
part of India. But day by day its popularity is decreasing due to lack of
awareness about its unique medicinal properties. I have not found much
literature on use of Bathua as pot herb for the treatment of leucoderma. The
status of traditional medicinal knowledge about common weeds in Chhattisgarh,
India : A Detailed Survey Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj
Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Since inception of agriculture, weeds have been
recognized as potential pests. Weeds in general reduce crop yield by 31.5%. For
Ayurvedists and Pharmacologists most of the weeds are valuable medicinal
plants. It is written in our ancient Veda that every plant on this earth is
useful Keeping this thought in mind; the concept was developed by the
agricultural scientists that after identifying the traditional and modern uses
of different parts of weeds, these so called unwanted plants, can be utilized
to increase the income of the farmers. Farmers can adopt the practice of hand
weeding for weed control and can sell the valuable parts of medicinal weeds
with the help of co-operative societies to recover the cost of hand weeding and
to earn extra income. Many valuable medicinal plants are found in Chhattisgarh
region as weeds. The traditional knowledge about medicinal properties of these
weeds have not been reported and documented. A detailed survey was conducted
during 1992-98 to collect the information regarding traditional knowledge about
common weeds of crop fields, bunds and wastelands. The Ethnobotanical survey in
Chhattisgarh region was conducted in purposively in purposively selected
districts namely Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, and Rajnandgaon. Bastar and Sarguja.
From each selected district, two blocks and from each selected block, a random
sample of four villages was taken. A proportionate sample of villagers knowing
traditional knowledge about weeds was taken to make the total sample size as
2500 respondents. The data were collected with the help of personal interview
on a well prepared interview schedule. The respondents were selected on the
basis of (i) those having traditional knowledge about medicinal weeds, (ii)
those living in Chhattisgarh for at least 50 years and (iii) having age over 60
years. Respondents not fulfilling anyone of the above mentioned criteria were
rejected and finally 1000 respondents were interviewed. The local name,
ontogeny etc. of medicinal weeds were noted. For the medicinal and industrial
uses of the common weeds the help of reference literatures of Ayurved.
Homoeopathy, Unani, Allopathy etc was taken. For gathering information about
the specific uses of medicinal weeds, frequent visits to respondents were made.
The study revealed that a large number of villagers, specially elder villagers,
were aware of medicinal potential of not only the medicinal weeds but also
common insects and birds. However it is difficult to convince them to disclose
their secrets. 75% respondents have gained the knowledge about medicinal weeds
from their forefathers whereas for 10% respondents the source of information
was their own experimentation and experiences. Only 5% respondents were taught
by the “Village Gurus" about medicinal weeds. The study also revealed that
only 20% respondents believed in using traditional knowledge + Ayurved +
Allopathy combinations for treating their patients. About 7.5% respondents were
using traditional knowledge + Allopathy and 2.5% respondents were using
combinations of all popular systems of medicine. The problems/ reasons
expressed by the respondents for non-adoption of traditional knowledge alone
for treatment were surprising. About 65% respondents answered that the
treatment using traditional knowledge is loosing its popularity day by day.
About 15% respondents blamed the government policies whereas same percentage of
respondents told that the availability of medicinal weeds is decreasing very
rapidly. The place of medicinal weeds is now occupied by some newly introduced
weeds like Congress grass Parthenium hysterophorus and Sole grass Aeschynomene
americana. During survey the heavy infestation of Parthenium hysterophorus was
noted in very district in crop fields. Public places, bunds and wasteland. With
the help of lethal allelochemicals like parthenin, p-coumaric acid and caffeic
acid, Parthenium is suppressing the growth of medicinal weeds. Similar
observations were also noted in early studies. According to villagers,
Parthenium was not presents in villages of Chhattisgarh 10 years back.
