Pankaj Oudhia's Research Documents on Biodiversity and Traditional Healing. Part-10

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Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Kodh (Leprosy) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As the colour of spots is white, most of the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, recommend the patients suffering from leprosy to avoid the use of white food material viz. milk, curd, sugar, rice etc. They also instruct the patients to avoid fish. Few decades back, Leprosy was the serious problem not only in Chhattisgarh, but also in other parts of India. But due to extensive programmes by the Indian Government, now natives are aware of this disease and the number is decreasing. During my ethnomedico surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I observed that very few traditional healers are aware of Leprosy treatment. Most of the traditional healers claim that they have enough knowledge to treat this disease but the patients taking herbs under their supervision informed me that they are able to reduce its intensity but unable to cure it. My surveys revealed that total 25 traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are specialized in the treatment of Leprosy. I have interacted all these traditional healers and discussed the herbs used by them. All the healers use some common herbs. Few herbs are very specific and the specific healers avoid to disclose these. In this article, I am describing traditional medicinal knowledge about some promising herbs used for the treatment of Leprosy by the traditional healers and natives. All healers use different parts of tree for the treatment of Leprosy. It is common belief among the traditional healers that the impurities of blood are responsible for this disease. Many healers blame the evil spirits for this disease and according to them, Neem is able to purify the blood and remove away the evil spirits, Although it is now scientifically proven that Leprosy is not a contagious disease but in Chhattisgarh, natives still believe that it is contagious and they advise the patients to live with the traditional healers till cure or they make separate unit for the patients. If the family members are ready to pay the expenses, the traditional healers generally agree to keep the patients under their supervision. The healers prepare a special hut for the patients. The healers mix Neem and Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) leaves in the mud to be used to build the hut. These huts are built near to Neem plantations and during noon, the patients are advised to take rest under these trees. The traditional healers are aware of the fact that this is time taking disease and require lot of patience. For internal and external application, the healers use Neem parts in different ways. For preparation of drugs, the healers prefer 20-30 years old Neem trees only. They use the decoction of different parts of Neem for the treatment. In decoction, besides bark, leaves, roots and flowers of Neem, Harra (Terminalia chebula), Baheda (Terminalia bellirica), Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), Bemchi (Psoralea corylifolia), Babool (Acacia nilotica) are added. The healers instruct the patients to avoid spicy food during the use of decoction. The patients informed me that it is very difficult to use this decoction because of extreme bitter taste. They request the healers to add sweetening herbs, but they compel them to take the decoction in original form. According to patients, it acts as purgative. The traditional healers confirmed this and informed that it is necessary to drain out the impurities and vish (toxins) out of the body. The healers also advise the patients to collect the dew drops from Neem leaves and apply this useful dew drops in spots for early relief. As socially Leprosy is not considered as safe disease, in general common people neglect the patients . According to traditional healers, when patients come for the treatment first time, most of them are depressed and it is very necessary to make them mentally sound and healthy first. During treatment the healers, assign many complicated works to the patients in order to make them busy. According to the patients, the collection of dew drops is very difficult work but healers always insist to collect more and more dew drops. The use of dew drops collected from Neem leaves for the treatment of Leprosy is not ned in reference literatures. I am proud to write the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of this unique use and it is still in practice. I personally feel that there is a strong need for scientific evaluation in order to explain its effects. Neem is valuable herb for the traditional healers. Now whole world is aware of its miracle healing properties. Neem is a common tree in the state. I am describing its botany, I have noted from the reference literatures. Neem (Azadirachta indica; family Meliaceae) is a large, evergreen tree; stem straight and long, bole 6 meters, with a large crown; Bark grey or dark grey or nearly black, rough, reddish-brown inside the numerous, oblique furrows and scattered tubercles; Leaf imparipinnate, alternative, 20-40 cm long; leaf lets 8-19, alternate or opposite oblique or sub-falcate, falcate-lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, glossy, bluntly serrate; Flower white or pale yellow, generally small, honey-scented, numerous, in slender, lax axillary panicles; Fruit green, turning yellow on ripening, aromatic, oblong, ovoid-oblong, smooth drupe, 1.3-1.8cm long; seed 3300-6300 per kilogram with no dormancy, viability long. Neem holds a reputed position in almost all the systems of medicine in India. In my previous article on Traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used as Heart tonic in Chhattisgarh, India, I have described about the uses of medicated wooden glasses for the treatment of common diseases. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, prepare a special medicated wooden glass for Leprosy patients also. Fortunately, this glass is also useful in treatment of another common disease diabetes. This glass in prepared from the wood of Beejasal tree. The tree used to prepare the glasses should be 40-50 pears old at least. The healers instruct the patients to fill water in this glass at night, and next morning, drink the leachate empty stomach. The diabetic patients are instructed in different way, I will describe it in future article. In absence of glass, the healers use the piece of wood and advise the patients to dip it in measured quantity of water. According to traditional healers of Pendra region, the regular use of this medicated glass prevents body from harmful pathogen and increase the resistance. It is good and recommended for natives of all age group. The healers are not sure but they believe that regular use of this wooden glass prevents the attack of Leprosy also. For confirmation scientific studies are necessary. The scientific name of Beeja Sal is Pterocarpus marsupium. It is common practice in Chhattisgarh, to apply the bark decoction of Hingan in skin disease externally. In case of Sendri mata (Small pox) the natives still use this tree to prepare a decoction to wash the affected part. Most of the natives use it (along with the Allopathic drugs) for the treatment of Sendri mata. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, advise the Leprosy patients to make powder from dried Hingan bark and take a teaspoonful of this powder daily morning empty stomach in order to get early relief. According to the traditional healers this powder is for specific patients. Many patients react badly after taking it but the patients having no problem from this powder, get cure in very less time. The healers are also surprised by the miracle effects of Hingan bark powder. The traditional healers of Dhamtari region informed me that he had tried the roots in the same way as the bark but roots are not much effective. Like other trees, very old Hingan trees are preferred by the ional healers. In case of new trees, they increase the quantity of powder. There is no thumb rule for this but the healers increase the quantity on the basis of their experiences. In reference literatures, not much have been written on utility of its in case of Leprosy. According to the reference literatures, the bark possess anthelmintic and spasmolytic properties. The uses of Hingan are coming in my articles for the first time, I am describing its botany in short. The scientific name of Hingan is anites roxburghii (family Balantitaceae). According to reference literatures, Hingan is a spiny, evergreen tree up to 9 meters height; Bark grey, 6mm thick; Leaf bifoliate, leaflets elliptic or obovate; Flower small, greenish-white, fragrant; Fruit woody, ovoid, 5-gooved drupe, enclosing on oily seed in bitter pulp. Hingan is a common tree in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. Pitta or Pittpapda is common roadside weed in many parts of Chhattisgarh. I have seen it in Sarguja region where it competes with upland crops. Although farmers are not aware of its uses but for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, it is valuable herb. In my surveys, I have noted many ethnomedico uses of Pittpapda, and it is used in combination of other herbs only. I have yet not get the information on use of Pittpapda used alone in treatment of any disease. For the treatment of Leprosy the traditional healers use Pittpapda in combination with Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Bramhadandi, Harra (Terminalia chebula), and Baheada (Terminalia bellirica). Asgandh is not reported in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers purchase this herb from local herb shops. The traditional healers of Pendra informed me that in this combination. Pittpapda is most important and essential component and one can avoid the use of Asgandh without much problem. In name of Bramhadandi, the traditional healers use common weed Tridax procumbens but in reference literatures, many other herbs are mentioned in the name of Bramhadandi. The use of Tridax in Leprosy treatment is not mentioned in reference literatures. All these herbs are collected and dried in shade. The equal parts of all herb are then converted into powder. The healers select the earthen vessel and fill it with well water. In this water, powder is mixed and vessel is kept under the shade of neem tree whole night. Next morning, they filter the solution and give the leachate to patients. The scientific name of Pittpapda is Fumaria indica (Family Papaveraceae). Botanically it is diffuse much branched annual glaucous herb; Leaves with flat linear segments; flowers small, white is or rose coloured, sepals two, lanceolate; Fruits globose, rugose when dry with two pits at the top, single seeded. According to traditional healers of Bastar region, Shisham is a promising blood purifier and very useful in treatment of Leprosy. The healers informed me that all parts of Shisham are useful in treatment but barks are mostly and frequently used part. For the healers of Bastar region the river Indravati is equivalent to river Ganga. The healers use the water of Indravati for the preparation of drug instead of water from other sources. According to them, as the river flows through natural forests rich in valuable medicinal herbs and soils, its water is itself a medicine. During my surveys, I have seen the vessels full of Indravati river water with the traditional healers. For specific disease like Leprosy, the traditional healers of Bastar region, use only the river water for preparation of drug. They advise the patients to take regular bath in river water in order to get early relief. The Shisham trees nearer to Indravati river are preferred by the healers to prepare the drug. The bark is converted into powder and mixed it in river water. The healers advise the patients to take this solution daily before going for sleep. About 250 gms. of bark powder is dipped in 3 litres of river water. Many healers instruct the patients to add the sugar in this combination to make it tasty. As in general white food material is restricted, the healers avoid the use of sugar. Some healers boil the powder in river water and prepare a decoction. This decoction is given to the patients after lunch. The healers give this solution up to forty days and after break of one month, repeat it again for next forty days. According to the healers, first dose is enough in most of the cases. The healers take special precaution in case of patients suffering from diabetes. For diabetic patients, they prefer Beejasal as compared to Shisham. Although Shisham is mentioned as medicinal herb in reference literatures but the uses have not been described in detail. The ethnomedico use of this useful herb are also not available in literatures. The scientific name of Shisham is Dalbergia sissoo (family Leguminoseae). Sesham is a large, deciduous tree; Stem with light crown.; Bark grey, longitudinally or sometime reticulately furrowed; leaf compound, flower yellowish white, in axillary panicles of short racemes; Fruit pale brown, one to four seeded pod; seed reniform, flat, light brown, with papery testa, seeds viable up one year. I personally feel that there is a need of scientific studies to evaluate the medicinal uses of Shisham in treatment of Leprosy. Among less frequently used herbs, Babool (Acacia nilotica),. Samudhraphal (Argyria speciosa), Sarphonk (Tephrosia purpurea), Sirsa (Albizia sp.) are main herbs. The healers use the different parts of these herbs as supplement to major treatment. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh plains use Babool Bark in same manner as Shisham Bark is used by the healers of Bastar region. But according to them, it is less effectives as compared to Shisham bark. Many healers use the combination of Babool and Sirsa Bark in order to increase the efficacy of Babool Bark. The Babool gum is also used by the traditional healers. The traditional healers of Sarguja region, use the bark of Samudhraphal tree for Leprosy treatment. I personally feel that there is a strong need of scientific evaluation to understand the effect of different tree barks alone and in combination with other tree barks. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Ear related diseases in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh instruct the common natives to take special care of their ears round the year. According to them ear is one of the important organ and it is very difficult to treat the ear related diseases. They advise the natives to always put cotton buds in ears during sleep particularly in rainy and winter seasons. In early days when the natives were living in villages and forests and sleeping on floor, the use of cotton buds was common practice but now very few natives take this special precaution The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use many common herbs in treatment of ear related diseases but before describing the herbs, I would like to describe the use of herbal pillow recommended by the healers for these diseases. The traditional healers prepare a special herbal pillow using the floss of Fudhar herb. According to them, this low is warm enough to protect the ear and head from cold. This pillow repel away the harmful insects from ear holes. One can use these pillows round the year to prevent the ear related troubles. Many healers recommend Fudhar floss in place of cotton buds for ears. During my ethnomedico surveys, I observed the use of this herbal pillow. Almost all traditional healers specialized in treatment of ear related diseases are aware of this use. The traditional healers of Pendra region informed me that they prepare herbal pillow using cotton in majority, only small quantity of floss is added. According to them , the nature of floss is very hot and if they prepare the pillow using the floss alone, it can cause harm to the patients. There is difference in opinion among the healers on the quantity of floss to be used for preparation of pillow. They are agree that in pillows for woman, children and patients having poor vital force, less quantity of floss should be used. Also the healers never allow the pregnant woman to use this pillow. This pillow is also useful in other troubles also. According to the traditional healers, it is beneficial for the patients of insomnia. The typical smell of old floss repel away the mosquitoes from head region. This typical smell is intolerable for many natives and they request the healers to permit them to add perfumes or aromatic herbs in pillow. But in general, the healers do not allow them for this. The use of Fudhar floss is not mentioned in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, for the treatment of ear related diseases. I personally feel that there is a strong need for scientific evaluation. The surveys conducted to know the popularity of these pillows among natives revealed that the use of these pillows is decreasing in Chhattisgarh. The new generation is totally unaware of these pillows. As collection of floss is very tedious job and natives are dependent on the traditional healers for pillows, the natives are loosing interest. Recently when I saw many TV advertisement about the special pillows for specific troubles, I decided to inform the world community about the herbal pillow prepared from Fudhar floss. Fudhar is a common roadside and wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Calotropis gigantea (family Asclepiadaceae). I have written a lot about its traditional uses and botany in my previous articles. Fudhar holds a reputed position in almost all system of medicine in India. All parts possess valuable medicinal properties. Many friends from reputed companies engaged in manufacturing of pillows and mattresses, told me that these companies use this Fudhar floss frequently but they are not aware of its medicinal properties. They said that my article will definitely encourage them to think on this important aspect. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, are ready to share their knowledge to these manufactures but they are afraid of commercial exploitation. I personally feel that there is a need for the documentation of this knowledge systematically because every healers have different answers on the quantity of floss and the size of the pillows. The researchers can play a vital role in standardizing the method and quantity. Only after this the role of the manufactures will start. Last week when I was playing a role of Agriculture Minister of Chhattisgarh in a drama organized by the Chhattisgarh Assembly Authorities, I suggested the specialists and industrialists of Chhattisgarh to think on this important aspect. The traditional healers and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge on use of different herbs, both internally and externally, in treatment of ear related diseases. They use over100 species of herbs. The natives use Neem and Tulsi herbs most frequently. It is general practice to apply the fresh neem leaf juice into the ears as primary treatment. The natives also use fresh leaf juice of Sirsa (Albizia sp.) in place of neem leaf juice. According to them, both are equally effective. As neem trees are most common and easily available, it is preferred by the natives. In case of severe pain due to cold, the natives warm up the juice slightly and apply it. In northern Chhattisgarh, the natives collect the fresh leaves and boil it in water. The patients are advised to put ears in fumes. Many natives burn the dried leaves and fumes are used in same way. The traditional healers of Durg region uses specific formula. He take three yellow leaves of Neem and two pinch of Haldi powder (Turmeric) and mix these in cow urine. Few drops are then added into the ears to cure the cold borne earache. He informed me that to prepare more potential solution, one should use the first urine of pregnant woman. According to him , he gives second preference to bachelor’s urine and third preference to cow’s urine. As first two are not easily available he uses cow’s urine in routine treatment. He also told me that mixture of Neem seed oil and pure honey is also beneficial in this trouble. I am really very impressed by the traditional medicinal knowledge about urine therapy in Chhattisgarh. During my Mount Abu visit, I got information on use of Unt (Camel) and Bhed (Sheep) urine for the treatment of earache. The Unani practitioner of Durg city uses the urine of infants for external application. This is very essential to study the efficacies of urine from different sources used in treatment of ear related diseases. The herbal oils play an important role in treatment of ear related disease. Among these oil Sarson Ka Tel (Mustard Oil) is used most frequently. The natives apply lukewarm Sarson Ka Tel into the ears as preliminary treatment. The natives boil the lavang (Clove) and Lasun ( Garlic) in this oil and use it in same way. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, Sarson Ka Tel is good remedy for earache, tinnitus, hearing troubles etc. The traditional healers of Saraipali region, boil the Gorakhmundi (locally known as Gudaria) herb in Sarson ka Tel and use this herbal oil in treatment of ear related diseases. The traditional healers of Bagbahera region, add Blumea herb (locally known as Kukronda or Kukurmutta) in this herbal oil to increase its efficacy. The traditional healers of Bastar region, use neem leaves, Kali mirch (Black Pipper) and Bakain leaves, with Gorakhmundi and Blumea. The traditional healers of Kanker region use only Gorakhmundi and bark of Sirsa (Albizia sp.) to prepare oil. These are really very interesting observations. In all the oils, Gorakhmundi is an essential component and the healers of different region, use many other herbs in name of increasing its potential. I would like to attract the attention of herb researchers towards these combinations and request them to start a systematic study to evaluate the efficacies of these oils. Recently, I have started new experiment. In this experiment, I am encouraging the traditional healers of one region to adopt and test the same oil prepared by the traditional healers of other regions and vice-versa. This is very difficult task because every healer have their own ‘egos’ and they feel that their combinations are best. I avoid to disclose the origin of oil among them. I am getting encouraging results. This experimentation is saving the cost of expensive R & D activities. Recently when I discussed this experiment to local NGO (non-governmental organization), they requested me to prepare a detailed project on this aspect. According to them , with this project they can earn (?) good income and project. But my past experiences do not allow me to take grant for this type of social work . All the articles you have read so far are based on ethnomedico surveys and you will be surprised to know that I have yet not taken a single pie for these surveys and documentation. I am fortunate that mother nature has assigned this important responsibility to me many traditional healers use til oil (Sesamum) in place of Sarson ka Tel. The healers of Durg region, boil the Gobhi (Cauliflower) and Mooli (Radish) leaves in Til oil and use it in same way. Two parts of Gobhi and Mooli are taken and one part of Til oil is taken to prepare this herbal oil. Many healers use the leaves and flowers of ornamental plant Chameli with Til oil. Th healers use Sonth (dried Ginger), Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), Baibirang, Vidhara, Haldi, Ama Haldi, Leaves of Nirgundi also to prepare Til oil based herbal oil. All these herbs are common herbs in natural forests of Chhattisgarh. In Dantewada region, the use of Pen oil (Celastrus paniculata) in ear related diseases is also popular. For the treatment of ear ache, the natives and traditional healers, use