Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-22

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Ganna or Kushiar (Saccharum officinarum) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Many species of Saccharum are reported from Chhattisgarh. Saccharum spontaneum (Kans) and S. munja (Sarkanda) occur naturally in Chhattisgarh. Sugar cane (S. Officinarum) is under cultivation as cash crop. It is cultivation in scattered patches. Now the state government is promoting its commercial cultivation in large scale. In Kavardha region, advanced sugar mill is under construction. The agricultural experts have found Kavardha region suitable for its commercial production. The farmers of other region are also showing interest in this cash crop. Many governmental and non-governmental organizations are engaged in development of new improved varieties through tissue culture method. Common names of Ganna (Saccharum officinarum) around the world. S.No. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1 Annam Mia 2 Arabic Kasabishakar, Qasabussakar 3 Bengal Ak, Ganna, Ik, Kajuli, UK, Ukyo 4 Brazil Canna, Canna de assucar, Viba 5 Myanmar Keyan, Kyan 6 Cambodia Ampeou, Ampon 7 Canarese Ikshu, Ikshudanda, Ingolu, Kabbu, Kantara 8 Sri Lanka karambu 9 Chinese kan Che, Sha T'ang, Shih Mi 10 Dutch Suiker riet 11 Egypt Ghah, Qassab sukkar 12 English Sugarcane 13 Fiji Dovu, Vico 14 French Pofongu, Bogleng 15 French Guiana Canne a sucre 16 German Zuckerrohr 17 Guam Tupo, Tupu 18 Gujarati Naisakar, Sheradi, Sherdi 19 Hindi Ganna, Ikh, Ukh, UK, Naishakar 20 Iraq Qussab sukkari 21 Japanese Kansia 22 Java Tebu 23 Kurdish Gamish-i-shikir 24 La Reunion Canne 25 Madagascar Fary 26 Malay Tebu, Tubu 27 Marathi Aos, Kabbo, US, Usa 28 Persian naishakar 29 Philippines Tubo 30 Portuguese Cannade assucar 31 Samoa Tolo 32 Roumanian Trestie de zahar 33 Sanskrit Adhipatra, Asipatra, Bhurirassa, Gandidi, Gudada, Gudadaru, Madhutrina, Rasala, Rasaly, Sastra, Sukumasaka, Maharasa, Ikshu, Ikshura, Vansha 34 Spanish Canade azucar 35 Tamil Angarigai, Ikku, Kalai, Karambu 36 Telugu Cheraku, cherakubodi, Ikshupu, Inju, Kantaramu 37 Urdu Canade azucar 38 Uriya Aku, Ikhyo, Gudodaru The research institutions are conducting field trials and engaged in development of standard package of practice for its commercial cultivation in different parts of Chhattisgarh. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Ganna is a valuable medicinal herb. But unfortunately, its cultivation is not under promotion for its medicinal properties and uses. Many experts reply that they are producing Ganna and now it is upon the natives, how they use it, as sugar source or as medicine. But the natives and traditional healers are aware that how the use of chemical inputs in commercial production decreases its medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the organic farming of Ganna is not under promotion. The produces of organic farming can be used as medicine without any problem. During my ethnobotanical surveys in Southern parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed wild species of Ganna in forest areas. The traditional healers of this region prefer this species in treatment. This species is less rich in sweetness. As the reference literatures are full of information on the commercial production of Ganna and its various industrial uses, I am not giving these details in this article. Before giving details on its traditional medicinal uses, I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literatures, the stems of Ganna are solid, yellow, purple, red or striped, having height from 6 to 12 feet; Leaves flat; Panicle terminal, Spreading, erect, oblong, from one to three feet long, gray from the quantity of long use hairs that surround the florets; the branches alternate and spreading, and very spreading; Rachis striated, Glumes smooth Palea smooth, membranous, pink. In cultivated species, lots of variations can be seen. Ganna holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, Ganna is sweet, oleaginous, indigestible, diuretic, tonic, cooling, aphrodisiac and useful in fatigue, thirst, leprosy, intestinal trouble, anaemia, erysipelas, inflammations, ulcers etc. According to Unani system of medicine, Ganna is sweet, laxative, diuretic, fattening, aphrodisiac and good for lungs. It is bad of liver (I would like to mention here that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh consider it beneficial to liver and the patients having Jaundice are advised by the healers to take more and more Ganna juice.) The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the Ganna juice in treatment of Renal Calculi (Pathri) very frequently. According to them, the consumption of cane helps in flushing out the Pathri efficiently in very less time. In general, healers suggest the patients to use and extract the juice, with the help of mouth directly. The juice extracted with the help of machine is not preferred. They reject the stored juice. According to the healers, mouth sucked juice is coolest in nature, machine extracted is relatively hotter whereas stored juice (changes black in colour) is hottest in nature, relatively. The rural and forest areas of Chhattisgarh, the natives still consume raw cane without the help of machine. In urban areas where natives having no time (?) Are preferring the juice extracted with the help of machine. The natives add Adrak (Ginger) and Nimbu (Lemon) juice in Ganna juice to make it more nutritive. The farmers are aware about the styptic properties of Ganna and in case of injuries during field work, they never miss the chance to utilize this traditional knowledge. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, suggest the patients having skin troubles to take more and more Ganna. It is considered as promising blood purifier. Gud (Jaggery) prepared from juice have wide medicinal uses. I have written a lot about Gud in my previous articles, I am not repeating it here. In many parts of Chhattisgarh the natives suggests the newly wed couples to increase the intake of Ganna. It is considered as aphrodisiac and also good health tonic. I personally feel that there is a need to establish Ganna as potential medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh and to popularize its traditional medicinal uses. Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys I am trying my best to gather more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXIV. Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada, family : Zingiberaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are well known for natural diversity of Curcuma species. Many common as well as rare species of Curcuma have been reported in these forests. Curcuma amada, C. angustifolia, C. caesia, C. domestica, C. aromatica, C. leucorrhiza, C. zedoaria etc. are among major species. The rhizome of Ama Haldi (Curcuma amada) has an odour of raw mangoes (in Hindi Ama). This is the reason locally it is known as Ama Haldi. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Ama Haldi is a valuable medicinal herb. Southern Chhattisgarh is rich in natural population of this species. As its rhizomes are used as spice and condiment, many farmers are engaged in commercial cultivation of Ama Haldi. In Chhattisgarh Plains, it is establishing as potential medicinal crop. To list out the existing traditional uses of Ama Haldi in different parts of Chhattisgarh, series of surveys were carried out. In present article, I am giving the details but at first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to reference literatures Ama Haldi is a stemless herb with horizontal, palmate and sessile tubers, united to the sides of an ovate conic bud of the same colour, which give rise to the leaves and spike; from its sides and base long fleshy fibres issues, which penetrate deep into the soil, some of them ending in oblong, paler (pendulous) tubers; Leaves radical, bifarious, petioled above their sheaths, lanceolate, cuspidate, smooth on both sides, from 6 to 18 inches long, scape central, about six inches long, invested by several alternate sheaths; spike shorter than the scape, cylindrical with a loose, coloured, pale rose coma; Bracts oblong, imbricated, the lower half of their margins united to the backs of the two next above, forming a pouch for a fascicle of 4 or 5, rather small, yellow flowers, which expand in succession; Calyx superior, unequally 3-toothed; Corolla with a slender tube. Flowering time August to October in Chhattisgarh conditions. Ama Haldi holds a reputed position as a medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to the Ayurveda, it is sweet, bitter, cooling, appetizer, alexiteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, laxatives and useful in treatment of biliousness, skin troubles, bronchitis, asthma, hiccup, inflammations etc. According to Unani system of medicine, Ama Haldi is bitter, diuretic, maturant, emollient, expectorant, antipyretic, appetizing and useful in treatment of inflammations, diseases of mouth and ear, gleet, ulcers on penis, scabies, lumbago, stomatitis etc. Although Ama Haldi is present in abundance in natural forests of Chhattisgarh, the natives and traditional healers are not much aware of its medicinal uses. During the ethnobotanical surveys, I observed this. It is used alone rarely. It is used in combination with other herbs. Its use as blood purifier with other herbs is very popular in Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers use powdered rhizome as medicine. In healing wounds, it is considered as more promising as compared to the domestic Haldi (Curcuma longa). In combination with Dhikuar (Aloe vera) gel, the healers of Gandai region use it externally in treatment of swelling. Ama Haldi is one of the important ingredients added in herbal formulations used in treatment of different fevers. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed that Kali Mirch (Black Pipper), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), Harra (Terminalia chebula), Chita (Plumbago zeylenica), Pippali (Piper longum) etc. herbs are added in these herbal formulations with Ama Haldi. These combinations are given twice a day till complete cure. The traditional healers of this region also informed that they use powdered rhizome with pure Honey (Shahad) as aphrodisiac but as other promising alternatives are available, this combination is not much popular. Ama Haldi is in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand in national and international drug markets. The existing cultivation is reducing the pressure on natural population of Ama Haldi due to market demands. In my allelopathic studies, I have found Ama Haldi rhizome more effective against common pest as compared to domestic Haldi (Curcuma longa). With the help of innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh, we are using the leachates and extracts of Haldi rhizome in organic cultivation of Indian medicinal and aromatic crops. This is really surprising that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of its traditional uses as compared to other herbs. Observing this, now I have decided to conduct a separate survey on this aspect. I am confident that living with the natives of Ama Haldi rich areas of Chhattisgarh few weeks, I will be able to get information on more promising uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India. IV. Jivanti Laddu Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh use this preparation both for taste and as medicine. These Laddus are a boon for the patients having the problem of any types of Bavasir (Piles). In these Laddus, Jivanti herb is used in combination with other herbs. Many of these herbs are available in Chhattisgarh, but for some ingredients the natives are dependent on local herb shops. During my ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have noted that natives and traditional healers of almost every part are aware of this preparation. They add or delete one or more herbs but basic ingredients are same throughout the state. Required Material: - Root tubers of Jivanti, Fruit pulp of Bhelwa, Sonth (dried Ginger), Vidhara seeds and Gud (Jaggery). Method of preparation: - All herbs are converted into powder form and mixed in equal proportion. After mixing double amount of Gud (Jaggery) is added and Laddus are prepared. The patients are advised to take one Laddu a day with a glass of fresh water. Although this preparation have special use but due to its delicious taste, it is popular among the natives specially the children never miss the chance to eat it. Jivanti (Holostemma annularis) is an extensive hairless perennial climber. According to reference literatures, its roots are tuberous, about 3 cm across, whitish inside. It tastes sweet; Latex white, thick, sticky becoming and elastic residue on drying (like other Latex); Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, base deeply heart shaped, apex bluntly acuminate, margin entire, hairless, papery; Flowers bisexual, 5-7, in axillary cymes, pinkish purple, fleshy, distinctly stalked. Follicles 1 or 2, lance-shaped, turgid, hairless, slightly fire-ridged; seeds many, avoid, about one cm long, flat, winged along the margin, with silky white hairs at apex. Another ingredient Bhelwa (Semecarpus anacardium) is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. For the botany, reported and traditional medicinal uses of Bhelwa, Vidhara and Sonth, I suggest you to read previous articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some promising home remedies used in treatment of Asthma in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I have written two articles focused on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Asthma in Chhattisgarh, India previously. In present article, I am giving details regarding some home remedies used by the natives as initial measures in treatment of Asthma. I have collected the information on this important aspect through small surveys conducted in different cities and villages of Chhattisgarh with the help of questionnaire. The members of SOPAM and readers of my articles at different parts helped me in collection of these information's. The surveys were focused on senior housewives who have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs. The traditional healers were not included in these surveys. Through these surveys, I have collected information on some simple but promising home remedies that are in use in the state. As home remedies, the natives use common herbs found in surroundings or more specifically, herbs that are used in routine life. Most of the natives claimed that Asthma, at initial stages, can be managed by the herbs they use in their Kitchens. During the time of attack, the natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use Piaz juice in combination with Shahad (Honey). Three teaspoonful of Piaz juice and Shahad each are mixed and patients are advised to take it. It is common belief among natives that regular use of this combination upto two months helps in prevention of further attacks. Piaz is local name of Onion (Allium cepa). I have seen its practical uses many times. Like Piaz, Lason (Garlic) is also used. One part of Lason and Namak (Common salt) are mixed and added in two parts of cow ghee. The whole solution is allowed to boil. After boiling, the solution is stored for future use. The patients having the problem of Asthma are advised to take half teaspoonful of this solution twice a day. It is specially recommended to the children. The natives of Durg region use the fresh juice of Sem (Dolichos lablab) for many health benefits. According to them, the juice of immature pods is a boon for the patients having the problem of Asthma, Acidity, Dyspepsia and throat diseases. The juice can be used with other therapies also. Sem in under cultivation as vegetable crop in this part of Chhattisgarh. According to the natives of Chhattisgarh, the Tasir (Nature) of Sarson Tel (Mustard oil) is hot. They use it externally for massage. During attack, the oil mixed with common salt is massaged gently on chest. It helps the patients to get easy breathe. Sarson is under cultivation as oil seed crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives of Narharpur region use the leaves of Andi (Ricinus communis) in special way. The housewives take a leaf of Andi and put it between two chapattis and roast it on fire. After roasting, the leaf is given to the patients to keep it inside the mouth and swallow the juice slowly. According to the housewives, this special method acts fastly during attack. They are aware that in some cases, patients feel uneasy after swallowing the juice. In such cases, they suggest the patients to increase the regular uptake of cow milk. As patients get immediate relief, in general they do not bother the uneasy feelings. The natives of this region, use the Gud (Jaggery) in combination with Sarson Tel internally in treatment of Asthma. Both ingredients are mixed in equal proportion and kept for future use. According to the natives, in long term it gives more better results. The natives of Ambikapur city informed about the unique use of Haldi (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder. Two teaspoonful of Haldi powder is taken and four teaspoonful of cow ghee is added. Haldi is fried in Cow ghee and the combination is kept for future use. During the time of trouble, the patients are advised to take half teaspoonful of combination thrice a day. It reduces the intensity of attack immediately. Its use with lukewarm cow milk increases its effect. For long term use, the natives prepare it in large quantities. The use of Adrak juice (Ginger) is also popular among the natives. The natives take one kg of Adrak rhizome and extract the juice. In this juice, one kg of sugar is added. The combination is boiled in low flame. After boiling it is stored for future use. In time of use, the combination is divided into six equal parts. One part is given to the patients daily morning empty stomach. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. During this use the patients are advised to take light food and increase the intake of cow milk. The natives also use the small pieces of Adrak in preparation of Herbal tea commonly used in treatment of Asthma. The natives of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the leaves, internally as home remedy to treat Asthma. The leaves are collected, dried in shade and converted into fine powder. Half teaspoonful of leaf powder is mixed in a teaspoonful of Shahad (Honey) and given to the patients. It is given twice a day upto atleast 15 days. It is considered useful in both prevention and treatment of Asthma. Through above mentioned initial measures the natives try to provide relief to the patients, but in case of complications they immediately approach to the traditional healers. As the problem of Asthma is becoming global problem, I am expecting that the valuable traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs, the natives and traditional healers are having, can be very useful for the Asthma suffers around the globe. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Intestinal worms in Chhattisgarh, India : The results of recent surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India revealed that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of intestinal worms. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles. This article is a supplement to previous articles. The traditional healers of Narharpur region suggest the patients to collect the new roots of Bar (Ficus benghalensis) and extract the juice. This juice is given internally in treatment of intestinal worms. The healers also suggest the patients to use Bhelwa oil (Semecarpus anacardium) with milk. Few drops of oil is added in lukewarm milk and given internally. Both Bar and Bhelwa are common trees in this part of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bastar region consider the milk of Nariyal (Cocos nucifera) beneficial in treatment. The patients are advised to take more and more milk to flush out the worms. In normal cases, the healers also use the bark of Anar (Pomegranate) herb. The fresh bark is used internally in combination with Til (Sesamum) oil. In case of complications, the healers use the combination of roots and bark. Both parts are mixed in equal proportion and by boiling the combination in water, decoction is prepared. The fresh decoction is given to the patients. The healers do not use old or stored decoction. Anar is a common fruit tree planted in home gardens for its medicinal uses and delicious fruits. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region are also aware of use of Anar root bark for this purpose. But they use it in combination with other herbs. In this combination, Baibirang (Embelia ribes) is added frequently. The healers of Dhamtari region also use the powdered Aam Guthli (Mango stone) in combination with Shahad (Honey) in treatment of intestinal worms. The use of Mainphal (Randia sp.) Is also common in this part of Chhattisgarh. The healers use it with Shahad internally. The traditional healers of Bhanupratappur region use the seeds of Parsa (Butea monosperma) in treatment. The seeds are soaked in water and when it gets softened, it is given with Shahad (Honey). It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The natural forests of Bhanupratappur are rich in natural population of Parsa trees. The healers of this region also recommend the internal use of Bael leaf juice. Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. It is one of the important non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand in national and internal markets. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the matured fruit of Papita (Papaya) for this purpose. A teaspoonful of fruit juice is given internally. For child patients, the healers recommend only two drops of juice. The use is continued till complete cure. The traditional healers of this part also recommend the use of Indrajau (Wrightia tinctoria) roots alone or in combination with Baibirang. The aqueous extract of roots is given internally. Indrajau is a common medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh. The healers use this herb very frequently in treatment of Sickle Cell Anaemia. I have written a lot on medicinal properties and uses of Koha tree parts. During this survey, the traditional healers of Dondi-Lohara region informed me about the use of Koha flowers to flush out the intestinal worms. Koha flowers are used in combination with other herbs. Koha (Terminalia arjuna) is well known tree in Chhattisgarh. In the recent surveys, I visited to new villages and locations. As results, I got long list of herbs and a lot of information on traditional uses. Although the present list looks exhaustive, but I feel that these are limited uses and through future surveys, I will be able to gather more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article Traditional medicinal knowledge about Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi; family : Velerianaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Jatamansi or Balchhar is not a native to Chhattisgarh. It occurs naturally in alpine Himalayas, Kumaon and Sikkim. During the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh when the traditional healers informed me about the traditional medicinal uses of Jatamansi, I got surprised. These observations motivated me to write a separate article on Jatamansi. The healers purchase this herb from local herb shops and the owners of local herb shops bring it from neighboring states. The traditional healers are aware that in the name of Jatamansi, they are cheated often and they have to pay high prices for false materials. Many healers have developed testing methods to get genuine material. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me various medicinal uses of Jatamansi, he is practicing. He informed me that he frequently uses this herb in treatment of mental troubles. According to him, it is a boon for the patients having the problem of Mirgi (Epilepsy). The herb is dried and dipped in half litre of water, at night. Next morning, the leachate is given to the patients. The doses depend upon the vitality of patients. In case of complications, he boils the herbal solution at night and next day use it in same way. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use Jatamansi herb in combination with Bach (Acorus calamus) root powder internally in treatment of hysteria. The healers of this region use Jatamansi herb as hair tonic externally. The herb is boiled in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped and herbal oil is stored for future use. As base oil, Til (Sesame) oil is used mostly. The healers consider it effective against dandruff and lice. It promotes new hair growth and stops premature graying of hairs. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use this herb in famous herbal formulations used for hair growth promotion. The traditional healer of Bastar region Shri Vishal Bharat was using Jatamansi internally in combination with other herbs in treatment of rheumatism. The natives engaged in Tantra activities use the rhizomes of Jatamansi as the rhizomes of Bach. It is not wrong to say that for these natives Bach is promising alternative to Jatamansi. The natives engaged in manufacturing of incense stick use the Jatamansi in combination with other aromatic herbs including Bach. It is popularly used in herbal coil used to repel away the mosquitoes. But as its price is high, it is used in special formulations only. The traditional healer of Gunderdehi informed me about the use of Jatamansi internally in treatment of Renal calculi but according to him, many other promising herbs are available it is used less frequently. Many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh claim that Jatamansi occurs naturally in dense forests of neighboring state Orissa, but I have yet not seen it in forests. According to reference literatures, Jatamansi is a dwarf herbaceous plant with a long hairy top root; stems perennial, very short, simply divided into a number of shaggy scaly crown from which the leaves proceed; Branches erect, a few inches high, downy; Leaves obovatelanceolate, 3-ribbed, downy; those next the root acute, the upper ones obtuse; flowers pale pink, clustered in the axils of the upper leaves, which form a kind of involucre to them. According to reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, Jatamansi is used as sedative, anti-spasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue and stomachic. This is really surprising and matter of proud that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of many valuable medicinal uses of this herbs and the important observation is that they are using it in routine practice. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of common health troubles of children in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh take special precaution and care while treating the child patients. They have separate sets of herbs used in treatment of child patients. This observation motivated me to write a separate article on this aspect. In present article, I am giving the details of information's I have noted during ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. Pipal (Ficus religiosa) is well known religious as well as medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. All parts of Pipal are used as medicine. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the parents to give matured fruits of Pipal to their children to improve the voice quality. For sound sleep, the traditional healers use the Lasa of Pipal. Few pinches of Lasa is mixed in milk and given to the children. It results in sound sleep. This use is popular among natives, also. In treatment of mentally handicapped children, the traditional healers use the leaves of Pipal in unique way. With the help of leaves they prepare plates and cooked rice is served hot in these plates to the patients. According to the healers, this simple use of Pipal leaves cure the trouble in very less time. This was surprising information for me. Later when I tried it practically, I found it promising. In general, the healers use this method once in a week preferably on Sundays. Within three to four Sundays, the patients start showing positive response. The use is continued till complete cure. The healers also recommend this simple use in case of child patients having the problem of stammering. By describing this unique knowledge, I am becoming emotional and feeling proud that the nature has given me chance to work in this part of the earth. In treatment of hoarseness of voice, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh also use the bark of Kadamb tree. After crushing the fresh bark in cold water, the healers extract the juice. This juice is given with sugar to the patients internally to get rid from this trouble. The scientific name of Kadamb is Anthocephalus cadamba. It is a moderate-sized graceful deciduous tree common in Chhattisgarh. In treatment of diarrhea, the traditional healers use many common herbs alone or in combination with other herbs. The traditional healers of Sarguja region, use the leaves of Andi in combination with excreta of rat. Leaves and rat excreta are mixed with the help of Nimbu (Lemon) juice and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally around the umbilicus of child patients as treatment. Many healers apply it in anus also. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the bark of Anar (Pomegranate) herb internally. The aqueous juice is given till complete cure. The healers of this region, also use the Aam ki Guthli (Mango stone) internally. The stone is roasted and converted into powder. This powder is given in combination with Shahad (Honey). The healers use the fresh stones only for this purpose. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the Harra (Terminalia chebula) fruits internally in treatment of constipation. The small Harra fruits are used for this purpose. In treatment of Amoebic dysentery, the traditional healers recommend the use of Bael fruit and Doomar latex separately. Bael fruit pulp (Aegle marmelos) is given internally. As it is tasty, the child patients eat is without any problem. Doomar latex (Ficus glomerata) is given with sugar. In general, three to four drops of fresh latex are given. In treatment of common cough and cold, the healers of Bilaspur region use the flowers of Maulsari (Mimusops elengi). The flowers are dipped in water at night and next morning the leachate is given to the patients internally empty stomach. The treatment is continued upto one week. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. In treatment of small boils common in summer season, the healers recommend the use of Parsa fruits (Butea monosperma) externally. The fruits are mixed with Neem leaf juice and applied externally on boils. The above mentioned traditional medicinal uses are unique specially the use of Pipal leaves in treatment of mentally handicapped children. Like the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, the natives also use some home remedies for these troubles. I will give the details in coming articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Nariyal (Cocos nucifera) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The climatic and edaphic factors of Southern Chhattisgarh are suitable for commercial cultivation of Nariyal. The state authorities are promoting its cultivation in this part. Although the climate of Chhattisgarh Plains, where I live, is not considered suitable from production point of view, but you will find this tree in many homes. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh that presence of this tree in home gardens at specific direction brings prosperity and happiness. My neighbor has planted Nariyal tree. The growth is vigorous but fruiting is very less. Every year when in summer due to high wind, it causes damage to electricity line, the staff members of electricity department come and trim this tree, and as bonus never miss to steal the fruits, then I question him why don’t you remove this herb from home garden? He simply reply that he is not interested in fruits. As the tree is present in home garden, it is a matter of great satisfaction. 'It will bring the prosperity' - he adds. Although Nariyal tree is not as common as other trees in Chhattisgarh, but the natives use the fruits and other parts of tree in various religious ceremonies and also in food preparations. For the neighboring states, Chhattisgarh is a potential market for Nariyal plant parts. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of its medicinal properties and uses but it is one of the less frequently used herbs. The reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India are full of information about its various medicinal uses. In present article, I am not giving the such details. Through ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have noted some rare uses of Nariyal. I am giving these details in this article, but at first I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses. According to the reference literatures, Nariyal is a straight unbranched stately growing palm having height upto 25 meters, with a cylindrical annulated stem bearing a crown of large leaves; Leaves pinnate, leaflets equidistant, narrow and tapering; Inflorescence Spadix with a hard oblong longitudinally splitting spathe enclosing many yellow or orange male flowers and few female flowers; Fruits trigonously obovoid or subglobose green or yellowish fibrous drupes; seed one, oval or spherical with a hard endocarp and oily white endosystem and sweet milky or watery fluid in the large cavity. All parts of Nariyal are used as medicine. Nariyal holds a reputed position as medicinal herbs in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, its root is anthelmintic whereas seed is cooling, oleaginous, indigestible, fattening, tonic, laxative, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic and useful in treatment of leprosy, thirst, biliousness, blood diseases, burning sensation, tuberculosis etc. Flower is cooling and useful in diabetes, dysentery, urinary discharges, constipation etc. Dried seeds improve taste. Milk is cooling, appetizer, aphrodisiac, and laxative. It is used in treatment of biliousness, bronchitis, tumours, etc. Nariyal oil is indigestible, fattening and useful in urinary complaints, asthma, bronchitis, asthma, consumption, ulcers etc. According to Unani system of medicine bark is good for teeth and scabies whereas seed is sweet, aphrodisiac, diuretic and useful in treatment of fever, paralysis, liver complaints, piles etc. It enriches blood. Its oil is sweet, tonic, diuretic and useful in lumbar-pain, piles and scabies. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use, the coir as medicine frequently, besides other parts. In treatment of hiccup, the dry coir is burnt and ash is collected. The patients are advised to mix few pinches of ash in Shahad (Honey) and take it internally till complete cure. The powdered coir mixed with Sarson Tel (Mustard oil) is applied externally in treatment of eczema. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the coir ash in combination with Gud (Jaggery) in treatment of Metrorrhagia. Ash and Gud are mixed in equal proportion and stored for future use. The patients are advised to take one teaspoonful of combination daily morning empty stomach till complete cure. It stops the excessive bleeding immediately. The traditional healers of Nagri-Sihawa region, boil the coir in water and give it to the patients having fever. This water helps in reducing the thirst and also lower down the high temperature. In many parts of Chhattisgarh the healers use, the coir ash as herbal tooth powder in treatment of teeth and gum related troubles. For traditional medicinal uses of other plants, I suggest you to read previous article. Aware of unique medicinal uses of Nariyal fruit juice (Nariyal Pani), we natives want to consume it in bulk daily, but unfortunately in Plains, we get poor quality fruits from neighboring states. If it is supplied in proper way, then natives will leave the habit of soft synthesize soft drinks, that are becoming popular among youths. Thank you very much for reading the article. Kands of Chhattisgarh, India. IV. Jimi Kand (Amorphophallus sp.) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Jimi kand is one of the well known kands of Chhattisgarh. The natives use this perennial, stem less herb as vegetable and to prepare pickles (Achar). Its large corms are used for this purpose. Jimi kand occurs both naturally and also it is under cultivation. In general, Amorphophallus campanulatus (syn. Arum campanulatus) is considered as Jimi kand but during the ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have observed that the traditional healers use two species of Jimikand as medicine. The second species is Amorphophallus commutatus. This species is known as Jangli or Van Jimikand. Very few natives are aware of natural occurrence of this species in Chhattisgarh. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not found much details regarding this second species. Its occurrence is rare in Chhattisgarh. According to the traditional healers it is very difficult to use the wild species as vegetable. This wild species is not under cultivation. According to reference literature the cultivated species possess valuable medicinal properties and uses. According to Ayurveda, A. campanulatus is dry, acrid, pungent, increases appetite and taste, stomachic, constipating and useful in treatment of piles, enlargement of the spleen, tumors, asthma, bronchitis, vomiting, abdominal pains, blood diseases, elephantiasis, causes itching sensation (the natives aware of this itching sensation, use it as vegetable after special treatment). As mentioned earlier, the medicinal values of wild species have not been reported in available literatures. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh aware of its medicinal uses, also prefer wild species as medicine. According to them, the corms as medicine are a boon for the patients having the problem of Bavasir (Piles). They instruct the patients having the problem of leprosy and leucoderma to avoid (strictly) its use as it is very harmful for such patients. They add that even the corms of cultivated species must not be used in case of such patients. Unfortunately, most of the natives are not aware of this bare fact and they are consuming it as vegetable very frequently. The traditional healers also use the corms of wild species both internally and externally in treatment of rheumatism. In general, it is used in combination with other herbs. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me that the harmful effects of Jimikand can be minimized effectively with the help of curd (Dahi). This is the reason the natives use curd in preparation of Jimikand based curries. According to him, it is good appetiser and beneficial for the patients having the problems of respiratory systems. Most of the healers are against the commercial cultivation of Jimikand, if the purpose is its medicinal uses. According to the healers, the cultivation reduces the medicinal properties to great extent. From reference literatures related to botany, I have noted the botanical description of A. commutatus. According to these literatures, it is a herb having height upto 1.5 meters; Corms tuberous, depressed-globose, reddish brown outside, creamy white inside, Leaves with three primary divisions; Leaflets elliptic, base acute, apex heart shaped acuminate, membranous, hairless; Flowers unisexual, minute, brownish yellow, numerous, densely crowded in a special structure called spadix (called as Bhutti locally); Male flowers placed in the upper half of the spadix whereas female flowers below and they are separated by neuter flowers, that are sterile. Spadix cylindrical, apex narrowed to along tail like appendage; Berries numerous, about 8 mm across, smooth, shiny, red when ripe. As this species is rare in occurrence, I personally feel that there is a need for its conservation. But before this, it is necessary to identify the areas or pockets rich in its natural population. At present there is no threat on its natural population. As the traders and herb collectors are not aware of natural occurrence of A. commutatus, it is not collected from wild. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Hypertension in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In general, the natives consult the traditional healers in case of hypertension because they are aware that it is difficult to treat this trouble with the help of home remedies. But surprisingly, the many senior natives use many common herbs for this purpose. During the ethnobotanical surveys focused on home remedies, I got this important information. In present article, I am giving the details of this limited information. In general, the senior natives, suggest the patients having the problem of hypertension to eat more and more raw Piaz (Onion) in different forms. According to them, Piaz possess unique medicinal properties useful in treatment of Hypertension. Lason (Garlic) is well known around the world for its use in treatment of this trouble. Many Lason based formulations are available in markets. The senior natives use it in simple way. They suggest the patients to extract the juice of Lason bulb and mix ten drops of juice and a teaspoonful of Shahad (Honey). This combination is given thrice a day. The senior natives strictly instruct the patients to avoid use of salt (Namak). Like Piaz, during its cropping season, the natives suggest the patients to include Mooli (Radish) in their routine meals. According to the natives, both raw Piaz and Mooli are the boon for the patients having the problem of Hypertension. The natives use the white flowers of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) also for this purpose. The patients are advised to boil ten flowers of Fudhar in a glass of milk and take the milk internally once in a day. It is considered as promising home remedy. The traditional healers are also aware of this effective use. Fudhar is a common wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. I have mentioned in previous articles, that by mixing the fruits of Harra (Terminalia chebula), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) and Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), in different proportions, the natives prepare a herbal combination known as Triphala. The natives consider it beneficial for many common diseases. It is also used in treatment of hypertension. The patients are advised by the natives to take a teaspoonful of Triphala powder with a glass of lukewarm water daily night. Besides, these home remedies, the senior natives suggest the patients to maintain the good health. India is well known for Yoga. Yoga is popular among natives. The natives having the problem of Hypertension devote more time in Yoga. The natives suggest the patients to avoid sleeping in day time. The use of indigenous fruits is also in their recommendations. The use of water during meals is avoided strictly. In general, these instructions are given by the traditional healers but it is good sign that the natives of Chhattisgarh are also aware about these precautions. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XXXXVI. Kalinder (Citrullus lanatus, family : Cucurbitaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh are well aware of cool and refreshing fruits of Kalinder. Every year it is available in summer season. In Chhattisgarh, during summer the temperature goes very high, Kalinder is one of the fruits available in hot summer that helps the natives in fighting against hot wind and sunstroke. Kalinder is under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The river belts are suitable for its commercial cultivation Kalinder is a climbing or trailing hispid annual. As not much work have been done on its genetic improvement, the growers are growing old varieties or improved varieties collected from neighboring states. The Kalinder fruits growing in different location possess different levels of sweetness. Like Foot fruits, the traders also use sweet solutions to make all fruits more sweet. This malpractice is common in almost all Kalinder growing areas of Chhattisgarh. For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, all parts of Kalinder are valuable in terms of medicinal properties and uses. But I have noted during my ethnobotanical surveys that very few healers are aware of its medicinal uses. Before describing these traditional uses common in Chhattisgarh, I am giving details regarding its botany. According to reference literatures, Kalinder is annual herb with angular villous stems, Leaves 8-20 x 5-15 cm triangular - ovate, cordate, trifid, lobes pinnatifid, terminal lobe acute, others round, tendrils bifid; male flowers : Peduncles elongate, villous, calyx tube broadly campanulate, villous , corolla greenish, villous, lobes ovate - oblong, obtuse; Female flowers : Peduncles 2-6 cm long, calyx and corolla as in male flowers, ovary oblong; Fruits large, sub globose or ellipsoid, smooth, green or variegated; Seeds black, red or variable; Flowering and fruiting times April - July in Chhattisgarh conditions. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that on the day of its use as fruit one must avoid the take rice in any form. According to them, it is wrong and harmful combination. This use can results in many serious health problems. Unfortunately, most of the natives are not aware of this bare fact. During summer, the natives use both rice (as meals) and Kalinder (in between meals) fruits. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the seeds of Kalinder in treatment of insanity. The seeds are collected and converted into small pieces. Two teaspoonfuls of seed pieces are dipped in a cup of water overnight. Next morning the seed pieces are collected and with sugar, ghee and Kali Mirch (Black Pipper), the combination is given to the patients empty stomach. According to the traditional healers, its regular use helps the patients by eliminating the extra heat from the head. This treatment is considered as one of the promising treatments. In general, the traditional healers use the fruits in treatment of troubles common in summer season. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, use to whole herb of Kalinder in treatment of piles externally. They burn the dry herb and the patients are advised to expose the affected parts in fumes. This use is very popular among the traditional healers of this region. The above mentioned traditional uses are although less in number but these are promising uses. Through the on-going surveys, I am trying to collect more information. This herb in native to Africa. Possibly this is the reason, the traditional healers are less aware of its traditional medicinal uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Chhoti Elaichi (Elettaria cardamomum, family Zingiberaceae). In Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although Elaichi is not native to Chhattisgarh but the natives and traditional healers have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about Elaichi as medicinal herb. It is Indian plant and is now cultivated either as pure plantation crop or as subsidiary to coffee and arecanut in hilly forest regions of Western Ghats in Karnataka and Kerala, and in parts of Madurai, the Nilgiris and Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. Dried fruits are the Cardamom of Commerce and are used as spice, masticatory and in medicine. Through ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. I have noted many traditional uses of this herb. Elaichi is popularly used as home remedy also. Before giving details regarding these uses I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted through reference literatures. Botanically, Elaichi (Elettaria cardamomum syn. Amomum repens syn. A. cardamomum syn. Alpinia repens syn. Alpinia cardamomum) is having rhizome with numerous fleshy fibres; stems perennial, erect, smooth, jointed, enveloped in the spongy sheaths of the leaves; having height upto 9 feet; Leaves bifarious, subsesille on their sheaths, lanceolate, fine-pointed, some what villous above, sericeous underneath, entire; Scapes several (3 or 4) from the base of the stems, prostrate, flexuose, jointed, branched; Branches or racemes alternate, one from each joint of the scape, suberect; bracts solitary, oblong, smooth, membranous, striated, sheathing; Flowers alternate, short stalked, solitary at each joint of the racemes, opening in succession as the racemes lengthen; Calyx funnel shaped, 3-toothed at the mouth, striated with fine veins, permanent; seeds coriaceous and pale-brown, many, blackish. Elaichi holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, its seeds are bitter, cooling, pungent, fragrant, abortifacient, alexiteric, clear head and brain, also mouth, and useful in treatment of asthma, bronchitis, piles, consumption, strangury, scabies, pruritus, diseases of bladder, kidney, rectum, throat etc. According to Unani system of medicine, seeds are fragrant, tonic to heart, stomachic, laxative, diuretic, carminative and useful in treatment of head, ear and toothache, bad humors of liver, chest and throat. In general, the natives of Chhattisgarh never miss to take one fruit after meals. It is commonly used with Laung (Cloves). The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the patients to avoid strictly the use of Elaichi at night. According to them, its use at this time can result in different types of skin troubles. It causes leprosy also. Unfortunately, most of the natives are not aware of this bitter fact. As mentioned earlier, the reference, literatures are full of information regarding medicinal uses and properties of Elaichi, I am not repeating it again. In present article, I am giving details of some selected traditional uses that are in practice in Chhattisgarh. In treatment of Dysuria, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the Elaichi seed powder with Shahad (Honey) internally. Many healers use it with fresh leaf juice of Kela (Banana) also. In treatment of vomiting, as home remedy, the natives of Chhattisgarh Plains burn the fruit and collect the ash. A pinch of ash mixed with Shahad (Honey) is given internally. In my previous articles. I have mentioned that by mistake, many time small children eat the poisonous seeds of Ratanjot (Jatropha curcas). To nullify its effect, many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Elaichi seeds. The seeds mixed with Dahi (Curd) are given internally for this purpose. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the seed ash also in treatment of Khansi (Cough). In treatment of Dyspepsia, the healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the decoction of Elaichi fruits in treatment. Ten Elaichi fruits are boiled in half litre of water. When half quantity (of initial quantity) remains, the boiling is stopped and after adding sugar, it is given internally to the patients. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The healers of Chhattisgarh add the Elaichi seeds in different formulations used as sex tonic. For Elaichi, the natives and traditional healers are dependent on local markets where they get poor quality of Elaichi. Many natives have planted this herb in home gardens but the production is lower. This is positive sign that the natives and traditional healers have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Elaichi, although it is not native to Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Morning sickness in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the on-going ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of the Chhattisgarh, India, I have collected many valuable information on herbs that are used in treatment of Morning sickness. Although these informations are limited but the deep faith of healers on these herbs, is enough to prove its efficacies. In general, the traditional healers suggest the patients to eat fresh fruits of Chirai Jam (Syzygium cumini) in order to get rid from this trouble. As it is seasonal fruit, its use is limited to specific months of the year. In off-season, the healers suggest the use of dry bark of Chirai Jam in combination with Aam (Mangifera indica) bark. The decoction is prepared by mixing these two barks in equal proportion and patients are advised to take it till complete cure. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, add fistful of Rice flour in this decoction to make it more useful. The use of Chirai Jam decoction is popular in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. Chirai Jam is a common tree in the state. The traditional healers of Bael (Aegle marmelos) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the fruit pulp of Bael in treatment of Morning sickness. The dried pulp mixed with Sonth (dried Ginger) is boiled in water and decoction is prepared. This decoction is used internally. For preparation of decoction, the healers of different parts mix the Bael pulp and Sonth in different proportions. As home remedy, the natives use the powdered Laung (Clove) with fresh juice of Anar (Punica granatum) fruit. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the aqueous extract of Doomar roots in treatment. Doomar (Ficus glomerata) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. All parts of Doomar are used as traditional medicine by the traditional healers and natives. The traditional healers of Gandai-Salewara region use the flowers of Dhawai (Woodfordia fruticosa) in treatment of Morning sickness. The powder of Dhawai flower is mixed with Rice water and Shahad (Honey) and given internally. Till today, I have got information on above mentioned traditional uses only. The surveys are in progress. I will write more on this aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Erysipelas in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have collected very limited information’s on herbs used in treatment of Erysipelas. But due to non-availability of any information on this aspect in form of written document. I decided to write a small article on this aspect. This trouble is well known to the traditional healers. They use many common herbs alone or in combination with other herb, both internally and externally in treatment of Erysipelas. In general, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the Andi seed oil (Ricinus communis) in treatment. The oil is mixed in cow milk and given internally. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the fruit powder of Harra (Terminalia chebula) with cow ghee and Shahad (Honey) internally in treatment. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use different combinations of herbs externally for this purpose. They do not want to disclose the formulations but they informed that Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), Bala (Sita acuta), Elaichi (Elettaria sp.), Haldi (Curcuma longa) etc. are used as main ingredients. They mix these herbs in equal proportions and fry it with cow ghee. This combination is applied externally in diseased parts. Its popularity among the healers indicates its effectiveness. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of these combinations but they use it less frequently. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use the Supari (Betel-nut; Areca catechu) in treatment externally. The nut is rubbed in water and aqueous paste is applied externally in diseased parts. The traditional healers of Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) rich areas of Chhattisgarh use its bark in treatment. The powdered bark mixed with cow ghee is applied externally. The above mentioned traditional use are although less in number but from documentation point of view, there are important information’s. Through on – going surveys I am trying my best to collect more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for read the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Filaria in Chhattisgarh, India : The results of recent surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Filaria. Through the recent ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. I am giving the details in present article. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Bhelwa( Semecarpus anacardium) barks commonly in treatment of Filaria. The aqueous paste is prepare and applied on fingers of legs. Many healers use the Bhelwa seed oil for this purpose. The application of aqueous paste or oil produces blisters in fingers. According to the healers, through these blisters, the toxic material responsible for this trouble flushes out. They warn the patients that in many cases the application of Bhelwa, result in high temperature but one must not worry about it, as it goes down within two to three days. The traditional healers consider it as one of the promising treatments. Many patients are allergic to Bhelwa. In such cases, the healers use other herbal formulations in treatment. Bhelwa is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Bagbahera use the roots of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) in treatment. The aqueous extract of roots is applied externally. The roots of white flowered species of Fudhar are preferred . Fudhar is a common medicinal weed in Chhattisgarh. The healers use to roots of old plant for this purpose. The herb growing in Murum (Laterite) soils is not preferred for this purpose. I personally feel that there is a need to search the scientific reason behind this restriction. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of use of Fudhar roots but they use it in different ways. The healers of Narharpur region use the roots with whey to prepare thick paste. This paste is applied externally. The root bark is collected and mixed with Triphala and water. By boiling the solution, they prepare a herbal decoction. The decoction is given daily morning to the patients as treatment. For taste Shahad (Honey) and Sugar are added in this decoction. As I have mentioned in previous articles, that Triphala is a mixture of dry fruit powder of Harra (Terminalia chebula), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) and Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) in different proportions. The traditional healers of Narharpur region also use the Harra fruits internally in treatment. The fruits are fried with the help of Andi (Ricinus communis) seed oil and converted it into powder. This powder is given with cow urine internally as treatment. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the barks of popular timber tree Sagon (Tectona grandis) in treatment of Filaria. The freshly collected bark is boiled in water and decoction is prepared. This decoction is given internally with cow urine to the patients. This promising remedy is in use in all most every part of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use the leaves of Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) in treatment. The patients are advised to extract the fresh juice and take it internally every morning empty stomach. Karanj is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. Like Karanj, Parsa (Butea monosperma) is also a common tree. The traditional healers of Tilda region use the bark of Parsa roots in treatment of Filaria. The fresh juice of root bark is given internally with Sarson (Mustard) oil. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware that the treatment of Filaria take long time. I have observed that in most of the cases, the natives approach to the healers for treatment and the healers try their best to provide relief with the help of above mentioned herbs and herbal formulations. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India . V. Ama Ke Halwa Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Ama or Ama is one of the popular fruits of Chhattisgarh. During summer season when these fruits mature, the natives prepare different dishes from it. Ama Ke Halwa is one of these dishes. The natives consume this dish for test but for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, it possess valuable medicinal properties and uses. There are slight differences in methods of preparation the natives and healers adopt. The natives use Ama juice mainly whereas healers add many herbs in it to make it more useful. The natives and traditional healers prefer the indigenous Ama varieties for the preparation of dish. Material Required: Ama juice 3 liters, Sugar one Kg., Cow Ghee half Kg., Cow Milk one Kg. And Shahad (Honey) 250 gms. Method: By mixing Ama juice, Sugar, Shahad and Cow milk solution is prepared. This solution is roasted with cow ghee and Halwa is prepared. The traditional healers add Sonth (dried Ginger) Dashmool (Asparagus racemosus), Badam (Almond), Semal Musli (the roots of Bombax ceiba), dry Singhara flour (Trapa natans), Safed Musli root powder (Chlorophytum species) etc. in this preparations. According to the need and economical status of the patients, the healers add or delete one or more ingredients. The scientific name of Ama is Mangifera indica. The natives consume this dish occasionally and it is served to all family members but the Halwa prepared by the healers is not served to children. Also the patients are advised to use it regularly upto specific period. Many healers use this preparation as aphrodisiac and sex tonic. This is the reason, they recommend it to newly wed couples. But in general, the healers consider it beneficial for general health. According to them, it develops natural resistance in body to flight against diseases. This Halwa is prepared and consumed during summer season only. I would like to give details regarding reported medicinal uses of Aam in reference literature related to different systems of medicine in India are full of information regarding traditional medicinal uses and properties of Ama. According to Ayurveda, Ama is acrid, sour, sweet, cooling, astringent of bowels, improves the taste and appetite, cures leucorrhoea, bad blood, good in dysentery, bronchitis, biliousness, urinary discharges, throat troubles, ulcers, dysentery, vaginal discharges. It is aphrodisiac and tonic, beautifies complexion, good in treat troubles, vomiting etc. According to Unani system of medicine, Ama is astringent, styptic, improves cough, enriches blood, tonic to body, liver, spleen. It is laxative, tonic, stomachic, diuretic, removes bad smell from mouth, improves complexion, clears brain, dispels languor and burning of body, good in cough, hiccup, piles thirst, liver pain etc. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herb formulations used in treatment of Ear related troubles in Chhattisgarh, India : The results of recent ethnobotanical surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use the decoction of Babool bark (Acacia nilotica) internally in treatment of Otitis. The traditional healers of Jashpur region use the aqueous extract of Kela (Banana) leaves for this purpose. Through recent ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. I have collected information on many such traditional uses. I have already written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles. This article is a supplement to previous articles. The healers of Khair (Acacia catechu) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the Kattha obtained from this tree internally for this purpose. The fine powder of Kattha is mixed with lukewarm water and applied inside the affected ears. The traditional healers of Mungeli region of Chhattisgarh use the dried flowers of Munga (Moringa oleifera) in treatment. The flowers are powdered and this powder is applied inside the ears, in case of Otitis. The healers of Tilda region use the powdered bark of Indrajau (Wrightia tinctoria) for the same purpose, internally. Indrajau is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The use of Mehndi leaf extract is popular in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. The extract is applied inside the ears. With the help of other herbs, the healers also prepare herbal cream that is used in same manner. Mehndi (Lawsonia alba) is a well known herb in Chhattisgarh. Although Guggul is not native to Chhattisgarh but the traditional healers are aware of the use of its gum – resin in treatment. The gum-resin in put on fire and patients are advised to expose the affected ear in the fumes coming out. The scientific name of Guggal is Commiphora wightii (Syn. C. mukul syn. C. roxburghii syn. Balsamodendron wightii). Guggul is a small tree distributed in dry areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Vidarbha and Karnataka. Its fragrant gum – resin, known as Indian myrrh or gumguggul, in trade is obtained from bark. In Chhattisgarh, many herb growers have started its trial cultivation. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are dependent on local herb shops for this herb. The traditional healers of the state also use the dried powdered bark of Lodh (Symplocos racemosa) internally in treatment. In treatment of Earache, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use many herbs both internally and externally. The natives are also aware of many herbal remedies. Among the natives, the use of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) leaves is very popular. They select to matured leaves of Fudhar and with the help of cow ghee, fry it slightly. The juice of the slightly fired leaves is applied insides the painful ears at treatment. In case of complication, they take the services of healers. During summer season, the natives use the Maur (inflorescence) of Aam (Mangifera indica) in treatment of earache. The maur is dried and converted into powder. The oil mixed with this powder is applied internally. Its off-season use is also common among them. The natives also use the Lason based oil in treatment. The Lason (Garlic) cloves are boiled in base oil and when all watery contents evaporate, the oil is stored for future use. In case of earache, few drops of this herbal oil are applied inside the painful ears. The above mentioned traditional uses are still popular among the natives and healers. This is the reason, they do not consider these diseases very problematic. During the surveys I have noted that the young generation is also using these herbs with faith. This is positive sign. Thank you very much for reading article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Syphilis in Chhattisgarh, India : The results of recent ethnobotanical surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialized in treatment of Syphilis showed worry during my recent ethnobotanical surveys, on increasing number of patients having the problem of Syphilis. According to them for any society it is not good sign and the worst observation is that the young generations are becoming patients. In previous articles, I have mentioned many herbal formulations that are in use as promising remedies in Chhattisgarh. Through these recent surveys, I have collected more information. I am giving the details in present article. The traditional healers of Doomar (Ficus glomerata) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh, us its bark internally in treatment of Syphilis. The decoction of fresh bark is prepared by boiling it in water. The healers consider it effective in treatment of all syphilis related troubles. For taste, they add sugar in this decoction. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use the roots of Kaner (Thevetia neriifolia) externally for this purpose. The fresh roots are mixed with water and an aqueous paste is prepared. This aqueous paste is applied in painful parts. In case of complications, the healers add the bark of Doomar with the root of Kaner. Both herbal parts are mixed in equal proportion. The healers consider it as one of the promising pain killers in this trouble. The use of Aam (Mangifera indica) bark is also common in this region. The Aam bark is used both internally and externally. Internally, the fresh juice is given with lukewarm cow milk. Externally it is added in herbal mixture and used as aqueous paste for application. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the bark of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) externally. The bark is collected and dried. The dried bark is burnt and ash is collected. The ash is applied externally on Chancre. It is consider as one of the effective treatments by the traditional healers of this region. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region use Anar (Punica granatum) bark externally in treatment of Chancre. The powdered bark is applied externally on Chancre. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh, use the Triphala powder (a herbal mixture prepared by mixing fruit powder of Harra (Terminalia chebula), Bahera(Terminalia bellirica) and Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) in different proportions externally. The powder is burnt using iron vessel and ash mixed with Shahad (Honey) is applied on Chancre. Triphala is used as supplement to main treatment. Different parts of medicinal tree Semal (Bombax ceiba) are used in treatment of Syphilis. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh collect the roots of Semal, known as Semal Musli in trade, and after drying, convert it into powder. They also collect the bark and boil it with cow milk. After boiling, root powder is added in the milk and given internally to the patients. This use is continued upto 30 days. The healers consider it beneficial in treating the complications of Syphilis. For treatment of ulcers common in tongue, due to Syphilis, the healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the patients to Chew and Swallow, Doomar leaves with sugar. They also suggest to gargle with the leaf decoction. The traditional healers of Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh use its bark alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of Syphilis.' It is not wrong to say that the barks of different medicinal trees are used most commonly by the traditional healers. Many researchers have mentioned in their research papers that as the barks are collected, the healers are posing threat on natural population of medicinal trees. I consider it shallow observation. The healers have more worry about the natural population because they are aware if they destroy the trees, it will be very difficult to treat the patients. The greedy traders can be blamed for this non-scientific harvesting but traders do not harvest the herbs. The herb collectors perform the job for them. And I have found the herb collectors of Chhattisgarh very sensible and honest in this regard. I personally feel that there is a need to learn and understand the in depth traditional knowledge these people are having, before blaming them for any destruction. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Leucorrhoea in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations useful in treatment of Leucorrhoea. I have collected a lot of information on this aspect through the recent ethnobotanical surveys. In previous articles, I have given the details of traditional knowledge, our traditional healers have. The natives of Chhattisgarh plains use the Rose flowers in treatment of Leucorrhoea as home remedy. The method of use is very simple. They take four flowers and 50 gms. Of sugar. Both are converted into paste with the help of water. This aqueous paste is taken with half glass of water twice a day till complete cure. In general, the natives use it upto ten days. Rose is an integral part of home gardens in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use. They give emphasis on use of Desi gulab (Rosa damascena, indigenous rose) for better results. This indigenous rose is used as medicine and in general not planted in home gardens. An essential oil, oil of rose in commerce, obtained from petals, is used in perfumery. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the Rose flowers in treatment of urinary troubles also. Tulsi is a herb of religious and medicinal importance in Chhattisgarh. Like Rose, it is also planted in home gardens. It have special place in the gardens. The natives worship this herb at morning and evening. Tulsi is used as medicinal herb both internally and externally in treatment of common as well as complicated diseases. Many species of Tulsi have been reported in Chhattisgarh but the natives use the plant of Ocimum sanctum. In treatment of Leucorrhoea, the natives use its leaves in combination with Shahad (Honey). One hundred leaves are mixed in two teaspoonful of Shahad (Pure Honey) and used internally as treatment. This use is continued twice a day upto one month. Its popularity among the natives, indicates its usefulness. The natives of Bastar region informed me that in early days when medicinal rice varieties were under-cultivation in this part, they were using the rice water in combination with whey, in treatment of Leucorrhoea. Both liquids are mixed and taken internally - they still remember. Now this use is not in practice. The senior natives further informed me that this combination was one of the popular combinations in early days. The natives of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) rich areas of Chhattisgarh use its dry fruit in treatment of Leucorrhoea. The dried fruits are crushed and converted into powder. One fourth teaspoonful of fruit powder is taken with a glass of lukewarm water twice a day. You will be surprised to know that the traditional healers of this region use the same combination as sex tonic for male patients. The natives consider this treatment promising. According to them, this combination helps in getting the rid from constipation also. The natives of Bagbahera use the combination of Singhara flour (Trapa bispinosa) and Moong (Phaseolus radiata) for Leucorrhoea. They take half kg. Of Moong seeds and roast it. Half kg, of Singhara flour and half kg of sugar are added in Moong seeds. The mixture is kept for future use. As medicine, four teaspoonful of mixture is given twice a day with lukewarm milk. The treatment is continued till complete cure. Singhara is an aquatic herb and under cultivation for its nuts. Moong a popular pulse crop. The natives of Chhattisgarh consider the juice of Piaz (Onion) bulb in combination with Shahad (Honey) useful in treatment of many common troubles. Leucorrhoea is one of these troubles. Two teaspoonfuls each of Piaz juice and Shahad are given internally twice a day till complete relief. In general it is used as supplement to main treatment. The natives of Narharpur region use the seeds of Imli in treatment of Leucorrhoea. The seeds are roosted and powdered. The powdered seeds are given with Gud (Jaggery) as treatment. In general the natives mix the equal amount of roasted seed powder and Gud and two teaspoonful of combination is used twice a day with lukewarm water. This region of Chhattisgarh is well known for rich natural population of Imli (Tamarind) trees. As supplement, the natives of this region use the dry fruit powder of Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica). One teaspoonful of Aonla powder is taken with a glass of lukewarm water once in a day. According to the natives, in place of powder, during fruiting season, fresh fruit juice can also be taken for similar effects. In almost every part of Chhattisgarh, the natives as well as traditional healers use the inflorescence (Baur locally) of Aam (Mangifera indica) in combination of sugar in treatment. The dried inflorescence is mixed with equal quantity of sugar. Two teaspoonful of this combination is taken with cold water twice a day till complete relief. The natives of Jashpur region use the fresh leaves of Kela (Banana) as curry. According to them, this curry is the best remedy for the patients having the problem of Leucorrhoea. The natives add immature fruits in this curry also. This region of Chhattisgarh is well known for natural population of wild species of Kela. With the help of above mentioned traditional uses the natives get rid from Leucorrhoea effectively. The surveys to list out the home remedies are still in progress. I will write more on this aspect in my future article. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal dishes of Chhattisgarh, India VI. Paushtic Laddu Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I have noted the use of Paushtic Laddu during my ethnobotanical surveys in Chhattisgarh plains. Very few natives and almost all traditional healers are aware of its use. The natives consider and use it as sex tonic but the traditional healers recommend it to the natives as health tonic and to develop natural resistance within them to fight against the common diseases. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, this preparation is used specially for newly married couples. Material Required : Asgandh (Withania somnifera) root powder, Patal Kumhda tuber (Pueraria tuberosa) powder, Safed (Chlorophytum tuberosum), and Kali (Curculigo orchoides) Musli tuber powder, Sonth (Dried Ginger), Babool (Acacia nilotica) seeds, Kevatch (Mucuna pruriens) seeds, Imli (Tamarind) seeds, water 250 ml. And cow milk (50 ml.) , Bala (Sida acuta), Isabgol husk. Method of Preparation 50 gms each of Asgandh, Patalkumhda, Safed and Kali Musli and Sonth are taken and mixed with equal quantity of Imli, Babool and Kevatch seeds. This solution is allowed to boil in low flame. When the solution becomes thicker, boiling is stopped. This solution is dried in sunlight and after complete drying, with the help of Bala (Sida acuta) seeds and Isabgol Bhusi (Plantago husk), the mixture is converted into Laddus. These Laddus are tasty. The patients are advised to take one Laddu twice a day upto a month in any part of the year particularly in winter season. The traditional healers and natives add or delete one or more ingredients according to their ease. Most of the ingredients are commonly available herbs in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. According to the healers, Bala and Isabgol play more important role as compared to its role as binder. The natives prefer to collect Laddus from the healers because for them it is very difficult to get genuine herbs for to preparation of Laddus. I would like to mention here that in general, the healers and natives use their own ways to measure the quantities of herbs to be used. Mostly they use the terms 'Pinch of' or 'A fistful of ' but for the ease of readers, I have tried it to convert it in grams and milliliters. Thank you very much for reading article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Gynaecological troubles : Interaction with the traditional healer of Mudpar Village, Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through regular visits and interaction with the well known traditional healer of Tilda region Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, I have collected many valuable information on traditional uses of herbs used in treatment of Gynaecological troubles. As I have mentioned in previous articles that like other traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Shri Verma also not charge any fees or the expenses of herbs. He is practicing traditional knowledge with his eleven students. He visit to nearby forests with his team in search of medicinal herbs. To avoid the chances of abortions, he frequently uses the herb Bhengra (Eclipta alba). The juice of whole herb is given internally with cow milk. The juice and milk are mixed in equal quantity. Bhengra is a common weed in rice fields. In general, he uses freshly collected herb. Bhengra collected before flowering is considered best. The collection of Bhengra from rice fields having synthetic chemical inputs is avoided. According to him, this combination is used for normal patients also to avoid the possible risk of abortion. He simply discloses the combination to interested patients but the patients take this combination under supervision of healer only. They have deep faith on healer. In treatment of Puerperal fever, he recommends the use of Karanj leaves. The seeds are also used. The dry leaves and seeds are roasted with the help of cow ghee and in powder form given internally to the patients. The treatment is continued till complete cure. The scientific name of Karanj is Pongamia pinnata. It is a common medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. He informed that in treatment of Breast cancer, the roots of Indrayan are very promising . The roots are used externally. The roots are applied in form of paste on affected parts. According to him, it is one of the promising treatments. Indrayan is a common medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Citrullus colocynthis. He collects this herb from the forests near to Sirpur region. He further informed me that in forests the availability of Indrayan herb is decreasing at alarming rates and there is a need to stop its over exploitation. I have mentioned in previous articles that Indrayan is a major nonwood forest produce of Chhattisgarh having good national and international demands. He uses the barks of old Ashok tree in treatment of gynaecological troubles. In case of excessive bleeding, he suggests the patients to take Ashok bark with cow milk. The treatment is continued till complete cure. He also suggests the patients to boil the barks in water and prepare a decoction. The patients are advised to wash the genitals with this decoction. According to him, both internal and external use of Ashok bark at a time, root out the problem in very less time. The scientific name of Ashok is Saraca indica. Ashok tree is an integral part of common home gardens in Chhattisgarh. The use of Ashok bark in treatment of gynaecological troubles have been well described in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am proud to write that the traditional healer of Mudpar village is still practising it in his regular practice. He suggests the female patients to prepare a special herbal tea by using the dry leaves of Pudina (Mentha viridis) and take it atleast once in day. According to him, this special tea acts as preventive to all female troubles. Its use regularizes the menses. Also it is a good health tonic. He is not in favour of using other species of Mentha for this purpose. The natives and healers plant this species in home garden for different uses. This is really surprising to observe the single herb therapy of Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma. According to him, in most of the cases the correct selection of single herb can root out the problem, but in complicated cases, he uses herbal combination. I am thankful to Shri Verma, as he has permitted me to document this valuable traditional medicinal knowledge for the world community and also for future generations. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXV . Foot (Cucumis melo family : Cucurbitaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh frequently use the fruit peel of Foot in treatment of Pathri (Renal Calculi). Its use is considered as one of the promising treatment. It reduces the pain and also flushes out the stones. The peels are collected and dried in shade. After drying it is converted into powder. Three teaspoonful of powder is boiled in a glass of water and decoction is prepared. This decoction is given twice a day till complete relief. The healers also add sugar in this decoction for taste. Foot is a creeping, hispid annual, native to Africa but now it is under cultivation throughout India. In Chhattisgarh. It is cultivated in river belts. It is a fruit of summer season. The natives consume Foot fruits for its delicious taste. They are aware that the intake of this fruit helps in protection against hot winds "Loo" common in summer season. This fruit is one of the common fruits liked by the children. Very few traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its medicinal properties and uses . They instruct the natives to consume Kalinder in less quantity . The quantity consumed over 1.5 kg. Can cause many harmful effects. Unfortunately most of the natives are not aware of this fact. They also suggest to consume sweet sherbets after eating Foot. According to them, it helps in its proper digestion. I have observed that the Kalinder fruits coming from different locations for sell in Chhattisgarh markets differ in taste. Many fruits are very sweet whereas others are less sweet. The traditional healers prefer the less sweet fruits as medicine whereas the natives prefer sweet fruits. Now a days, in markets, only sweet fruits are increasing and coming for sale. The natives give its credit to advanced research on Horticultural crops but we are aware that the sellers are making it sweet by piercing sugar solution through syringes. Through my articles at regional languages, I am trying to aware the common natives about this malpractice. I am describing its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from the reference literatures. Botanically, Foot is robust annuals; Leaves 8-15 cm long, almost equally broad, 5-angular or moderately 3-7 lobed, lobes obtuse, sub-orbicular, denticulate, base cordate, villose or sub-hirsute; male flowers fasciculate, peduncle slender, 5-30 cm long, calyx-tube narrow, campanulate, villose 3 lobes subulate, erect or spreading; Female flowers with peduncles 1-2 cm long, ovary softly hairy, style 1-2mm long, stigma connivent ; Fruits Polymorphous; Seeds oblong, white, obtuse at apex, base sub acute; Flowering May-July and Fruiting June to October in Chhattisgarh conditions. According to Ayurveda, unripe fruit is sour whereas ripe fruit is sweet, oily, wholesome, cooling, fattening, tonic, laxative, aphrodisiac, diuretic, biliousness, insanity, ascites etc. According to Unani system of Medicine, fruit is tonic, laxative, galactagogue, diuretic, diaphoretic, strengthens heart, brain and body, cures ophthalmia, urinary discharges. Seeds are used in treatment of liver and kidney troubles, bronchitis, chronic fever and thirst. Unfortunately, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of these medicinal uses of Foot. This is the reason I have kept this herb in the category of herbs having less known traditional uses. Very few healers use the seeds and seed oil as medicines Through the ethnobotanical surveys, I am trying my best to gather more information on this aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Stomachache in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh among the natives. I have collected a lot of information on use of common herbs as home remedies in treatment of stomach. In this article, I am giving the details. As home remedies, the use of common herbs Nimbu, Lason, Methi, Saunf, Hing, Zeera, Dhania, Pudina, Ajwain, Adrak and Fudhar are very common. All these herbs are easily available and the natives aware of its medicinal properties and uses, plant it in home gardens for its use in urgency. In treatment of Stomach ache due to Dyspepsia to the natives use Nimbu (Lemon) Juice commonly. They mix the juice in a cup of lukewarm water and with sugar and salt take it. According to them, this simple use cures the trouble many times. I have mentioned in previous articles that the natives prepare special chutney using Lason (Garlic) bulb and use it for taste and also in treatment of many common troubles. The natives use it in treatment of stomachache also. Externally, the Lason bulb juice is applied around the umbilicus for the same purpose. The natives take half teaspoonful of Lason juice, and equal quantities of cow ghee and Namak (salt) are added. This combination is applied externally whereas at the same time, patients are advised to use Lason Chutney. The natives take 100 gms of Methi seeds (Fenugreek) and roast it slightly. The roasted seeds are converted into powder and one fourth (i.e. 25 gms) of Black salt is added. Two teaspoonful of this mixture is taken twice a day with lukewarm water in treatment of stomachache till complete relief. This mixture is also used for joint pains, lumbago and other rheumatic pains. This mixture is very popular among the natives. The natives of Chhattisgarh also use the roasted seeds of Saunf (Fennel) of this purpose. Hing (Asafoetida) powder is used as home remedy for both internally as well as externally. Internally the natives prepare small globules using Hing powder and give to the patients having the problem of stomachache with lukewarm water. Externally, the aqueous paste is applied on painful parts. The natives use many Hing based herbal formulations available in form of patented drugs in the markets. The natives having the problem of stomach disorder use Zeera (Cumin) water daily. They add a teaspoonful of Zeera in fair to five litres water and prepare a decoction. The decoction is used daily till complete cure. Its long term use is considered as one of the promising treatments. This traditional use is popular in other parts of India also. I have written a lot on use of Pudina (Mentha) in treatment of stomachache in previous articles. During recent surveys, I got information on new combination. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the Pudina herb in combination of Saunf. The herb is dried and converted into powder. Saunf is also converted into powder. Both powders are mixed in equal proportion and taken with lukewarm water in treatment of stomachache. The popularity of above mentioned home remedies among the natives of Chhattisgarh is enough to prove its utility. As the information is not available in compiled format, the natives of one part of Chhattisgarh are not getting the advantage of the traditional knowledge of other parts of the state. I am expecting that the on-going documentation work will be of great use to solve this problem. Thank you very much for reading the article Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XXXXVI. Kalinder (Citrullus lanatus, family : Cucurbitaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh are well aware of cool and refreshing fruits of Kalinder. Every year it is available in summer season. In Chhattisgarh, during summer the temperature goes very high, Kalinder is one of the fruits available in hot summer that helps the natives in fighting against hot wind and sunstroke. Kalinder is under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The river belts are suitable for its commercial cultivation Kalinder is a climbing or trailing hispid annual. As not much work have been done on its genetic improvement, the growers are growing old varieties or improved varieties collected from neighboring states. The Kalinder fruits growing in different location possess different levels of sweetness. Like Foot fruits, the traders also use sweet solutions to make all fruits more sweet. This malpractice is common in almost all Kalinder growing areas of Chhattisgarh. For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, all parts of Kalinder are valuable in terms of medicinal properties and uses. But I have noted during my ethnobotanical surveys that very few healers are aware of its medicinal uses. Before describing these traditional uses common in Chhattisgarh, I am giving details regarding its botany. According to reference literatures, Kalinder is annual herb with angular villous stems, Leaves 8-20 x 5- 15 cm triangular - ovate, cordate, trifid, lobes pinnatifid, terminal lobe acute, others round, tendrils bifid; male flowers : Peduncles elongate, villous, calyx tube broadly campanulate, villous , corolla greenish, villous, lobes ovate - oblong, obtuse; Female flowers : Peduncles 2-6 cm long, calyx and corolla as in male flowers, ovary oblong; Fruits large, sub globose or ellipsoid, smooth, green or variegated; Seeds black, red or variable; Flowering and fruiting times April - July in Chhattisgarh conditions. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that on the day of its use as fruit one must avoid the take rice in any form. According to them, it is wrong and harmful combination. This use can results in many serious health problems. Unfortunately, most of the natives are not aware of this bare fact. During summer, the natives use both rice (as meals) and Kalinder (in between meals) fruits. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the seeds of Kalinder in treatment of insanity. The seeds are collected and converted into small pieces. Two teaspoonfuls of seed pieces are dipped in a cup of water overnight. Next morning the seed pieces are collected and with sugar, ghee and Kali Mirch ( Black Pipper), the combination is given to the patients empty stomach. According to the traditional healers, its regular use helps the patients by eliminating the extra heat from the head. This treatment is considered as one of the promising treatments. In general, the traditional healers use the fruits in treatment of troubles common in summer season. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, use to whole herb of Kalinder in treatment of piles externally. They burn the dry herb and the patients are advised to expose the affected parts in fumes. This use is very popular among the traditional healers of this region. The above mentioned traditional uses are although less in number but these are promising uses. Through the on-going surveys, I am trying to collect more information. This herb in native to Africa. Possibly this is the reason, the traditional healers are less aware of its traditional medicinal uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Parval (Trichosanthes sp; family Cucurbitaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh are more aware of Parval (Trichosanthes dioica) used as vegetable whereas the traditional healers are aware of both cultivated and wild species of Parval i. e. Trichosanthes cucumerina. Both species are used as traditional medicine. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Parval. The natives use the Parval fruits in treatment of fevers commonly. The fruits are boiled in water and extract is given internally to reduce the high temperature. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives prepare a special tea by boiling the fruits in combination with other herbs. This tea is used both for taste and to reduce high temperature. As vegetable, it is in use in almost every part of the Chhattisgarh. The natives use the vegetable just for taste but according to the traditional healers its use as vegetable has many health benefits. It acts as good health tonic. It is good appetizer and also helps in digestion. The healers recommend it specially after the severe illness. It is considered best for the patients having the problem of heart. Many communities of Chhattisgarh prepare many sweet dishes using matured Parval fruits. The natives use the fruits only but for the traditional healers all plant parts possess valuable medicinal properties and uses. They use the roots of cultivated Parval as laxative. The leaves are used alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of liver related troubles. The leaves are also used in treatment of Acidity. According to the traditional healers of Durg region, whole herb of Parval before flowering is useful in treatment of diseases related to respiratory system. As Parval is popular vegetable crop, like other vegetable crops the farmers use synthetic chemicals at large doses for commercial production. The traditional healers are not in favour of this practice. According to them, Parval fruits cultivated by using chemicals are harmful both as vegetable as well as medicine. Yesterday when I brought Parval fruits from market, its colour was abnormally green. When I washed it thoroughly, I found the harmful colouring agents in water. Now this colouring is becoming a common malpractice in Chhattisgarh particularly in urban areas. For the botany and reported medicinal uses of Parval, I suggest you to read previous articles. The wild species of Parval, locally known as Kadvi Parval (T. Cucumerina) is also used as vegetable but its use as medicinal herb is more popular specially among the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. Botanically, it is a scandent annual; stems upto 4.5m long, slender, furrowed, reniform or broadly ovate, deeply 5-lobed, distantly denticulate, base deeply cordate; Flowers monoecious, male in axillary racemes bearing 8-15 flowers near the apex, white whereas females solitary, axillary; Fruits 2.5-7.5 cm long, ovoid fusiform, with a long sharp beak, green with white stripes when raw, scarlet with ripe; Seeds surrounded with red-pulp; Flowering time July to November in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, Kadvi Parval is described as Patola. Its Sanskrit name is also Patola. In Ayurveda, many Patola based herbal formulations have been mentioned. Many formulations are available in form of products in markets. Kadvi Parval holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, its root is cathartic and cures bronchitis, headache and boils whereas leaves are promising for biliousness. The fruits are hot , bitter, pungent, laxative , antipyretic, alexiteric, stomatic and cures, asthma, itching, leucoderma, blood diseases, burning sensation, leprosy, ulcers, erysipelas, eye diseases etc. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of above uses and properties. This is the reason, they frequently use different parts of Kadvi Parval as medicine in their routine practice. This is positive sign that the healers and natives both are aware of its medicinal uses and they are using it for different purposes. I personally feel that there is a strong need to discourage the chemical farming of Parval species in Chhattisgarh so that the natives can get real health benefits from these valuable species. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Renal Calculi in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of Chhattisgarh use many home remedies in treatment of Renal calculi. The use of Fudhar flowers is common in almost every part of Chhattisgarh. The natives collect the ten flowers of Fudhar and after drying, convert it into powder. This powder is taken with a glass of lukewarm cow milk daily morning upto forty days. According to them, this simple treatment flushes out the stones effectively. The flowers of white flowered species are preferred. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use but they add Gud (Jaggery) in this use in order to reduce the harmful effects of overdoses of Fudhar flowers. According to them, in most of the cases, the use of different parts of Fudhar is safe but many times it produces harmful effects. To nullify this possible effect Gud is added in the combination. I would like to mention here that in case of Fudhar poisoning, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Parsa (Butea monosperma) leaves. The leaves are boiled in water and decoction is given internally for immediate relief. Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) is a common wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. In my previous articles, I have written a lot on its unique traditional uses in Chhattisgarh. You will be surprised to know that the use of flowers in treatment of Renal Calculi also helps the patients having the problem of Asthma. During treatment with Modern therapies we generally observed that many drugs sometimes can not cure the trouble but in Chhattisgarh, same herbal formulation is used by adopting same method in treatment of many related and unrelated troubles. Like Fudhar, Bathua is also common herb in Chhattisgarh. It grows naturally with winter season agricultural crops. The weed experts consider it unwanted plant but for the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh it is a valuable medicinal herb. The natives of urban areas, far from crop fields and aware of its unique medicinal properties and uses, grow this so called weed in home gardens. It is common belief among natives that use of Bathua herb as pot herb prevents the formation of stones in Kidney. The natives also use it as home remedy for treatment of Renal Calculi. The fresh leaf juice is used for this purpose. The natives of many parts of Chhattisgarh use the juice of boiled leaves for the same purpose. The natives are satisfied with its effects. I got opportunities to interact many patients got relief from this use. The scientific name of Bathua is Chenopodium album. For its botany, reported and other traditional uses, I suggest you to read my previous articles. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the juice of Radish (Mooli) as preventive during cropping season. According to them, its use helps in flushing out the existing stones also. As supplement to main treatment, the natives suggest the patients to take Nimbu (Lemon) juice with rock salt. During my visits to Sarguja region, the Annanas (Pineapple) growers of this region informed me that its juice is beneficial for the patients of Renal Calculi. I have yet not seen its practical use. The natives of Southern Chhattisgarh use the roots of Papita (Papaya) in unique way. The roots are collected and dried in shade. The dried roots are cut into small pieces. Two teaspoonfuls of root pieces are dipped in half glass of water over night. Next morning the patients having the problem are advised to drink the leachate empty stomach. This simple treatment is considered as one of the promising treatments. The natives informed me that in most of the cases, the stones come out within a week. Papita is under cultivation as fruit crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives of this region suggest the patients to increase the uptake of Dahi (Curd) during this treatment. Unfortunately, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains are not aware of the use of Papita roots for this purpose. When I informed them, they thanked me after getting promising effects. As Papita is present as fruit plant in different parts of the world, I am expecting that the natives of these parts will get the relief from the traditional knowledge of our healers. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as home remedies in treatment of Liver related troubles in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved I have written a lot on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of liver related troubles in Chhattisgarh by the traditional healers. Through recent ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have listed out many home remedies that are in use in the state. In present article, I am giving the details. The natives of Shahtoot tree rich regions of Chhattisgarh consume its delicious fruits with taste. They suggest the patients having liver related troubles to eat more and more fruits. It is considered as beneficial for this vital organ. The use of Shahtoot have other health benefits also. The scientific name of Shahtoot is Morus alba. The natives of Bael (Aegle marmelos) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh, use its leaves in treatment of Liver pain, as indigenous pain-killer. The juice is extracted and with common salt, it is used. In general, two teaspoonful of juice is given at a time and treatment is continued till complete relief. The senior natives of Chhattisgarh suggest the use of special chutney prepared from Piaz (Onion) bulb. The senior natives also prepare a special pickles (Achar) using Mooli (Radish) and give it to the patients having Liver trouble. I have observed its use in treatment of Liver pain, successfully and that is why I am fan of this delicious home remedy. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the young leaves of Neem tree in treatment of Liver related troubles. The natives of different parts, use it in different ways. In general, they collect 20 Neem leaves and boil it in a glass of water. This solution is filtered and five teaspoonful of solution is given at a time. In acute attack, the dose is repeated in every three hours. Neem is well known medicinal tree in Chhattisgarh. The natives use the fruit powder of Pippali (Piper longum) in combination with Shahad (Honey) as supplement to main treatment. The natives of Chhattisgarh also use the Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves as supplement. The leaves are boiled and decoction is given internally as treatment. The natives of forest and rural areas, use the wild fruits of Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) for this purpose. They prepare different dishes using Aonla fruits. According to them, its intake in any form has many health benefits. It is considered as good Liver tonic. In treatment of dropsy, the natives of farming community are aware of the use of common weed Makoi. Its scientific name is Solanum indicum. The whole herb is collected and dried in shade. After drying, the natives prepare its decoction by boiling it in water. The decoction is given internally. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this unique use. The natives of Narharpur and surrounding areas use the tubers of Patal Kumhda (Pueraria tuberosa) in treatment of liver related troubles as home remedy. The freshly extracted juice is given as treatment with sugar. Many of the above mentioned home remedies have yet not written in document form. Through the ethnobotanical surveys. I am trying my best to document all these information's in form of research articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Saunf (Foeniculum vulgare) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although Saunf is not a native to Chhattisgarh, but for the natives and traditional healers it is a valuable herb. Among the natives, it is popular as condiment and spice. Also they use it as home remedy in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers aware of its valuable medicinal properties and uses, use this herbs very commonly. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have listed out over 35 common as well complicated diseases in which Saunf is used as medicine alone or in combination with other herbs. Almost all the healers are aware of its medicinal uses. Although Saunf is not under cultivation as commercial crop but I have found this herb in many home gardens. Many healers also plant this herb in their surroundings. The natives informed me that its plantation is not permitted because it is use to prepare alcoholic drinks. That is why authorities have banned its plantation. I have yet not seen any official document on this aspect but since childhood I am hearing this so-called official notification. The reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India are full of information on medicinal uses of Saunf. All parts of Saunf all are used as medicine but roots, leaves and seeds are used most commonly. According to Ayurveda, seeds are hot in nature, laxative, aphrodisiac, stomachic, appetizer, anthelmintic, alexiteric and useful in treatment of eye diseases, burning sensation, fever, thirsts, wounds, dysentery, biliousness, leprosy etc. According to Unani system of medicine, leaves improve eyesight whereas seeds are carminative, galactagogue, diuretic, stimulant, cure intestinal troubles and useful in treatment of diseases of chest, spleen, kidney, in headache, amenorrhoea, cough, asthma etc. According to reference literatures related to botany, Saunf is a tall glabrous, dark green annual herb; Leaves decompound, ultimate segments linear; Flower in large umbels, bracts and bracteolate absent, yellow; Fruit ellipsoid, ridges prominent, furrows vittate, carpophore two - partite. Although in reference literature the use of Saunf leaves for better eye sight is mentioned but he traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the seeds for this purpose. In general it is common belief in Chhattisgarh that chewing of Saunf after meals helps in improving the eyesight. The traditional healers prepare a herbal combination by mixing 100 gms of Saunf with equal quantity of sugar and ten Elaichi (Elatteria sp.). This combination is taken twice a day with lukewarm milk. One teaspoonful at a time is normal dose. This combination is considered as promising in improving the eye sight. The chewing of Saunf after meals is also considered good for digestion. According to the traditional healers it is a boon for the patients having the problem of constipation. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use Saunf in treatment of many common troubles. The healers use it internally to solve the problem of issue-less couples. The females are advised to take Saunf seed powder with cow ghee upto 3 months atleast. According to the healers in most of the cases, this simple combination cures the trouble. I would like to mention here that the healers do not want to disclose in what ratio they add the Saunf and ghee. This is the reason, the greedy drug manufactures when try to use this combination by own, they get little success. In reference literatures, different ratios are given but practically very few are effective. The healers specialized in use are aware that this combination is not for all females. In case of failure, they add more herbs in this combination . The healers of Bastar region informed me that the combination is useful only for fat females but the healers of other regions have not confirmed it. As home remedy the natives of Chhattisgarh plains use Saunf in treatment of diarrhoea common in small children. A decoction is prepared by boiling the seeds in water and given to the children. This use is common in other parts also. I have mentioned in previous articles, that how the natives manage the problem of stomach disorder by mixing a pinch of Sonth, Saunf and Shakkar each.. During dentition, the natives of Chhattisgarh give the children Saunf with lukewarm cow milk. They also give it after boiling it in milk. The traditional healers of Narharpur region consider Saunf Seeds a boon for the patients having bleeding piles. The seed powder is given internally with cold water. Also they prepare a decoction by boiling whole herb in water and advise the patients to wash the anus with this decoction. In treatment of skin troubles, along with main treatment, the healers suggest the patients to use the herbal combination of Saunf and Dhania. Both herb are mixed in equal proportion. In this combination double amount of cow ghee and sugar are added. One teaspoonful of combination is given twice a day as supplement. The natives use Saunf seeds to welcome the guest and also it is served in trays during farewell, in Chhattisgarh. It is used as mouth freshener. It is one of the essential components of Paan, (Piper betle) used as masticatory. Many cottage industries are engaged in manufacturing of different types of flavored Saunf seeds useful in these products. Saunf is providing employment to many natives in Chhattisgarh. Through on-going surveys. I am trying to gather more information on its traditional medicinal uses in Chhattisgarh, India. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses. XXXXVIII : Ghuiyan (Colocasia esculenta, family Araceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Ghuiyan is a rhizomatous herb, cultivated in different parts of India for its edible, starchy and tuberous rhizomes. In Chhattisgarh, it is also under cultivation. Its young leaves are used as vegetable. In many parts of Chhattisgarh it occurs naturally in wastelands also. According to the experts, it is an escape from the cultivated fields. For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Ghuiyan is valuable medicinal herb. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted that in almost all parts it is under cultivation. I have written a lot on common herbs used in treatment of obesity in my previous articles but not written much on herbs for slender natives. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend Ghuiyan for this purpose. According to them, its regular consumption increases the fat in body. Many healers use it as aphrodisiac also, but as other promising and cheap alternatives are available it is used less frequently. In general, the healers instruct the patients having the problem of constipation to avoid its use as vegetable. The traditional healers specialized in treatment of Leucoderma, also suggest the patients to avoid its use. It is considered as a boon for the patients with problems of respiratory system. In general the healers encourage the natives to work hard while its daily consumption, as it digest very slowly. I am giving the details of its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically Ghuiyan (Colocasia esculenta syn. C. antiquorum var. Esculenta syn. C. esculenta var. Antiquorum syn. Arum esculentum syn. Arum colocasia ) it is a tuberous perennial herb with a group of under ground farinaceous corms; Leaves with sheathing leaf base and erect petiole bearing a thinly coriaceous peltate-ovate, cordate lamina; Spadix shorter than the petiole, appendix much shorter than the inflorescences. According to Ayurveda, leaf is styptic, stimulant and rubefacient and useful in treatment of internal bleeding, otorrhoea, buboes etc. Corm is laxative, demulcent and anodyne and useful in treatment of Somatalgia, alopecia, piles etc. The natives of Chhattisgarh use Ghuiyan as chips also. Chips are fried in cooking oil and served but due to the restriction of its use to different patients, its use is loosing popularity among them. In many parts of the world, Ghuiyan is under cultivation as commercial crop and natives of these parts are consuming it without any precaution. I am expecting that the traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb, our healers and natives have, can be of great use for them. Thank you very much for reading article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXIX. Rudraksh (Elaeocarpus sphaericus, family Eleaocarpaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Rudraksh is a tree distributed in different parts of India. Its hard tubercled nuts are made into rosaries and bracelets and are also used in making necklaces and buttons. There is considerable demand for the beads in India. Owing to limited occurrence of the species in the country, commercial supplies of these beads are not available form indigenous sources and the bulk of the requirement is met by imports from Nepal, Malaya and Indonesia. The rosaries are sold in India mostly at places of pilgrimage. As Rudraksh herb thrives in warm localities with a high and well-distributed rainfall, having good drainage. For the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Rudraksh is not a new herb. They are aware of the nuts since time immemorial. In different forests of Chhattisgarh many Elaeocarpus species have been reported. Seeing its demand, now many innovative herb growers have started its plantation in Chhattisgarh. They are getting positive results from initial trials. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the natives to wear the necklaces of Rudraksh in order to protect themselves from evil spirits. But as it is costly and beyond rich of common natives, this use is not much popular. In the name of Rudraksh, adulteration of inferior species is common. The healers informed me that they have other promising and cheap substitute to Rudraksh necklaces. I have given such details in my previous articles. The traditional healers are not much aware of its other medicinal properties and uses. During my ethnobotanical surveys in Chhattisgarh plains, I have observed its use in treatment of common fever. The healers rub the Rudraksh seed with Shahad (Honey) and give it to patients internally. It is promising remedy in hyper pyrexia. I am giving the details of its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted form the reference literatures. Botanically, Rudraksh (E. Sphaericus syn. E. ganitrus) is a medium sized evergreen tree with a spreading hand some crown leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, sub-entire or irregularly crenate, decurrent into the petiole, glabrous, acute or acuminate; Flowers white in dense racemes in old leaf axils; Fruits globose or some what obovoid purple drupes, stone tubercled, longitudinally grooved, generally 5- celled and 5 - seeded. Rarely seven - celled. The religious natives consider it lucky. According to Ayurveda, fruits are sour, appetiser, sedative and useful in treatment of cough, bronchitis, nerve pain, epilepsy, migraine etc. It is also considered beneficial in treatment of hypertension. Its use in treatment of high fever is not reported in these literatures. I am proud to write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are using it for this purpose. I am trying to find out the fact that how these healers have discovered this promising use. After successful trials of Rudraksh plantation in Chhattisgarh, we will try to establish it as potential medicinal crop. Through the on-going surveys I am trying to gather more information on its traditional uses in Chhattisgarh Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herbs in Chhattisgarh, India : Interactions with the traditional healers of Narharpur and Dhamtari regions Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Dhamtari and Narharpur regions of Chhattisgarh are having rich natural forests. Many rivers flows from these regions and finally they join with Mahanadi river. The natives and traditional healers of these regions have in depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs. These days I have to visit these regions very frequently as I am engaged with Herbal Health Resort project of Raipur based businessman. During night stays, I get enough time to interact with the healers and natives. Many nights we visit to nearby forests in search of medicinal herbs and insects. In last three months, I have collected a lot of information about common herbs. In present article, I am giving the details. I have found rich natural population of Rauvolfia tetraphylla in forests near to Madham Silli Dam. The healers of this region collect and use it in treatment of hysteria. They use it in the name of repelling away the evil spirits from female patients. In modern science, we are aware that the attack of evil spirits is not more than the attack of hysteria, a common problem in Chhattisgarh. They give specific little dose of its root powder with rose water (Gulab Jal) as treatment. I have not observed Rauvolfia serpentina species in this area. I have mentioned in my previous articles that the traditional healers of Bastar region use the roots of R. serpentina in treatment of hysteria. The use of R. tetraphylla for this purpose is new information for me. I would like to mention here that the healers informed that the natural population of R. tetraphylla is decreasing in this region due to over exploitation. When I discussed this problem to forest officers, they suggested me to check the information According to them, R. tetraphylla is not found in this region. You can simply imagine the situation. I decided to stop further discussion as they are not aware of flora of their working areas. During visits, I saw many houses having Andi herbs in badis. When I asked the natives, they informed me about many medicinal uses and home remedies that can be prepared by the use of different parts of Andi herb. They commonly use it in treatment of painful swellings. The Andi leaves with Andi seed oil are slightly roasted and the hot leaves are applied externally on painful swellings. The natives also informed me about its simple use in case of vaginal pain. In such case, they simply dip a piece of Rui (Cotton) in Andi oil and put it inside the vagina. According to them it is very effective treatment. They also use it during the time of pregnancy. The scientific name of Andi is Ricinus communis. Near to Narharpur town, I have seen many Nirgundi shrubs. I have also observed it in dense forests of this region. For treatment of puerperal fever, that begins after delivery many times, the traditional healers of this region use the leaf juice of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo). The patients are advised to take the juice internally. The healers also suggest the use of special curry prepared from Nirgundi leaves. Both Dhamtari and Narharpur region are rich in natural population of Bahera trees (Terminalia bellirica). The traditional healers of these regions use the fruit pulp and bark of Baheda in treatment of painful swellings. The aqueous paste is prepared and applied externally on painful swellings for immediate relief. Like other parts of Chhattisgarh, Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa) in are common wasteland herb in these regions. The traditional healers of these regions use it in kidney related troubles. The roots are boiled in water and decoction is prepared. This decoction is given with Sonth (Dried ginger) in treatment. It is considered as promising treatment for Renal Calculi (Pathri). According to the healers, it flushes out the stones without causing any damage to kidneys. In treatment of Gout, the traditional healers use the bark of common tree Patla (Stereospermum suaveolens). The decoction of bark is given internally of as treatment. The bark of old trees are collected for this purpose. The healers use its seeds in form of aqueous paste in treatment of Migraine also. I prefer this method of survey very much because by seeing the big questionnaire and typical questions most of the respondents hesitate to give replies frankly. During my visits, I never keep these tools, even the note pad and store the information's I receive, in my mind. I also inform and share my knowledge with the natives and healers. They welcome the new information on herbs. For example when I presented the roots of R. serpentina to the healers using R. tetraphylla in treatment of hysteria, he tried it on his patients and found it more effective. He thanked me and promised me to inform about some new formulations in my next visits. You can understand the real experience and feelings only after visiting these healers with me. Thank you very much for reading article. Medicinal Herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXX. Sudarshan (Crinum asiaticum, family : Amaryllidaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb in treatment of Renal Calculi (Pathri). The leaves are used for this purpose. The healers of southern Chhattisgarh use the herb internally as blood purifier. According to the traditional healers, this herb is a boon for the patients having the problem of skin. Its internal use flushes out the toxic material from the body. It is also used to remove bad odour from urine. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use the herb as aphrodisiac in combination with other herbs. The healers of Bagbahera region use the herb externally for herbal bath. The decoction is prepared and patients having skin diseases are advised to take bath with this decoction. The decoction is also considered effective in control of lice and dandruff in hair. For the natives, Sudarshan is an ornamental herb. They plant it in home gardens for its beautiful flowers. Many natives are aware of its medicinal properties and uses but they know that over dose of this herb specially the roots can cause great harms. That is why they use it under supervision of traditional healers. During my ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have seen it in forests. But according to the botanists, it is escape from home gardens. Many healers claim that it naturally grows in dense forests. As medicinal herb, it is not in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand in national and international drug markets. Very few healers use Sudarshan in their routine practices. They collect it from wild to fulfill their requirement. For the organic growers of Chhattisgarh, Sudarshan is a valuable herb. They use the leaf extract to repel away the harmful insects from crop fields. The innovative herb growers are also using this herb in commercial cultivation of Indian medicinal and aromatic crops. I am giving the details regarding its botany and reported medicinal uses, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, it is a herb with tunicated bulb; Bulb 5-10 cm (even more) in diameter, narrowed into a neck clothed with leaf. Sheaths; Leaves 20-30, thin, linear lanceolate, flat, with a sheathing base, bright green, scope upto 90cm; Flower 15-50 in an umbel, white, fragrant at night; Perianth tube greenish white, cylindric, Fruits sub-globose, beaked, seed one (rarely two). Sudarshan holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, it is pungently bitter, heating, vulnerary, laxative, carminative, antipyretic, anthelmintic and useful in treatment of biliousness, strangury, vomiting, urinary discharges, tumours, diseases of vagina, abdomen and blood . According to Unani system of medicine, it is tonic, expectorant, laxative, aphrodisiac, and useful in treatment of bronchitis, chest, lung, and spleen diseases, gonorrhoea, night-blindness, urinary concretions, lumbago, anuria, toothache. Seeds are purgative, diuretic, emmenagogue and useful in kidney diseases. Unfortunately, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of these uses. Its use as guard crop in order to protect the main crops from insect infestation is encouraging the farmers to promote its large scale cultivation. I personally feel that there is a need to aware them regarding its medicinal uses and market demand so that they can try to establish this herb as potential medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh, with confidence. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses . XXXXXI. Tejbal (Zanthoxylum armatum, family Rutaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved According to reference literatures, Tejbal is a small tree found in Punjab, Kumaon and Khasi Hills of India. It is not reported in Chhattisgarh. But the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh claim that Tejbal is present the state also. According to them, it is present in Pendra region, near to Amarkantak hills. The healers of Bastar region also have same claim. I have yet not seen it in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. Through the ethnobotanical survey conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have collected many traditional medicinal uses of this herb. In present article I am giving the details. The traditional healers identify the true Tejbal with help of its bark and roots. For test, they chew a piece and by specific taste, they identify it without any problem. They informed me that Tejbal is used in little doses. Its overdose can be harmful. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use it mainly in treatment of respiratory diseases. It is considered as good appetizer. Its regular use improves the voice quality. Its Tasir (Nature) is hot. Tejbal is not in list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. Also it is not under cultivation as medicinal crop. According to reference literatures, Tejbal (Z. armatum syn. Z . alatum) is a shrub or small tree, all parts pungent aromatic; branches and stem prickly, the older with corky base; leaves unequally pinnate; Leaflets 2-6 pairs, lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent, Calyx with 6-8 acute segments; Petals O, Stamens 6-8 ; Ripe carpels 1- 3, reniform or ovoid, the size of a small pea, reddish, when fresh tubercled. Flowering time April-June whereas fruiting time August to November in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the use of bark, fruits and seeds as carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic have been reported . Through the ongoing ethnobotanical surveys I am trying to gather more information on its traditional medicinal uses in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as Hair remover in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use many common herbs externally as Hair remover. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh I have collected few important information on traditional uses of herbs for this purpose. I am giving the details in present article. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the roots of Ghabel or Samander sokh (Argyria nervosa) alone or in combination with other herbs as hair remover. The roots are burnt and ash is collected. After cutting unwanted hairs, the aqueous paste of ash is applied externally, in order to avoid the hair growth again. It is also applied directly on hairs to remove it. The healers of Kanker region use Ghabel roots in combination with Ajwain (Carum copticum). The method of use is same. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the fresh latex of Doomar (Ficus glomerata) for this purpose. I have mentioned in my previous articles that the natives of Southern Chhattisgarh use medicinal ant Oecophylla in treatment of many common diseases. During recent ethnobotanical surveys, I got information on the use of its eggs. The natives rub the fresh eggs in specific parts for this purpose. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the Jonk (Leech) as hair remover. The Leech is collected, dried and converted into powder. The powder mixed with goat urine is used for this purpose. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains recommend the use of whole herb juice of Bathua (Chenopodium album) in combination with other herbs for this purpose. They also suggest the use of Onion bulb juice with black salt and vinegar. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the roots of Andi (Ricinus communis) for this purpose. The aqueous paste is applied externally. The healers also use the Kuchla (Strychnos nuxvomica) seeds. The seeds are dipped in water overnight and next morning, leachate collected are used for this purpose. The traditional healers of Tilda region use dead Bichhu (Scorpion) for this purpose. They boil the dead Bichhu in Sarson (Mustard) oil and when all watery contents evaporate, boiling is stopped. This oil is applied on unwanted hairs to uproot it and also to prevent further growth. The healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma informed me about the use of bark of Lasora as promising remedy. He informed me that the decoction of its bark is applied externally. The scientific name of Lasora is Cordia dichotoma. He uses fresh bark for this purpose. Although the healers and natives have limited information on this aspect but I have noted that through these limited information they are managing the problem successfully. These uses are becoming popular in urban areas also. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in Hair care in Chhattisgarh, India : The results of recent ethnobotanical surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on traditional uses of common herbs and herbal formulations used in Hair care. In previous articles, I have written a lot on this aspect but it seems that I have to conduct more specific surveys and write many more articles, to document all the available information in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Narharpur region informed me that the seeds and barks of common tree Kusum are boon for the patients having the problem of premature hair falling. The healers of this region are known for specialization in use of herbs for hair care. They suggest the patients to apply the herbal oil having Kusum plant parts near the roots of hairs and in hairless spots. For preparation of oil, they collect the seeds and bark of Kusum and after shade drying, burn it. The ash is collected. The ash of seeds and bark are mixed in equal proportion. This mixture is mixed in base oil and used in treatment. As base oil, Til (Sesamum) oil is used most commonly. The popularity of this herbal oil among the natives clearly indicates its effectiveness. According to them, the use of oil not only makes the hair healthy but also promotes new hair growth. When I disclosed the formula to many natives, they said that the formula is not so simple. The healers add more herbs in oil. But when I tried home made herbal oil. I found it effective. The scientific name of Kusum is Schleichera oleosa (Syn. S. trijuga syn. Pistacia oleosa, family Sapindaceae). Its fruits having acidic taste are very popular among the natives, specially among children. The senior natives of this region informed that the fruits of medicinal tree Harra (Terminalia chebula) can be used for good hair growth. They collect the fruits from trees and boil it in base oil. When cracks occur in fruits, boiling is stopped. The oil is stored for future use. The natives use this oil daily after taking bath. According to them, it is effective against lice and dandruff also. Makoi is a common wasteland as well as field weed in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers and natives use its fruit as natural hair dye. The fruits are collected and juice is extracted. Equal quantity of juice and Til oil are added and applied externally on hairs to make white hairs, black. Many healers suggests that its application inside the nostrils (few drops) can help in making the hairs healthy and stronger. The scientific name of Makoi is Solanum indicum. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed me about the use of Neem oil both internally and externally for hair care. Internally, the regular intake of Neem oil is suggested upto one month. During this period, the patients are advised to take more and more cow milk. According to the healers, the intake of milk helps in absorption of Neem oil in body organs. Externally, Neem oil is applied on hairs. This use is popular among natives. During visits to rural and forest areas, while interaction with the natives you can identify the specific smell of Neem oil coming from the hairs. Due to its typical smell, its internal use is not much popular. Also, the natives living in urban areas hesitate to use it. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the leaves and seeds of Methi (Fenugreek) to prepare a herbal oil for hair care. They take the equal quantity of Methi seeds and leaves and mix with double quantity of base oil and keep the oil for one week as such. After one week it is filtered and use to massage the hairs gently. As base oil Til oil is used but many natives use Nariyal (Coconut) oil also. According to the natives of this region, this herbal oil stops the premature graying and also make the hair healthy. As native to Chhattisgarh, I would like to disclose the formulation of combination, I am using for my hairs. To wash the hairs, I use the combination of Besan (Chickpea flour) and Dahi (curd). It acts as chemical shampoo and softens the hairs. It keeps the hair free from dandruff. I am using it since last ten years without any problem. In general, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the natives to live tension free life, to maintain the healthy hair growth but now a days the mental tension is becoming a part of life specially in urban areas. This is the reason the healers aware of this problem, give herbs to reduce the stress at first and after this, start treatment for hairs. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXII. Khapribela (Ichnocarpus frutescens, family Apocynaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in population of Khapribela. In different parts of Chhattisgarh it is known in different names. In plains, it is known as Karia Bela. In Bagbahera region it is known as Duddhi Bela. But by Khapribela and little introduction, the healers of almost all parts recognize this herb. When last week I asked Shri Munna Netam of Narharpur region about its medicinal uses, he simply replied there is no medicinal use of this herb. It is really surprising that instead of its rich occurrence in Chhattisgarh, the healers and herb collectors are less aware of its medicinal uses and properties. This is the reason I have kept this herb in "Less known traditional uses' category. The traditional healer of Tilda region uses the leaves of Khapribela in treatment of fevers. Its decoction is used internally as treatment. According to him, the stalk can also be used with leaves. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region informed me that the decoction of whole herb is promising in treatment of skin troubles. They suggest the patients to wash the affected parts with the decoction. They use it in combination with other herbs also. The natives of Bastar region informed me that in early days they were using its stem to prepare the ropes for domestic use. Now a days this use is becoming obsolete. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region informed me that they use its root in combination with other herbs as aphrodisiac. Khapribela is not in the list of nonwood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand. It is not under cultivation as medicinal crop also. According to reference literatures, Khapribela (Ichnocarpus frutescens syn. Apocynum frutescens) is a large twining shrub; young branches finely fulvous tomentose; Leaves elliptic oblong, glabrous above, slightly pubescent and pale beneath, base rounded; Flowers in axillary and terminal, rusty pubescent, trichotomous cymes, greenish white, numerous, corolla tube with narrow portion below, middle portion much inflated, upper constricted, lobes with white hairs on the upper side; Fruits follicle, straight or slightly curved, very slender, cylindrical; seeds linear, black with white scanty coma; Flowering time Nov. to January in Chhattisgarh conditions. Khapribela holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, its root is sweetish, cooling, aphrodisiac and useful in treatment of thirst, vomiting, fever, biliousness, blood diseases etc. In other respects it behaves like the root of Anantmool Hemidesmus indicus. I am expecting more information on its traditional medicinal uses through on-going ethnobotanical surveys in Bhopalpatnam region of Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Fevers : Interaction with the traditional healer of Mudpar village, Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through frequent visits and interactions with the traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, I got information on different herbs used in treatment of many diseases. I have categorized these information's according to the disease. In present article, I am giving details of herbs, he uses in treatment of fevers. I have seen its practical uses during these visits. In treatment of Remittent fever, he uses the roots of Chirchita. The aqueous extract of roots is given internally as treatment. The roots collected before flowering are considered best. Chirchita is a common wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. I have mentioned in my previous articles that in many parts of Chhattisgarh, the external use of Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) roots is popular. The natives and healers tie the roots with the help of red string around the wrist to treat fevers. Shri Verma is also aware of this use but he prefers internal use and considers it more promising. In treatment of hyperpyrexia, he uses the root bark of Nishoth. The bark is powdered and with Gud (Jaggery) given internally in every hour. Many times he also gives it with Shahad (Honey). When the temperature goes down, the use of bark is stopped and other herbs are given. He always keep this herb with him. He is aware about the harmful consequences of high fever. The scientific name of Nishoth is Ipomoea turpethum. It is well known medicinal herb found in Chhattisgarh forests. In treatment of fevers due to respiratory troubles, he uses the roots of Arusa. The roots are collected and by boiling it in water, decoction is prepared. This decoction is used internally during fever. Arusa (Adhatoda vasica) is a common medicinal herb used in treatment of diseases of respiratory system. In treatment of Malarial fever, he uses the leaves of Karanj in combination with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). He mixes the leaves and Kali Mirch in 5:1 ratio. He uses his own unique method to weigh the herbs to prepare the combination. When I weighed the herbs in scientific instrument, the weight of leaves was 120 gms and Kali Mirch was 25 gms. After mixing the herbs, he prepares small globules (at a size of Chickpea seeds). The patients are advised to take three globules, before rise in temperature. According to him, this preventive dose helps in preventing the attack of fever. For regular practice his students prepare the globules for future use. He informed me that globules can be stored upto 6 months, not more than the six months. There is no alternative to freshly prepared globules, in terms of efficacy. Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) is common roadside tree in Chhattisgarh. In treatment of Remittent fever, he also uses Neem leaves and Kali Mirch. Twenty Neem leaves are collected and by removal of Lamina, midribs are collected. Twenty midribs are mixed with twenty Kali Mirch. This herbal mixture is boiled in a glass of water and decoction is prepared. This decoction is given to the patients. According to him, this is promising treatment but requires much time for desirable effects. In treatment of common viral fevers, he uses the leaves of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) in different ways. The use of decoction is common among all uses. The leaves are given internally in combination with Kali Mirch also. He also suggests the patients to take herbal tea prepared by using Tulsi leaves. In high fever, he suggests the patient to take bath with Tulsi leaf decoction, in order to reduce the high temperature. Besides these herbs, he also uses Pippali (Piper longum), Sonth (Dried Ginger), Hing (Asafoetida), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), Giloi (Tinospora cordifolia) etc. alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of fevers. Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, he is specialized in treatment of many common diseases. In modern terms we can name him as General practitioner. Without the help of modern diagnosis tools, he treats the patients with the help of traditional medicinal knowledge. I will write more on him and his knowledge in coming articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXVII. Kukurjiwah (Leea indica family : Leeaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Like the herb Hadjod (Cissus quadrangularis), the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this herb in treatment of bone fractures, but it is used internally only. Its freshly extracted juice is given with Kali Mirch for this purpose. According to the traditional healers, it acts fastly and play a vital role in quick reunion of fractured bones. The natives of many parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this use. They use it as veterinary medicine in case of bone fractures. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the herb in treatment of insomnia. The patients are advised to take the juice internally. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that they use it as anti-allergic also. It acts effectively against the allergy problem common due to atmospheric pollution in urban areas. Its utility in these cases, have increased its harvesting from wild these days and both the healers and traders are taking interest in its collection. The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in natural population of Kukujiwah. But very few healers are aware of its medicinal properties and uses. This is the reason I have kept this herb in less known traditional uses category. The healers of Sarguja region use this herb in treatment of ear related troubles but as other promising alternatives are available it is used less frequently. In Bilaspur region of Chhattisgarh the tribal use the young shoots as vegetable. This use is not common in other parts. The ethnobotanical surveys conducted among the bone fixers revealed that most of them are aware of its use in bone fractures and the positive observation is that they are using it in their regular practice. I have yet not found much details regarding its medicinal uses in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. Botanically, Leea indica (Syn. Staphylea indica syn. L. sambucina) is a shrub having height upto 5 meters, grow as an undergrowth; Leaves 2-3 pinnate, upto one meter long; leaflets many, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, apex long acuminate, base acute or truncate, margins sharply serrate, stipules obovate, caduceus; Flowers pale green; Berries sub-globose, red to black, 3-6 seeded. Flowering and fruiting from May to December in Chhattisgarh conditions. It is not in list of non-wood, forest produces of Chhattisgarh having routine demand. Now understanding its new uses as anti-allergic its collection has started. I personally feel that there is a strong need to monitor the newly emerging trade, regularly and sincerely. The traditional healers using this herb informed me that all parts of Kukurjiwah are medicinally important but roots are used commonly. According to them, it prefers calcium rich soil to grow. With the help of traditional healers we are trying to evaluate the anti-allergic properties of this herb against allergy caused by obnoxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus. Through this article, I would like to request the experts engaged in clinical trials to conduct similar trials with the help of modern scientific methods and tools. The initial observations revealed that there is a tremendous scope in this field. From the traditional healers of Bilaspur region, I got information that a typical insect infest this herb in wild. The healers use this insect as medicinal insect in treatment of common fever. The insect is used in form of decoction in combination with other herbs. I have yet not seen the insect. Very soon I visit to this specific area for collection of this medicinal insect. According to the healers, this insect is host specific. I will write more on this aspect after coming back. Thank you very much for reading the article Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXIV. Fulbahari (Thysanolaena maxima; family Gramineae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Fulbahari is a perennial grass and its panicles are made into soft brooms (Locally Bahari). The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in natural population of this herb. I have noted its rich population in Bilaspur, Pendra and Bastar region. In Bagbahera region, it is present in abundance. Every year this herb provides employment to thousands families engaged in its collection. Like marketing of other herbs there are many channels in this trade. This is the reason, the true collectors do not get good returns. You will be surprised to know that in many parts of Chhattisgarh, the Fulbahari collectors give the bundles of grass in exchange of equal weight of Namak (Common salt). Although many advanced Brooms are available in markets but the natives still prefer brooms prepared from Fulbahari. I personally feel that if state authorities give sufficient attention on this trade, we can provide real returns to true herb collectors. There is a strong need to break the channels so that herb collectors can sell the produce directly to end purchasers. Like other herbal trades, it seems difficult at this moment. The traders engaged in Fulbahari business informed that the grass collected from the neighboring state Orissa posses more positive properties in terms of strength and durability. I have seen both the species but not found the claims true. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, very less information on the medicinal uses of Fulbahari have been mentioned. Although the healers aware of its medicinal uses are less in number in Chhattisgarh but they use Fulbahari in treatment of many common diseases, as medicinal herb. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected many important information. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the decoction of whole herb internally for many purposes. It is considered as promising remedy in treatment of fever. The healers use to reduce the high temperature. In case of gum related problem, the healers suggest the patients to gargle with this decoction. In general, the healers suggest the natives to use the decoction for this purpose daily, as it prevents the gum related troubles. The traditional healers of Pendra region suggest the patients having the problem of Bavasir (Piles) to wash the anus with this decoction. The healers of this region collect the herb to prepare decoction before emergence of panicles. According to them, after this stage, the other parts of grass looses its medicinal properties to great extent. The healers of many parts claim that the fresh juice of this herb is styptic but I have yet not seen its practical uses. Botanically, with the help of panicle, one can identify different grass species. I am giving details of its panicle, I have noted from reference literatures. Fulbahari (Thysanolaena maxima syn. T. acrarifera syn. T. agrostis syn. Agrostis maxima) is a tall, reed like perennial grass. Spikelets two flowered, upper flower bisexual, lower male or neuter, rarely both fertile, Spikelets innumerale, very minute, hairy, densely crowded in the capillary branches of a very large panicle. After the end of rainy season every year its collection starts from wild. As its demand is increasing and traders are aware of its natural occurrence, in near future due to over exploitation there is possibly that it may become rare herb in Chhattisgarh. During my ethnobotanical surveys in Bagbahera region, I have noted that many natives are planting this grass in periphery of their crop fields. According to them, its cultivation is very easy. Once planted it spreads naturally at fast speed. Its dense growth helps in suppressing the weed flora that creates problem to their crops. Also, in the time of collection, they have not to go in forest areas for the collection. In this part of Chhattisgarh, the conflicts between human beings and wild bear are increasing. I am satisfied with this observation. The promotion of its commercial cultivation will definitely help to reduce the pressure on its natural population in wild. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Dog bites in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As rainy season starts in Chhattisgarh, the cases of dog bites by street dogs increase suddenly at alarming rates. In urban areas now it is becoming a common problem. The news at local papers yesterday motivated me to collect all the information from my field diaries and to write a separate article on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of dog bites. The traditional healers of almost all parts of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about these herbs. They avoid any delay in treatment and take special care of patients. They are aware that any delay in treatment can result in harmful consequences. With the help of both internal and external treatment through herbs they get success in majority of the cases. This is the reason that in forest and rural areas prefer traditional treatment. In general, the healers prevents the healing of wound upto at least one month. They apply many herbal pastes externally and patients are advised to avoid exposure in cold winds. In present article, I am giving the details of traditional uses common in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. In previous articles, I have already mentioned some uses. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use common wasteland herb Satyanashi in treatment. The whole herb is used internally. The healers prepare a herbal combination by mixing Satyanashi with Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) and give this mixture with Mattha (whey). The patients are advised to take this combination at least 5-7 times in a day. The healers recommend its long term use. They instruct the patients to avoid the use of spicy food during the treatment period. The healers of different parts mix Satyanashi and Kali Mirch in different proportion. In general, they take 15 gms of whole herb and mix with 7 fruits of Kali Mirch. As I always write, the healers do not have measuring equipments and from experience they are aware of accurate quantities to be taken for combination. I got this figure when I weighed it in my laboratory. The herb collected before flowering is used. The scientific name of Satyanashi is Argemone mexicana. It is not native to India but the natives and traditional healers are well aware of its different medicinal uses and properties. For its botany and reported medicinal uses, I suggest you to read previous articles. In wounds, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains apply the fresh latex of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea). During cropping season, as first aid measure, the natives of this region apply the fresh juice of Mooli (Radish) leaves in wounds. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region specialized in treatment of dog bites also keep the ash of Hadjod stem (Cissus quadrangularis) with them. The ash mixed with Sirka (Vinegar) is applied externally on wounds. This use is considered as one of the promising remedies in this trouble. The traditional healers of Bastar region are also aware of this use. The healers of Bagbahera region use the bark of common tree Hingot in treatment. The bark powder is given internally with whey. Before this powder, the patients are instructed to eat Gud (Jaggery). The scientific name of Hingot is Balanites aegyptiaca (syn. B. roxburghii). To nullify the effect of poison, the traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the root extract of Bakain (Melia azedarach). According to the healers, due to effect of poison the taste of root extract seems sweet, but when the patients got rid from poison, they can feel the real bitter taste of its root extract. By this simple method, the healers test the effect of dog poison. The healers of Chhattisgarh use Kuchla herb (Strychnos nuxvomica) in treatment of dog poison commonly. The healers use it in different ways. The traditional healers of Bastar region, suggest the patients of roast the Kuchla seeds and consume it daily in little doses. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, suggest the patients to boil the Kuchla in human urine and apply the paste on wounds. The healers also suggest using alcoholic drinks prepared from indigenous herbs in place of human urine. Kuchla is an important medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh. As first aid measure, the natives of Bilaspur region, use the juice of Piaz (Allium cepa) with Shahad (Honey) externally. The healers of Sarguja region use the flowers of Kathal (Jackfruit) in treatment. They take half kg. Of fresh flowers and boil it in 3 litres of water. When one third quantity of water (of initial quantity) remains, the boiling is stopped. The decoction is given with common salt (Namak) to the patients. The above mentioned traditional medicinal uses clearly reveal that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about common herbs used for this purpose. I am feeling proud to write that this article is the first written document on these traditional uses. I will write more on this aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXV. Giddi Van (Pulicaria crispa, family Compositae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Since my childhood, playing with village children I am listening the name of this common herb. When I studied about weeds during my M. Sc. (Agronomy) course, the name of Giddi Van came again as common weed that competes with agricultural crops for light, moisture and nutrients. During field works, as student of weed science I uprooted this weed to clean the experimental fields. When I started loving the medicinal herbs and visited and interacted with the traditional healers, the name of Giddi Van appeared again as valuable medicinal herb. I was never imagined that one day I will get the opportunity to tell the world community about this herb. Since my childhood, I am aware that the farmers engaged in cattle farming use this herb very frequently. Like the use of Tridax procumbens or Cynodon dactylon by human beings to stop the bleeding from injured parts as first aid measures, Giddi van is used in case of cattle. During the attack of infectious diseases in cattle the care takers wash the cattle with the decoction of whole herb. It is used as both preventive and curative. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India, I have collected a lot of information on traditional medicinal knowledge of Giddi van. Unfortunately, not much have been written about the medicinal properties and uses of this valuable herb in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the whole herb externally in treatment of Bavasir (Piles) in different ways. They prepare the decoction and suggest the patients to use it externally to wash the anus. It is considered as one of the promising treatments to stop the bleeding from Piles immediately. In another way, the freshly collected herb is dried in shade and put in fire. The patients having the problem of Piles are advised to expose the anus in fumes. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the ash of burnt herb externally in treatment of ring worm. The fresh herb is also used for this purpose. The herb collectors of Southern Chhattisgarh informed me that its roots possess anti-venom properties and the specific smell of roots repels away the scorpions. This is the reason they tie the fresh roots around the ankle during field visits. The roots are also kept inside the shoes. I have yet not seen its practical use. Giddivan is not in the list of medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh having regular demand in national and international drug markets. Its occurrence as wasteland herb in almost all parts of India is the possible reason for this less demand. The herb collectors collect its roots for adulteration is other herbs roots but they do not disclose that in which herbs these roots are mixed. According to reference literatures related to flora, one more species of Pulicaria, other than Pulicaria crispa, is reported in Chhattisgarh. It is Pulicaria angustifolia but Giddi Van I am observing since childhood is Pulicaria crispa (Syn. Francoeuria crispa) I am giving its botanical description, I have noted from the reference literatures. Botanically, it is annual or perennial erect branched whitish woolly herbs, 30-70 cm high, woody at base; Leaves sessile, obovate-oblong, obtuse, margins crisped or recurved, toothed; upper most leaves linear on lanceolate, woolly on both surfaces. Heads in branched panicles; Involucral bracts many-seriate, outer bract linear, acute, glandular hairy, inner bracts, linear, acute, scarious; Ray-florets ligulate, disc florets 3-5 dentate; Achenes terete, glabrous; pappus white, sub-plumosely scabrid above. Flowering and fruiting October to January in Chhattisgarh conditions. Its use as veterinary medicine is common in all parts of Chhattisgarh. As herb researcher, I consider its utility aspect more important than its weedy properties, I will write more on this valuable herb in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXVI. Hansraj (Adiantum lunulatum, family Polypodiaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Like Bach (Acorus calamus) and Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) rhizome, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the rhizome of Hansraj in treatment of Mirgi (Epilepsy). Hansraj is known as in other names also like Kalibooti, Kalavan, Kalijhant, Kariyarjadi etc. but the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh easily identify it as Hansraj. Although this herb is present in abundance, but very few traditional healers are aware of its medicinal uses and properties. I have collected some important information on its traditional medicinal uses through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh. In present article, I am giving the details. You will be surprised to know that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Hansraj both as hair growth promoter and hair remover. As hair growth promoter its rhizome is used. The rhizome is burnt and ash is collected. This ash is applied externally as hair tonic. The fresh juice of same herb is capable to act as hair remover. The healers take advantage of this unique traditional knowledge in routine practice. The traditional healers of Bastar region use Hansraj rhizome in treatment of Amenorrhoea. It is considered as one of the promising remedies. The natives active in Tantrik activities use the rhizome to repel away the evil spirits. They burn the rhizome for this purpose; like the Bach (Acorus calamus). The natives of many parts of Chhattisgarh use the fumes of burning rhizomes to repel away the flies in rainy season. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use it as blood purifier and in combination with other herbs give it to the patients having skin troubles. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, use Hansraj in treatment of respiratory diseases. According to the healers, its internal use provides great relief to the patients having an acute attack of Asthma. Although the official record claims that it is not in trade from Chhattisgarh but I have seen its large scale collection from forests. The herb collectors informed me that its availability in natural forests is decreasing day by day. It prefers moist place and occurs in isolated patches. In reference literatures related to botany, I have found this detail. Rhizome short-creeping, stripes 10-15 cm long, tufted, wiry, naked, polished dark chestnut brown; Fronts 15-30x7.5 cm, simply pinnate, often elongated and rooting at the apex, pinnae subdimidiate, the lower edge in a line or oblique with the petiole, the upper rounded usually more or less lobed; Rachis and both surfaces naked; Texture herbaceous; Sori linear, frequently becoming confluent. According to Ayurveda, the roots of Hansraj (Adiantum lunulatum) are good for strangury and fever due to elephantiasis, Plant is pungent, alterative, alexiteric, indigestible and useful in dysentery, blood diseases, ulcers, erysipelas, burning sensation, epileptic fits etc. In my Allelopathic studies, I have found the aqueous extract of this herb useful to manage many harmful insects from crop fields. With the help of innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh, we have used it successfully in commercial cultivation of medicinal crop Kasturi Bhendi (Abelmoschus moschatus). The detailed experiments are in progress. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXXIX. Utran (Pergularia daemia, family Asclepiadaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Utran is popular among the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh as a medicinal herb useful in treatment of snake-bites. They use it both alone and in combination with other herbs. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have noted many traditional medicinal uses of this common herb. In general, Utran is considered as wasteland weed and the reference literatures are full of information having research reports to manage this weed. Although very few traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its medicinal properties and uses but this is good sign that they are using it in their routine practice successfully. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the aqueous extract of leaves in combination with other herbs in treatment of diarrhoea common in small children. The natives of many parts of Chhattisgarh eat its leaves and fruits with taste. The healers of Narharpur region collect the leaves and dry it in shade. The shade dried leaves are burnt and the patients having the problem of Asthma are advised to inhale the fumes. It is considered very promising during acute attack. You will be surprised to know that the healers of Bagbahera region, also burn the leaves and the patients having the problem of Bleeding Piles are advised to expose the piles in fumes. The healers of Bilaspur region, apply the soften leaves after boiling the leaves in water, externally in treatment of joint pains. The soften leaves are applied painful parts. Utran is not in the list of medicinal herbs having regular demand in national and international markets. I am giving the details of its botany I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, Utran (Pergularia daemia syn. Daemia extensa syn. P. extensa) is a perennial twining herb, foetid when bruised and with much milky juice, stem hairy; leaves thin, broadly ovate or suborbicular, glabrous above, velvety pubescent beneath; Flowers in lateral cymes which are at first corymbose, afterwards racemose, greenish yellow or dull-white; Corolla tubular, lobes spreading, ciliate; Corona outer and inner, outer truncate, inner curved high over the staminal column, spur acute; Fruits follicle, reflexed, beak long, soft spiny; seeds densely pubescent on both sides with coma; Flowering time August to February in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, its use in gynecological troubles is mentioned. It is described as good uterine tonic and sedative. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of its use in gynecological troubles. Its successful use in treatment of snake bite, has established it as promising herb among the traditional healers. But its uses are not enough to establish it as potential medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that there is a strong need to collect more information on this herb in Chhattisgarh. Also in other parts of the world where is grows. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal combinations used in treatment of Migraine in Chhattisgarh, India. : The results of recent surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Through recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh I have collected a lot of new information on use of common herbs and herbal combinations in treatment of Migraine. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles. Through these surveys, I got more information on herbs used externally for this purpose. The Sal (Shorea robusta) forests of Chhattisgarh are well known in the world. The natives and traditional healers use different parts of Sal in treatment of many common diseases. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the Sal wood in treatment of Migraine. Sal is locally known as Sargi in this part. The wood piece is rubbed with the help of water on stone and an aqueous paste is prepared. The patients having the problem of Migraine are advised to apply the paste on head during attack. According to the healers, this application reduces the pain effectively in very less time. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the seeds of Koha for this purpose. The seeds are converted into powder and with the help of water an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is used in same manner. This part of Chhattisgarh is rich in natural population of Koha (Terminalia arjuna) trees. The healers use both fresh as well as stored seeds for this purpose. During winter season, when farmers grow Til (Sesamum indicum) crop, the natives use its leaves (before flowering) in treatment of Migraine. In place of water the natives use Sirka (Vinegar) for preparation of paste. This paste cures the headache effectively but its season specific growth, prevents the natives to use it in other parts of the year. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region informed that in winter season one can use the Doobi herb with dew drops in treatment of headache. According to them, the freshly collected Doobi herb having Dew drops is collected and by crushing it with the help of stones, juice is extracted. This juice is applied on affected parts. The scientific name of Doobi is Cynodon dactylon. I have mentioned it in previous articles that the healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the patients having eye troubles to walk bare footed on this herb having dew drops in winter season. Although Doobi is considered as one of the ten worst weeds of the world but for the natives and healers, it is a valuable medicinal herb. The natives of many parts of Chhattisgarh use the Kai in treatment of Migraine externally. The common Kai (Lichen) that grows on wall during rainy season is used in treatment. The natives collect it and apply as such on painful head for immediate relief. This use is more common in rural areas as compared to urban areas. With the interactions with senior natives, I have collected the information on traditional uses that are not in use these days. Possibly due to its poor efficacy, these uses are not popular among them. But from documentation of view, these uses are also equally important. I am giving the details of these uses. The senior natives of Chhattisgarh Plains informed about the use of Anar (Punica granatum) roots. The senior natives of Mahasamund region, informed about the use of Mehndi (Lawsonia alba) leaves. The senior natives of Mungeli region informed the use of Munga (Moringa oleifera) leaves. They also informed about the use of Karayal (Nigella sativa) seeds. The senior natives of Bagbahera region informed about the use of flowers of Tarbooz (Water Melon). The senior natives of Pendra region informed about the use of Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia) in treatment. The senior natives of Bhopalpatnam region apply the Kali Haldi rhizome on soles instead of head. The senior natives of Durg region informed me about the use of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) leaves. All the above mentioned herbs are used separately by mixing the herb parts in water and applying the aqueous paste on painful head. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region informed me about the use of Asgandh herb (Withania somnifera). According to the healers, Asgandh herb is present in wild in this part of Chhattisgarh. The healers collect the fresh herb and mix it in Til oil (Sesamum indicum) The mixture is allowed to boil and when all watery contents evaporate boiling is stopped and oil is stored for future use. During attack, the healers suggest the patients to apply the herbal oil on painful head. Many of the above mentioned traditional uses have not been mentioned in reference literatures. I am not ready to consider the old formulation and uses, useless. I believe that after some modifications we can make these formulations useful again. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have shown interest on this aspect and encouraged me. I am seeking the support of researchers also. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used as home remedies in treatment of Stomatitis by the natives of forest areas of Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The rich traditional medicinal knowledge of the natives of forest areas of Chhattisgarh on this aspect encouraged me to write a separate write. The natives use common herbs found in nearby forests externally in form of juice, aqueous paste or decoction in treatment of Stomatitis. In most of the cases, they get success. And in case of complications they consult the traditional healers for systematic treatment. I have noted during the surveys that the senior natives are more aware of traditional uses and unfortunately, they are leaving us and their valuable traditional knowledge is ending with them. I personally feel that there is a strong need to start the formal documentation of this knowledge immediately. I am trying hard but it seems that it is not possible for me to document all the knowledge in one time. In treatment of Stomatitis, the natives of Pendra region chew the fresh leaves of Shahtoot (Morus alba) and spit out the juice. The natives of Balod and DalliRajhara regions of Chhattisgarh use the new leaves of Babool or Bambri (Acacia nilotica) for this purpose. They prepare an aqueous paste by mixing the leaves in water. This paste is applied externally on ulcers. The natives of Nagri-Sihawa region use the Mehndi leaves (Lawsonia alba) in same manner. They prefer the disease free leaves. The natives of Narharpur region use the bark of Ber (Ziziphus sp.) And Babool for this purpose. Both barks are mixed in equal proportion and by boiling in water, decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. According to them, within two-three days, the patients get relief. I have mentioned the use of Rahar (Cajanus cajan) seeds and leaves for the same purpose in previous articles. The natives of Charama region prepare herbal combination by mixing Harra (Terminalia chebula), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruits with equal quantity of Semar (Bombax ceiba) gond (Gum). This combination is converted into powder and after adding few drops of Andi (Ricinus communis) oil, the patients are advised to gargle with this combination. This combination is used in complicated cases. The natives of Keshkal region use the leaves of Dhanbaher (Cassia fistula) for this purpose. They apply the fresh juice on ulcers and in case of complication use the decoction of leaves for gargling. The natives of Bhopalpatnam region, use the leaf juice of indigenous Gulab (Rose) species for this purpose. The use of decoction prepared by boiling the Anar (Punica granatum) bark is also common among them. After documenting all these traditional medicinal uses in form of research articles, I am disseminating this knowledge in different parts of Chhattisgarh through popular articles written in regional languages. At present, beside these research articles in English, I am writing in about 18 Indian newspapers and science magazines as column writer ever, month. I am also taking the help of regional language experts for this work. But it seems, that a lot have to be done in this field. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Kanth Mala (Scrofula) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of Scrofula. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. I am giving the details in present article. The common herbs are used both internally as well as externally. The traditional healers of Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh use the Sirsa roots and bark separately in treatment. The healers use the seeds in specific way. The seeds are collected and converted into powder. The powder is mixed with pure honey (Shahad) in 1:2 ratio. This combination is kept in earthen port and after covering its mouth, the pot is buried inside the soil for a week. After one week, the pot is taken out and combination is kept under open sky in exposure to direct sunlight for another week. After this duration, the combination is given to the patients internally. According to the healers, although this method of preparation is time taking and requires lot of patience but it is very effective in treatment of Scrofula. The Sirsa bark is used externally. By mixing Sirsa bark with Lauki (Lagenaria siceraria) fruit pulp, Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum) and Zeera (Cumin), the healers prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is applied on swellings. According to the healers, both uses i.e. internal use of Sirsa roots and external use of Sirsa bark cure the patients in very less time. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the fresh latex of Bar (Ficus benghalensis) externally on swellings. This use is common among natives also. Bar is a common medicinal as well as religious tree in Chhattisgarh. During winter season, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the flower heads of Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus). The flowers are collected and dipped in water overnight. Next morning, the patients are advised to take the extract internally empty stomach. According to the traditional healers, its long term use gives promising results. In general, the healers prefer the use of freshly collected flowers but in case of urgency, they also use the dried but properly stored flowers. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the seeds of Kulthi (Dolichos biflorus) in combination with Sonth (dried Ginger). Both herbs are mixed in 1:3 ratio. This combination is further mixed in cow urine and an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on swellings. Kulthi is a traditional pulse crop in this part of Chhattisgarh but now due to introduction of new improved pulse species, the area under this crop is decreasing at alarming rates. The healers of this region also use another pulse Masoor (Lens esculenta) in combination with Dhania (Coriander) seed powder and Vinegar (Sirka) externally. Both herbs are mixed with the help of Vinegar, aqueous paste is prepared and used. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region of Chhattisgarh use the leaves of Charota (Cassia tora) in combination with Kali Mirch (Piper nigrum). Both herbs are mixed, an aqueous paste is prepared and applied in same manner on swellings. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the seeds of Mooli (Radish) as home remedy in treatment of Scrofula. The seeds are mixed with the help of cow urine, to prepare the aqueous paste. The natives also apply the Sarson (Mustard) seeds for the same purpose. Many of he above mentioned traditional medicinal uses have not been reported in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am proud to write that these uses have discovered and developed by the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. (Contd.)