Similarly. During survey heavy infestation of Aeschynomene was noted. Although
Aeschynomene is medicinal weed but most of the villagers are not aware of its
medicinal properties. The main reason is that this weed has not been reported
in Chhattisgarh 20 year back. It was introduced probably form Rajasthan through
sheep herds which visited frequently during the period of famine. This
endozoochory has created and still creating many problems for the villagers
Aeschynomene smothers the growth of more than 30 medicinal weeds found in bunds
and wastelands. About 50% respondents were specialized in treating woman
troubles whereas 20% in venereal diseases. 15% in bone setting and 7.5% in
snake bite. About 5.0% (2.5% each) respondents were found specialized in
treating general ailments and skin troubles. The survey indicated that most of
the respondents were (i) next generation is not serious about this valuable traditional
knowledge (15.38%), (ii) next generation do not want to learn about this
(46.15%) and (iii) The survey revealed that in Chhattisgarh more than 150
plants are found as weeds, out of these more than 85 weeds were reported as
medicinal different systems of medicine used in different systems of medicine.
It was found during the search of literature that most of the uses described by
the respondents are already documented. After several visits to targeted
villages, the respondents told the survey team about some of their secret
formulas for preparing drugs from medicinal weeds. About 20 such formulas were
explained by the respondents. The authenticity of these drugs were not tested
by practical utility of some drugs have been observed on patients during the
survey. These results of survey views conclusion that there is an urgent need
to undertake Ethnobotanical surveys. Some constructive modifications are
essential in existing govt. policies to encourage the villagers to adopt this
traditional knowledge of treatment. Also there is a strong need to aware the
people of the region about the importance of traditional knowledge and this
system of healing. Last but not least, the systematic documentation of
traditional knowledge is essential. For achieving this target, the joint
efforts of government, non-government agencies and local are essential.
Traditional knowledge about medicinal rice soils in Chhattisgarh (India)
Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights
Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh are rich in traditional knowledge about
medicinal rice varieties, weeds (Oudhia, 1999), insects (Oudhia, 1998, 2000a)
and mites (Oudhia, 2000b) etc. Chhattisgarh is known as 'rice bowl of India'.
The natives are cultivating different rice varieties from ancient times. The
traditional healers (TH) have identified many medicinal uses of different
components of rice ecosystem including soil. This knowledge has been
transferred from one generation to another generation. The natives of Chhattisgarh
still use different rice soils for the treatment of their health problems. To
list out the various applications of medicinal rice soils of Chhattisgarh, a
study was conducted by the author in the year 1999-2000. The study was
conducted in Bastar, Sarguja, Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, Mahasamund and
Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh. The help of well prepared interview
schedule was taken. TH of selected districts still using medicinal rice soils
were identified and 20 TH were selected for the study. The study was focused on
traditional knowledge about three major groups of medicinal rice soils of
Chhattisgarh i.e. Kanhar (Vertisols), Dorsa (Alfisols) and Matasi
(Inceptisols). The study revealed that the TH of Chhattisgarh uses all three
types of rice soils as medicinal soils. Out of these three soils, Vertisols
(Kanhar) was found most frequently used medicinal soil. During survey it was
noted that TH are using these soils for the treatment of 30 acute and more than
10 chronic diseases. Some uses of these soils are described below. (1) Kanhar
soil with rice weed Eclipta alba is used externally for the diseases of head.
It is one of the common uses.il from rice fields having rice var Baisoor is
used to treat chronic headache particularly hemicrania. The TH of Durg has
given this information. (3) The TH of Sarguja. uses the soils of many common
crops for the treatment. According to him, the best soil is rice soil, second
best is kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) soil and soybean (Glycine max L.) soil
is worst of all medicinal soils. (4) The TH of Sarguja, use Kanhar soil from
rice fields mixed with weed Sida acuta L. to treat boils. They also use the
Matasi soil mixed with Neem leaves juice to cure acne. It is used as external
application preferably in form of face packs. (5) Soils from rice fields of
variety Karhani are used for external application in case of paralysis
specially in right side paralysis. (6) Kanhar soils of rice fields having dense
population or rice weed Commelina benghalensis L. is used to treat conjunctivitis.
The poultice is used externally. (7) Kanhar soil of Brown Plant Hopper
(Nilaparvata lugens. [Stal.]) Infested rice fields are used for the treatments
of common skin diseases like ringworm, itching etc. These medicinal uses of
rice soils are not reported in available literatures. All TH informed that the
best time of collection of soils is the flowering stage of crop. The specific
effect of any rice variety on medicinal properties of soil was may be due to
the presence of allelochemicals secreted from the rice roots at the time of
flowering. The study indicated that there is a strong need to study this
phenomenon in detail. According to the TH heavy and increasing infestation of
an obnoxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. and decreasing population and
area under traditional rice varieties and heavy use of synthetic inputs are the
factors responsible for deterioting the medicinal properties of these soils.