different herbs. Mostly the leaves are used. The fresh juice is applied into the ears. Since centuries, the natives and healers are conducting experiments and now they are well aware about herbs safe for delicate ears. Their experiments are still in progress. Now they have focused their studies in exotic herbs like Eucalyptus, Lantana, Parthenium, Eupatorium, Rungia etc. The natives and traditional healer use the leaf juice of Tulsi (Ocimum species; wild species are preferred as compared to cultivated one), Sukhdarshan, Bhang, Chukandar, Dhikuar (Aloe sp.) Nirgundi (Vitex negundo), Piyaz (Onion), Hurhur (Cleome viscosa),. Alsi (Linseed) etc. Many traditional healers use the fruit of Indrayan with Til oil to prepare special oil. The natives roast (slightly) these leaves on fire and after this, the juice is extracted. Few drops of this juice are applied into the ears. I am in search of answer of the question, that why yellow leaves of Fudhar and neem (as described earlier) are preferred by the natives and traditional healers ? As over 100 herbs are used both externally and internally, I am eager to know about the preference to herbs given by the traditional healers and natives. Are all herbs equally effective or perfect substitute ? In general, the patients complain earache and according to well known Allopath, many factors are responsible for any earache. He is also eager to know whether these herbs alleviate the pain only or help in curing the disease completely. I am sure that my on going studies and surveys will help us to answer these questions. Interactions with the Traditional Healers of Chhattisgarh, India specialized in use of some promising herbal oils Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved The traditional healers and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about useful herbal oil. Through my Ethnobotanical surveys, I have collected information regarding over 4000 types of herbal oils. Besides these, the traditional healers and natives also prepare special oils from different insects, mites and other creatures. In these oils, single herb or combination of different herbs are used. The healers and natives adopt special method for preparation of these oils. On the basis of stages of diseases and nature of patients, they prepare oils of different potency. These observations clearly indicate that they have deep traditional medicinal knowledge. Since my grandfather’s time, we are preparing over 50 types of herbal oils useful in treatment of common troubles like headache to complicated troubles like gout. This traditional knowledge is saving our medical expenses to the greater extent. The procedure for preparation of these oils is very complicated but my mother still adopt all the procedure described by my grandfather sincerely and as per strict instruction, we never charge money or fees for these herbal oils. Our special oils for gout and hair care are very popular among family friends. As native of Chhattisgarh, I have special respect towards this herbal oils because from my childhood I am seeing and experiencing its miracle healing effects. As mentioned earlier, over 4000 types of herbal oils are in use in the state, the description of each oil requires a complete detailed article. In my previous articles, I have mentioned some herbal oils in detail. Here I am describing some unique herbal oils useful in treatment of many common diseases. I have collected these information from my surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. In Gandai region of Chhattisgarh, Dasmool is very common herb in dense forests. The traditional healers and natives use the roots of Dasmool to prepare a specific oil for the treatment of hemicrania or migraine. The healers and natives prefer to collect the roots early morning. Although Dasmool root is very common non-wood forest produce in Gandai region but they never use the roots collected by the herb collectors. As the colour of roots (inside) is white, it is general belief that its collection during full moon night (i.e. on Peoria) is best in terms of quality of herb. There is a strong need to find out the science behind this general belief. In general, the traditional healers and natives prefer dark nights or time of solar or lunar eclipse for the collection of herbs but in case of Dasmool it is totally different. In other parts of Chhattisgarh, the healers are also aware of this fact and they are practicing this collection procedure since time immemorial. The healers prefer to wear white cloths during the collection of this herb and like other herbs, they perform special ceremony before uprooting the herb. As it is deep rooted herb, the healers visit in group of four or five. For digging the roots they avoid the use of equipment built from iron, although these equipment save much time and effort. For the healers and natives, every part of Dasmool is of great use and this is the reason they dig whole herb. After uprooting the herb, they fill the spot with fertile soil. It is common observation that the healers collect this herb from all directions and each time it is collected from different direction. This is really interesting. Although the healers have no answer why they collect same herb from different direction ? But I think there is a reason behind this. In order to conserve the herb and to give them enough time to re establish this rotational harvesting is essential. In early days, when there were less healers., and less patients, there was no pressure on natural population, but now when the use and demand of this herb are increasing, the knowledge coming through generations is helping to conserve the natural population of Dasmool in Gandai region. This is good to see that the healers are still adopting the instructions of forefathers. I would like to mention the same observation I have noted during my ethnomedico surveys in Bagbahera region of Chhattisgarh, where the natives collect the Gondla herb (Cyperus rotundus) adopting rotational harvesting method and the herb collector of Tendukona village knows that if this year Gondla is coming from north direction it means it will never come from same direction up to 2-3 years. These observations are very important for the researchers engaged in research works on scientific exploitation of herbs. I feel that the ethnomedico surveys can play a vital role for collection of information in this important aspect also. After collecting the fresh herb of Dasmool the healers separate the root parts and extract the juice. After extraction, the healers add equal quantity of Til oil (Sesamum) in juice and start boiling this combination. When all water evaporates, the healers collect this oil and keep it in bottle for future use. The healers use this oil for many diseases. Its use in treatment of migraine is very popular and common. The patients are advised to apply this oil on forehead in order to get quick relief from intense pain. Very few are aware of this fact that this oil is very good hair tonic. In case of insomnia, the healers rub the oil in sole of both legs. This oil is also useful for malnourished diseased children. As mentioned earlier, its use in migraine is common, the healers avoid to disclose its other benefits and generally use this oil for specific purposes when the patients visit to them for treatment. The healers use this oil in combination with other oils also. In all these oils, Til oil is used as base oil. Til is under ultivation in Chhattisgarh and the healers extract the oil for their own use.. Most of the healers specialized in treatment of migraine prefer to use this herbal oil but there is difference in opinion that whether alone this oil is capable to cure migraine or it is for temporary relief or it is just supplement to main treatment ? My interactions with natives revealed that this oil have enough potential to cure initial trouble and natives use it regularly but when this problem (very few cases) still persist, they consult the healers. Many natives informed me that home made oil is less effective as compared to healer’s oil. This is true to great extent because natives living far from natural habitat of Dasmool, are dependent on herb collectors for roots. atives living nearer to the natural habitat do not follow the specific procedure for collection and most of the times, they collect immature roots. For verification when I compared the efficacy of homemade and healer’s oil with the help of local Ayurveda expert and my biochemist friend, we have found great difference in its effect. Although my biochemist friend failed to prove it chemically but practically we have observed miracles of healer’s oil on targeted patients. In other parts of India and some parts of Chhattisgarh, Dasmool is commonly known as Satavari or Shatavari. In Gandai region, the natives and healers are not aware of this name. Dasmool holds a reputed position in different system of medicine in India. It is one of the frequently used herbs in India. It is an essential component of over 250 popular herbal formulations. The traditional healers of Amarkantak hills informed me that Shatavari is named as Shatavari because its regular and prescribed use make the woman enough potent to satisfy hundred (Shata) brides (Vara). It is popular tonic for female and reputed aphrodisiac. According to Ayurveda, root possess valuable medicinal properties and root is sweet, oleaginous, cooling, indigestible, appetiser, alterative, tonic, aphrodisiac, stomachic, galactagogue, and astringent to bowels and useful in treatment of dysentery, tumours, inflammation, biliousness, blood and eye related diseases, throat troubles, leprosy, night blindness, scalding of urine, gleet, gonorrhoea, diseases of kidney and liver, tubeculosis etc. The scientific name of Dasmool is Asparagus racemosus (family Liliaceae). In many parts of world, the young shoots of many species, known as spears are used as vegetable. The natives are not aware of it use as vegetable. As mentioned earlier, in reference literatures, the medicinal properties of roots are described only. I am proud to write that the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of the medicinal properties of Dasmool leaves and they are still using it for treatment. The leaves of Dasmool are an integral part of herbs used to prepare a special solution for herbal bath. In this solution, Neem, Dasmool and Chirchita are used as main components. The patients suffering from skin disease are advised to take bath using this solution. The aqueous juice from leaves are applied on eye brows to make the eyes tension free and healthy. The healers prepare a special hut using Dasmool leaves for pregnant woman suffering from habitual abortion. The aqueous paste of leaves is also used for face care in combination with other herbs. These uses of Dasmool leaves have not been mentioned in reference literatures. Many healers use the leaves for preparation of oil, like roots. In many cases, they use the juice of leaves and roots in equal proportion to prepare specific oil. According to the traditional healers, the leaf oil act as sex stimulant when applied externally on male genital regularly. As other promising and cheap alternatives are available, the natives and healers less frequently use il But from documentation point of view, it is an important information. Although only one species of Dasmool is reported from Chhattisgarh by previous workers but I have noted many biotypes in different parts of the state. These biotypes can be identified clearly on the basis of their growth habit, rooting pattern, appearance and also from medicinal properties. The healers clearly identify and distinguish the different biotypes. Only after seeing the dried roots, they can identify the origin and they have given it names like Gandai type, Sihawa type etc. I am immature as far as specific identification is considered but I am under training. I am describing its botany in short, I have noted from reference literatures. Dasmool