Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-20

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Revised Version of Selected Botanical.com Articles. Part-2 Pankaj Oudhia Introductory Note While going through Botanical.com articles I noted spelling mistakes as well as grammatical errors. It is not possible to correct it there. Hence, I decided to present it through pankajoudhia.com. These articles with new information resulted from recent Ethnobotanical surveys are available in pankajoudhia.com. How to cite this research document Oudhia, P. (2010). Revised version of Selected Botanical.com Articles. Part-2. http://pankajoudhia.com Kands of Chhattisgarh, India, III. Bilai kand (Ipomoea digitata; Convolvulaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Beginners always feel it difficult to separate Bilaikand from Bidarikand (Pueraria sp.). Many times, the herb collectors also supply wrong material in the name of Bilaikand. Chhattisgarh is one of the leading states in India that supplies major quantities of Bilaikand in national and international drug markets. It is one of the valuable non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having high demand. The natives use this climber as fodder as well as for ornamental purpose. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of its natural occurrence but they use it as folk medicine less frequently. In general, it is given to the female patients to increase the flow of milk in mammary glands. The roots are used as medicine mainly. Many healers use it in liver complaints in combination with other herbs. The herb collectors and traders supplying the herb at national and international levels are not aware of its end uses. The local pharmaceutical companies are not using this herb in medicinal formulations. It is used as adulterant to Bidarikand. Botanically, Bilaikand (I. Digitata syn. I. mauritiana syn. Batatas paniculata) is perennial herb having large and ovoid roots; stem long, thick and twining; leaves 10-15 cm long, often broader that long, deeply palmately divided lobes 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, entire, pale, glabrous; Flowers in many flowered corymbosely paniculate cymes, peduncle solitary axillary; purple, long; Fruits capsule, four-celled, four-valved, enclosed in fleshy sepals; seeds clothed with brown cotton hairs, Flowering time July to November in Chhattisgarh conditions. As mentioned earlier, as medicine, roots, leaves and rarely flowers are used. Bilaikand holds a reputed position as medicine in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, root is cooling, indigestible, tonic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, diuretic, stimulant, alterative and useful in leprosy, burning sensation, vomiting, blood disease. It improves voice and complexion. Flowers cause biliousness. According to Unani system of medicine, root is heating, dry, carminative, expectorant, anthelmintic, stomachic, appetiser, and useful in treatment of syphilis, gonorrhoea and inflammation. Leaves enrich the blood. Bilaikand is not under cultivation as medicinal crop. In my allelopathic studies, I have found different parts of Bilaikand specially the leaves, having the negative (Stimulatory) allelopathic effects on germination and seeding vigour of major grain crop rice. I have found it more promising as compared to the leaves of Beshram (Ipomoea carnea). The leaf extract is found effective in case of presowing soaking treatment of rice seeds. Like the leaf extract of Ipomoea carnea, the leaf extract of Bilaikand can be used successfully in management of rats. The chickpea seeds, a favorite food for rats, can be soaked with the extract to make it poisonous for rats. With the help of innovative herb growers, we are trying Bilaikand herb in organic production of medicinal and aromatic crops. As the natural forest of Chhattisgarh are full of this valuable herb, there is a tremendous scope for Bilaikand based drug units in Chhattisgarh. These units will be the boon for all communities from herb collectors to traders. To establish it as promising herb, I am trying hard to collect more information on its ethnobotanical uses in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal Herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XXXV. Jaljamini (Cocculus hirsutus, family: Menispermaceae). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As Homoeopath, I am aware about the use of Cocculus in nausea or vomiting from riding in carriage, boat or railroad car, or even looking at a boat in motion, sea-sickness, car sickness etc. It is one of the frequently used Homoeopathic drugs. Cocculus or Jaljamini is a climbing shrub occurring throughout tropical and sub-tropical tracts of India. In Chhattisgarh, it is a common roadside and wasteland herb. Leaf extract mixed with water, coagulates into a green jelly-like substance in very less time. Due to this unique property it is known as Jaljamini (Jal-water, Jamini-to freeze) in Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of its medicinal properties and uses. It is used both internally and externally. Common names of Jaljamini around the world. S.No. Language/Region/Country Names 1 Arabic Haddal, Herrije, Luah, Schirwal 2 Baluchistan Afaband, Zamur 3 Bengal Huyer 4 Canarese Dagadiballi, Dusariballi, Sugadiballi, Yadaniballi 5 English Broom Creeper, Ink Berry 6 Gujarati Vevati, Vevdi 7 Hindi Chireta, Diev, Jamitikibel, Jaljamini 8 Marathi Parvel, Tana, Vasanvel 9 Sanskrit Patalgarudi, Dirghakanda, Dirghavalli, Dridhakanda, Garudi, Mahamula, Sauparni, Somavalli, Tiktanga, Vasandi, Vatsadani 10 Sind Kursan, Zamir 11 Tamil Kattukodi 12 Telugu Chipurtige, Dusaritige, Katlatige 13 Urdu Faridbuti 14 Uriya Musakani Botanically, Jaljamini (Cocculus hirsutus syn. C. villosus syn. Menispermum hirsutum) is a straggling scan dent shrub with densely villous young parts; Leaves 3-5 nerved, ovate, ovate-oblong, sub-deltoid to sub-hastate, villous; Flowers dioecious, male in small axillary cymose panicles, females in axillary clusters, 2-8 together; Fruits drupe, size of a small pea, keeled rugose, Flowering time November to February in Chhattisgarh conditions. The roots and leaves have been described as valuable medicinal parts in reference literatures but the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use all parts as medicine. According to Ayurveda, Jaljamini roots smell sweetish and pungent, lessen bile and burning sensation, enrich blood and useful in diseases of urinary system. According to Unani system of medicine, Jaljamini is antipyretic, tonic, lessens thirsty, good for fractures, and useful in tubercular glands related troubles. The natives living in Jaljamini rich areas use the fresh herb as styptic. It is well known herb used as first aid remedy in minor injuries. The herb collectors always keep it with them during forest visit. My Guru, Late Shri Vishal Bharat was using the aqueous paste of Jaljamini leaves to heal the old wounds. He was also using it in treatment of cancer. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that this herb have unique medicinal properties to heal all types of wounds and boils in very less time and also in less pain. In southern parts of Chhattisgarh, the female natives use it as first aid remedy in treatment of burns, like Aloe gel. The healers further informed that their fore fathers were using this herb since time immemorial. In early days, it was considered as best herb to treat the soldiers having the injuries from sword and arrows. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, recommend this herb, internally to increase the concentration of semen. It is also added in popular herbal combinations useful as sex tonic. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialized in use of diabetes; use this herb in special cases with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). The natives of forest areas of Rajnandgaon region use the Jaljamini leaves internally as home remedy to stop the diarrhoea. As mentioned early, the leaf extract mixed with water, coagulates into a green jelly like substances, this substance is used internally as body tonic. According to the traditional healers its judicious use removes the extra heat from human body. It is specially useful for the patients having troubles of urinary system. According to the traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma it is a boon for the patients of gonorrhoea. Jaljamini is not under cultivation as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. It is one of the non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand. Unfortunately, the herb collectors and traders of the state are not aware of its end uses. Many leading Homoeopathic as well as Ayurvedic pharmaceutical companies in India are dependent on Chhattisgarh forests for their regular supply of Jaljamini. Possibly, the state government officials are not aware of this bare fact. There is a tremendous scope of establish Jaljamini based drug industry in Chhattisgarh with the help of traditional healers and their in depth knowledge about this herb. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal Herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XXXVI. Tinpatia (Oxalis corniculata; family: Oxalidaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For the first time, I came in contact with this herb when I was the student of weed science and heard about First International Conference on Oxalis held at Northern India. During field visits and educational tours to different Agricultural Universities, I saw many field demonstrations on Oxalis management with the help of chemicals. When I started, my very first ethnobotanical survey, I got surprised to learn about the medicinal properties and uses of this so called weed. Later my surveys confirmed that it is wrong to consider Oxalis as a weed. I always give emphasis through my articles that why our researchers are including useful herbs like Oxalis in the list of problematic weeds and in the name of detailed research, opening the way of dumping the lethal chemicals on farmer's field. Every year we expense millions of money to manage useful species. The International Conference on Oxalis control was successful event but unfortunately no one has organized the International Conference on Oxalis utilization. Due to 3-foliate leaves, Oxalis is known as Tinpatia (Tin-Three; Patia-Leaves) in Chhattisgarh. It is a popular pot herb in Chhattisgarh. Botanically Tinpatia is a small procumbent acrid herb; stem rooting, pubescent; Leaves palmately 3-foliate, petioles very slender, leaflets obcordate, base cuneate sub-sessile, margins ciliate; Flowers axillary, subumbellate; Corolla Petals 5, Yellow, oblong, rounded at the apex; Fruits capsule, linear oblong, 5-angled beaked ; Seeds many, ovoid, transversely striate, brown. Flowering time throughout the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. The leaves are used more commonly as medicine. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, Tinpatia holds a reputed position. According to Ayurveda, Tinpatia is hot and bitter, easy to digest, good appetizer, astringent, cures dysentery, diarrhoea, skin diseases and fevers. The natives of Chhattisgarh use Tinpania (O. Corniculata syn. Xanthoxalis corniculata) herb in treatment of ringworm externally. The fresh herb in form of aqueous paste is applied externally on affected parts to get rid from it. It is popularly known as Dadmari also. (Dad-Ringworm; Mari-to kill). The traditional healers frequently use this herb in treatment of different diseases of digestive system. The healers advise the patients having such troubles to take the fresh leaves empty stomach daily morning. It is considered as good appetizer. It is a boon for the patients having the problem of bleeding piles (Khooni Bavasir). As by taste this herb is very tasty, the patients never deny consuming it as medicine. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains informed me that every native must include the fresh leaves in the lunch in order to be free from all troubles related to digestive system. Tinpania is a common wasteland herb. It's propagation is very easy. Like other parts of the world, the problems of digestive systems are common in Chhattisgarh. The regular use of Tinpania is not only cheap option but also it is enough effective also. Through the ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I am trying hard to document more traditional information on this important herb. It is not in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand in national and international drug markets. Hence, there is no pressure on its natural population. There are many useful herbs considered as weeds by the weed scientists. In Chhattisgarh, both Oxalis lover and destroyer are active. Unfortunately, Oxalis lovers are very less in number but it is the traditional knowledge that is protecting the destruction of Oxalis through lethal chemicals. The farmers are not ready to use the chemicals. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXVII. Jalpippal (Phyla nodiflora, family : Verbenaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Jalpippal is valuable herb for digestive system related troubles. They frequently use this herb in treatment of dysentery and bleeding piles, internally. It is also used in treatment of diarrhoea. In general, the healers recommend this herb with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). The healers of Bagbahera region use the dry powder prepared by whole herb as appetizer. According to them it is promising blood purifier and improves the digestion. The traditional healers of Northern Chhattisgarh use Jalpippal in treatment of Sukhandi (Marasmus) disease of small children. It is used internally with Kali Mirch and Sonth (dry ginger). The natives of Chhattisgarh are not much aware of its traditional medicinal uses. Jalpippal is not in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. Botanically, Jalpippal (Phyla nodiflora syn. Lippia nodiflora) is a creeping herb; stems rooting at the nodes, much branched, clothed with appressed white hairs; Leaves opposite, sub-sessile, spatulate, rounded at the apex, sharply serrate in upper part; Flowers sessile, densely packed in long peduncled axillary heads; Corolla white or pale-pink; two lipped, upper 2-lobbed, lower 3-lobed; Fruits globose, oblong; Flowering time round the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. According to Ayurveda, Jalpippal is acrid, cooling, aphrodisiac (the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of it), anthelmintic, alexiteric and useful in diseases of heart, blood and eye, improves taste; good for ulcers, wounds, burning sensation, asthma, bronchitis, thirst, etc. According to Unani system of medicine, Jalpippal is hot, dry, diuretic, maturant and useful in treatment of colds, fevers and urinary concretions. According to modern scientific literatures, an alcoholic extract of Jalpippal leaves possess anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Leaves contain tannin and plant yields two glucoside colouring matter nodiflorin A and nodiflorin B. Jalpippal is not under cultivation as medicinal crop. During the ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh I have noted that very few healers are aware of its traditional uses and most of them are over 60 years of age. Not much has been written on its traditional uses by the early workers. This article is the first written document on traditional medicinal knowledge about Jalpippal in Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that there is a need to document the detailed knowledge about it well in time. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XXXVIII. Sawan (Echinochloa sp. Family : Poaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Sawan is not a new name for the paddy growers of Chhattisgarh. It is one of the common herbs grow with cultivated paddy crops. In the literatures of weed sciences, it is described as obnoxious weed that competes with paddy crop for light, moisture and nutrient and reduces the yield upto great extent. A lot of research works have been done on control of this so called weed. Over dozen of Indian research institutes and many scientists are still engaged in search of new chemical tools to manage this weed in paddy fields. They are organizing field demonstrations at farmer's field to convince them that how the new chemical tools are effective against Sawan. Every year, many tons of lethal chemicals are dumped in paddy fields which are damaging our ecosystem very badly. The paddy growers are living with both paddy and Sawan since generations. They are well aware how to manage the weed in crop fields in ecofriendly ways. The paddy growers of Chhattisgarh, particularly the senior growers are not ready to use chemicals to control this weed. They are aware that in times of severe drought in early days, the grains of Sawan have saves their life as substitute to paddy. They are also aware about the nutritive value and use of Sawan as fodder for their cattle. Now a days, due to heavy population pressure and increased illegal encroachments in pasture lands, it is very difficult to get fresh fodder. Common names of Sawan around the world. S.No. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1 America Billion dollar grass 2 Bengal Samra shama, Sanwa, Saon, Shama. Shamula, Syamadhan 3 Bihar Sama, Sanwan, Sawan 4 Canarese Same, Save 5 Chinese Shan Tzu 6 English Japanese Barnyard Millet 7 Gujarati samo, Samoghas, janglisamak 8 Hindi Samak, Sanwa, Sawa, Sawan, Shama 9 Kashmir Karin, Soak 10 Malay Padi barong 11 marathi Janglisama, Samul 12 Persian Bajri 13 Sanskrit Avipriya, rajadhanya, Shyama, Tribija 14 Sinhalese Welmarrku 15 Tamil Kudraivallipillu, Raipillu 16 Telugu Bonta chamalu, Bontashama, Chama, Chamalu, Sawa 17 Uriya Samu The so called unwanted plants named by the weed scientists, are providing fodder to the cattle and saving its lives. It is common belief among Chhattisgarh paddy farmers that the presence of Sawan in crop fields is beneficial because this herb is having the unique capacity to extract the nutrients in better ways as compared to average paddy plants. They allow the initial growth of Sawan in field and later burry it in soil to convert it into nutritious manure. The old plants are removed by the farmers through hand weeding and with the help of collected plants, they prepare rich manure and later apply it in crop fields. In India, due to increasing population, the number of unemployed natives is increasing. The method of hand weeding provides employment opportunity to rural youths. It stops the use of chemicals for weed control. Also, through hand weeding, they get freshly uprooted plants that can be used either for manure preparation or for preparation of herbal formulations. Like other herbs on this earth, Sawan also possess valuable medicinal properties and uses. Although the traditional healers aware of its traditional medicinal uses are less in number but they have sufficient knowledge to establish it as medicinal herb. The senior traditional healers still remember that in early days Sawan was under cultivation as minor millet crop in tribal belts of Chhattisgarh. They blame the new technology and introduction of high yielding varieties of food crops, that have replaced this valuable crop. During my ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have seen many variations in Sawan herbs I personally feel that the researchers working on this herb must visit Chhattisgarh to observe these variations in different parts. As medicine, Sawan is used alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of liver related troubles. The healers use it very frequently with Bhui aonla (Phyllanthus amarus). As medicine, whole herb is used, preferably before flowering. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers use it in treatment of Jaundice. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the whole herb in treatment of dysentery. Many times its over dose can result in the problem of constipation. The healers suggest the patients, in such cases to take a glass of milk to nullify the bad effects of its overdose. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, suggest the patients having the problem of piles, to rub the fresh leaf juice of Sawan in affected parts in order to get relief from intense pain. The senior paddy growers of Durg region informed me that in early days, when the medicinal rice varieties were under cultivation in Chhattisgarh, the removal of Sawan from crop fields was not allowed. According to them, the presence of Sawan in crop fields plays an important role to increase the medicinal properties of medicinal rice varieties. This is new information for me. Through this article, I would like to request the young researchers working on weeds to focus their studies on this aspect also. The above mentioned traditional medicinal uses of Sawan have not been reported earlier. This article is first written document on this aspect. Unfortunately, I have yet not found the medicinal uses of Sawan in different reference literatures related to indigenous systems of medicine in India. Total 7 species of Echinochloa have been reported in India. In Chhattisgarh, E. colona and E. crusgalli are common. Both species are known as Sawan. I am describing the botany of both species, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically, E. colona (Syn. Panicum colonum syn. Millium colonum syn. Oplismenus colonum syn. Echinochloa zonalis) is a slender, tufted, quick-growing, annual, having height upto one meter; leaf flat, glabrous, 5-20x4-11 mm; Inflorescence simple racemes, rather distant; spikelet ovoid or ovate-elliptic, upto 3.2 mm long, Fruit broadly elliptic, Plano-convex. Botanically E. crusgalli (Syn. Panicum crusgalli syn. Milium crusgalli syn. Pennisetum crusgalli syn. Echinochloa hispidula) is a tufted annual, having height upto 1.2 meters; Leaf linear, flat, 7.5-52.0 cm; Inflorescence usually more or less branched, upto 5.0 cm long; spikelet upto 4-8 mm, awn present; Fruit ovoid caryopsis. There are many herbs present in Chhattisgarh, declared by the weed scientists as harmful weeds .Through the articles, I am trying to document the traditional medicinal knowledge about these so called weeds for the future generations. I am confident, that like present generation, the future generation will also not consider these valuable medicinal herbs as weed. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses. XXXXI. Bhenrmal (Hymenodictyon excelsum, family : Rubiaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh special in treatment of different types of cancers use Bhenrmal bark commonly. It is used internally. Very few healers are engaged in this specific treatment. I got the information on its use as anti cancer drug from my Guru Shri Vishal Bharat, who was an eminent herb expert as well as traditional healer, for the first time. He was using the fresh bark to prepare herbal combination for the treatment. This was the reason; he used to instruct the patients to stay at Jagdalpur city for effective treatment. Once he informed me that old or stored bark looses its valuable medicinal properties. Bhenrmal is widely distributed tree in Chhattisgarh. According to reference literatures, its bark yields tan and wood is used for match splints, tea-boxes, packing-cases, pencils, toys, model-making, picture frames, brush making etc. The natives of Chhattisgarh use this common tree for above mentioned purpose. They are unaware of its miracle healing properties. Unfortunately, the state authorities engaged in promotion of Chhattisgarh, the herbal state are also not aware of this property. I personally feel that after clinical trials and standardization of doses, the authorities can utilize this herb for their own cancer patients and also earn revenue by selling Bhenrmal based herbal formulations. If they have faith in traditional healers, then there is no need for clinical trials and standardization because this drug is already in practice. The use of Bhenrmal bark in treatment of cancer is not reported in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am proud to write the unique and valuable traditional medicinal knowledge of the traditional healers. In Ayurveda, I got this information on the medicinal properties of bark. It is bitter, hot and pungent; increases taste and appetite and good for the throat. The plant parts of Bhenrmal are not in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand. Botanically, Bhenrmal (Hymenodictyon excelsum syn. H. orixense syn. Cinchona orixense, C. excelsa) is deciduous tree having height upto 15 meters Leaves ovate - elliptic, pubescent, acuminate, 10-15 x 7-10 cm,; Panicles terminal, dense flowered; Flowers small, greenish white, fragrant; Bract solitary, foliaceous; Calyx minutes pubescent. Corolla pubescent outside. Style very long. Capsules ellipsoid on recurved pedicels, reddish brown; Seeds winged. Flowering and fruiting time July - February in Chhattisgarh conditions. Due to other popular uses, the natural population of Bhenrmal is decreasing in many parts of Chhattisgarh. There is a need to take timely step to conserve this unique herb in its natural habitat. For the collection of useful bark, the traditional healers adopt rotational harvesting method. As at present the number of healers is less, there is no pressure on its natural population for medicinal bark. But for future, the search of Bhenrmal rich areas is essential so that the barks can be harvested sustainably. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Bal (human hair) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh burn the hairs of horse to repel away the mosquitoes and flies. They keep the hairs of Lion to protect themselves from evil spirits. The most surprising information for me was the medicinal uses of human hair in Chhattisgarh. I got this information incidentally. Few months back when I was discussing the use of Bhengra (Eclipta alba) with my barber Shri Lakhan Kumar, he informed that like Bhengra, a common weed, human hair also possess valuable medicinal properties and he supplies pure hair to many traditional healers for preparation of different formulations. I would like to define the pure hair. The pure hair is the hair that possesses valuable medicinal properties. According to Shri Lakhan Kumar, now a days the use of chemical based shampoo, soap, and dyes are becoming common. The use of chemicals is making the medicinally important hair less potential. The natives using mud or soil for washing hair, common in rural areas, are considered suitable for the collection of pure hair. Shri Lakhan Kumar further informed me that many organic manure manufactures also collect the cut hairs from his shop. The manufacturers informed that they use it as base material in organic formulations commonly used for organic cultivation of agricultural crops. In past few months I met many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh aware of traditional medicinal uses of human hair. In general, it is used externally only. Its internal use causes many side effects. In general, it is used alone, not in combination with herbs. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me that the ash of human hair is promising remedy for healing the open wounds. It is applied externally till complete cure. Its application reduces the pain immediately. In case of mouth ulcers, the healers suggests the patients to boil the hair in water and gargle with the decoction. The gargle with aqueous solution containing ash is also recommended. The traditional healers of Keshkal valley use the ash with Charota (Cassia tora) seed powder in treatment of ringworm externally. Charota is well known herb used in treatment of ringworm. Hair is added with it to make the formulation stronger. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains mix the ash in Til (Sesame) oil and apply it externally to avoid blister formulation due to burns. As other promising home remedies are available, the healers use it less frequently, but from documentation point of view, it is important information. Although human hair is not used internally as medicine but according to the traditional healers, its nature is dry and cool. Its intake produces vomiting. Out of red, white, brown and black hair, black hair is preferred for preparation of medicine. From the traditional healers of Bilaspur region, I got important information. According to these healers, regular intake of a pinch of ash from childhood prevents the problem of piles, life long. I am thankful to the Mother Nature for giving me opportunity to document the valuable traditional medicinal knowledge about human hairs. The above mentioned traditional uses have not been reported in available literatures. According to the healers, they are aware of its uses since time immemorial. Generation by generation this valuable knowledge has reached to present generations. I am proud to write that the healers are still using this knowledge in their routine practice. Thank you very much for reading the article. Herbal way to defeat the powerful enemies: Traditional knowledge in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although it seems unbelievable but in many parts of Chhattisgarh, particularly in tribal belts, the natives use different herbs with belief that these uses protect themselves from the powerful enemies. As the level of modernization is increasing in big cities of Chhattisgarh, now educated natives are also showing interest in this traditional knowledge. As a student of science, it is very difficult for me to write on this aspect that how the use of herbs can defeat any enemy. The herbs are used in many ways for this purpose. The natives prepare Herbal Mala, Lockets, or keep specific parts with them. Due to difference in opinions, the disputes are common in this part of the world. To nullify the enemy's power, many traditional healers also suggest specific herbs. I always ask such healers only one question that as this knowledge is popular, what will happen if the enemy will also adopt or keep the same herb ? In general, the healers take this question lightly by saying they disclose their secrets to the patients only, not to their enemies. When I try to analyze the reason behind this traditional belief, I concluded that there must be some positive effects of herbs on body when used in name to defeat the enemy. I am searching exact scientific explanation for these uses. In present article, I am describing some interesting related information, I have noted during by ethnobotanical surveys in Chhattisgarh. The roots of ornamental herb Chameli are used most frequently for this purpose. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains prepare a special Herbal Mala using the root pieces of Chameli and wear it in times of trouble. It is common belief that the presence of Mala during tension period around the neck provides protection from enemies. How? According to them, its presence make the mind and body enough strong to face any harsh situations. The users feel confidence while meeting with enemies. Whether it nullifies the power of enemies? Their answer is no. For that you have to keep the roots in side the mouth. This will make the enemies wordless. In Southern parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use Herbal Locket having single root piece instead of Herbal Mala, for same purpose. You can observe the herbal lockets available for sell in local markets. The scientific name of Chameli is Jasminum grandiflorum. This herb is well known for its sweet scented flowers. I searched the reference literatures, to find out the medicinal properties of its roots. According to Ayurveda, the root is purgative, expectorant, soporific, in toxicating and cures headache, biliousness, paralysis, rheumatism etc. During intense interactions with the senior traditional healers, I got an important that the Chameli roots in contact with human body are capable of reducing the blood pressure. I got some support for my hypothesis. I am trying to get information on more uses of its roots. In Bilaspur region of Chhattisgarh, the natives use the roots of Munj grass in same way. It is known as Sarkanda locally. Munj (Saccharum munja) is a common herb in this part of Chhattisgarh. The natives also keep the Munj roots in their houses to protect themselves from evil spirits and enemies. In reference literatures, the use of its roots in kidney disorders is mentioned. There is a need to search more uses particularly its effects when it comes in contact with body. In Bagbahera region of Chhattisgarh, the natives use the leaves and roots of Black flowered Dhatura in different ways. The roots are used in Herbal Locket whereas the dried leaves are kept under the pillow, in order to get rid from fear of enemies. These parts are used for getting sound sleep and mental calmness. The use of roots in reducing inflammations has been described in Ayurveda. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use the roots of Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) like the roots of Chameli but it is considered as less effective. It is not wrong to say that the presence of any such locket and Herbal Mala, provides protection, although mentally. Not much have been written on this unique traditional knowledge that is still in practice in many parts of Chhattisgarh. Through this article, I would like to request the researcher to throw more light on this little known knowledge so that it can be transferred to coming generations in more scientific way. Thank you very much for reading the article. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh, India having less known traditional uses XXXXII Ambari (Rumex sp. Family ; Polygonaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Many species of Rumex have been reported in Chhattisgarh. Among these species Rumex vesicarius is most popular among the natives. It is locally known as Ambari Bhaji (Other than Hibiscus sabdariffa) and used as leafy vegetable. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains cultivate this leafy vegetable in their home gardens (Badis) and consume it. In vegetable markets of big cities, you can observe this herb during cropping season. The natives use, the Ambari Bhaji for its specific taste. They are not aware of its medicinal properties and uses. For the traditional healers, it is valuable herb. They use it as medicinal herb in treatment of many common as well as complicated diseases. Like Tinpania Bhaji (Oxalis corniculata) it is also considered as good appetiser. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend it to the patients having liver related troubles. According to them, it is promising liver tonic. The traditional healers of southern parts of Chhattisgarh use the wild varieties of Rumex, in treatment of gynaecological troubles specially in dysmenorrhoea. It is considered as promising blood purifier. The seeds are used internally for this purpose. Its roosted seeds and roots are used in treatment of diarrhoea. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, use it in their popular herbal combinations used in treatment of intestinal diseases. The healers of Narharpur region use the leaf juice in case of severe toothache. The juice is applied directly in painful teeth. In the forests of Narharpur region, I have observed three species of Rumex with slight variations. The natives of this region are aware of use of cultivated species only. I have yet not seen such diversity in species in any other part of Chhattisgarh. I am trying to identify the species correctly. In this article, I am describing the botany and reported medicinal uses of Ambari (Rumex vesicarius), I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically it is an annual erect glabrous herb having height upto 30cm, branched from root; Leaves obtuse, elliptic, ovate, base cuneate, cordate or hastate; Flowers monoecious in leaf opposed and terminal racemes, inner perianth - segments membranous, orbicular; fruits white or pink. According to Ayurveda, Ambari is very sour, laxative, stomatic and useful in treatment of heart troubles, pains, tumours, constipation, alcoholism, diseases of spleen, hiccup, flatulence, asthma, bronchitis, dyspepsia, vomiting, piles etc. According to Unani system of medicine, it is cooling tonic, analgesic and useful in scabies, leucoderma, toothache, bites and stings of poisonous animals etc. The natives of Chhattisgarh cultivate this herb organically. Rumex species are not in the list of non-wood forest produces having regular demand. The herb collectors are aware of its presence but they have never collected it for sell. The traditional healers suggest the natives specially those having the problems related to digestive systems, to take the Ambari Bhaji in form of leafy vegetable daily. In many parts of India. Rumex is considered as field weed but fortunately, the crop fields of Chhattisgarh are free from this herb. Through popular articles in regional languages we are trying to popularize the use of Ambari Bhaji among the youth describing its valuable medicinal properties and uses. As the distribution of Rumex sp. Is global. I am confident that the traditional knowledge about this herb in Chhattisgarh will be of great value, to the natives of other Rumex rich areas around the globe. Thank you very much for reading the articles. Traditional medicinal knowledge about less known herbs of Chhattisgarh, India. XXXIX. Nirmali or Kya (Strychnos potatorum, family Strychnaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh of Nirmali rich areas are using its seeds for water purification since time immemorial. Due to this unique property it is named as Nirmali. The natural population of Nirmali is decreasing at alarming rates in Chhattisgarh. The heavy demand and non-scientific exploitation of this herb from its natural habitat are the main reasons. The herb collectors informed me that day by day it is becoming hard to get Nirmali, in surrounding areas. They have to travel long distance in search of this herb. It is in the list of non-wood forest produces having regularly high demand in national and international markets. In early days, there was demand of fruits and seeds only. Now from last few decades the demand of its roots has increased many folds. The reason is still unknown. Now the traders are giving more emphasis on purchase of roots. According to the herb collectors, in early days there was no threat on its natural population when the collection of seeds and fruits was done. Now due to collection of roots, it is damaging the whole herb. In reference literatures, it is mentioned that the roots can cure all types of skin troubles. It is a boon for the patients having Leucoderma and Leprosy. I have mentioned in previous articles that in India, the patients of Leucoderma are increasing very rapidly. This is the reason responsible for increasing pressure on herbs useful in treatment of this odd looking trouble. I am searching the modern literatures also to find out the new research findings related to Nirmali roots. I personally feel that there is a need for giving sufficient attention to stop further non-scientific exploitation of this herb from its natural habitat in Chhattisgarh. Botanically, Nirmali is a medium sized, deciduous, glabrous tree about 12 meter in height with cracked and scaly black bark and irregularly fluted trunk; leaves simple, opposite, elliptic, acute, transverse nerve about 4 pairs joining the second pair of ribs to the mid rib, glabrous, shining; Flowers white, fragrant, axillary cymes; Fruits ovoid or globose, glabrous berries, black when ripe; Seeds one or two, yellow, circular, not much compressed 8 mm in diameter, shining with appressed silky hairs. As mentioned early, the roots, fruits and seeds are used medicinally. Nirmali holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, Nirmali fruit is useful in eye diseases, thirst, poisoning, hallucinations; emetic, diaphoretic, alexiteric, cures inflammations, anaemia, jaundice; causes biliousness whereas seeds are acrid, alexipharmic, litho-tropic; cure strangury, urinary discharges, head diseases etc. According to Unani system of medicine, seeds are bitter, astringent to bowels, aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic; good for liver, kidney complaints, gonorrhoea, improve eye-sight. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are well aware of these medicinal properties and uses of Nirmali and they frequently use this herb in treatment of many common and complicated diseases. The use of matured fruits of Nirmali in treatment of Jaundice is very popular among the traditional healers. It is used both alone and in combination with other herbs in this treatment. Like Baibidang it is used as anthelmintic. The immature fruits are also used but the healers prefer the mature fruits because according to them, the wrong use of immature fruits may result in harmful effects. Many healers of Chhattisgarh use the mature fruits in treatment of diabetes but as other promising alternatives are available, it is used less frequently. Nirmali is not under cultivation as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. There is a strong need to develop improved cultivation practices well in time and to encourage the herb growers to start its commercial cultivation .This commercial cultivation will help in reducing the pressure on natural population of Nirmali. Thank you very much for your article. Medicinal herbs in Chhattisgarh, India having less know traditional uses. XXXX. Lal Bhaji (Amaranthus tricolor, family; Amaranthaceae) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Lal Bhaji is one of the popular leafy vegetables in Chhattisgarh. Its leaves and young stems are used as vegetable. The natives use it alone or in combination with other vegetables specially with Alu (Potato). The natives in rural areas cultivate this herb and sell it to nearby big markets. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, I have observed its natural occurrence. Its related species Amaranthus viridis, locally known as Chaulai Bhaji, is also consumed as vegetable. Another species Amaranthus spinosus, locally known as Jangli Chaulai, is common wasteland herb and considered as weed. The natives of Chhattisgarh consume Lal Bhaji just for taste. According to the traditional healers, Lal Bhaji is a valuable herb having great medicinal properties and uses. Unfortunately, the natives are not aware of its medicinal uses. To list out the traditional uses of Lal Bhaji as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, a detailed ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the year 1928-2001.The traditional healers of Lal Bhaji rich areas were interviewed and with the help of field workers, the valuable information were noted in field diaries. Before describing these uses, I am giving detail regarding its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. Botanically Lal Bhaji (Amaranthus tricolor syn. A. gangeticus syn. A. polygamus syn. A. oleraceus) is diffuse and branching herb having height upto four feet; stem glabrous; Leaves ovate or oval, abruptly tapering to long petiole, short pointed or obtuse, leaves in shades of red and green; Flower clusters small and closely glomerate in the axils even toward base of plant as well as also in more or less elongated spikes at the top of plant. In reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine in India, I have yet not found details on its medicinal uses and properties. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use whole herb both internally and externally in treatment of common diseases. They use it frequently in treatment of gynaecological troubles. According to them, Lal Bhaji is a good natural source of iron and hence, it is recommended to the anaemic patients. It stops bleeding from all parts. It is given internally in case of dysmenorrhoea. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains informed that its use as pot herb during hot summer protects the body from troubles due to excessive heat. The Tasir (Nature) of this herb is cool. Its removes extra heat from body. It also removes toxic materials from body and purifies the blood. To stop the tendency of Epistaxis (Naksir), the patients are advised by the traditional healers to add this herb in the routine diet. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region informed that judicious use of Lal Bhaji as pot herb helps in reducing the extra fat from body. It is a promising herb for the patients engaged in obesity management programmes. The traditional healers of Kondagaon region, suggests the young ones having the problem of pimples, to wash the face with the decoction of Lal Bhaji. They also suggest its internal use. The traditional healers of Sarguja region, use the fresh leaf juice in treatment of earache. The juice is extracted and applied into the ear (few drops). They also use it to stop dysentery immediately. As mentioned earlier, that the natives are not aware of its medicinal uses, when we inform them through our campaign, they feel happy and consume it more sincerely. The young generation is taking keen interest in understanding the medicinal uses of common vegetables including Lal Bhaji. In Chhattisgarh, Lal Bhaji is grown as organic crop. In general, the natives oppose the use of pesticides in leafy vegetables. As you know, Chhattisgarh is well known for different types of leafy vegetables. Most of these herbs occur as waste land plants and natives use it without giving any charge for it. I have already written on Muscaini, Macharia, Bambi, Ulla, Dal Bhaji, Kaua Kaini, Bathua, Gudaria etc, now the article on Lal Bhaji will complete to list. I am expecting more leafy vegetables in the list and in every survey, I give special emphasis on this aspect. I will write more on these leafy vegetables in future article. Thank you very much for reading the articles. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Sirsa, Albizia lebbeck (family : Mimosaceae): The results of recent surveys conducted in Sirsa rich areas of Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Sirsa is a common roadside tree in Chhattisgarh. Many species of Sirsa have been reported in Chhattisgarh. Sirsa is present since time immemorial in the state. Many village names are based on this herb in Chhattisgarh. I have mentioned in my previous articles, that the natives and traditional healers living in villages having rich population of specific herb know more as compared to the other natives and healers. A small ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Sirsa rich villages of Chhattisgarh last year to list out the traditional medicinal uses of this herb. Common names of Albizzia species around the world. Albizia species S.No. Languages/Regions/Countries Albizia amara A. julibrissin A.lebbek A.odoratissima A. procera A.stipulata 1 Andamans Beymada, Gachoa, Kokko Burda, sit Boumeza 2 Arabic Lebach, Sultana ul asjar 3 Bengal Kalkora Siris, Sirisha Kakur siris, koroi, Tetura Karoi, Kori, Korai Amluki, chakua 4 Brazil Corazao negro, Paunegro 5 Myanmar Kokko Taung magui, Thitpyu Seet, sibok, sit Bnumesa, Bumaiza 6 Canarese Balukambi, Bilkambi, Tugli Bage, Bagi, Sirisa Basari, Bilivara, Bilkumbi Adhanji, Bage, Belati Bagana, Bage, Bilkumbi 7 SriLanka Mara Karunaka, Karuvakai Kabal, Kabalmaragass 8 Egypt Lebach, Sultana ul asjar 9 English Pink Siris East Indian Walnut Black siris White siris 10 French Arbre a soie Boisnoir, Ebenierd Orient 11 Gujarati Moto sarsio Kaliosaras, Kaloshirish Siras, Kalosarasio Kali siris 12 Iraq Barham, labakh 13 Hindi Barau, Bhokra, Karmaru Garso, Shiris, Sirsa Bas, Bhandir, Kaliasiris Safed siris Kala siris, sirar 14 Malyalam Sulivaka, Varachhi, Varas Kattu chindhula, Kalashiras Karnitakara, Karuvaka Vaka, vellavaka Mottavaka, Pottuvaka 15 Marathi Lali, Lulai Chichola, chinchola chinchunda, siris Kinai, kinhai siris, udala 16 Mauritius Bois noir 17 Persian Darakhtejakheria 18 Sanskrit Krishna Sirisha Barhapushpa, Bhandi, Bhandika, Shirisha, Shymala Shirisha 19 Tamil Arappu, Munnam Selavagai Adukkavagai, kalindi Karuvagai, Purusilai Kondaivagai katturinjil, Pillavagai, Silai 20 Telugu Chiguruchettu, Sigara Kondaganam, Nallasinduga Dirasan, Sirishamu Bandisinduga, chinduga Chingara, Ganaru Chindaga, chinduga 21 Urdu Darash 22 Uriya Tentuliya Bodosirsi, shivson, sirisi, Tinya Sirisi, Tinia, Sirish Garso, Pandrai, Sirsi, sirisi Ghoralenja, Reyi, Gudanaudia In present article, I am giving details of this survey. In previous articles I have written a lot on botany, local names, reported and traditional uses of Sirsa, this article is a supplement to previous articles. The natives of Sirsa rich areas use the flowers for various purposes. Both fresh and dry flowers are used but fresh flowers are preferred. Its use in face care is common and popular among the rural youths. The natives prepare an aqueous paste by mixing the flowers in water and apply it externally on face. After drying, it is washed away. According to the natives, this application removes extra moisture from the face and also helps in removing black spots due to pimples. The traditional healers informed that the flowers can be used in combination with other flowers particularly the fresh petals of Desi Gulab (Rose) but in most of the cases, alone Sirsa flowers are capable of treating all related troubles. In general, the natives use the aqueous paste upto a month preferably in flowering season only. Like other herbs, the healers always suggest the patients or natives to not to use this herb life long. For regular use, keeping the view of the healers, the natives have developed new method. In place of paste, they use the leachate to wash the face. The flowers are dipped in water whole night and next day leachate is collected and used to wash the face. According to the natives, it is less effective as compared to paste but can be used for long time. The natives also use this leachate in treatment of Blisters due to Urticaria (Chhappaki). Both aqueous paste and leachate, are applied depending upon the severity of trouble. Flowers are used internally also for treatment. A teaspoonful of dried flower is recommended with Shahad (Honey). According to the traditional healers, the internal and external use of Sirsa flowers at a time, treats the patients in more effective ways. The traditional healers of young generation informed me that they have used this flower therapy successfully in treatment of allergy due to obnoxious weed Gajar ghas (Parthenium hysterophorus). The use of Sirsa flowers in treatment of Parthenium allergy is not reported in reference literatures. I personally feel that the research findings of young healers can become a boon for the allergy patients living in Parthenium infested areas around the globe. Like the roots and whole herb of Chui-Mui (Mimosa pudica), the flowers of Sirsa can be used in case of urine retention. According to the natives of Sirsa rich areas of Chhattisgarh the use of Sirsa flower with sugar is one of the promising and simplest way to regularize the flow of urine in such cases. In general, two spoonful of powdered flower and one teaspoonful of sugar are given internally. In many cases, this herbal combination is mixed in a glass of water and patients are advised to take it. The natives use Sirsa flowers in combination with Sirsa bark as sex tonic. It is popular and poor man's aphrodisiac. Equal quantities of both powdered flower and bark are mixed and a teaspoonful of this mixture is taken internally with a glass of warm cow milk. Its intake at night is preferred. In general, the traditional healers recommend its use upto one month only. In limited pockets, this herbal mixture is used externally also. The aqueous paste is prepared and applied on male genitals for specific period. The traditional healers are not convinced with this external use. According to them internal use is sufficient to give desirable results. Many healers prepare a specific herbal drink (Sharbat) using the Sirsa flower and sugar. This preparation is considered as promising blood purifier. It is specially recommended to the patients having the skin troubles like ringworm, eczema etc. As external application, Sirsa bark in used. An aqueous paste is prepared by mixing the powdered bark in water and applied externally on affected parts to get early relief. The healers recommend both Sharbat and aqueous paste, at a time, for effective results. The flowers are also useful in treatment of Adhasisi (Migraine). The method of use is very simple. The patients are advised to keep five fresh flowers in a cloth and inhale the aroma frequently till complete cure. According to the patients using this simple therapy, it is promising in reducing the intense pain immediately and long term use roots out the problem effectively. According to the traditional healers, this therapy is not for everyone. Many patients get immediate relief whereas many times the patients feel very little relief. There is a need to develop a method to identify the patients, that can be benefited by this simple therapy. I would like to mention here that the patients having the problem of Migraine are increasing and for them it is very difficult to tolerate intense headache. I have passed time with such patients. This is the reason you might have found, my interest on herbs that can treat this problem. The cloth with five fresh flowers of Sirsa can be used up to five days. The above mentioned uses of Sirsa flowers and undocumented traditional knowledge present with the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are enough to award many doctorate degrees. Through this article I would like to request the young researcher to come forward for this holy work of documentation of traditional medicinal knowledge. Like Migraine the problem of bleeding piles is also becoming common in Chhattisgarh due to wrong food habits. The traditional healers of Sirsa rich areas use the seeds both internally and externally for this purpose. The seeds are collected and dipped in base oil upto a week. After this duration, the oil is applied externally on piles to stop the bleeding as well as to shed the bunches down after complete drying. The powdered seeds with sugar are given internally with this external treatment. We have conducted many ethnobotanical surveys focused on Sirsa herb but from every new survey, we are getting new information. It seems that we have to continue this survey upto very long time to document complete traditional information. The new approach to survey the specific herb rich areas is helping us a lot to gather more information in less time. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Lason (Allium sativum, family : Alliaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Lason or Garlic is well known medicinal herb as well as condiment and flavouring substance. It is known for its unique healing properties around the globe. Modern scientific research works, have established this herb in the mind of people and today almost everyone is aware of its medicinal uses. It is one of the promising herbs for the heart patients. Lason is a native to Central Asia. The natives and traditional healers are also well aware of the medicinal properties and uses of Lason. It is one of the popular home remedies. In present article, I am giving details regarding traditional medicinal knowledge about Lason in Chhattisgarh, I have noted during the ethnobotanical surveys. I am not describing its common uses as these uses are well known to us. The rice farmers of Chhattisgarh always keep Lason with them specially during rainy season. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh that by keeping Lason with them, the farmers can repel away the venomous creatures like poisonous snakes and scorpions. In case of scorpion bite, Lason is one of the promising herbs, that can be used to nullify the harmful effects of poison immediately. Lason is used both internally and externally, simultaneously. Internally one part of juice and three parts of pure honey are given. Externally, the aqueous paste is prepared by mixing common salt in juice of Lason bulb and applied on affected part. I have seen its practical uses many times. These applications destroy the poison in very less time. As the presence of this aqueous paste upto long time can cause irritation, after destruction of poison, it is washed immediately. In snake rich areas of Chhattisgarh, the natives put the Lason bulbs in possible entry points, to avoid the entrance of snakes. In Eastern parts of Chhattisgarh, natives burn the dry bulb for same purpose. The fumes also help in repelling away the flies and mosquitoes. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me that all Lason bulbs are not equal in terms of medicinal properties. He selects the bulbs having high pungency for preparation of herbal combinations. Similarly, bigger and healthier bulbs are preferred. The healers use only organically grown Lason bulbs. Most of the healers grow this herb in their home gardens under strict supervision and fulfill the requirement. The traditional healers specialized in treatment of diabetes use Lason bulbs frequently in treatment. It is used both alone and in combination with other herbs. From the traditional healers of Bastar region, I got information of this specific formulation. These healers mix the equal quantities of Harra (Terminalia chebula), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) and Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruits and prepare a powder, locally known as Triphala powder. The healers suggest the patients to take five buds of Lason with Triphala powder to manage the diabetes. The healers do not allow the patients to take other drugs with this herbal combination. The patients are instructed to take restricted diet during use of combination. You will be surprised to know that the healers suggest the use of this combination only a week in a month. After competition of one week, there is no restriction on diet. These healers are against the use of any herbal combination throughout the life in the name of treatment. They claim that they can root out this trouble, if it is at initial stage. These healers are well known in the region and like other traditional healers they charge no fees for this treatment. As I always write, that diabetes is a problem of whole world. he researchers can meet these healers to understand their therapy in detail. My many family friends are getting benefits from these healers. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the Lason bulb juice internally to blacken the hairs. Due to hectic life style and tension, it is not uncommon to see young ones with white hairs in Chhattisgarh. The use of Lason bulb juice can be a boon for these youths. The juice is mixed with honey and the patients are advised by the healers to take it internally to get a new flush of black hairs. Many youths are aware of its miracle effects but due to specific odd odour of Lason, they hesitate to use Lason both externally as well as internally. This is genuine problem. May I request the Lason breeders of the world, to develop odour less varieties of Lason in order to make this promising herb more popular? (specially among youths). As ex-patients of Asthma, I am aware of the trouble one have to face during acute attack. In such attacks, I have tried Lason bulb many times successfully. I have noted this formulation from my grandfather's diary. The 20 buds of Lason bulbs are mixed with a big piece of Gud (Jaggery) and boiled in a glass of water. When water remains, half of initial quantity, boiling is stopped and after slight cooling, it should be taken internally to get rid from the acute attack within no time. The natives of almost every part of Chhattisgarh are aware of this important use. During change of weather or transitional period, the natives advise the asthmatic patients to take this decoction regularly as precautionary measure. In the year 1994 when I was at Ambikapur (Sarguja region) for my training course, from the drummers, I got valuable information's on use of common herbs to get rid from body pain. According to them, Lason is one of the promising herbs used for this purpose. The method of use is very simple. Take three buds with water and forget the body ache. I always keep Lason with me during visits to forests and use it for same purpose successfully. The natives add Lason in vegetables and curries not only for taste but they are aware that its utility in eliminating the problem of constipation. According to the traditional healers, the natives having the problem of constipation must use Lason internally to get rid from this problem. In my previous article, I have written a lot on internal and externally uses of Lason as sex tonic and aphrodisiac, I am not repeating it in this article. According to reference literatures, botanically Lason is a herb with clusterous and proliferous bulb; stem leafy below the middle; Leaves acute, distichious, glaucous, channeled above; Spathe calyptriform, horned; Umbels bulbiferous; Flowers pink, red or whitish and rather longer than the stamens. Lason holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurved, Lason is pungent, heating, oleaginous, tonic, aphrodisiac, fattening, digestive, anthelmintic, improves appetite, voice, complexion; useful in treatment of diseases of eye and heart, low fevers, bronchitis, piles, inflammations, leucoderma, asthma, lumbago, tumours, epileptic fits, thirst etc. According to Unani system of medicine, Lason is diuretic, carminative, alexipharmic, aphrodisiac and useful in inflammations, paralysis, body and joint pains, troubles of spleen, liver and lungs; good for lumbago, chronic fevers, thirst, dental carries, leucoderma etc. In Chhattisgarh, Lason is under cultivation as vegetable crop. Unfortunately, like other vegetables crops, large doses of pesticides are applied on this crop for pest management. I always feel sad to observe the use of these pesticides. The natives use these chemically grown Lason both as food as well as medicine. I am not sure whether it is providing better health to the natives or due to pesticides it is causing great harms to them, specially to their children. In Chhattisgarh, it is very hard to get organically grown Lason. Although Lason is valuable medicinal herb but Lason is not grown as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh. With the help of documentation of traditional medicinal knowledge, we are trying to establish it as potential medicinal crop. We are expecting that after this establishment, the chemicals will not be used as chemicals are restricted in the commercial cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops. Lason is a boon for the organic farmers of Chhattisgarh. The innovative herb growers are using Lason alone or in combination with other herbs as insect repellent and in management of plant diseases. We have tried it successfully in Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) and Sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) cultivation. As mentioned earlier, Lason is well known around the world. The unique traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb in Chhattisgarh is just an add up in the long list of its medicinal properties and uses. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of Neem (Azadirachta indica, family : Meliaceae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Neem is well known tree in India. Now it is becoming well known herb at international level. It is one of the most studied herbs of the world. The natives and traditional healers of India are aware of its unique medicinal properties and uses since time immemorial. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use this tree in their Tree shade Therapy. Neem is a native to Myanmar but it is grown all over area. A lot have been written on various uses of Neem in different languages. In present article, I am not repeating all these details. For its botany, reported and traditional medicinal use, I suggest you to read my previous article. Through ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many information on promising but less known traditional medicinal uses of Neem . I am giving the details in this article. From the traditional healers of Narharpur region, Chhattisgarh, I got information on use of Neem branches in treatment of Eczema. The healers collect the branches and put it in fire. As burning starts, the liquid substance from the branches comes out. The healers collect the substance and apply it directly in affected parts. According to them, after two or three applications, the patients get rid from this trouble for ever. I have seen use of many other herbs and herbal formulations but not found all these herbs as effective as this treatment. I have not observed this use in any other parts of Chhattisgarh. In treatment of gynaecological troubles, the traditional healers of Kondagaon region suggest the patients to boil the young leaves in well water and take the decoction internally upto a month. You will be surprised to know that this simple treatment is enough effective to treat many common troubles. The healers also use it in treatment of toothache. When I disclosed this use to the traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh, they showed ignorance but promised me to test this method: Although the smell of Neem oil is very odd but if used as hair oil, it helps in many ways. According to the traditional healers of Durg region, this oil is a boon for the patients having the problem of Alopecia. The healers claim that it regular use can maintain the hairs upto long time and in many cases, promotes the new growth or flush of hair in barren head. The natives of Chhattisgarh are using this oil as lice destroyer since time immemorial successfully. In general, the traditional healers suggest the patients to apply Neem oil for new hair growth upto two three months. The traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region use the Neem leaves in combination with Bhui aonla (Phyllanthus simplex) in treatment of liver complaints. According to them it is one of the promising herbal combination to give new vigour to liver damaged due to excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks. The Neem and Bhuiaonla leaves are mixed in equal ratio and boiled in water. The decoction prepared is stored for future use. Five teaspoonful of decoction is given to the patients in every three hours. The treatment is continued upto complete cure. It is considered as good tonic also. This herbal combination is not mentioned in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am proud to write that this formulation is developed by the traditional healers of Bhopalpatnam region. This use is limited to this area only. As mentioned earlier, due to odd smell of Neem oil is difficult to use it as hair oil, the traditional healers of Bilaspur region suggest the patients to use it both internally and externally. They use it in treatment of Syphilis. The patients are advised to take teaspoonful of Neem oil internally and apply the oil externally on genitals. The healers told me that due to odd smell, the patients avoid this use initially but later when they feel its miracle effect, they show no hesitation in its use. From my grand father's diary. I noted the use of Neem leaves leachates in treatment of chronic constipation. The method is very simple. Twenty five Neem leaves are dipped a glass of water whole night. Next morning the leachates are taken empty stomach . Its long term use regularizes the motion and root out the problem of constipation. I have tried it successfully many times. A lot have been written on utility of Neem parts in treatment of skin troubles and as blood purifier, but very few persons are aware that the oil prepared from Neem leaves have unique property to treat gout. The leaves, specially the new leaves, are boiled in Sarson Tel (Mustard oil) and when the green colour of leaves changes into black, stop the boiling process and collect the oil for future use. This oil can be stored upto very long time. This oil is popular among gout patients in Chhattisgarh. The above mentioned uses are less known and location specific in Chhattisgarh and it is my duty to document these information in scientific way. Through visit to other healers and articles in regional languages, I am disseminating this knowledge among natives and healers also. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Pudina (Mentha sp. Family: Labiatae), in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Out of major Mentha species viz. Field Mint (Mentha arvensis), Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis var. Piperascense), Peppermint (Mentha piperita), Spear Mint (Mentha spicata) and Bergamot Mint (Mentha citrate), Field Mint and Japanese Mint are under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. Common names of Mentha piperita around the world. S.No. Languages/regions/countries Names 1 Arabic Nana 2 Bogota Yerba buena 3 Brazil Nortela pimenta 4 Chinese Po Ho 5 Danish Pebermynte 6 Dutch Pepermint 7 English Brandy Mint, Pepper Mint 8 French Menthe, Menthe anglaise 9 Hungarian Borsus menta 10 Italian Menta piperita 11 Mexico Menta piperita 12 North America Lamb Mint, Brandy Mint, Lam Mint, Peppermint 13 Norwegian Peppermynte 14 Polish Pepparmunta 15 Portuguese Hortelana pimentosa 16 Russian Myata perechnaya 17 Spanish Mentainglesa, Menta Piperita 18 Swedish Pepparmynt 19 Turkish Nana 20 Uruguay Menta Field Mint is present in home gardens since very long time and natives and traditional healers are using it as medicine. The commercial cultivation of Japanese Mint started few years back. The natives and healers are not much aware of its traditional medicinal uses. In hot summer days, when you visit any home in villages, the natives welcome you with a glass of cold water having Pudina extract in it. They are well aware that the role of Pudina extract in hot summer days when temperature goes upto 46 C. They prepare extract from the Pudina herb growing in home gardens. Due to urbanization, now the Cola culture is taking the place of Pudina extract but truly speaking, there is no promising health drink for hot days as Pudina extract. Many leading pharmaceutical companies of India are engaged in manufacturing of Pudina extract. These ready-made extracts are very popular among natives having no place for Pudina cultivation. You will find this ready-made extract in every home in urban areas that it is used as home remedy to manage the problem related to digestive tract. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh prefer home made extract as compared to the ready-made extract. They are aware that in home made extract they use M. arvensis growing in their land since time immemorial but the extracts the pharmaceutical companies are selling, may be prepared from other species. Common names of Mentha arvensis around the world. S.No. Languages/regions/countries Names 1 Arabic Habakjabuli, Habaqulhind, Naanaaulhind 2 Bengal Podina 3 Myanmar Bhudina 4 Canarese Chetnimaraga, Maraga 5 Chinese Po Ho 6 English Chinese Mint, Corn Mint, Marsh Mint 7 French Baume deschamos, Pauliot thym 8 Guam Yerba buena 9 Gujarati Phudno, Pudina 10 Hindi Pudinah, Pudina 11 Malaya Pok ho 12 Malyalam Putiyina 13 Marathi Pudina 14 Persian Filfilmun, Pudinah 15 Sind Pfudnah 16 Sinhalese Odutalan 17 Spanish Yerba buena 18 Tamil Pudina, Yechakkirai 19 Telugu Igaenglikura, Pudina 20 Urdu Pudinchkohi The natives use no chemical inputs for Pudina growing in home gardens. I have noted that the home made extracts are less pungent as compared to the ready made extracts but medicinally home made extracts are capable of treating all the common problems effectively. In present article, I am giving details regarding traditional medicinal uses of Pudina (Field Mint) in Chhattisgarh, I have noted through the ethnobotanical surveys. After this description I will write on Japanese Mint cultivation. According to reference literatures, botanically, Pudina is a perennial erect herb; stem short and hairy; Leaves narrowed below, stalked, ovate, oblong lanceolate, toothed; the upper similar and large; Flowers in axillary distant whorls, none at the tip; Corolla sub-equally four lobed, lilac, lined with hairs and hairy outside; Fruits nut lets dry, smooth. Pudina holds a reputed position as medicine in different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, Pudina is expectorant, emmenagogue, tonic to kidneys, useful in liver and spleen diseases, asthma and pains in joints etc. The Chutney prepared by natives of Chhattisgarh in hot summer days using Pudina herb is very popular. The fresh leaves are crushed and by adding salt and other spices, aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is known as Pudina ki Chutney and it is served with meals. The natives use it both for taste and health. You will be surprised to know that this chutney is used externally also in treatment of many common troubles. It is applied externally on ringworm and eczema. Also it is recommended for the patients having the problem of Adhasisi (Migraine). In this case, the Chutney is applied externally in painful parts. It stops the intense pain immediately. I would like to mention here that for external use, the spices are not added to Chutney. Many Mint based mouth freshners are available in market. Pudina is in use as mouth fresher in Chhattisgarh since generations. The natives prepare a decoction by boiling the leaves in water ad gargle with this decoction to get rid from bad-breath. I have found this decoction very promising in treatment of Tonsillitis. Its regular use during acute Tonsillitis, delays the next attack to great extent. The decoction is used in another way also. During the preparation of decoction, the vapour coming out from solution is considered beneficial for the patients having the problem of coryza and cough. As you know, Chhattisgarh is well known for Herbal Teas. The natives use the leaves alone or in combination with other herbs and prepare herbal tea. This tea is a promising substitute to regular tea. The experiments of Japanese Mint cultivation were not good for the herb growers of Chhattisgarh. For the first time, its commercial cultivation started in year 1997.The innovative herb growers motivated by the research findings of CIMAP, Lucknow and success model of Eastern Uttar Pradesh State, tried this crop in their fields. Unfortunately, when farmers started its commercial cultivation, there was no standard package of practices for Chhattisgarh conditions. The researchers were not aware of its cultivation in Chhattisgarh. As result, the innovative herb growers faced a lot of problem from nutrient management to harvesting and processing. Later some scientists conducted research, but at that time the growers were established as experts. The growers found the moist paddy fields suitable for its commercial cultivation .In absence of proper technical guidance, the farmers adopted chemical farming. Due to poor marketing infrastructure after few year its commercial farming stopped in Chhattisgarh. Now, the Mint growers have started the commercial cultivation of paddy again. Their processing units have became waste. And by seeing this failure ,no one has yet dared to start its commercial cultivation again. In initial trials we have found that the climatic and edaphic factors of Chhattisgarh are suitable for its commercial cultivation. I personally feel that through systematic research ,field demonstrations and after establishing marketing infrastructure , we can convince the growers to start its cultivation with confidence. The demand of Mint is global and increasing with encouraging rate. This can provide good returns to the farmers as well the state authorities. Seeing the traditional uses of Field Mint in Chhattisgarh, we can say that there is a tremendous scope to establish Mint based pharmaceutical units in Chhattisgarh to utilize this unique knowledge in scientific ways, for the benefits of the natives. Thank you very much for reading the article. Some less known traditional medicinal uses of Mooli (Raphanus sativus, family : Cruciferae) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Mooli is under cultivation as vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The natives consume it for its delicious and pungent taste. For the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Mooli is a valuable medicinal herb. They use it both internally and externally in treatment of many common as well as complicated troubles. In present article, I am describing some less known traditional medicinal uses of Mooli, I have collected through my ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. For the botany, reported and traditional medicinal uses of Mooli, I request you to read my previous articles. Mooli is in the list of herbs, the traditional healers specialized in treatment of diabetes, use very commonly. In general, they suggest the diabetic patients to eat more and more fresh leaves of Mooli during cropping season. I would like to mention here that like other leafy vegetables, the farmers use heavy pesticides to manage pest in Mooli crop. The healers avoid the use of these leaves. They recommend organically grown Mooli leaves for treatment. In case of complication, the healers suggest to use only Mooli leaves once in a day in place of regular meals. They continue this treatment along with other herbs useful in treatment of diabetes. According to the healers, this regular use not only helps in reducing the blood sugar but also regularizes the function of pancreas. Many farmers grow Mooli in off season but healers are not in favour of its use in off season. The traditional healers specialized in treatment of hypertension suggest the patients to take Mooli roots in good quantity in order to maintain the blood pressure to normal .The roots are also recommended internally as beauty enhancer. The fresh juice of Nimbu (Lemon) is added with Mooli roots and given to the patients having the problem of constipation. The natives of Bastar region prepare herbal decoction by boiling of leaves. The patients having skin diseases are advised to take bath using this decoction. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. From my grandfather's dairy, I have noted that regular intake of Mooli during cropping season, helps in getting good sleep. The fresh leaves of Mooli are considered as promising eye tonic. My Ophthalmologist friend confirmed this. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use the Mooli seeds as aphrodisiac. The seeds are converted into powder and few pinches of seed powder is given with a teaspoonful of milk internally twice a day. I have written and a lot on Mooli seeds based herbal combinations used as aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh, in my previous articles. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, prepare a special herbal oil using Mooli seeds. The fresh seeds are boiled in Til (Sesame) oil and when all watery contents evaporate, oil is collected and stored for future use. This oil is very useful in treatment of joint pains. According to the healers, its regular use root out the problem in very less time. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region, use this oil in treatment of earache. Few drops of oil are applied inside the ear for this purpose. It is not wrong to say that Mooli is a best friend for modern people as it is used in treatment of diabetes, hypertension, insomnia, sexual debility etc., the common problems; we are facing in this modern age. This is positive thing that it is delicious herb and by adding it in regular diet even for good taste, it is capable of treating many diseases. As all these problems are common in other parts of the world, I am confident that the traditional medicinal knowledge about Mooli in Chhattisgarh will be of great help for the sufferers around the world. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Haija (Cholera) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The use of Fudhar roots in this trouble is common in almost all parts of Chhattisgarh. The fresh roots of this herb are collected and with the help of Adrak (Ginger) juice, small globules are prepared. These globules are given internally to the patients having Haija as treatment. According to the traditional healers it is Ramban and capable of curing the patients at all stages. White flowered Fudhar herbs are preferred for the collection of roots. The healers also take care to collect the old roots. Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) is a waste land herb in Chhattisgarh. This simple treatment is known as 'Poor man's treatment' among the healers. Haija is not a common problem in Chhattisgarh now a days. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on traditional medicinal knowledge of common herbs used in treatment of Haija. There is no specific traditional healer specialized in treatment of Haija. I have noted that the senior traditional healers are much aware of herbs as compared to the young healers. From my grand father's diary, I have noted many home remedies useful in this trouble. These information's have yet not been reported. This article is a first written document about this specific traditional knowledge. The traditional healers of Bastar region use the Kali-Haldi, a rare herb, in treatment of Haija. The scientific name of this herb is Curcuma caesia. It is wild relative to Turmeric. The healers prepare a special decoction from this herb and give it to the patients for early relief. The traditional healers of Tilda region informed me that the Petha flowers are capable of treating Haija but it should be use upto long time. The Petha flowers are dried and in form of powder given to the patients with water. The scientific name of Petha is Benincasa hispida. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains give equal importance to the roots of Sarphonk (Tephrosia purpurea). The roots are used in same manner as the flowers of Petha but according to the healers Sarphonk roots act rapidly and treat the patients in very less time. The healers of Dhamtari region use the aqueous extract of Jaljamini (Cocculus hirsutus) for the same purpose. It is common belief among the natives that the intake of acidic herbs destroys the microbes responsible for Haija. They use Nimbu (Lemon) in different combinations for this reason. I am giving the formulation, mentioned in my grandfather's diary. In this formulation, one teaspoonful each of Onion, and Lemon juice and Shahad (Honey) are mixed and given to the patients for complete cure. Many healers suggest the Haija patients to include Ambari (Rumex sp.) And Tinpania (Oxalis corniculata) herbs in their meals to get rid from this trouble effectively. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use Imli (Tamarind) fruits. This part of Chhattisgarh is well known for wild population of Imli trees. The dried fruits are crushed into powder and equal quantity of Lason (Garlic) powder is added. These powders are converted into small globules with the help of Onion juice. In case of complications, these globules act effectively. A single globule is given in every 15 minutes till complete relief. To reduce the intense thirst common during this trouble, the traditional healers of Bagbahera region give water having Gondla leachates to the patients. According to them, Gondla leachate is promising in this condition. Gondla (Cyperus sp. ) is a common medicinal herb that grows naturally in moist and water logged parts. The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region, use the root leachate of Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) in place of Gondla root leachate for the same purpose. It is a matter of scientific investigation to find out the most promising leachates between these herbal leachates. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, the use of Lavang (Clove) leachate is also mentioned. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not aware of the use Lavang leachate. The natives of Northern Parts of Chhattisgarh use the common herb Hing (Asafoetida) with water to destroy the harmful causal organisms present inside the body. Many of the above mentioned traditional medicinal uses have not been documented .The most important observation is that in most of the herbal formulations the common herbs are main ingredients. The use of common herbs makes this treatment very cheaper as compared to the modern treatment. That is why these formulations are still popular in Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading to article. Pan (Piper betle) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India. The results of recent surveys conducted around Raipur city Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Pan is a well known climbing shrub cultivated for its leaves, which are used as masticatory. Like other parts of India, the natives of Chhattisgarh are also fond of eating Pan (Betle leaf). In the year 1999-2000, a detailed survey was conducted among Pan traders of Raipur city, to list out the traditional medicinal uses of Pan. Pan in not under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The Pan traders purchase the Betle leaf from other states and supply it to individual Pan sellers. Before describing the results of this survey, I am giving details regarding reported medicinal uses of Pan, I have noted from reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, Pan leaf is pungent, acrid, heating, carminative, tonic, stomachic, aphrodisiac, laxative and useful in ozena, bronchitis, elephantiasis etc. According to Unani system of medicine, leaf improves taste and appetite, it is tonic to brain, heart and liver, strengthens teeth, clears throat etc. As medicines, roots, flowers and leaves are used. The Pan traders informed that Pan is good for throat. It clears the voice and hence, effective in treatment of hoarseness in voice. They further informed that the Pan leaves are used both internally and externally in treatment of boils. In case of immature boil, the Pan leaves in form of aqueous paste is applied externally to suppress the boils. In open wounds, the paste is prepared by mixing Pan leaves with Til oil, and applied it externally. This application helps in healing the wound in less time. The Pan traders use the Pan leaves externally in treatment of Chapaki (Urticaria). Blisters. It is applied externally to stop itching as well as pain. Traditionally, Pan leaves are used externally on lungs in case of acute coryza and cough of small children. It is one of the common used treatments. The regular but limited use of Pan helps in improving the function of digestive system. In general, three Pan Leaves a day are recommended. The Pan traders further informed that Pan leaves are promising nerve tonic. The knowledge level of Pan Traders about traditional medicinal uses of Pan is really appreciating. This year we are conducting surveys to list out the traditional uses, the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh know. I will write more about the results in future articles. Thank you very much for reading the articles. Traditional medicinal knowledge about Tulsi (Ocimum sp.) In Chhattisgarh, India: The results of recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved From the traditional healer of Mudpar village Shri Hanumat Prasad Verma, I got interesting as well as important information on the use of Tulsi herb in treatment of different types of cancers. This healer is one of the well known traditional healers specialized in treatment of cancers. According to him, Tulsi is used internally both alone and in combination with other herbs. At initial stages, he suggests the patients to take leaves of Tulsi with whey in every hour. He informed me that this simple use is capable of reducing the intense pain to the great extent. He instructs the patients to take increased quantities of milk and curd during this treatment. In complicated cases, he uses Tulsi in combination with other herbs. He is not interested in telling the secret formula, but he accepts that in his formulation Tulsi herb plays an important role. Many such information. I have collected during my recent ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh, India. In my previous articles, I have written a lot on botany, related species, reported and traditional medicinal uses of Tulsi in Chhattisgarh. The present article is an addition in the previous articles on Tulsi. The traditional healers of Saraipali region specialized in treatment of Jaundice use Tulsi very frequently. The method of use is very simple. One hundred Tulsi leaves are boiled in a glass of water and when the water remains one third of initial quantity, boiling is stopped. This solution is filtered and with Shahad (Honey) it is given, to the patients having the trouble of Jaundice. This treatment is continued till complete cure. According to the traditional healers, it is promising liver tonic and they recommend it in other related troubles also. The healers of Bagbahera region use the Tulsi leaves in treatment of joint pains. They collect 250 gms of Tulsi leaves, a leaf of Andi (Ricinus communis) and half tea spoonful of common salt and prepare an aqueous paste. This paste is applied externally in painful joints to reduce the pain in very less time. The natives of this region are also aware of this use but they use it during attack only. The traditional healers have different opinion. They suggest the patients to continue this application till ten days after the end of pain. According to them, if patients adopt this method, they will never get repeated attacks. In the list of Herbal Pillows, Tulsi has fixed its place. The traditional healers of Kharora region informed me that the Pillow prepared by filling Tulsi leaves in it, is a boon for the patients having the problem of insomnia. The use of Tulsi leaves to treat insomnia in this way has yet not been reported in reference literatures. I am surprised and also feeling proud to document this unique knowledge. The healers instruct the patients to take 5 leaves of Tulsi before using this pillow to get more powerful effects. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains, use Tulsi leaves in treatment of Leucorrhoea, a common gynecological problem. They instruct the patients to use Tulsi leaves internally with Shahad (Honey) upto long time for permanent relief. I have interacted with many patients taking this simple treatment. They were satisfied with this treatment. The above mentioned traditional uses clearly reveal that the results of recent surveys are encouraging. Next year I will conduct one more survey in same villages to collect the remaining information. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs in Chhattisgarh, India used to develop internal resistance in body to fight the diseases Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Prevention is always better than cure'. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have deep faith in this philosophy. They give emphasis on making the body enough resistant to fight against any disease. If the natural resistance is high, there is less chances of disease attack. The healers recommend the use of different herbs to the natives in order to get this natural resistance. The selection of herbs depends upon the vitality age and severity of trouble. In general, the healers suggest the natives to give these herbs from childhood to their children, in order to remain disease free whole life. Due to lack of knowledge, I lost this golden opportunity but now through my articles, I am disseminating this valuable traditional knowledge so that the world community can understand this concept. The healers recommend the use of specific herb or herbs upto limited time period in a year. This therapy is cheap as the healers charge no fees for this great support and guidance. Also the herbs used occur as wasteland plants or wild flora in Chhattisgarh therefore the natives can collect it in less investment. The traditional healers informed that the persons living in Chhattisgarh and its surrounding areas can get more benefits as compared to the persons living in far areas. Their concept is based on an ancient belief that any patient can be treated more efficiently with the help of herbs present in surroundings. Bhengra is a common rainy season herb found as weed in paddy fields. According to the traditional healers this herb posses valuable natural chemicals that provides extra resistance to human body. They suggest the natives to extract the fresh juice from whole herb and take it daily upto a month. This use is recommended in rainy season when it grows abundantly. Its off-season use is not permitted. The traditional healers of different parts suggest different doses. In general, two to three teaspoonful juice is recommended. The natives are advised to take more and more cow milk during this period as cow milk helps in proper utilization of juice inside the body. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use Blue flowered Bhengra herb, rare in occurrence, for this purpose. Bhengra (Eclipta alba) is common herb in paddy growing belts of India. I am not aware of its global distribution. Another important herb is Semal. The roots of Semal are known as Semal Musli in trade. The healers collect the roots from young Semal tree and use it for this purpose. The roots are washed thoroughly and dipped in water whole night. Next morning the softened roots, mixed with sugar, are given to the natives. This use is continued upto two months. Many healers recommend its use upto forty days specifically. Sugar is added for the taste. Semal (Bombax ceiba) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh and hence, it is not very difficult to get soft roots. The healers take special precaution to not to use the matured, hard roots. In Chhattisgarh, there is a lot of variations in common species of Kevatch (Mucuna sp.). The traditional healers use the black seeded variety to develop natural resistance. The matured seeds are collected and converted into powder. This powder is given with cow milk daily night upto 30 days. Its use is preferred in winter season. In general, the natives considered it as sex tonic and aphrodisiac but according to the healers this herb helps in developing the natural resistance and when resistance will be high, the all body parts can function in right manner. The traditional healers also recommend the use of Dashmool roots (Asparagus species). The root powder is used in same manner as the Mucuna seeds. Dashmool is recommended both for male and female natives. The natives use special preparations of Dashmool but the traditional healers prefer the use of root powder alone for better results. Dashmool is both under cultivation and occurs as wild flora in natural forests. The natural forests of Chhattisgarh are rich in natural population of Harra (Terminalia chebula) also. It is well known herb in trade and in the list of non-wood forest produces having high demand in national and international drug markets. The healers collect the fruits and convert it into powder. This powder is smeared in iron vessels with the help of cow ghee, and vessels are kept as such whole night. Next morning powder is collected and given to the patients with Shahad (Honey). The duration of use is upto one month. The traditional healers of Bilaspur region recommend the use of Shahadkand (Argyria nervosa), a very large climber, for developing natural resistance. The roots are used for this purpose. The powdered root is recommended with cow milk upto two months. Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), Akarkara (Spilanthes sp.) Are other herbs, in the list of promising herbs. For the botany, reported and traditional medicinal uses of above mentioned herbs, I suggest you to read my previous articles. One important fact I noted while listing these herbs is that the healers ovoid the use of combinations of these herbs. Also they strictly warn the natives to not to mix herbs in any combinations. According to them, single herb if taken judiciously is able to fulfill the requirement and can help in developing natural resistance. Thank you very much for reading the article Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Chilblains in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the bark of Babool and Aam in treatment of Chilblains. The barks are collected and mixed in equal quantities. The mixture is boiled in water and patients are advised to expose the affected parts in fumes. This treatment is considered as one of the promising treatments. Both Babool (Acacia nilotica) and Aam (Mangifera indica) are common trees in Chhattisgarh. After exposure to fumes, the healers apply the cow ghee or butter. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use over 38 herbs in treatment of Chilblains. Most of the herbs are used externally and in combination with other herbs. Common names of Katha (Acacia catechu) around the world. S. No. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1 Assam Kat, Khair, Khoira, Koir 2 Bengal Khayer, Kuth 3 Myanmar Sha 4 Canarese Cachu, Kaggali, Kanti, Kagli, Kashu 5 SriLanka Karangall, Kashukutta, Voadalam 6 Dutch Ketechuboom, Katsjouboom 7 English Black Catchu, Cutch catechu, Degu Catechu 8 French Acacia du cachou 9 German Katechubaum, Kaschubaum 10 Greek Acanthe 11 Gujarati Kher, Kheriobaval 12 Hindi Katha, Khair, Khairbabul, Khyar 13 Italian Cacciu, Catto, Catechu 14 Malayalam Kadaram, Karinnali, Senkarinna 15 Marathi Kaderi, Khaderi, Khair, Khaira, Khera, Lalkhair 16 Portuguese Cutch 17 Sanskrit Bahushalya, Balapatra, Balaputra, Gayatri, Homa, Kantaki, Karkari, Yajnika, Sushalya 18 Sinhalese Kayipu, Ratkihiri 19 Spanish Catechu 20 Tamil Kodiram, Karangalli, Karungali, Kodam, Odalai 21 Telugu Kasu, Khadiramu, Mallasandra, Sandra, Sundra 22 Uriya Bimbu, Khodira, Khoiro, Khoiru The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region use the Bhatkatiya herb in same manner as the barks of Babool and Aam are used .The whole herb of Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) is used for this purpose. The natives of Chhattisgarh use the latex of Bar externally in treatment of Chilblains as home remedy. The latex is applied in affected parts. Bar (Ficus benghalensis) is also a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains fill the Babool gum in affected parts like Bar latex. They also use Mehndi leaves for this purpose. The aqueous extract of Mehndi (Lawsonia alba) herb is applied externally and after this application cow ghee is applied. The natives use Sarson and Til oil also for this purpose. In general both oils are applied externally. In many parts of Chhattisgarh the fume of burning Sarson oil is used for treatment. Both Til (Sesame) and Sarson (Mustard) are under cultivation as oil seed crops in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers prepare the herbal creams by using different herbs for external application. In these herbal creams, they add Fudhar leaf ash (Calotropis gigantea), Fruit of Harra (Terminalia chebula), Til, Sarson, Castor oil, Castor leaves, etc. very frequently. In Southern parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use Lauki fruit pulp for external application. The fresh pulp is simply applied in affected parts. Lauki (Lagenaria siceraria syn. Cucurbita siceraria syn. C. longenaria syn. C. leucantha) is a climbing or trailing herb, native to Africa and now cultivated throughout India for fruits which are used as vegetable. From my grandfather's diary I have noted this formulation. In this formulation Kali Mirch (Black Pipper), Resin and Kattha are mixed in equal proportion. I would like to explain the Kattha. The barks of Acacia catechu yields tan known as 'Kattha' extracted from chips of heartwood. Two teaspoonful of cow ghee and four teaspoonful of Chameli oil are added in this mixture. And this combination is put on flame after filling it in iron vessels. After cooling it is collected and stored for future use. This combination is applied externally. The traditional healers are well aware of this combination but they add more herbs in it to make it more effective. For the natives, due to rich traditional medicinal knowledge Chilblains is not a serious problem. In local markets many ready made creams having chemical ingredients are available but the natives avoid its use. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Tilli (Spleen) related diseases in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend the use of Patal Kumhda herb to the patients having spleen related troubles. According to them, the internal use of this herb helps in regulating the functions of spleen. The healers use the tubers and leaves for this purpose. The juice of these parts is given to the patients as treatment. For taste, they allow the addition of sugar in this juice. This juice also helps in regularizing the function of liver. Patalkumhda (Pueraria tuberosa) is an important non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. Many such information I have noted during my ethnobotanical surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh from 1997 to 2003. I have listed out over 85 traditional healers specialized in treatment of spleen related diseases. The other healers also treat these diseases. In these diseases, in general, 80 species of common herbs are used by the healers but 9 herbs including Patalkumhda, Pippali, Harra, Parsa, Sarphonk, and Dhikuwar etc. are used most frequently. In present article, I am describing the detailed uses of these 9 herbs. In spleen related troubles, the traditional healers use Dhikuar herb successfully. This herb is used internally. The leaf gel mixed with Haldi (Turmeric) and Namak (Common salt) is given to the patients, once in a day, till complete cure. It is specially useful in treatment of enlargement of spleen. According to the traditional healers, it is one of the promising herbal formulations. The scientific name of Dhikuar is Aloe sp. The traditional healers grow this herb in their home gardens to prepare herbal formulations .Now, many innovative herb growers have started its commercial cultivation in Chhattisgarh. For same trouble, the traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the roots of well known medicinal herb Indrayan. The roots are collected and dried in shade. After drying it is converted into powder. The patients are advised by the healers to take root powder with Gud (Jaggery) as treatment till complete cure. The traditional healers take special precaution during this treatment as the overdose of root powder may result in stomachache and other related problems. Indrayan (Citrullus colocynthis syn. Cucumis colocynthis syn. Colocynthis vulgaris) is a perennial trailing herb naturally found in Chhattisgarh especially in Southern parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Kanker region use the fruits of Harra (Terminalia chebula) in treatment of spleen related troubles. The fruit powder is given internally with Gud. According to the healers, this treatment is promising but takes relatively more time as compared to other treatments. For treatment of enlarged spleen the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use wasteland herb Fudhar in very specific way. I have got this special method from the traditional healer of Mudpar village. The yellow leaves of Fudhar are collected and rock salt of same weight is taken. The leaves and salt are kept in earthen pot and this pot is kept on flame. After burning, the ash is collected. This black ash is known as Ark Lavan in Ayurveda. The healers use this ash in treatment. It is given with whey daily morning upto a month. Its popularity in the region, clearly proves the efficacy of this traditional use in case of enlarged spleen. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis gigantea. The green leaves are not used for this purpose. It is a matter of scientific investigation that why only yellow leaves are used ? The traditional healers of Gandai region use the bark of Parsa (Butea monosperma) in combination with other herbs for same purpose. But they do not disclose the formulation. According to them, among other herbs Pipal (Ficus religiosa) is main ingredient. The herbal formulation is for internal use. The traditional healers of Durg region use the roots of wasteland herb Sarphonk (Tephrosia purpurea) in treatment of enlarged spleen. The freshly harvested roots are used for this purpose. The roots are given with whey internally till complete cure. The healers have deep faith in this treatment. The traditional healers of Semal (Bombax ceiba) rich areas of Chhattisgarh use Semal flowers in treatment of enlarged spleen. The flowers are collected and dipped in a glass of water whole night. Next morning the flower is given internally with Mustard seeds (Sarson) empty stomach to the patients. This use is having its own limitation. In Chhattisgarh conditions, Semal tree flowers between January to March. As its off-season used is not preferred, the patients can use the flowers only in these limited months. Pippali (Piper longum) is not a common herb in Chhattisgarh but many healers use it in treatment of these troubles. It is given internally with cow milk. Many of the above mentioned traditional medicinal uses of herbs have been reported in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. I am proud to write that the traditional healers are still using these herbs successfully in their routine practice. Thank you very much for reading the article. Next step of documentation of traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs and insects : An example of Aegle marmelos (Bel). Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The readers and friends from different corners of the world, frequently ask this question that what will be the fate of my sincere documentation work? Who will take advantage of this documentation? Whether the traditional healers will be benefited by this documentation or not? Why do not I publish these findings in scientific journals? Etc. Their questions are genuine. I always write in my articles, that there is a need for further systematic research to establish any traditional use scientifically. Initially, I published my findings in science journals and also presented several research papers in national and international conferences. You will be surprised to know that in India, the publication of research paper is not a joke. And to publish such huge information, that I have collected through my ethnobotanical surveys, I have to be a rich man. In Indian journals, there is a long, never ending queue. One has to wait three years at least to publish a single paper. For publication of paper there is a need to invest lot of money. Most of the journals charge membership fees annually and when the papers published in three years, one have to pay the membership fees of three years. Many private journals are also publishing in India. These private journals charge page charges. The journals published by scientific societies are peer reviewed. In journals having page charge, you have no hurdles because they publish the paper without seeing it. Unfortunately, for academic evaluation these page charge journals are given more importance by the academicians. The option of publication of research papers in foreign journals is also open for us but it is not only costly but I have personally observed that in the name of correction, the important information's are removed from the papers, I have wide experiences in publishing papers in all these journals. I have published over 110 research papers in more than 35 research journals of national and international repute. You will be surprised to know that I have invested over 100,000 Rs. (Nearly 2000 US $) to publish these papers, from my pocket. Why from my pocket? Why not from institution? I am expecting that you are aware of the answer. In institutions particularly in Indian institutions, any paper goes through proper channel and to pass it smoothly this channel, one has to add the names of his seniors and professors in the papers. To smooth the process, I have added the names of over 45 research scientists of my University. When I started the documentation of traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and insects in Chhattisgarh, it was very difficult for me to invest such huge amount in the name of publication. I was aware the scientific journals are generally limited to specific readers. The common person has no access to it. During visits to Chhattisgarh forests, I got shocking information that many national and international agencies are already present in forests and engaged in collection of valuable information. I am sorry to write but it is bitter fact that most of these agencies were funded by the reputed organizations. This small but shocking observation motivated me to document the traditional knowledge in form of articles. I am trying my best to give all details about traditional healers, villages and local names of herbs so that the world can understand the treasure of traditional knowledge our people are having. I always give credit to the God, that he has provided me a platform through Botanical.com to present this knowledge to the world community. Today I have written over 270 articles based on my ethnobotanical surveys and I have informed the Botanical.com team that I will write thousands of articles and will try to document all traditional knowledge in this small life. I will never forget the support the team of Botanical.com has extended. I am a free lancer and not associated with the culture where the number of publications helps in academic carrier. This is good news for the readers having the question that how my documentation is helping the traditional healers? After reading these articles, many media persons visited Chhattisgarh and, met the traditional healers and published about them in their papers and news channels. Many state government officials when read my articles, started thinking on welfare of traditional healers. The example of Shri B. Rao Godbole is one of the promising examples. The patients from all over the world are visiting Chhattisgarh to meet these healers. The healers are feeling proud and happiness to treat these patients. Seeing the great number of visitors, the natives are also understanding the value of the natural resources and the young generation is motivating and taking keen interest in traditional knowledge.. The traditional healers like Shri Hanumant Prasad Verma of Mudpar village are not getting recognition and as mentioned in previous articles, that L & T company has provided new hospital for him. I always write in my articles that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are not money crazy. They do not charge fees even for the treatment of cancer. They only expect honour from us. The licensed doctors harass these healers by saying them quacks. They want recognition to continue regular practice of traditional knowledge. I personally feel that this is just a start. After my departure (as it is a trend) the future generations will be benefited through documentation of herbs. I would like to mention the great support provided to my work by Dr. Rishi Rajpal, a well known gynaecological of Mumbai. After reading my articles on Bel (Aegle marmelos) at Botanical.com, his team conducted many small experiments to verify the effects described in the articles. After getting good results, he contacted me with the proposal to conduct a systematic clinical trials with the help of biochemist. He prepared a detailed research project titled 'Investigation on broad-spectrum Therapeutics of Aegle marmelos (Bael) for economic prosperity through Bio-resource based value addition.' The project is proposed by the reputed organization Indian Institute of Environment Management, Mumbai, India. Professor P. Khanna, Directory, IIEM, is the project co-coordinator whereas Prof. H.M. Chawla, Prof. And Head (Chemistry department), Indian Institute of Technology and Dr. Rishi Rajpal are Principal Investigators. I am fortunate that they have associated me as Coinvestigator in this project. We are confident that the deliverables of the project include novel, plant based, anti-microbial, anti-diabetics, anti-oxidants, anti-malarial, cardio- tonic agents, essential oils, anti-cancer agents and potential male contraceptives. I am expecting such initiatives by other researchers also. In my articles, I have written on various aspects of over 1000 herbs and insects. Such initiative will help the experts sitting at further next step to patent the products for the benefits of the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh. The articles based on ethnobotanical surveys and the encouraging responses from different parts of the world, have made me enough confident that I can continue my work honestly and sincerely. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Dyspepsia in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of different parts of Chhattisgarh use Nimbu (Lemon) in different ways to treat the problem of Dyspepsia. In general, they take a glass of lukewarm water and add Lemon and Ginger juice in it. The juice of half Lemon and a teaspoonful of Ginger juice are used. The patients are advised to take this water prior to meals. Many natives add common salt also but it is just for taste. The natives prepare chutney by mixing Nimbu, roasted Zeera (Cumin), rock salt and Ginger and consume it with meals. This chutney is used specially in rainy season. The popularity of these uses in the state clearly indicates its effectiveness. The natives also use another Citrus fruit Santra (Orange) for the same purpose. The patients are advised to take matured fruits with Sonth (dried Ginger) and rock salt. Jamun (Syzygium cumini syn. Myrtus cumini syn. Eugenia jambolana) is popular fruit is Chhattisgarh. It is used in treatment of diabetes in different systems of medicine in India. Jamun is a large tree cultivated throughout the India for edible fruits. The natives use Jamun fruits for Dyspepsia. The method of use is very simple. The matured fruits with salt are given to the patients. In Chhattisgarh, Jamun fruits mature at the commence of Monsoon rains during rainy season. In this time, Dyspepsia is common problem. The use of Jamun fruits help in regularizing the digestive system. Like Jamun, Bael (Aegle marmelos) is also a common tree in Chhattisgarh. It grows in wild. The traditional healers of Bael rich areas use the leaves in treatment of Dyspepsia. Twenty leaves of Bael are crushed and juice is extracted. In this juice, they add Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) and rock salt and give it to the patients. In serious case, it is given in every three hours. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. The natives use Onion juice in treatment. Three teaspoonful of Onion juice is given internally to the patients. The chutney of Garlic is also used for the same purpose. In general, the natives hesitate to use raw Onion juice because of its odd smell. As other promising alternatives are available, it is used in special cases. The green pods and seeds of Sem are used as vegetable in India. It is well known vegetable crop in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use, the juice of immature pods in treatment of diabetes. It is considered promising in treatment of Dyspepsia also. The juice of immature pods is given twice a day for this purpose. I would like to mention here that in Chhattisgarh the Sem is cultivated with heavy chemical inputs as it is prone to diseases and insect attacks. This is the reason the traditional healers instruct the natives to take special precaution during the use of Sem. In general, to avoid any poisoning the healers grow this herb in their home gardens to fulfill the requirement. The scientific name of Sem is Dolichos lablab. The use of Tulsi herb is very popular among natives. The traditional healer of Mudpar village, prepare specific herbal formulation using Tulsi leaves as main ingredient. The method of preparation is crude. He takes a fistful of Tulsi leaves, few pinches of Sonth, and Gud (Jaggery) and by mixing all these materials prepare small globules. He gives these tasty globules to his patients having the problem of Dyspepsia. He suggests it use during problem only. The regular use is not permitted. In this combination Ocimum sanctum leaves are used. In simple cases, he suggests the patients to eat a fistful of Tulsi leaves with rock salt to get rid from this trouble. Like proverb ' A apple a day, keeps a doctor away', he suggests the patients to take five healthy Tulsi leaves once in a day regularly in order to keep the body disease free. Pippali (Piper longum) is cultivated for its fruits that are used as spice and condiment. It is popular medicine in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers use it with Shahad (Honey) in treatment of Dyspepsia. The uses of other common herbs Aonla, Harra, Mooli, Rai etc. are also in existence. As I have written a lot or these herbs in my previous articles, I am not repeating it in this article. The formulation the traditional healer of Mudpar village is not available in form of patented herbal formulation. I personally feel that by establishing drug manufacturing units in Chhattisgarh, the state authorities can popularize these traditional uses. By this process, every one including Traditional healers, herb growers, herb collectors, and unemployed rural youths can be benefited. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Phthisis in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use over 300 herbs alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of Phthisis. Through the ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have identified only 55 traditional healers specialized in treatment of Phthisis. Other healers are also engaged in treatment. I have observed the use of many unidentified herbs by the healers. With the help of taxonomists, we are in process of its identification. In present article, I am giving details regarding some common herbs that are used frequently by the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, very frequently. The traditional healers use Fudhar, a common wasteland herb in treatment. The latex from old Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) herb is collected. The healers suggest the patients to take four teaspoonful of latex mix it with 200 gms. Of Haldi (Turmeric) and keep it as such for drying. After drying stored the mixture for future use. According to the age of patients and severity of disease, the healers suggest the patients to use the powder. In general, one fourth teaspoonful of powder is given with half teaspoonful of Shahad (Honey). The healers recommend this specific dose upto four times a day. This formulation is very popular among the healers. They claim that its sincere use can cure the trouble within 4-5 months. It is also considered to check Haemoptysis. For collection of latex, white flowered species of Calotropis is preferred. As Fudhar is wasteland plant and easily available, the traditional healers have named this formulation as poor man's formulation. During my surveys, I have observed variations in use the Fudhar. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh use the Fudhar leaves with Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) for the same purpose. This formulation is generally given upto two months. The natives of Sarguja region, suggest the patients to add a piece of Fudhar leaf in Paan (Piper betle) and chew it. According to them, long term use of Fudhar leaf piece helps in getting rid from this problematic disease. Fudhar as medicinal herb holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine, in India. Many of the above mentioned uses have been described in these literatures. I am feeling proud to write that the natives and traditional healers are still using these herbs for treatment of Phthisis. The traditional healers of Jashpur and Kanker region use the wild Banana (Jangli Kela) herb in treatment. These region are well known for natural population of Banana in forests. The healers extract the juice from leaf and mix it with Shahad (Honey). This combination is given to the patients internally. In general, a teaspoonful of both juice and Shahad are mixed. It is used in different proportions also. The combination is given twice a day to the patients. The healers avoid the use of Banana leaves of cultivated origin. Like local species of Banana, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains consider. Patal (native Tomato) as promising herb that can be used successfully in treatment of Phthisis. They suggest the patients to extract the juice from matured fruits and take a glass of juice daily. The juice is used as supplement with regular treatment. According to the healers at initial stages even juice can cure the trouble effectively. You will be surprised to know that in Urban areas of Chhattisgarh it is very hard to get Patal. The vegetable markets are full of hybrid Tomatoes that are considered nutritionally superior to indigenous varieties but medicinally poor. I am not in favour of accepting it. As during its commercial production heavy doses of pesticides are applied, the Patal (local Tomato) is far better nutritionally also to these hybrid Tomatoes. From the traditional healer of Tilda region, I got valuable information on use of cow milk in treatment of Phthisis. He instruct the patients to take seven cloves of Lason (Allium sativum) with Shahad (Honey). After one hour of this intake, he mixes a glass of cow milk, a glass of well water, sugar and eight Pippali (Piper longum) fruits and boils the solution. When quantity of solution remains half of initial quantity, he stops the boiling and add one teaspoonful of cow ghee and three teaspoonful of Shahad (Honey) in the solution. This solution is given to the patients. According to him it is one of the promising solutions for this trouble. He is well known in the region for his expertise in treatment of Phthisis. The traditional healers of other parts of Chhattisgarh are also aware of this formulation. They add more herbs like Tulsi. (Ocimum species) in this formulation to make it stronger and useful. Tulsi herb is also used separately for treatment. The most common use is its use with Kali Mirch. Ten leaves are taken and with the help of Shahad, a mixed with five Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). The patients are advised to take this combination regularly upto long time to get rid form this trouble. The traditional healers of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) rich areas use the Lasa of this tree in combination with cow ghee and Shahad internally for the same purpose. The traditional healers of Durg region use the Koha bark (Terminalia arjuna) and Adusa (Adhatoda vasica) leaf juice in combination with Shahad, Ghee and Sugar in treatment of Phthisis. Its use is recommended for long time. The healers of Kanker region specially from the Narharpur and surrounding areas, use Adusa in combination with other herbs. They boil the leaves of Adusa in water and extract juice from it. The sugar added in this juice and boiled again. In this solution, Baheda fruit powder (Terminalia bellirica) and Haldi (Turmeric) powder are added and given to the patients. The traditional healers are aware that this trouble takes long time for complete cure. The natives have deep faith in herbs and traditional knowledge about it. They prefer the herbal treatment. This is positive sign. Through the ethnobotanical surveys we are trying our best to document more and more information on this important aspect. Thank you very much for reading article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Ulti (Vomiting) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved For the vomiting due to poor digestion, the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Aam and Pudina leaves and prepare chutney. This chutney is given to the patients for immediate relief. Two Aam leaves (Mangifera indica) and 50 leaves of Pudina (Mentha arvensis) are mixed for preparation of chutney. Many healers add Shahad (Honey) in this chutney to make it more effective. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use many such herbs and herbal formulations in treatment of vomiting. They are aware that only one factor is not always responsible for this trouble. They use the herbs and herbal formulations as first aid and in most of the cases the patients get relief. In case of complications, other herbs are used . Through the ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on this important aspect. In present article, I am giving these details. For the treatment of vomiting during high fever, the traditional healers of Sirsa (Albizia lebbeck) rich areas use Sirsa seeds. The seeds are boiled in water. The softened seeds are given with Shahad to the patients. The dose is repeated till complete cure. The healers prefer fresh seeds but in off season they use stored seeds for this purpose. The diseased or insect infested seeds are not used. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains, use Pudina (Mentha arvensis) as home remedy. The juice of fresh leaves is extracted and with few drops of Lemon (Nimbu) juice, it is given to the patients. They use Lemon juice with water and sugar for the same purpose. One teaspoonful each of Lemon juice and water is mixed and few pinches of powdered sugar are added. This combination is given in every hour till complete cure. For vomiting due to hyper acidity, the natives use cold milk with sugar. But as milk do not suits to all, this use is of limited use. For the same purpose, the natives use the decoction of Mulethi root powder. For preparation of decoction two teaspoonful of Mulethi powder is added in a glass of water and allowed to boil. When solution remains half of initial quantity, boiling is stopped. This solution is given to the patients for immediate relief. The natives also add Rai seeds in this solution in case of complications. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is not a herb from Chhattisgarh. It is also not under cultivation. This is positive sign that the native of Chhattisgarh are aware of its use. They are dependent on local herb shops for this herb. As the description of this herb is coming for the first time in my articles, I am giving details of its botany. According to reference literatures, the root of Mulethi is cylindrical, running to a considerable length and depth, bright brown on the outside, yellow inside, soft and succulent. Stem erect, upto 2 feet high, smooth, of a dull glaucous gray colour; Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets generally about 13, oval, entire, obtuse, slightly emarginated, viscid; stipules in conspicuous; Flowers pale liliac in axillary, erect, stalked racemes; Legumes compressed, smooth. The natives also use the cloves of Lason (Allium sativum) to stop the vomiting. The patients are advised to swallow two cloves with water. In many cases, it works in effective ways. The natives of Durg region, mix a teaspoonful of Ginger and Onion juice in equal quantities and give it to the patients for same purpose. The traditional healers of Narharpur region use the Neem branches. The young branches are burnt and dipped in water. This water is given internally to the patients to check the vomiting. The traditional healers of Bael tree (Aegle marmelos) rich areas use the decoction of immature fruits in treatment. As fruiting time of Bael is April to August in Chhattisgarh conditions, this use is limited upto this part of the year only. The natives of Mahasamund region use the fresh leaf juice of common herb Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum). The above mentioned traditional medicinal uses clearly indicate the in depth traditional knowledge, the natives and traditional healers are having. As I always mention, that the natives and traditional healers of one part of Chhattisgarh are not aware of the herbs and herbal formulations that are in use in other parts of Chhattisgarh. The documentation work is helping them to gather uniform knowledge about these herbs. Through personal visits and popular articles in regional languages, I am trying to disseminate this knowledge. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Scorpion sting in Chhattisgarh, India. The results of recent ethnobotanical surveys Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives of rural and forest areas live with the Bichhu (Scorpion) in nature. In these areas, Scorpion bites are common. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Scorpion as medicine in treatment of many common diseases. They prepare special herbal oil with this poisonous creature. They know many common herbs and herbal formulations to nullify the effects of scorpion poison. This is the reason they do not kill the Scorpion unnecessary. In many farm houses and rural homes, I have seen many Scorpions living with natives without damaging them. The natives are aware that the Scorpion's poison is not for them and they also know that Scorpion is an essential part of natural ecosystem. I visit the forests very commonly but still not got Scorpion bite. In generally these creatures are shy and avoid conflicts with human beings. In many previous articles, I have written a lot on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs and herbal formulations used in treatment of snake and Scorpion bites. In present article, I am giving details regarding some new observations, I have noted during recent surveys conducted in different parts of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Doomar tree (Ficus glomerata) rich areas, use Ber (Ziziphus sp.) And Doomar leaves in treatment of Scorpion bites. The leaves are mixed in equal proportion and aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on affected parts in order to reduce the intense pain. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region suggest the patients to burn the fruits of Ritha and inhale the fumes, for the same purpose. Ritha (Sapindus trifoliatus) is one of the well known non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having good demand in national and international markets. In this region, Reetha is easily available herb. The traditional healers of Kanker region, use the roasted seeds of Imli (Tamarind). The seeds are peeled till the exposure of white portion. The roosted seeds are kept in touch of affected parts. According to the healers, the seeds have capacity to suck the poison. After sucking the poison completely, it falls automatically. The natives are also well aware of this use. The rice growers of Chhattisgarh use common weed Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) in treatment. The roots are collected and an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally in order to reduce the pain. The healers of Bagbahera region use, the leaves and roots of Safed Kaner (Nerium odorum) both internally and externally in treatment. Externally, the roots are applied in form of aqueous paste whereas internally leaf juice is given. According to the healers the intake of leaf juice produces depression in many cases. In these cases, they suggest the patients to take cow ghee internally to nullify the effects. They also recommend the use of Shikakai (Acacia concinna) with Paan leaves in order to get rid from pain. The healers of Durg region apply the sprouts of Doomar (Ficus glomerata) externally on affected parts. The natives of Bagbahera region, use Hing (Asafoetida) powder mixed with the latex of Fudhar externally in treatment. This combination is applied on affected parts. Like the seeds of Imli, the traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh, use the seeds of Kuchla (Strychnos nux-vomica). The seeds are rubbed in water and kept on affected part. The seeds suck the poison, the healers claim. Although rare, but this herb is still present in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. The healers of this region also use the roots of Adusa (Adhatoda vasica) for the same purpose. The aqueous paste is prepared and applied externally on affected parts to reduce to effects of poison. The natives of Chhattisgarh never miss the chance to consume the leaves of Gumma bhaji (Leucas cephalotus) during every rainy season. It is common belief that one season intake of this herb as vegetable or curry, develops typical smell inside the human body enough to repel away the venomous creatures including Scorpions. Gumma is a common field weed and it is not difficult to collect it for consumption. Its delicious taste attracts the natives to use it. The consumption of Gumma has many other health benefits also. For details regarding its botany and other traditional uses, I suggest you to read my previous articles. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use Jamun and Neem herbs in treatment of Scorpion bite. Jamun (Syzygium cumini) leaves are applied in form of aqueous paste whereas Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves are given internally to the patients. The above mentioned traditional uses are add up in previous lists of herbs. These uses are enough to prove that why the natives do not afraid much from this venomous creatures? Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herb as used as tonic in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved After loss of vital liquid, pregnancy and severe illness, in general Allopath practitioners recommend tonic to the patients, for extra strength. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use different herbs and herbal formulations for this purpose. They avoid the use of tonics available in markets having synthetic chemicals. Through the ethnobotanical surveys, I collected many interesting information's on this important aspect. The natives and traditional healers of different parts of the state use different formulations. Also they use the same herb in different ways. In presented article, I am giving details regarding these traditional uses. The traditional healers of Bael (Aegle marmelos) tree rich areas of Chhattisgarh collect the matured fruits from trees and extract the fruit pulp. The pulp is dried and converted into powder. A teaspoonful of powder with a glass of lukewarm cow milk is recommended twice a day. The treatment is continued upto two months. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh recommend the use of matured fruits of Tomato (Tamatar) to gain extra strength in less time. According to the traditional healers, Tomato fruit is having the capacity to flush out harmful and poisonous substances from human body. This is the reason the traditional healers suggest the patients taken Allopathic medicines to eat plenty of Tomato fruits to flush out the remains. After this flush out, they start herbal treatment. As I always mention, the healers use only organically grown Tomato fruits for preparation of medicine. In place of matured fruits, freshly extracted juice is also recommended. Tomato is considered as good appetizer. The traditional healers of Narharpur region recommend the use of Harra fruit powder (Terminalia chebula) with honey (Shahad) and cow ghee. The use is continued upto two months. Harra is a common medicinal tree in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains prepare a special herbal tea using Lemon fruit juice. In place of regular tea, the healers recommend its daily use. The method of preparation is simple. They take a cup of boiled water and add a pinch of rock salt, one tea spoonful of sugar, ten drops of Lemon fruit juice and one fourth teaspoonful roasted Cumin seeds. Sugar is added just for taste, hence it can be avoided. In general, the natives suggest the patients to take this herbal tea thrice a day. The healers are also aware of this tea. They add some more herbs like Pudina (Mentha), Tulsi (Ocimum sp) in this herbal tea to make it stronger. The traditional healers of all parts of Chhattisgarh recommend the use of Aonla fruits (Phyllanthus emblica) as tonic. In general, they suggest the patients to include this fruit in different forms in their routine life. In Chhattisgarh, the natives prepare many Aonla based dishes, Chutneys, Achar (Pickles), Sharbat etc. In these forms, Aonla can be included in meals. In local markets, many Aonla based herbal formulations are available. The urban natives use these formulations. The natives of rural and forest areas are aware about adulteration that is common in these formulations. Aonla based Ayurvedic formulation Chyvanprash is available in several brands in Chhattisgarh. Every manufacture claims that his product is genuine and there is no adulteration. I collected many samples from market and gifted the natives and traditional healers to verify the claims the manufactures are making. Although the natives and healers have no modern laboratory facilities but with the help of in depth traditional knowledge they rejected most of the samples by saying that it do not contains Aonla fruits. They confirmed that in remaining samples Aonla is used but as recommended in Ayurveda, wild species of Aonla was not used. To avoid its use, many traditional healers prepare Chyvanprash in their homes, in front of patients, and use it with faith and confidence. Although this Chyvanprash lacks attractive packaging and relatively higher in price but the natives never miss the chance to purchase this genuine herbal formulation. During winter season, the healers suggest the use of Asgandh roots (Withania somnifera). The patients having very poor vitality are advised by the healers to use this herb carefully and under their guidance . A teaspoonful of root powder with cow milk, once in a day is recommended. In general, the healers do not allow its use round the year. For female patients, they suggest the use of Satavari root powder (Asparagus racemosus) in same manner. For little children the traditional healers of Bagbahera region recommend the juice of Piaz (Onion). Two teaspoonful of juice with few pinches of Gud is given once in a day. From my grand father's diary, I have noted the use of Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds as tonic. Two teaspoonful of Methi seeds are dipped in a glass of water for six hours. After completion of this duration, water with Methi seed is boiled and when one fourth quantity of initially quantity remains, the decoction is cool down and with two teaspoonful of Shahad (Honey), it is given to the patients as health drink. According to this diary, it must be taken atleast once in a day till complete relief. It is mentioned as once of the promising tonics. In my previous articles of Til (Sesamum indicum), I have mentioned the traditional uses of Til as tonic. I am not repeating it in this article. The above mentioned traditional uses are not only effective but also cheaper as compared to patent tonics available in markets. This is the reason; these uses are popular among the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article. Common home remedies used in treatment of Tonsillitis in Chhattisgarh Plains, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Like other parts of the world, the problem of Tonsillitis is becoming common in urban areas of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh blame the modern life style as a root cause of this trouble. The decreasing natural resistance is responsible for frequent attacks. The natives of urban areas were dependent on antibiotics earlier now seeing its limited effects; they are showing interest in home remedies and adopting 'Prevention is always better than cure' concept. The healers are giving more emphasis on developing natural body resistance. They are worried by seeing increased number of child patients. The natives of urban areas are also showing interest in Homoeopathic treatment considering it the side effect free therapy. As Homoeopath, I am aware the miracle effects of these drugs in treatment of Tonsillitis. There are many drugs like Baryta carb that can stop the repeated attacks if used judiciously. In general, the natives and traditional healers use home remedies for gargle. According to them, there is no promising alternative to gargle. For gargle, the use of lukewarm salt water is very common. They use herbs in place of salt also. Through ethnobotanical surveys in the Plains of Chhattisgarh, I have collected many such information's. I am giving details in this article. In place of common salt, the natives use Onion juice also. Two teaspoonful of Onion juice is added in a glass of lukewarm water and patients are advised to gargle with this combination. The dried leaves of Pudina (Mentha arvensis) are used in same manner. A teaspoonful of dried leaves is mixed in lukewarm water. The natives of Durg region use, fresh juice of Adrak (Ginger) one teaspoonful and Shahad (Honey), two teaspoonfuls in lukewarm warm for gargle in treatment of Tonsillitis. For internal use, the use of Haldi is considered as promising treatment. One teaspoonful of Haldi powder with a cup of lukewarm cow milk is given to the patients. It acts as indigenous antibiotic. This use is repeated upto atleast five weeks. It acts as both preventive and for treatment. It is recommended once at night before going to sleep. Haldi (Turmeric) is well known and commonly used medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh. I am describing its botany in brief. According to reference literatures, Haldi (Curcuma longa) is a herb with oblong and palmate tubers; Leaves long stalked, lanceolate, tapering to each end, smooth, of a uniform green; spike central, oblong, green. Haldi holds a reputed position as medicinal herb in different systems of medicine in India. Internally, Anar leaf juice is also used for this purpose. The patients are advised to take leaf juice regularly in order to avoid the attack. The leaf juice is also used for gargle. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains claim that through these herbs and herbal combination the problem of Tonsillitis can be managed efficiently. We are conducting detailed surveys in other parts of Chhattisgarh, I will write more on this aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Pneumonia in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The use of Haldi powder (Turmeric) is very common in Chhattisgarh in treatment of Pneumonia. The traditional healers take a teaspoonful of Haldi powder, two cloves of Lason (Garlic) and half litre of cow milk. After mixing, Haldi powder and Lason cloves in milk, it is boiled. When half quantity remains (of initial quantity), boiling is stopped and lukewarm milk is given to the patients. After its intake the patients are advised to go for sleep. It is considered as one of the promising treatments. For children, the healers reduce the quantity of herbs and milk to half. The intake is recommended till complete cure. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use the raw juice of Neem leaves externally in treatment of Pneumonia. The lukewarm juice is massaged on chest. It is used as supplement to regular treatment. From the traditional healers of Narharpur region, I got valuable information on use of Pippali fruits (Piper longum) in treatment. Two fruits are roasted and powdered. This powder is given with Shahad (Honey) to the patients. A teaspoonful Honey is used. According to the healers they use it in treatment of child patients specially. The use of Tulsi herb is also very popular in Chhattisgarh for this trouble. The healers advise the patients to use, the decoction of Tulsi leaves in every hour. Other herbs like Adrak (Ginger), Laung (Clove), Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) are also added in this decoction to make it more useful. In general, the healers suggest the patients to increase the intake of Mattha (Whey) during treatment. Whey is considered as promising drink that helps in treatment of Pneumonia. Like Whey, the healers also recommend the use of Pure Honey (Shahad) during and also after the treatment to avoid repeated attacks. I have mentioned it in my previous articles that the traditional healers recommend the use of spider web internally in treatment of Pneumonia. The common spider webs found in rice bunds and wastelands are preferred. I have seen its practical uses many times. The healers of different parts of Chhattisgarh use it in different ways. In general, it is given with milk. The healers claim that one to two doses are enough to cure the trouble effectively. I personally feel that there is a need for scientific investigations so that this unique use can be promoted in other rice belts of the world. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region suggest the patients to prepare curry by using the leaves of Munga (Moringa sp.) And use it during meals. According to them, Munga leaf is a boon for the patients. They also prepare a special decoction by boiling Sonth (Dried Ginger) and roots of Andi (Ricinus communis) in water. This decoction is used internally. They prepare another decoction also in case of complications. The Methi seeds (Fenugreek) and Shahad are mixed in water and solution is boiled. This decoction is used twice a day. The traditional healers of Southern Chhattisgarh prepare different types of decoctions using natural herbs found commonly in nearby forests. From my Guru, Shri Vishal Bharat, I got information on herbal mixture that can be used successfully in treatment of this trouble. In this herbal mixture Jangli Piaz, Bharangi, Chitrak, Sonth, whole herb of Bhatkatiya and bark of Babool are used. The mixture is boiled in water and decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to take this decoction once in a day till complete cure. I have tried this herbal formulation successfully many times. As the names of Jagli Piaz and Bharangi are coming for the first time in my articles, I am giving details regarding its botany and reported medicinal uses. For detailed information on Chitrak (Plumbago sp.), Sonth (Dried Ginger), Bhatkatiya (Solanum xanthocarpum) and Babool (Acacia nilotica) I suggest you to read my previous articles. According to reference literatures, Bharangi (Clerodendron serratum) is a shrub with bluntly quadrangular stems; Leaves ternately whorled, sometimes opposite, oblong or elliptic, sharply serrate; Flowers many, shown in lax dichotomous cymes with a pair of bracts at each branching and a flower in the fork, collectively forming a terminal panicle; Corolla pale blue, the larger lower one deflexed; Fruits drupe, obovoid, black, fleshy; flowering time August to October in Chhattisgarh conditions. Bharangi holds a reputed position in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India. According to Ayurveda, root is dry, heating, stomachic, anthelmintic, and useful in bronchitis, asthma, ozoena, fevers, blood diseases, inflammations, tumours, burning sensations, hiccup, consumption, tubercular glands, wounds etc. According to the Unani system of medicine, root increases appetite, lessens expectoration, useful in inflammation, bronchitis, asthma, fevers etc. Jangli Piaz (Urginea indica) is one of the well known non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh having regular demand. Botanically, it is a herb with white, ovoid or globose bulb; Leaves appearing after the flowers, flat, linear, scape erect 30-45 cm; Flowers in racemes 15-30 cm long; perianth companulate, stalks long, drooping; Corolla with petals lanceolate, light brown; Fruit capsule, ellipsoid, tapering to both ends; seeds Flattened, black. According to Ayurveda, bulb is pungent, heating anthelmintic, alexiteric and useful in vomiting. The traditional healers of Bastar region use Harra and Bahera fruit powder mixed in equal proportion, in treatment of Pneumonia. The healers of Bhopalpatnam region prepare a special decoction by boiling the roots of Bhatkatiya and Kali Haldi (Curcuma caesia) in water. This decoction is considered as beneficial in treatment. Through the ethnobotanical surveys I have listed out 185 traditional healers specialized in treatment of pneumonia. I have observed that the natives also have in-depth traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in the treatment. I am trying hard to gather more information on traditional uses and in future article, I will write more on this important aspect. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Acidity in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Pendra region of Chhattisgarh use the roots of medicinal herb Bach (Acorus calamus) in treatment of Acidity. The roots are dried and powdered. The root powder is given with Gud (Jaggery) or Shahad (Honey) to the patients. Bach is both under cultivation as well as found in natural forests. In Chhattisgarh, two species of Bach have been reported. Acorus calamus and Acorus gramineus. The first species is common whereas A. gramineus is rare. For the treatment of Acidity, the traditional healers prefer A. gramineus as compared to A. calamus. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, in the name of Bach only the medicinal properties and uses of A. calamus have been described. I am proud to write that the traditional healers use both the species as medicine. A gramineus is not under cultivation. The traditional healers living in areas having no Bach population are dependent on local herb shops for Bach roots. The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use many such herbs like Bach alone or in combination with other herbs in treatment of Acidity. During the ethnobotanical surveys, I have observed that the problem of acidity is more common in urban areas as compared to rural areas. The traditional healers blame modern life style and 'Hurry, Worry, Curry' culture for this problem. Instead of using the anti-acid drugs or herbs, the healers believe in total cure i.e. the problem responsible for acidity must be rooted out. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains suggest the patients having the problem of acidity to eat more and more puffed Rice (Murra locally) in between two meals in order to avoid the trouble. As you know, Chhattisgarh is a rice bowl of India and well known for rice production. In early days, puffed rice was very popular among the natives. Since my childhood, I am fond of puffed Rice. Later when I got aware about its medicinal properties and uses, I started its intake more sincerely. Now the young generation is not showing interest in this traditional breakfast. I personally feel that there is a strong need to popularize puffed Rice and its various preparations among young generation. Like Bach, common herb Bhengra is also used in treatment of Acidity. Bhengra is a weed in rice fields of Chhattisgarh. This is the reason, the natives of rice belts are well aware of its medicinal uses. In my previous articles, I have mentioned the use of Bhengra as hair growth promoter. In treatment of Acidity, Bhengra is used in combination with Harra fruits powder (Terminalia chebula) and Gud (Jaggery). The juice of freshly collected herb is extracted and with Harra powder and Gud, it is given to the patients. Its use is repeated till complete cure. The scientific name of Bhengra is Eclipta alba. The natives use both white and blue flowered species in treatment but white flowered species are preferred. Karanj is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the flowers of Karanj in treatment of Acidity. The patients are advised to prepare a special curry using fresh flowers. For preparation, flowers are roasted with cow ghee. It is recommended twice a day with meals .The healers claim that the flowers have enough capacity to give long time relief. The use of stored flowers is generally avoided. The healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use the fruits of Pippali (Piper longum) with Honey in treatment of Acidity. But it is used for temporary relief. This is the reason, in general the healers avoid its use. From my grandfather's diary, I have noted the information on use of Aonla in combination with other herbs in treatment of Acidity. In this formulation, one teaspoonful of dried and powdered Aonla fruit powder is dipped in one fourth cup of water for whole night. Next morning, half teaspoonful of Sonth (Dried Ginger) and one fourth teaspoonful of raw Zeera (Cumin) are added in this solution. After mixing this solution is added in a cup of lukewarm cow milk. Sugar is added for taste and taken internally. It is described as one of the promising treatments to root out the problem of acidity for ever. My many family friends have tried this formulation and got rid from this trouble. Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) is a common fruit tree in Chhattisgarh. In general, during cropping season the natives use raw Mooli (Raphanus sativus) more and more in order to regulate the digestive system. It is specially recommended for the patients having the problem of acidity. As a student of Homoeopathy, I am aware that Homoeopathic drugs Natrum Phos. And Robinia are promising in treatment of acidity. I have observed that regular and healthy life style is the best remedy to manage the Acidity. But in modern hectic life it is not possible for common person to rely on drugs. Through the ethnobotanical surveys and interactions with the traditional healers, now I am convinced that when you are choosing drugs for Acidity, choose herbal drugs and try to root out the trouble forever. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Hichki (Hiccup or Hiccough) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use over 130 herbs alone or in combination with other herbs both internally and externally in treatment of Hichki. I have yet not identified any traditional healer in Chhattisgarh specialized in treatment of Hichki. For simple cases, the natives use common herbs as home remedies but in complicated cases, they consult the traditional healers. Through the ethnobotanical surveys conducted from 1994- 2003 in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have collected a lot of information on this aspect. I have mentioned many traditional uses in my previous articles. Some important uses are given in present article. Not much has been written by early workers on traditional knowledge about herbs used in treatment in Chhattisgarh. I am feeling proud to write that this article is first written document on this important aspect. Jaiphal (Myristica fragrans) is used as spice and condiment in Chhattisgarh. The natives use Jaiphal in treatment of Hichki. It is given internally with Rice water. An aqueous paste is prepared by mixing Jaiphal in Rice water and patients are advice to take it in little doses .During the ethnobotanical surveys in Bagbahera region, I got information on use of Nimbu (Lemon) fruit rind in treatment of Hichki. The natives keep the dry rind with them after extraction of juice for future use. They use it for various purposes like skin and face care. They also use it in treatment of Hichki as home remedy. The dry rind is burnt and ash is collected. The ash is given with Shahad (Honey) internally. The herb traders of Dhamtari region informed that the wood powder of Deodar tree is promising in treatment of Hichki. It is given with Shahad (Honey) frequently till complete cure. Deodar (Cedrus deodara syn. Pinus deodara) is not found in Chhattisgarh. It is a tall, evergreen tree distributed in N.W. Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal. This was really surprising for me to note the information of medicinal uses of Deodara from the traders of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Mungeli region of Chhattisgarh use the roots of Munga tree in treatment of Hichki. The fresh roots are collected and boiled in water. The decoction is prepared and given to the patients internally. One teaspoonful of decoction is given at the interval of half hour, till complete cure. Munga (Moringa oleifera) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The natives use its green fruits as vegetable. From the traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region, I got information on use of Chandan wood (Santalum album) in treatment. They suggest the patients to mix the wood powder in cow milk and apply few drops of solution in the nose, for immediate relief. When I disclosed and discussed this formulation with the traditional healers of Bastar region, they informed that one must prefer milk of lactating woman for use in place of cow milk for more promising effects. I personally feel that it is a matter of scientific investigation and research to evaluate that which milk is more beneficial? The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region claim that in interior dense forests, there are many Chandan trees but I have yet not seen naturally growing Chandan trees in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Jashpur region of Chhattisgarh use the Kela leaf ash with Shahad internally in treatment. This region is well known for natural population of wild species of Kela (Banana). The natives of Pipal (Ficus religiosa) rich regions of Chhattisgarh use the Lasa of Pipal with Shahad in treatment of Hichki. They also use the Pipal bark externally. They burn the bark and cool it by dipping it in water. After cooling it is converted into powder and after mixing in Dahi (Curd) an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on chest in order to get rid from this trouble. This external use is practiced in case of complications only. The senior natives of village Khudmudi, Durg informed that the fruits of Kaitha can be used for this purpose. The dried fruit powder is given with Shahad (Honey) in treatment. Kaitha (Feronia elephantum syn. F. limonia syn. Limonia acidissima) is a common fruit tree in Chhattisgarh. As home remedy, the natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use Nimbu (Lemon) fruit. The juice is extracted and a pinch of rock salt and a teaspoonful of Shahad are added. It is given to the patients for quick relief. The use of Lason (Garlic) clove is also very popular. The patients are advised to simply smell the freshly cut clove. In normal cases, this simple treatment cures the trouble. The natives use the fresh juice of Pudina leaves internally in treatment of Hichki. One teaspoonful of juice is given at specific interval till complete relief. The long list of herbs used in treatment of Hichki is really encouraging. In general, Hichki is not considered as serious problem and with the help of home remedies, the natives manage it. The natives have belief that Hichki is a sign that any one from far place is remembering. Also in many parts of Chhattisgarh, it is considered as a sign indicating the arrival of guest. It is a matter of scientific investigation but this belief clearly indicates that how lightly the natives take this trouble. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Gout : The results of recent ethnobotanical surveys conducted in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved To study the knowledge status of urban natives about common herbs useful in treatment of Gout, a detailed ethnobotanical survey was conducted during 1998-2000 in Raipur city. As you know, Raipur is a capital city of Chhattisgarh state. Earlier my surveys were focused in rural and forest areas because I have observed that the natives of these areas are more aware of herbs and its uses. Due to modern life style and education, now the natives living in urban areas of Chhattisgarh are loosing interest in herbs. They are consulting Allopath practitioners for the treatment. This observation is not true for all the natives. Many urban natives particularly the senior natives, still have deep faith in traditional uses of herbs. From documentation point of view, it is very essential to documents this traditional knowledge. With this objective, I have started series of ethnobotanical surveys in different big cities of Chhattisgarh. I have noted that the senior natives are using common herbs found in surroundings. They are less aware of herbs found in natural forests. In present article, I am giving details of important information, generated through this ethnobotanical survey. In treatment of Gout, the natives of Raipur city use the leaves of Jam (Psidium guajava) in different ways. The leaves are collected and juice is extracted. This juice is applied externally on painful parts. The natives boil the leaves in water and the affected parts are exposed in fumes. Both methods are used commonly. Jam is a common fruit tree and it is one of the essential components in typical home gardens. In case of severe attack, the natives, advise the patients to take raw juice of two Onion bulbs once in day. I have seen its practical utility many times. This small treatment helps the patients in great way. Although this use requires lot of patience and tolerance, as it is very difficult to intake the Onion juice. But it is considered as promising alternatives to chemically synthesized pain-killers having many side-effects. In treatment of Gout, the use of Garlic is well established. The reference literatures are full of information describing its utility in this trouble. The natives of Raipur city, use Garlic (Lason) both internally and externally. Internally, they never miss to swallow a clove of Garlic just after meals. Externally, they prepare a herbal oil by boiling the Garlic, in base oil. When all watery content evaporates, the oil is collected and stored for future use. This herbal oil is applied externally on painful parts during attack. Many natives use the seeds of Methi (Fenugreek) for the same trouble. The seeds are boiled in water and decoction is prepared .This decoction is used internally both in normal days and during the attack. The use of Namak (Table salt) and Til (Sesamum) oil is also very common in Raipur city. This salted oil is used externally during attack. The fresh juice of Adrak (Ginger) with Shahad (Honey) is also in used. It is given internally. In previous articles, I have mentioned the us of this combination in treatment of respiratory troubles. This is very interesting to document such unique information that the single combination have many uses. Like Garlic oil, many natives use Neem oil in treatment of Gout. But the use of Garlic oil is more popular. To prepare the Neem oil, the leaves are used, not the seeds. The above mentioned traditional use are less in number but are very important from documentation point of view. These uses are still popular among the natives. As the effect of modern culture will increase, in very few years, this traditional knowledge will be lost. I am confident that this document work will be of great help for future generations having interest in traditional uses of herbs that were in practice in past. Thank you very much for reading the article. Popular home remedies used as blood purifier in Chhattisgarh Plains, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh Plains use different herbs according to different seasons, as blood purifier. For example, Aam is used in summer whereas Neem is used in rainy season. In rural and forest areas the regular use of blood purifier is still in existence. The natives never miss to take advantage from prescribed herbs. The herbs used as blood purifier help in maintaining good health and also protect the body from skin troubles. The natives having these troubles are advised specially for the use of these promising herbs. This is a bitter fact that in urban areas the use of blood purifier is decreasing. A small ethnobotanical survey conducted in Chhattisgarh Plains revealed that the natives use over 40 herbs as blood purifier. They prepare the herbal solution and combinations at home and use it without guidance of the healers. Out of the 40 herbs, the use of 5 herbs is very common. Its popularity among the natives clearly indicates its effectiveness. The herbs used as blood purifier are common herbs and natives got it free of cost. During survey I have noted that these herbal formulations are not available in form of patent medicine in markets. In present article, I giving details regarding some important herbs and its uses. The natives use indigenous species of Aam (Mango) fruits during summer as blood purifier. A cup of fruit juice from fully matured fruits is taken and half cup of cow milk, one tea spoonful of cow ghee, two teaspoonfuls of Adrak Ka Ras (Ginger juice) are added. This herbal solution is given internally to the patients twice a day and continued in whole season. Its delicious taste, attracts the children and they take it without any problem. The natives avoid the use of Mango varieties coming from neighboring states for this purpose. For specific period, the natives use of aqueous extract of Aam leaf juice as blood purifier. But this use is limited to few natives. During mid-summer, another medicinal fruits mature. The natives of Bael rich areas of Chhattisgarh Plains use powdered Bael (dry) fruit as blood purifier. It is given with equal quantity of sugar internally. Like Mango fruit juice, the use of Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos) is continued upto the availability of fruits. Its offseason use is neither recommended nor popular in the region. The natives of many parts also use the fresh fruit pulp of Bael with cow milk to get more instant effects. The natives having the capacity to tolerate the specific odd smell of Piaz (Onion) juice use it in combination with Nimbu (Lemon) juice, as blood purifier. It is also given in combination with Shahad (Honey). It is given upto 10 days only once in a year. The natives use common wasteland herb Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) very frequently. The flowers are used as blood purifier. The white flowered Fudhar is preferred. The fresh flowers are collected and mixed with equal quantity of Kali Mirch (Black Pipper). After mixing, small globule at a time is given thrice a day. This combination is used only for a month in any part of the year. As flowering occurs round the year on this herb in Chhattisgarh conditions, the natives are free to use it in any part of the year. In general, the natives avoid its long term use. For ease many natives prepare the globules at once and use it upto prescribed time period but most of the natives use fresh flowers daily for the preparation of globules. Both Haldi and Neem, hold reputed position as blood purifier in different reference literatures related to indigenous system of medicine in India. I am proud to write that the natives of Chhattisgarh Plains are also well aware of its uses as blood purifier. Both herbs occur naturally in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. Many unique and rare species of Haldi (Curcuma sp.) have been reported form the state. Haldi (Curcuma longa) is also under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. The natives of different parts use Haldi powder in different ways. In general, half teaspoonful Haldi powder, one teaspoonful of dried Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit powder are mixed and the taken with lukewarm water. The time period of its use is one month. The recommended dose is twice a day. In rainy season, specially in first fortnight of July, the natives never miss to use newly emerged Neem leaves as blood purifier. Many natives use its bitter but promising juice for the same purpose. In Durg region of Chhattisgarh, the natives use matured Neem as blood purifier. On question, that whether single herbal formulation can be used or one can use all combination in a single year? The natives have difference in opinion. Many of them use many of the above mentioned herbal formulations in different seasons in a year, whereas many use only one formulation. I decided to interact with the healers. According to the healers, any formulation is not suitable for every one. After examine the patients, they recommend the best suited formulation to them. Through the popular articles in regional languages, we are trying to aware the natives about the healer's opinions are very valuable for the natives. They are adopting it carefully. This is good sign. Thank you very much for reading the article. Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of snake bite : The result of recent ethnobotanical surveys in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The recently conducted ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh revealed that the natives and traditional healers use many herbs both internally and externally in treatment of snake bite. Many herbs are used commonly for scorpion and snake bite. In previous articles, I have written a lot on the herbs that are used. The present article is the supplement to previous articles. Mahua is well known non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. Mahua is a large, evergreen tree found commonly in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Madhuca longifolia. The traditional healers of Mahua rich areas use its seeds externally in treatment of snake bite. The seeds are rubbed in water and aqueous paste is prepared this paste is applied in affected parts. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the seeds are given internally with water also with its external use. The natives use Neem leaves as first aid remedy the patients are advised to take more and more Neem leaves in order to nullify the lethal effects of poison. In general, the natives of snake rich areas where snake bites are common, use Neem leaves regularly particularly during rainy season. According to them, the regular use of Neem leaves, makes the body enough strong to reduce the effects of snake poison. The natives of Chhattisgarh Plains use both leaves and roots of common wasteland herb Fudhar (Calotropis gigantea) in treatment of snake bite. The yellow leaves of Fudhar are taken and with the help of its latex, an aqueous paste is prepare. This paste is converted into small globules. These globules are given to the patients as a treatment of snake bite. They prefer freshly collected leaves for this purpose but it can be stored also. You can see, the containers filled with these small globules with the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh specialized in treatment of snake bite. The natives also use the aqueous extract of Fudhar roots for the same purpose. In my previous articles, on herbs used in treatment of Scorpion bites, I have mentioned the use of Kaner roots and leaves internally in treatment. The same treatment is also considered effective against snake poison. Like Mahua, Parsa is also a common tree in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. Many villages have been named on this herb because of its dense population in the villages. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use, the roots of Parsa both internally and externally in treatment of snake bite. The aqueous extract of roots is given internally whereas aqueous paste is applied externally. The natives are also aware of this use. They use it as first aid remedy. This use is very popular among the herb collectors. The scientific name of Parsa is Butea monosperma. Champa is well known ornamental herb. The natives plant this herb in their home-gardens for its beautiful fragrant flowers. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh that this herb attracts and provides shelter to venomous creatures more powerfully. Champa is present in my home garden but I have yet not seen these venomous creatures under this herb. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Champa alone and in combination with other herbs in treatment of snake poison. The patients are given the fresh flower buds of Champa. The dry bud can be used but it is boiled in cow milk and given to the patients. The healers also use the bark of Champa with the bark of Bael (Aegle marmelos), mixed in equal ratio, in treatment. It is used in decoction form. The decoction is given internally in large quantities till complete cure. The scientific name of Champa is Michelia champaca. The medicinal fruit tree Bael is also used for this purpose. The healers of Southern Chhattisgarh take the fresh roots of Bael, Kaith (Feronia sp.) And wild species of Chaulai (Amaranthus spinosus) and mix it in equal proportion. After mixing juice is extracted and given to the patients frequently. The traditional healers of Mungeli region of Chhattisgarh use the Munga bark in combination with Reetha (Sapindus emarginatus) in treatment. The aqueous extract is given internally. To increase its properties, Black Pipper (Kali Mirch) is also added in this combination. The scientific name of Munga is Moringa oleifera. The natives of Sirsa tree (Albizia lebbeck) rich areas of Chhattisgarh use, the flowers juice of Sirsa in combination with Black Pipper, internally in treatment of snake bite. According to the natives, this use slows down the effect of poison and is promising first aid remedy, till the arrival of the traditional healers. Sagon is well known timber tree. Its wood is used for ship building, construction work, furniture and cabinet-work. Also it is used for musical instruments including violin keys, long neck of Sitar and body of harmonium. The natives use the Sagon (Tectona grandis) roots in treatment of snake bite. The aqueous extract of roots is given internally. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also aware of use of leaf and bark juice of common ornamental herb Harshringar (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis) for the same purpose. This supplement list is very exhaustive. As snake bites are common in Chhattisgarh, the natives and healers have discovered many promising herbs and developed herbal formulations effective against this trouble. This valuable information can be a boon for the researcher working on this aspect and also for the natives of different corners of the world, living in snake rich areas. Thank you very much for reading the article. (Contd.)