The study suggested that there is a strong need to document the traditional
medicinal knowledge about rice soils not only in Chhattisgarh hut also in whole
world. REFERENCES Oudhia, P. (1998).Medicinal insects and 58. Oudhia, P.
(1999), Medicinal weeds in rice fields of Chhattisgarh (India).In. Rice
Res.Notes 24(l):40. Oudhia, P. (2000a).Traditional medicinal knowledge about
green leaf hopper, Nephotettix sp„in Chhattisgarh (lndia).ln.Rice Res.Notes.25
(3):40. Oudhia, P. (2000b). Traditional medicinal Knowledge about red velvet
mite Trombidium sp. (Acari: Trombidiidae) in Chhattisgarh. Insect Environ.5
(3): 1 13. Oudhia, P. (1998) Medicinal insects and spiders. Insect
Environment.4(2) : 57-58 Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs
used for ringworm (skin disease) in Chhattisgarh (India) Research Note - Pankaj
Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved According to
medical sciences ringworm or Tinea is group name for a highly contagious,
segmented mycelial fungus. It is the commonest, single fungus group of
infections found in tropical countries. In Chhattisgarh, due to moist climate
the problem of skin diseases is most common in both rural and urban areas.
During rainy season, the number of patients increases. During my visits to
southern plateau of Chhattisgarh. I have noted the frequent use of Oxalis and
Cassia tora eternally for ringworm. In Chhattisgarh, Oxalis corniculata and
Cassia tora both occur as wasteland weed. In my article on pot herbs of
Chhattisgarh, you will find the other uses of these weeds. I have noted that in
comparison to Cassia, Oxalis is more frequently used. In Northern - Eastern
region of Chhattisgarh, where the density of Oxalis is less, natives prefer
Cassia for ringworm and other skin diseases. In externally. It is general
belief in Chhattisgarh, that internally seeds act as blood purifier and
therefore, useful in skin diseases. In India, oil extracted from Cassia tora
seeds is used for ringworm commonly. The common name of cassia is Dadmari (Dad
means Ringworm, Mari means to kill). Because of Oxalic acid content, the herb
Oxalis is known as Oxalis. The fresh leaves alone or whole herb is crushed and
applied externally on ringworm affected area. The whole process is repeated
till relief. In English Oxalis is known as wood sorrel or Indian Sorrel. I have
found this botanical description of Oxalis is science literatures. It is a
small, procumbent acrid herb; stems rooting; pubescent, Leaves tri-foliate,
petioles very slender; leaf base cuneate sub sessile, margins ciliate; Flowers
axillary, sub-umbellate; Corolla petals 5, yellow, oblong, rounded of the apex;
Fruits capsule, linear oblong, 5 - angles beaked. Seeds - many, avoid and
brown. For effective treatment of ringworm the Traditional healers of
Chhattisgarh use Cassia tora seeds in different ways. They never prefer raw
application of Cassia leaves and seed, as popular among common people. The
traditional healer of Gandai, Use of dip the freshly harvested matured cassia
seeds in water and after complete decay, crushed seed are applied externally on
affected parts. The traditional healer of Bastar is not aware of this process.
He uses Cassia seeds with Aonla with cassia seeds; he uses turmeric powder,
Opium, leaves of marigold, and fresh juice of lemon for external application.
In severe cases, Borax is also added in this formula. I have noted that in most
of the cases, patients get relief in three to four days. From many traditional
healers, I have heard that application of raw saliva; just after wake up, n
disease affected area is one of the very promising solutions. Some of them
recommend chewing the neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and then applying the
saliva. In my ethno botanical surveys in remote areas of Chhattisgarh, I have
found this “practical and easy solutions’ very effective. I have yet not found
any research findings confirming this unique way of treatment. I personally
feel that these observations deserve proper attention. In many parts of
Chhattisgarh, the natives collect the fallen neem seeds and oil is extracted.