is extremely scandent, spinous, under shrub; spines recurved ; root stock tuberous; Leaves linear with a stout spinous spur (spineless varieties are also reported) ; Cladodes in tuft, curved; Flowers in simple raceme,2.5-5.0 cm , white, fragrant; segments, linear, oblong; fruits berry, globose, red when ripe. The flowering times varies between May to August in Chhattisgarh conditions. Dasmool is one of the high valued non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. The buyers from national and international markets are aware of its natural occurrence in different parts of Chhattisgarh. They are also aware of rich pockets having good quality of Dasmool. As the new research findings related to medicinal properties and use of Dasmool are coming, its demand and collection are increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, the greedy traders do not follow the rotational collection of herbs. Last year when I visited the Gandai Salewara forests, I was shocked to see the empty pits in every cornet of the forest. The empty pits clearly show that these activities and diggings are by the traders, not by the healers because as mentioned earlier healers fill up the pit after uprooting the herbs. The traditional healers informed me that the greedy traders are collecting both mature and immature roots and it seems that they are in hurry as after exploiting this potential zone, they have to shift to other region. This is really sad and shocking. As Dasmool is multiplied through vegetative propagation (in majority) in Chhattisgarh conditions one time harvest of this herb result in elimination of the herb forever from that spot. There is an urgent need of strict action against this destructive harvesting of this valuable herb. The traders informed me that there is no pressure on Chhattisgarh forests and they can supply this herb up to 10 more years. But traditional healers are aware that 10 years are very short time and government must take immediate action to stop this. Many herb growers have started commercial cultivation of Dasmool in Chhattisgarh but they are very few in numbers, and most of them are practicing chemical farming. As the herb is available in plenty in forests, the traders are not showing interest in purchasing the roots of cultivated origin. In absence of suitable markets, the farmers are planning to stop the commercial cultivation. I personally feel that the government should promote the cultivation of this herb in order to reduce the pressure on natural population. The ban on exploitation may serve the purpose. For promotion of commercial cultivation it is necessary to develop improved package of practices for different agro-climatic regions of Chhattisgarh based on financial status of farmers, with emphasis on quality not the production (i.e. quantity). In my experiments at farmer’s field, I have found that many biotypes can be propagate through seeds successfully after adoption of specific seed treatment methods. For wound dressing, the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh prepare many special oils. Among these oils, Bhelwa oil, Kuchla oil and Kevatch oil are very popular. These oils are also used as veterinary medicine. As all these herbs are common in forest areas, these combinations are very popular. In areas where these herbs are not available. The natives purchase these oils from the traditional healers and always keep it with them during field work, journey and when they are at home. According to the traditional healers these oils have miracle healing effects. It is good external remedy for carbuncles also. Bhelwa oil is prepared from its fruits. The healers take ten fruits and boil it in about 125 grams. of Til Oil. This oil is applied externally on wounds. In order to make strong oil the healers increase the numbers of fruits during the preparation of oil but they never use more than fifteen fruits. Many healers use this oil for rheumatism and gout also. But as the use of this oil require special attention, most of healers prefer other safe alternatives. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, Bhelwa holds a reputed position. According to Ayurveda, the Bhelwa fruits is hot, digestible, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, carminative and useful in treatment of skin and nervous system diseases, fever, piles, dysentery , tumours, loss of appetite, urinary discharges, leprosy, bronchitis, asthma, in sanity, coryza and Safed Dag (Leucoderma). The scientific name of Bhelwa is Semecarpus anacardium (family Anacardiaceae). As the name and use of Bhelwa are coming for the first time in my articles. I am describing its botany mentioned in reference literatures. Bhelwa is deciduous tree up to 10 meters tall; Young branches, petiole, under surface of leaves and inflorescence tomentose; Leaves coriaceous above margin entire, base rounded or cordate; Petioles 1-4.5 cm long; Flowers greenish yellow, sub sessile, in erect, terminal panicles; Drupes black on ripening, ovoid or oblong. Bhelwa is common forest herb and it is in list of non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. According to the traders, there is a routine demand of Bhelwa in national and international market. In English, it is named as Marking nut. In Chhattisgarh, you will find that many villages are named on Bhelwa like Bhelwadih. I have noted about fifteen villages are named on Bhelwa like Bhelwadih. These villages named on the basis of herbs found in abundance in past, are good indicator for bio-diversity studies. Due to increasing population, now most of the Bhelwadih villages have not a single tree of Bhelwa. For wound dressing, the traditional healers also prepare oil from different parts of Kevatch (Mucuna pruriens). The roots, leaves, seeds, seed cover are mostly used to prepare the oil. The healers use many other herbs like neem leaves to prepare herbal oil. I have written a lot about Mucuna in my previous articles. Hence, I am not describing its botany and other details. The traditional healers prepare a special herbal oil from the black flowered variety of Dhatra (Datura sp.). The fruits are used for preparation of oil. To prepare the oil, the healers collect the fruits and boil it in Til oil. This oil is used for external application on piles. There are multiple uses of this oil. This oil is also useful for skin troubles and kidney pain. It is also a popular veterinary medicine. I will write more on this important aspect in my future articles. Thank you very much for reading the article. Arusa (Adhatoda vasica) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India : Traditional Medicinal Knowledge, Natural Occurrence and Trade Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although it is not mentioned in reference literatures but the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are able to differentiate Nar (Male) and Mada (female) plant of Arusa. Plants having spines are considered as Nar and spineless types are considered as Mada. According to the traditional healers Nar Arusa looks like tree whereas Mada Arusa resemble bushy shrub. These Mada plants are further divided in many categories based on the colour of flowers. In general, Mada plants bear white, red, yellow and black coloured flowers. White flowered Mada plants are very common whereas black and red flowered types are rare. Among these types, red flowered type is considered as best by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. In reference literatures, only white flowered Mada plants are described in detail The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh do not use Nar plans to prepare medicine. This is really surprising that the herb traders engaged in trading of this herb are not aware of this classification and they are supplying all types of Arusa in one name. With the help of this article, I want to request the world community particularly the researchers to pay special attention on this important aspect. Since my student life, I am fan of this herb. I am a patient of respiratory trouble and since student life, I am using this herb successfully. I am suffering from Parthenium, an obnoxious weed, Pollen borne allergy and I have found different preparations of Arusa very effective. Since year 1994. I am collecting information on different medicinal uses of this useful herb. As it is one of my favorite herbs, in ethnomedico survey, I never miss to ask the healers and natives about its new uses. In present article, I am describing some special preparations of Arusa prescribed by the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. The Indian names of Vasa (Adhatoda Vasica) anguages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Bengal Bakas 2) English Malabar nut 3) Gujarati Alduso 4) Hindi Arusha, Vasaka 5) Kanarese Adusoge 6) Malyalam Atalotakam 7) Marathi Adulsa 8) Sanskrit Vasaka 9) Tamil Adododai 10) Telugu Adasaramu The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use Arusa for the treatment of over 30 common diseases but it is mainly used for respiratory troubles. For respiratory troubles, its fresh leave are used. The traditional healers of Sarguja region very frequently use this herb to treat respiratory troubles. During my training as student of Agriculture, I have seen many practical uses of Arusa. The healers take 3 leaves of Arusa and boil it in one glass of water. When the water evaporates up to half of the initial quantity, it is filtered and this decoction is given to patients particularly to the children suffering from cold and coryza. In order to make this decoction sweet, the healers add sugar. The healers advise the patients to take this decoction till relief but I have seen two to three doses are sufficient to cure the problem. This use is very common among natives and they are still using it. In this part of Chhattisgarh, natives protect this herb in forests and the natives living far from forest, plant this herb in Badi or home gardens for use in emergency. In case of acute attack of Dama (Asthma), the healers advise the patients to collect the dried leaves of Arusa. Yellow coloured, old leaves are preferred. After drying, they put the leaves on fire and advise the patients to inhale the fumes for immediate relief. During cold season, the healers advise the patients to use the dried leaves in same way. This regular use prevent the attack of Asthma. The traditional healers of Sarguja region informed me that there is a tremendous scope if the herbal cigarettes are prepared using this herb in combination with herbs and marketed to urban areas specially in metros, where respiratory troubles are very common. In case of chronic asthma, the healers collect the Arusa leaves in white cloth and wrap the leaves in shape of ball. After making the ball shape, the healers collect the clay soil from Bahera land where rice is cultivated. The healers coat the layers of this wet soil around the ball. After this, the ball in dried in sunlight and then they keep this ball inside the hot ash. When the colour of ball changes, ball is broken and leaves are collected. The healers extract the juice of leaves and give it to the patients suffering from chronic asthma with pure honey. I have experienced the miracle effect of this preparation. The whole procedure requires special precaution and lot of patience. Very few healers are aware of this method. During winter when Gorakh mundi herb is in flowering stage, the traditional healers prepare a special drink using the whole herb of Gorakhmundi with Arusa leaves. The healers mix the equal quantity of Gorakhmundi and Arusa leaf juice and add water and sugar. This sweet drink is given to the patient suffering from respiratory troubles. According to the healers, it is good tonic for lungs. The traditional healers advise the patients to take this drink till the Gorakhmundi herb is available. I have written a lot on this herb. Gorakhmundi (Sphaeranthus indicus) is a rabi weed in winter season crops. Many healers