This oil is used mostly for skin diseases very common in rainy season. This oil
is also used as hair oil in order to control hair lice. During weekly meetings
with farmers for deciding strategies for agriculture, one can smell the
odd-odour of neem oil from audience side. Like other traditional uses, the use
of neem oil is decreasing rapidly and scented oils from urban areas are taking
its place. Last month, I visited to Nagri - Sihawa region of Chhattisgarh. It
is well known for scented rice varieties and unique biodiversity. During my
visit to historical village Kekrakholi, I have observed the use of Kusum oil
(Schleichera oleosa) for skin troubles. The traditional healer told me that it
is equally effective for cattle also. After coming back from visit, I searched
the literatures. I have found the material on use of oil for itch. In trade
this oil is known as Macassar oil. Some other traditional remedies are (1)
External application of Kuchla (Nux vomica) with vinegar. Kuchla is common herb
found in Bastar region (2) External application of fresh leaves of Dhanbaher (Cassia
fistula) with lemon juice (3) External application of oil prepared from Munga
(Moringa oliefera) roots. (4) External application of fruit pulp of Dhanbaher
with water (5) External application of Sarson ka Tel (Mustard oil). (6) In many
parts of Chhattisgarh, Bermuda grass (locally Doob or Dubi) Cynodon dactylon is
used externally for effective treatment of ringworm and other skin troubles.
You will be surprised to know that the oil prepared from ants commonly found in
Mango (Mangifera indica) trees are also very useful in treating ringworm.
According to Traditional healers, one hundred ants are collected and dipped in
Sesamum oil for forty days. After forty days oil is used for external
application. Once prepared, oil is said to be effective up to 20 years. The
detailed Ethnobotanical surveys are still in progress. Two days back, I visited
the Bagbahera and Tendukona area for my routine meeting with traditional
healers. I am sure that can add some more information on traditional medicinal
knowledge about common herbs used in different diseases in these articles. I am
really lucky, that the Nature has selected me to document the miracle healing
properties of valuable herbs and traditional knowledge about these herbs of
Chhattisgarh. Traditional medicinal knowledge about red ant Oecophylla
smaragdina (Fab.) [Hymenoptera; Formicidae] in Chhattisgarh, India Research
Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Red
Ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fab.) is widely distributed and common in mango
orchards of Chhattisgarh. This ant constructs its nests by webbing together the
leaves. The ant is carnivorous feeder on flies, moths, beetles and
caterpillars. It bites with its mandibles and squirts formic acid from the
abdomen. Chhattisgarh is known for its unique bio diversity and traditional
medicinal knowledge about common herbs, insects, mites and spiders (Oudhia,
2002) The traditional healers of the state use insects and mites very
frequently in order to treat common health problems. Every year SOPAM conduct
series of ethnoentomological surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. During
summer 2002, the survey was conducted to document the ethnoentomological
properties of Red ant found commonly on Mango trees. Total forty traditional
healers specialized in use of insects as medicine were selected. The survey was
conducted through personal interviews and weekly visits to traditional healers
to observe their healing practices. The survey revealed that the tribal of
Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, use this ant as food due to its acidic taste. In
village level markets, it is common dish available for sell. The chutney is
also prepared from these ants. In most of the cases, live ants are sold and
used as food. It is one of the most popular dishes among the children. The
common people are not aware of its medicinal properties. According to
traditional healers, regular intake of these ants prevents the attack of
rheumatism in old stage. It also helps in curing the patients suffering from
rheumatism. The traditional healers prepare special oils from these ants and
use it to treat many common health problems for preparation of medicated oils,
the mustard, Sesamum and jasmine oils are used at base oil, Total hundred ants
are collected and dipped in these oils separately. This oil (with ants) is kept
under open sky for forty days. After forty days, oils are used externally for
different problems. The medicated oil having mustard oil as base oil is used
for the treatment of rheumatism and gout. The medicated oil having Sesamum oil
as base oil is used for external application in case of ringworm and other skin
diseases. The medicated oil with jasmine oil as base oil is used as aphrodisiac
for external application. These unique medicinal properties of Red Ant Oecophylla
smaragdina have not been reported in available literatures. The survey
suggested that there is a strong need to evaluate the medicinal efficiency of
these oils and to conserve the traditional medicinal knowledge about these
valuable. Reference Oudhia, P. (2002). Insect Environment. 8(1) : 25
[Originally published as Oudhia, P. (2002).Traditional medicinal knowledge
about Red Ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fab.) [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] in
Chattisgarh, India. Insect Environment.8 (3):114-115.] Traditional medicinal
knowledge about common weeds in Lathyrus fields of Chhattisgarh, India Research
Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved
Lathyrus, locally known as tiura or lakhdl, is one of the major rabi crops of
the Chhattisgarh region. In Chhattisgarh, farmers grow Lathyrus as a rainfed
crop after rice. Lathyrus seeds are broadcasted in standing rice crop (at dough
stage) to use the moisture present in the field. Chhattisgarh farmers take
least care of Lathyrus crops and do not tillage or spray herbicides for weed
management. In general, weeds are considered as unwanted plants. Medicinal,
industrial, and beneficial allelopathic effects of many common weeds have been
reported (Oudhia 1999; Oudhia et al. 1996, 1999; Oudhia and Tripathi 1997).
Chhattisgarh is rich in bio diversity and many medicinal plants grow as weeds
in this region (Oudhia 1998). Studies conducted in the region revealed that
farmers can earn an additional income by selling different valuable parts of
weeds as medicine after hand-weeding (Oudhia and Tripathi 1999). Due to
non-availability of information regarding medicinal weed flora of Lathyrus
fields and to find out the possibilities of providing an additional income to
Lathyrus farmers through medicinal weeds, a survey was conducted during 1996-
98. The study was conducted in six selected districts of the Chhattisgarh
region. From each selected district, two blocks were-selected and from each
block, a random sample of four villages was taken. A proportionate number of
householders from each village were taken to make a sample of 100 respondents.
Information regarding existing medicinal weeds was collected through personal
interviews. Literature related to Ayurved, Homeopathy, Unani, Allopathy, and
other systems of medicine was used to find out the medicinal uses of the common
weeds in Lathyrus fields. Weeds were collected paying intensive visits to
targeted villages at an interval of 15 days. Visual observation on both crop
fields and wastelands were made. Regular correspondence was maintained with
national and international purchasers of valuable medicinal weeds. This study
revealed that there is a tremendous possibility of using medicinal weeds for
increasing Lathyrus farmers' income in Chhattisgarh region. Common and popular
names of Lathyrus around the world. Language / regions / countries. Names 1.
Arabic Jilban 2. Assam Khesari, Teora 3. Bengali Kassur, Teora 4. Egypt Gilban
5. English Black Sea Pulse, Chickling Vetch, Dog-tooth pea, Grass pea, Indian
pea, Mutter pea, White Vetch, Riga pea. 6. French Dent de brebis, Jarosse,
Jarrat, 7. German Kicherling, Platterbse, Saatplatterboe 8. Guinea Ater,
Shimbera, Sobbeure 9. Gujarati Lang, Lange 10. Hindi Kansari, Kasari, Kassar,
Kassur, Kesari, Khesari, Latri, Tiuralakh, Tiuri, Tiura, 11. Iraq Hurt muman,
Hurtuman 12. Marathi Lakh 13. Nepal Kesari 14. Persian Masang 15. Portuguese
Chicharo, Ervilhaca 16. Punjab Chural, Karas, Karil, Kisari, 17. Russian
Lugovoi goroshek 18. Sanskrit Langka, Sandika, Triputa 19. Spanish Almortas,
Guijas, Muelas, Pinsoles, itos, Titos. 20. Oriya Chana During the study, it was
observed that 30 varieties of weeds infested Lathyrus fields and that 14 of
them possessed valuable medicinal properties (Table 1). Medicinal properties of
these 14 weeds were found well documented in literature. Villagers of the
region were using eight (Sphaeranthus indicus, Tridax procumbens, Melilotus
sp., Blumea lacera, Chenopodium album, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and
Oxalis corniculata) out of the 14 for treating their health problems. Four of
these weeds were identified as potential weeds. These potential weeds possess
valuable medicinal and industrial uses, and they have a big demand in national
and international pharmaceutical markets (Table 2). The study suggested that
there is an immediate need of: • Documentation of valuable knowledge about
medicinal weeds in Lathyrus fields • surveying major field crop, •
identification of villages having higher density of particular medicinal weeds,
• establishment of proper linkages between village level operative societies
and national and international pharmaceutical distributors. • Identification of
industrial and allelopathic uses of these medicinal weeds, and • development of
grading and processing methods for medicinal weeds according to international
standards. TABLE 1 Scientific Name Local name Life Cycle Useful Parts Medicinal
uses Remarks (A) Compositeae Spilanthes acmella Akarkara Annual Seed, root For
mouth disease M Sphaeranthus indicus* Mundi Annual Seed For respiratory
diseases M,m Launea asplenifolia Jangli palak Perennial Seed Used as a
lactagogue M Sonchus arvensis - Perennial Seed Used as a laxative and a
diuretic. Roots and leaves are used as a tonic and febrifuge M Vernonia
baldwini - Perennial Seed Useful in treatment of asthma, bronchitis, and
constipation Tridax procumbens Bhengra Annual Seed For all types of bleeding
M,m Blumea lacera* Kukurmutta Annual Seed For fever and respiratory organs'
disease M,m (B) Leguminoseae Melilotus alba and M. indica* Senji Annual Seed
Used as discutient and emollient externally as a fermentation poultice, or
plaster for swells M,m Vicia sativa Zillo Annual Seed Seed is used as an
emollient in the form of poultice M Medicago denticulata Dhekna Annual Seed
Used as an antidote to venom M (C) Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium Bhathua Annual
Seed For hook worm, leucoderma, and skin problems M,m (D) Cyperaceae Cyperus
rotundus* Motha Annual Nut, seed Root is useful in leprosy, thirst, fever,
blood diseases, biliousness, dysentery, epilepsy M,m (E) Gramineae Cynodon
dactylon Doobi Perennial Seed, bulb Whole plant juice is used as astringent,
decoction of roots is used as a diuretic M,m (F) Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis
Krishnaneel Annual Seed For respiratory organs and genital diseases, also used
in hydrophobia M (G) Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Khatti buti Perennial Bulb
For skin disease M,m M = Weeds which have medicinal properties. m= Weeds in use
in Chhatisgarh as medicinal plants * = Weeds which have heavy demand in national
and international pharmaceutical markets. TABLE 2 Existing uses and valuable
parts of four potential medicinal weeds in Lathyrus fields of Chhattisgarh.
Scientific Name Existing uses Valuable parts Remarks = Blumea lacera Leaves
used for asthma Leaves, seed, and roots N,I Cyperus rotundus In skin, urinary,
digestive, and reproductive diseases Dried nuts N,I Sphaeranthus indicus In
case of eosinophilia Whole plant N Melilotus indica and M. alba As discutient
Leaves N N = Medicinal weeds having demand in national markets. I = Medicinal
weeds having demand in international market. References Oudhia, P. 1998.
Parthenium: A curse for the bio-diversity of Chhattisgarh plains. Page 26 in
Abstract. National Research Seminar on Bio-chemical Changes - An Impact on
Environment. 30-31 July 1998, R.D. Government P.G. College, Mandla, India.
Oudhia, P. 1999. Medicinal weeds in rice fields of Chhattisgarh (India).
International Rice Research Notes 24(1): 40. Oudhia, P., G.K. Shrivastava, and
R.S. Tripathi. 1996. Medicinal weeds of Durg (Madhya Pradesh) region. Weed News
31(l&2): 63-66. Oudhia, P. and R.S. Tripathi. 1997. Allelopathic potential
of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. World Weeds 4: 109-119. Oudhia, P. and R.S.
Tripathi. 1999. Medicinal weeds: A boon for the farmers of Chhattisgarh. Page
152 in Abstract. VIII Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science,
5-7 February 1999, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Oudhia, P., R.S.
Tripathi, S. Puri, and D.S. Chandel. 1999. Traditional knowledge about
medicinal weeds in Chhattisgarh. Vasundhara The Earth 1(1): 12-15
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