collect about one kg of Arusa leaves and add it in ten kgs. of river water. This mixture is kept on fire. When the leaves start loosing its shape due to boiling, the healers stop boiling and wait till cooling. After cooling, they filter the decoction and again put it on fire up to one hour. They add salt and Pippali (Piper longum) in this mixture and stop the boiling. This concentrate is converted into small globules and patients are advised to take one to two globules daily morning and evening. I am describing one more similar method. The traditional healers collect the leaves of Arusa, Parsa (Butea monosperma), Kela (banana), Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) and bark of Pipal (Ficus religiosa). Equal amount of all herbs are taken. Each herb is taken in separate pot, burn it and ash is collected. Ash from all herbs is mixed and they add eight times of river water in ash and put the pot as such for four days. The healers shake the pot in interval of 8 hours. On fourth day, the water is collected put on fire and concentrate is prepared. The healers use this concentrate in same manner. As mentioned earlier, the traditional healers, of Chhattisgarh use this herb in treatment of many other diseases. In case of eye pain, the healers crush the fresh leaves and apply it as paste on eye lids. According to them, it is also good remedy for conjunctivitis. During hot summers, nose bleed is a common problem in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers use many herbs for this trouble based on the availability of herbs. If Arusa plant is available, they advise the patients to take the fresh leaves and mix it in water. The paste is applied on palate (Talu) in order to seize the bleeding immediately. The traditional healers of Bastar region, prepare a special herbal tooth powder using Arusa herb. For preparing the herbal tooth powder, leaves are dried and powdered. This powder is used as tooth powder. Many healers add Haldi powder (Turmeric) in this powder to make it extra strong. According to the healers, it is good for mouth troubles particularly for swelling gums and painful teeth. In case of Pyrohhoea, the healers advise the patients to take ten leaves of Arusa and boil it in two glass of water. The decoction is prepared and patients are advised to gargle with this decoction. In case of Pelea (Jaundice), The traditional healers use whole herb instead of only leaves. The whole herb is collected and juice is extracted. For taste, the healers add sugar in this juice and give it to the patients suffering from jaundice. The patients are advised to take this juice till relief. Many healers use Arusa leaf juice against scorpion bite. But all traditional healers are not convinced with this use. According to them, the application of Arusa leaf juice reduces the pain but it is not for complete cure. During my forest visits, I have tried this for several times but not with much success. In reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine in India, medicinal properties of white flowered Arusa have been mentioned. According to Ayurveda, Arusa herb is pungent, acrid, cooling and useful in treatment of bronchitis, leprosy, blood disorders, heart troubles, thirst, asthma, fever, vomiting, loss of memory, leucoderma, jaundice, tumours, mouth troubles, sore-eye, fever, gonorrhoea. In parts of India, the traditional and natives are using this herb adopting different methods of preparation. As medicinal herb, Arusa is not under cultivation in Chhattisgarh. Many herb growers are using Arusa as guard crop in order to repel away the harmful insects. In my entomological studies, I have found the extracts of different parts of Arusa effective against many common insects at different stages. In allelopathic studies, various extracts and leachate showed inhibitory effects on common weed seeds. I have not observed its stimulatory allelopathic effects on common crops. It is common practice in Chhattisgarh that the natives burn the whole herb to repel away the mosquitoes and other harmful insects. According to the healers, it is good air purifier also. Arusa is in list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. There is a heavy demand of this herb in national and international herb markets. Most of the traders supply the whole herb but many of them separate the leaves and supply it to the dealers at national level. In general, there is demand of Arusa leaves, other parts are preferred less. Chhattisgarh is well known among traders at metro because of rich natural population of Arusa but unfortunately there is not a single processing unit in the state. I personally feel that there is a tremendous scope in this field and timely step can generate good revenue and employment opportunities. The scientific name of Arusa is Adhatoda vasica syn. A. zeylanica (family Acanthaceae). Botanically it is an evergreen, gregarious, stiff, perennial herb having height up to 6 meters; Leaf elliptic-lanceolate or ovate - lanceolate, entire, 5-30 cm long, hairy, light green above and dark green below, leathery; Flower large, white, with red or yellow barred throat, in spikes with large bracts; Fruit clavate, longitudinally channeled capsule; seed globular or sub orbicular, rugose. My studies and surveys are in progress, and I will write more on this useful herb in my further articles. Thank you very much for giving time to read this article. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about medicinal herb Til (Sesamum indicum) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved As a student of Agronomy, I have read that Sesamum, commonly known as Til, is one of the important edible oilseeds cultivated in India. It is grown in the country since antiquity. India is a major producer of this crop in the world. Til is rich in oil (50 percent) and protein (18-20 percent). About 78 percent of the Til seed produced in India is used for oil extraction, 2.5 percent for planting purposes and the rest is used in confections and in religious Hindu ceremonies. As a student, I was not aware of Medicinal properties and uses of Til as medicine. When I started ethnomedico surveys, I was surprised to know that although for farmers it is just oilseed crop but for the herb experts and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh , it is valuable medicinal herb. Through these surveys, I have collected a lot of information on ethnomedico uses of Til in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that if we give recognition to the ethnomedico uses of Til, this oilseed crop can become a potential medicinal crop and the farmers can get more higher price for their produce. In Chhattisgarh, Til is cultivated as major oilseed crop. There are many varieties, developed by research centers, suitable for different agro climatic situations. As oil seed crop the main emphasis of crop breeders is on higher production. Heavy doses of chemical inputs have been recommended and used by the scientists and farmers. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, don not consider these high yielding varieties suitable for preparation of drugs. They prefer organically grown traditional varieties. Their emphasis is on low yielding high quality herbs. Most of the healers specialized in using Til as medicine, grow this herb in their Badi or home gardens according to their need and use it as per need. The healers use it both externally and internally. At present, Til seeds are only important for farmers but for the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh all parts of Til are valuable and useful as medicine . According to the healers, all stages of Til herb is useful in treatment of common diseases. On the basis of seed colour, there are two groups of Til, white seeded and black seeded. The white seeded Til have less number of flowers and branches as compared to black seeded Til. Although in reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine, medicinally black seeded type is considered best as compared to white seeded type but for the raditional healers of Chhattisgarh, both types have their own importance and uses. The healers use the Til oil as base oil for the preparation of herbal oils very frequently. I have written a lot on this aspect in my previous articles focused on herbal s and I am not repeating all these in this article. In present article, I am describing some practical ethnomedico uses of different parts of Til herb. The traditional healers use beautiful flowers of Til as medicine very frequently. In case of urinary troubles particularly in dysuria the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use Til flower successfully. They collect 40 to 45 flowers of Til and clean it with water. After washing they dip it in half glass of water. Twelve hours after dipping, the patients are advised to drink the water. The traditional healers instruct the patients to take this medicated water twice a day, one at morning and second dose at evening till relief. I have talked to the patents using this medicated water. According to them, within one month this water solve the problem. The healers informed that it is "Poor Man’s herb" for the patients suffering from Sujak (gonorrhoea). Many healers use these Til flowers externally in treatment of eye troubles. For treatment of eye troubles they Till flower in combination with other herbs. In rural areas of Chhattisgarh, it is general practice that natives collect the dew drops from Til herb and apply one to two drops inside the eyes. According to them, it is good eye tonic. The traditional rs are also aware of this use. According to them, white seeded variety is preferred for dew collection and dew drops collected on flowers are most important and useful. This use reduce the unwanted heat from eyes. Many healers informed me that this dew is very good hair tonic also, but it is difficult to collect large amount of dew. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use the Til roots (before flowering) for treatment of Pathari (Renal Calculi). The roots are collected and after drying, the healers burnt it. The patients are advised to use the ash with pure honey. The healers informed me that it is promising solution (Shartia Dava). As overdose can cause many troubles, the healers give this ash under their strict supervision. In urinary troubles the traditional healers also use the leaves of white seeded Til variety. The healers collect the leaves from five plants and dip it in two glass of water. After dipping they extract the juice from leaves. After extraction, they add two pinch of Kali Mirch (Black Pipper) and sugar (for taste) and the patients are advised to drink this water, till relief. According to the traditional healers of Pendra region, this medicated water is also a good sex tonic. Like in other parts of India, the sweets prepared from both black and white seed varieties are very popular in Chhattisgarh. These sweets are popularly known as Laiya, Gajak or Papdi. Both sugar and gud (Jaggery) are used to prepare the sweets. According to the traditional healers sweets prepared from black seeded variety and gud are best for health. The natives use these sweets during winter. Although most of them are not aware of its medicinal uses, but the healers informed me that these sweets very useful as medicine. The natives also prepare "Laddus" from Til seeds. The Laddu prepared by using black seeded Til is considered as best tonic for lungs. The patients suffering from asthma and related respiratory troubles are advised to take these Laddus twice a day during whole winter season. I have tried this Laddus for my respiratory troubles successfully. These sweets are also very beneficial for the patients suffering from chronic constipation. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh these sweets are natural blood purifier and develops resistance in body. The Sweets prepared from black seeded Til are used for treatment of piles and mouth troubles. The traditional healers instruct the patients to drink plenty of water after eating the sweets. This drinking helps the patients to get rid from piles. In reference literatures, related to different systems of medicine, Til holds a reputed position as medicinal herb. According to Ayurveda, seeds are acrid, oleaginous, indigestible, tonic, cooling, galactagogue, diuretic, astringent to bowels, and aphrodisiac. It is useful in treatment of diarrhoea, gout, diseases of eye and urinary system. Roots are aphrodisiac, hair tonic and useful in treatment of Sore-throat, inflammations, bleeding piles, spleen troubles, and gout whereas seed oil is fattening, strengthening and useful in dry cough, asthma, lung diseases, scabies, Small-pox, syphilitic ulcers and inflammations. The scientific name of Til is Sesamum indicum (family : Pedaliaceae). I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. It is a herbaceous annual having height up 2.0 meters. The stem is erect, normally square in section; Stem colour light green to almost purple, but the most common is darkish - green shade. The upper part of the stem is particularly covered with short and dense hairs; Leaves variable in size and shape; In general, the lower leaves tend to be broader while the upper ones narrow; Arrangements of leaves may be alternate, opposite or mixed; Inflorescence is a raceme and the flowers arise in the axils of the leaves and on the upper portion of the stem and branches. The flower has a two-lipped, tubular corolla with five lobes which are united at the base; The colour of Corolla varies from white to purple; Fruits capsule having two or four carpels; Numerous seeds are borne; Seeds are small, ovate, slightly flattened and some what thinner at the hilum; seed colour as mentioned earlier, black, white or in various shades. Many traditional medicinal uses of Til as described in this article, are not mentioned in reference literatures. I personally feel that there is a strong need for documentation of such uses. These medicinal uses will help us to establish this important oilseed crop as medicinal crop in Chhattisgarh, and farmers can get additional income by selling its different parts as medicine with the help of herb traders. Recently, the traditional healers of Raipur region informed me that they have information regarding use of Til herb with different traditional medicinal rice varieties. This is really unique and unreported nformation. I am focusing my surveys on this important information. I will write a separate article on this aspect very soon. Interactions with herb traders of Chhattisgarh, India, having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In articles on herbs, we writers generally blame the herb traders that they are exploiting the tribal and true herb collectors but when we think from their side, we feel that they are doing the business and in business there in no rule or no mercy and the only objective is to earn more and more. As herb expert, I get the opportunities very frequently to meet and interact these herb traders. Beside business, we have family relations with them and we regularly attend different home ceremonies of each other. This is really surprising that the herb traders of Chhattisgarh are having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs useful in treatment of many common diseases. Most of the traders are using these herbs in their families and they have deep faith in traditional medicinal practices. Every time when I meet these traders. I note down all the information provided by them in my personal diary. In the present article, I am describing some of the promising uses of herbs with its botany and other related details. In Chhattisgarh , Dhamtari is well known herb market. All the herbs collected from Bastar region are purchased by the traders of Dhamtari. From this small city, it is marketed to national and international markets through the agents from metro or mostly directly to international purchases. The traders are engaged in this business from generations and they have strong hold over market. These traders have direct contact with the international dealers and they are well aware of ups and downs in rates. Most of the traders have their own godown and they prefer to store the herbs in order to supply it in off season to get higher prices. During summer months in Chhattisgarh these traders are relatively less busy and they have enough time for discussion. I got information on ethnomedico uses of Lodrh and Samudrashokh from the trader friends of Dhamtari region. According to them, Lodrh is good remedy for female diseases. Its bark is used as medicine. In case of Leucorrhoea (Safed Pani), common problem in women, the bark power is recommended with milk or water. They informed that if any woman take this bark powder, three months regularly in recommended doses, she will be free from any troubles up to one year. The traders are aware of uses of Dasmool (Asparagus racemosus) in these troubles but according to them the use of Dasmool is limited to rich natives whereas Lodrh bark is very cheap and easily available and this is the reason it is very popular in poor natives. They also told me that the bark powder is also useful for pregnant n. During 6 or 7th month of pregnancy, it is given to pregnant woman in order to avoid abortion and to ensure safe delivery. At this stage, the bark powder is given with honey. According to these traders, Lodrh is popular veterinary medicine in rural areas. During transition season , the natives give the bark powder to their domestic cattle in order to make them enough resistant to fight with diseases. It is good remedy for skin troubles. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives wash the wounds or whole animal with the decoction in which Lodrh is an important component. According to these traders, there is regular demand of Lodrh bark in national and international markets. It is one of the important non wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. As the name of this herb is coming for the first time in my articles , I am describing its botany, I have noted from reference literatures. The scientific name of Lodrh is Symplocos crataegoides (Syn. S. paniculata, Lodhra cratagoides). Lodhr is small evergreen tree up to 7 meters in height with thin, smooth , light, grey bark and white wood; leaves simple, alternate, very thick, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, shortly acuminate at the apex, irregularly crenate or serrate; Flowers yellowish white, fragrant, in close clusters, in axillary spikes; Fruits globose, purple, ribbed drupes; Seeds 1-3, testa thin. The bark is grayish green to slight grey with patches of crustose lichen. The outer bark is thin and the inner greenish or light brown, the cut surface of the thick bark of a mature tree is reddish brown on drying; when broken, short thin fibre tips are seen. In reference literatures, many medicinal properties of Lodhr are described in detail. According to Ayurveda, Lodhr bark is acrid, cooling, digestible, bitter, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, alexiteric, astringent to bowels, tonic for persons of plethoric constitutions, good for all types of eye - disease. It is also useful in treatment of cough, biliousness, bleeding gum, diseases of blood, dysentery, inflammations, vaginal discharges, leprosy and ulcers in vagina. Many traders sell the powdered bark to natives in order to popularize it. It is part of their social services. The traders of Dhamtari region informed me that Vidhara or Samundra Shokh is also a very useful herb, they use frequently. According to them it is good tonic for patients of all age group. Its roots are used as tonic. The traders use the roots with milk. It is also considered as good memory tonic. For the persons of old age group, it is used to treat matism and gout. According to the traders, there is no regular demand of this herb from the region. As it appears abundantly in natural forests of other parts of India, there is no specific demand. The leaves of Vidhara are used as first aid remedy in case of injuries and wounds. For dressing of wound, the natives use its decoction. In reference literatures, not much has been described about its medicinal uses. Its scientific name is Argyria speciosa (family Convolvulaceae). Vidhara is a very large climber, stems stout, white tomentose; Leaves ovate glabrous above, white - tomentose beneath, base cordate; Flowers in sub-capitate cymes, peduncles stout, white - tomentose, bracts large; Corolla long, tubular, infundibuliform, the bands silky pubescent outside, tube inflated, pubescent outside, rose purple, glabrous inside; Fruit globose apiculate. Flowering time in Chhattisgarh condition varies between August to mid October. Although natural occurrence of Khamhar is reported in natural forests of Chhattisgarh, but due to its heavy demand as wood, its natural population is decreasing very rapidly. Now seeing its demand many private land owners are planting this tree in hundreds of acres. Their prime objective is to utilize it as timber. It is used to make furniture, musical instruments, frames, artificial limbs, bobbins, bridges, ship building, plywood match-industry and paper making. These multiple uses have increased its popularity and demand. Very few growers are aware of its valuable medicinal properties. Every part of Khamhar possess valuable medicinal properties. It is in list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh and the traders of Raipur region are specialized in this herb and they are supplying it to different traders at national and international level. Although the distance between Dhamtari and Raipur is only 70kms but there is a lot of variations rates of herbs. As the herbs approach towards Raipur its price increases. Khamhar is one of the exceptions. It is marketed through Raipur only. During interactions with the traders of Raipur region, I got lot of information on traditional uses of different parts of Khamhar as medicine. According to them, it is good remedy for sheet -pitti (urticaria). They use the flowers of Khamhar to treat urticaria. The flowers are boiled in cow’s milk and this milk is given to the patients for quick relief. It is common practice in Chhattisgarh that during flowering time (Feb to May in Chhattisgarh conditions), the natives never miss to collect the flowers and they use it in same way. It is general belief that regular intake of Khamhar flowers during flowering time, helps in body maintenance and increase the resistance. Both fresh and dried flowers are used but according to the traders fresh flowers are better and more effective. In case of felon, the natives use the leaves extract for wound dressing. It is one of the promising herbs used for treatment of felon. Many traders informed that the flowers are also used to regulate the bowels. Its fruits are one of the best remedies for Sukhandi (Marasmus). In Chhattisgarh, many villages are named as Khamhardih or Khamharin because of heavy natural population of this medicinal herb. The traders informed that in Sanskrit it is known as Gambhari and in India, its trade name is also Gambhari. May reputed pharmaceutical companies regularly purchase different parts of this herb. In timber markets, its trade name is Shivan or Seewan. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, Khamhar as medicinal herb holds a reputed position. According to Ayurveda, root is heating, stomachic, indigestible, laxative, anthelmintic, and useful in treatment of hallucinations, thirst, piles, abdominal pains, burning sensation, fevers, urinary discharges etc. Flowers are astringent, useful in leprosy and blood diseases. Fruits are diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, alterative and promotes hair growth. Fruits are useful in treatment of thirst, anaemia, leprosy, ulcers, consumption, stangury and vaginal discharges. Botanically Khamhar is a moderate to large, deciduous tree, up to 30 meters height, stem clear bole of 9-15 meters; Bark smooth, whitish-grey, corky, exfoliating in patches when old; Leaf opposite, broadly ovate but usually cordate and glandular; Flower brownish - yellow, in terminal panicles; Fruit fleshy ovoid or oblong drupe, yellow when ripe with leathery, shining, pericarp and sweetish pulp, embedded 3 stones; Seed 300-2600 per kilo grams, dispersed by cattle and deer. The scientific name of Khamhar is Gmelina orea (family Verbenaceae). Many medicinal uses of Khamhar as reported by the traders have not been mentioned in reference literatures. It is good to see that the natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about Khamhar, and they are still using it in treatment of many common diseases. The trees of Shundi are very common in Chhattisgarh particularly in Bilaspur region. The scientific name of Shundi is Mallotus philippensis (Family Euphorbiaceae). It is also in the list of non-wood forest produces of Chhattisgarh. The traders of Bilaspur region dealing in this herb have given me these information about traditional medicinal uses of Shundi. According to them its barks and leaves are useful as medicine. They use the bark powder to treat worm troubles. They use the bark powder with gud and ghee. According to them, one dose is sufficient to remove the worms from the intestines. It is also good external remedy in treatment of intense itching in anus common in childhood. This trouble is locally known as na". In combination with other similar herbs it is used to dress the wound particularly old wounds to enhance the quick healing process. The traders informed me that the traditional healers of Bilaspur region consider this herb as blood purifier and use frequently in treatment of diseases due to blood impurities. In ancient literature related to different herbs, many types of Moosli are described. The potent roots of Semar are known as Semar moosli in trade and for traditional healers and natives it is very valuable herb. It is equally effective as Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) but Safed Moosli has become more popular. According to the traders of Chhattisgarh, the collection of Semar roots require enough time and specific method, these are the reasons, the healers adopt Safed moosli as cheap and easily collectable alternative. The traders informed that Semar is very common tree in different parts of Chhattisgarh and as medicine all parts are used by the traditional healers and natives of the state. For collection of Semar roots, relatively younger trees are preferred. The soft roots are preferred. According to the traders, they select the soft roots from the lot supplied by the herb collectors and dip it in water whole night. Next morning soften roots are taken with sugar as tonic. It is one of the popular aphrodisiac in Chhattisgarh. The regular intake up to fifty days during winter season is considered best for total health. The traders of Dhamtari region informed me that when they dip the roots in water to soften it, the useful chemicals came out in form of leachate. According to them , this useful chemicals are beneficial for other herbs. It is common practice in the region that the traders apply the leachate in home gardens at the base of ornamental plants particularly the roses. The useful chemicals of this root leachate is considered beneficial for roses. This phenomenon can easily be understood with the help of Allelopathy, a new branch of science. trying this leachate on different herbs including rose to explain and authenticate this unique traditional medicinal knowledge. According to the traders, regular use of Semar roots as tonic causes constipation, so they advise such users to take the drug under supervision of the traditional healers. The healers are aware of this problem and they suggest the herb to counter this side effects of Semar roots. The traders told me that in general, the healers advise the patients to take Sonth (dried ginger) with milk before sleep, during the use of Semar roots. Sonth is effective to reduce its effects. This is also an unique observation and require scientific attention. The Semar gond (Gum) is used for the treatment of mouth related troubles. According to the traders, regular use of powdered gond as tooth powder makes the teeth healthy, strong and free from all troubles. Its gond is also used to treat diarrhoea by the natives. The traders informed that although the bulbous prickles of young trees are not in demand in national and international markets but the traditional healers and natives are well aware of medicinal uses of bulbous prickles. In case of Apthae (Chhale), they boil these prickles in water and gargle with the decoction for immediate relief. According to the traders, these prickles are also used for face care. In order to remove black marks from face, the native crush and mix the prickles successfully in face care. In order to make it more effective, they mix the prickles in milk and rose water. Semar flowers are also used as medicine in Chhattisgarh. The traders informed me that there is very erratic demand of these flowers in national markets. The Semar flowers are used in many ways. Its use in case of enlarged spleen is very popular. The flowers are collected and dried in shade. After drying they dip the flowers in water whole night and next morning drink the leachate empty stomach. It is general belief in the region, that alone this treatment is enough to cure this problem successfully. In case of bleeding, both external and internal, for any parts, the natives use the Semar flower with honey under supervision of the traditional healers. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the Semar flowers are used as vegetable (potherb) but unfortunately the natives of these parts are not aware of its unique advantage. In reference literatures, it is mentioned that the use of flowers as vegetable is not only good for normal body health but also it regulates the bowel. It is beneficial for women facing the problem of Safed Pani (Leucorrhoea). The natives are aware that the females must eat this vegetable but they are not aware of its miracle effects. According to them, they have gained the information on use the these flowers as vegetable from their forefathers and since generations they are regularly using it. I have tasted this Bhaji (vegetable) and found it very tasty. The natives adopt special methods of preparation to make this Bhaji more and more delicious. Now I am describing its botany in short. The scientific name of Semar is Bombax ceiba (Family Bombacaceae). Botanically, it is a fast growing, buttressed tree, up to 60 meters height; stem clear bole 24-30 meters, with hard prickles at base, having horizontal branches in more or less whorls; Bark thick, pale ash to silver grey, smooth becoming rough, with irregular cracks; Leaf large, spreading, digitate, with 5-7 , lanceolate, 10-12 cm long leaflets; flower numerous, large, Fleshy bright crimson - yellow or orange. Cluster at the end of branches, rarely unisexual, flowering starts after 8 years of planting; Fruits oblong-ovoid, woody capsule; Seed many, black, irregular obovoid, smooth with dense and silky hairs. The seeds remain viable up to two years. I will write more on the traditional knowledge of herb traders of Chhattisgarh, in my future articles. The only purpose to write this article to make aware the researchers engaged in ethnomedico surveys that every component of human society is equally important from research point of view. Sahadevi (Vernonia cinerea) and Kajroti (Clitoria ternetea) as medicinal herb in Chhattisgarh, India : Natural Occurrence, Traditional Medicinal Knowledge and Trade Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although Sahadevi is under cultivation in many parts of India but in Chhattisgarh fortunately it occur as wasteland herb. Many reputed pharmaceutical companies of India are cultivating this herb in their own fields in order to fulfill their requirement to manufacture the drugs. This is really surprising that very few traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are aware of its occurrence in Chhattisgarh and I have noted that only fifteen healers are aware of its medicinal uses and they are practicing or using this herb in their routine treatment. By Agricultural scientists, Sahadevi is considered as harmful weed and through their extensive research, they are recommending many agrochemicals to eradicate this weed. As farmers are not aware of its uses, they are following the recommendations and using agrochemicals to manage Sahadevi. To aware the farmers, I am planning to start a campaign under the banner of SOPAM. Although fifteen is not a big number, but these fifteen traditional healers specialized in use of Sahadevi, have enough knowledge and they can play a vital role in our campaign. We are planning to publish literatures on Vernonia in simple regional language and with the help of regular workshops and meetings, trying to aware the common person about its utility. According to these traditional healers, Sahadevi is useful in treatment of many common diseases and the method of using Sahadevi is very simple. As it occur as wasteland plant, the patients have not to pay the cost of herb. This is the reason the traditional healers have declared it as "Garibo Ki booti (Poor man’s herb)" and when I explained the content of campaign, they accepted my proposal and are ready to disclose their secret formulas for the benefit of poor natives of Chhattisgarh. In reference literatures, only one species of Sahadevi is described in detail but during my surveys I have noted over five species of Sahadevi. According to traditional healers, there are only three species that can be utilized for the preparation of medicines. According to them, one species occur throughout the year whereas remaining two occur in Autumn. Out of these two Autumn species, one possess yellow flowers and other possess purple flowers. Both of these species occur as crop weeds in fields. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use purple flowered species in their treatment. The herb is used fresh. The healers never prefer the dried herb. This strict rule prevents its use in off season. According to the traditional healers the mother nature has fixed the time of Autumn for Sahadevi because it is useful in treatment of diseases common in Autumn in Chhattisgarh. One Season utilization as medicine is able to cure all troubles. In this article. I am describing some important ethnomedico uses of Sahadevi, I have collected through my ethnomedico surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. Common and popular names of Sahadevi (Vernonia cinerea) around the world Language/region/countries Name Bengal Kalajira, Kukshim, Kuksim 2) English Ash coloured Fleabane 3) French Ayapana sauvage 4) Gujarati Sadadi, Sadeori, Sedardi, Shedardi 5) Hindi Dandotpala, Sahadevi, Sadodi, Sahadevi 6) Malyalam Puvankuruntal 7) Marathi Sadodi, Sahadevi, Osari 8) Sanskrit Dandotpala, Devasasha, Devi, Derika, Gandhavalli, Govandani, Vishvadeva, Vishamajvaranashini 9) Sinhalese Monarakudumbia, Monerakudimbeya 10) Tamil Puvamkurundal, Sahadevi 11) Telugu Garitikamma, Gharitikamini The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use all parts of Sahavdevi as medicine but the whole herb juice is used most frequently. In case of eye troubles, the healers extract the fresh juice from herb collected before flowering and apply one to two drops of juice. According to the healers, this application reduces the inflammation and make the eyes healthy. In general the healers advise the natives to take the juice of whole herb twice a month with milk. This dose helps the natives to remain disease free in odd days. This is also considered as good tonic for body. In case of poisonous bite by venomous insects, scorpion or snake, the healers apply the juice of Sahadevi in affected part as first aid measure. Beside applying the juice, the patients are advised to take juice internally to get quick relief from intense pain. According to the traditional healers it is good remedy against venomous insect bite but not much effective against scorpion and snake bites but they told me that as first aid measure, it is promising one. In case of skin troubles, particularly in ringworm, the healers advise the patients to apply the juice in affected part and take juice with milk. It is good blood purifier. According to the healers, it is good remedy for all types of fevers including typhoid, malaria, Tijari fever etc. Many healers informed me that it is one of the best remedies for the treatment of Typhoid. In case of female diseases particularly in Leucorrhoea (Safed Pani), the healers use its juice and give it to the patients with gud (Jaggery). The traditional healers of Dhamtari region informed me that three regular doses of Sahadevi can cure any type of patients suffering from Leucorrhoea. The juice of Sahadevi is good remedy for intestinal worms also. The traditional healers suggest the patients to take juice without asking them about diseases. According to them, Sahadevi juice is having capacity to treat many common troubles, and this juice is capable of detecting and healing diseased parts. I personally feel that there is a strong need to evaluate the efficacy of this juice in different diseases. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, regular use of this juice develops a typical smell in body and this smell repel away the snakes. The healers informed me that they regularly use this herb and always keep the dried roots with them during their visits to dense forests in order to repel away the snakes. The natives are not aware of this fact. In Chhattisgarh, natives use Gumma bhaji (Leucas aspera) for this purpose. Not much has been written n medicinal properties of Sahadevi in reference literatures. According to Ayurveda, the herb is sweet, cold, tonic, stomachic, astringent and cures consumption, asthma, bronchitis and fevers. I am not agree that this herb is sweet. I have tasted this herb several times and found it bitter in taste. The scientific name of Sahadevi is Vernonia cinerea (family Compositae). Botanically, it is annual, erect herb having 15-75 cm height; stem stiff, striate, pubescent; Leaves simple alternate, variable in shape (upper smaller), broadly elliptic or lanceolate, irregularly toothed or crenate-serrate; Flowers pinkish violet; heads small, about twenty flowered in divaricate terminal corymbs; involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, awned, silky on the book; pappus white; Fruits achene, oblong, clothed with white hairs. Both blue and white flowered Kajroti (Clitoria ternatea) holds a reputed position in different literatures related to Indian systems of medicine including Ayurveda. It is one of the frequently used herb in popular combinations, in India. According to Ayurveda, Kajroti is cooling, acrid, purgative, diuretic, laxative, alexiteric, anthelmintic and tonic to the brain. It is useful in treatment of eye-diseases, ulcers of the cornea, tuberculous glands, elephantiasis, headache, ascites, leucoderma, burning sensation, pains, biliousness and ulcers Kajroti occurs as roadside herb in different parts of Chhattisgarh. It is one of the popular garden plants also. The traditional healers and natives both use this herb in treatment of many common disease. Most of this ethnomedico uses are well described in reference literatures. I am describing some important uses in this article. Common and popular names of Clitoria ternatea around the world. Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Arabic Bazr-ul-mazari yunehindi, Mozari yunehindi 2) Bengal Aparajita, Aparajita, Uparajita 3) Myanmar Bukiyu, Oung mai phyu, Pai noung ni 4) Kanarese Girikarniballi, Gokarna mul, Kirgunna 5) SriLanka Karuttuppu 6) English Blue Pea, Mussel-shell Creeper 7) Hindi Aparajita, Aparajit, Kajina, Kalina, Kalizer, Khagin, Kowa, Shabanjan, Vishnukaranti 8) Gujarati Garani, Koyala 9) Gold Coast Blue Pea 10) Madagascar Vahintsikomba, Vahitsikomba 11) Malyalam Aral, Kakavalli, Kakkanam Koti, Shankhapushpam 12) Marathi Gokarni, Kajli, Sholongakuspi 13) Persian Darakhte-bikhe-hayat, Tukhme-bikhe-hayat 14) Porto Rico Rejuco de Conchitas 15) Portuguese Fula criqua 16) Sanskrit Aparajita, Bhumilagna, Gokurnika, Kinihi, Vishnukantri 17) Sinhalese Katotolu, Kaltarodu, Nilkatar 18) Spanish Capa de la Reina 19) Tamil Kakkarum, Kakkanankodi, Kakkuttan, Minni, Uyavai 20) Telugu Dintana, Dintena, Niladintana 21) Urdu Mazerigunihindi 22) Uriya Onasi, Oporajita In reference literatures, both varieties (white flowered) and blue flowered) are described as varieties having same medicinal properties but according to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh both varieties possess different medicinal properties. White flowered Kajroti is considered as superior as compared to blue flowered variety. The natives use the roots of blue flowered variety for the treatment of Bavasir (Piles). The roots are collected and Herbal mala is prepared. The patients are advised to wear this herbal mala till relief. In many parts, this mala is wrapped around waist for early relief. For preparation of mala, white coloured stripe is used. In case of earache, the healers advise the patients to apply the root juice of blue flowered variety in affected ear. The traditional healers of Durg region, suggests the patients suffering from Hydrocele to apply the aqueous paste of Kajroti seeds in affected part in order to reduce the pain. In case of hiccup, the patients are advised to burn the seeds and inhale the fumes. According to the traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, this fumes are good remedy for chronic asthma also. In order to hasten the process of delivery, the natives use the twining branches of Kajroti. The branch is wrapped around the waist and according to natives this old age practice helps in hastening the delivery process. The traditional healers informed me that white flowered variety is more effective in this case. Now I am describing some existing ethnomedico uses of White flowered variety of Kajroti. The ash from roots is used for face care by the natives of Chhattisgarh. The healers use the roots in many common troubles. The root powder is used to treat Pelea (Jaundice). In case of Pathri (Renal Calculi), the traditional healers use the roots with boiled rice. The traditional healer of Mudpar, uses the fresh juice of roots to treat migraine. The juice is applied in to the nose, in order to reduce the intense pain of migraine. To treat the painful boils, the healer mix the root juice in sirka (vinegar) and apply it externally on boils. Few days after starting this treatment, the boils start reducing in size. In forest areas, the natives plant this herb in home gardens in order to repel away the venomous creatures. During rainy season, they burn the dried herb to repel away the mosquitoes and houseflies. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, farmers use this herb to prepare organic manure. According to them, the use of this herb as organic manure repel away the termites from fields. As the details of Kajroti are coming for the first time in my articles, I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, Kajroti is a slender, twinning, perennial climber with a few trailing branches; Leaves 5-12 cm long, imparipinnate, fivefoliate; leaflets elliptic , obtuse or emarginate; stipules persistent, lanceolate, striate; Flowers solitary on axillary peduncles; bracteoles two, foliaceous, obtuse; Corolla 4-5 cm, long, blue or white; Standard spoon shaped, longer than wings and keel; pods linear, flat, 5-10cm long, 8-10 seeded. Botanical differences between major species of Vernonia. Characteristics Vernonia anthelmintica Vernonia cinerea 1) Habit Annual, robust, erect, leafy herb, stem 60-90 cm high. Annual, erect herb, 15-75 cm high, stem stiff, striate, pubescent. 2) Leaves Alternate, 5-9x2.5-3.2 cm, lanceolate, coursely serrate, hairy on both rides. Simple, alternate, variable in shape, broadly elliptic or lanceolate, irregularly toothed, or crenate-serrate. 3) Flowers Heads subcorymbose, about 40 flowered, with a linear bract near the top of the peduncle, involucre bracts linear, innermost the longest, with purple tips, pappus reddish. Pinkish violet, heads small, about 20 flowered in divaricate terminal corymbs, involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, awned, silky on the back, pappus white. 4) Fruits Achene, oblong cylinderic, 10-ribbed, hairy Achene, oblong, clothed with white hairs. 5) Flowering December-February January-February Although both herbs are common in Chhattisgarh, but not much have been written on ethnomedical uses of these common herbs in reference literatures by previous workers. As I am writing these articles both in Hindi and English, these are reaching to wide group of researchers and herb lovers. on the basis of their suggestions and comments, I am improving the methodologies adopted for these important surveys. Thanks a lot for reading this article sincerely. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of Dast (Diarrhoea) in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Among natives, the use of sonth saunf shakkar is very common as remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea. Since childhood, we are using this combination. Sonth is dried ginger, Saunf-fenel and Shakkar is sugar. The natives mix it in equal proportion and prepare a powder. This powder is used as home remedy in case of diarrhoea. The patients are advised to take only a pinch of this mixture. Only one dose is given and in most of the cases, there is no need of second or third dose. If symptoms still persist, the natives consult the traditional healers for treatment. Although this mixture is very common and popular in Chhattisgarh but in reference literatures, this combination is not described. Since generations, the natives are using this mixture. Another popular treatment is the application of Namak Pani (Salty water) into the umbilicus (Nabhi or Boddi). The natives mix the table salt in water and apply two to three drops of this salty water inside the umbilicus. There is no standard amount of salt and water to be mixed to prepare the salty water. In most of the cases, this small treatment cures not only the diarrhoea but also the cramp and stomach ache. I have tried this treatment successful. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are also aware of these uses. Last week I got an opportunity to meet Mr. Patiram Nayak, traditional healer of Junwani, Dalli-Rajhara region, during one day seminar on herbs organized by Tropical forest Research Institute in Raipur city. Mr. Patiram informed me that he is specialized in treatment of diarrhoea, tumours and Bavasir (Piles). During discussion, he told me about many valuable herbs useful in treatment of diarrhoea. According to him, like salty water, one can use the fresh leaf juice of Doomar in order to check the diarrhoea. He advises his patients to apply the juice around the umbilicus. Doomar is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. Its scientific name is Ficus glomerata. He informed me that the fresh juice of Doobi (Cynodon dactylon) herb can be used in same manner. The bark of Aam tree (Mango) is also useful. Different traditional healers of Chhattisgarh use, Aam bark in different ways. The traditional healer of Mudpar suggests his patients to apply the aqueous extract of Aam bark around the umbilicus whereas the traditional healers of Dhamtari region use the mixture of Aam bark and fresh curd for application. The natives use Aam bark mix with sirka (vinegar). As all the traditional healers are not in contact with each other they have no idea about other’s methods but as ethnobotanist through my regular surveys, I am getting information on use of same herbs in different ways. Common and popular names of Chui-Mui (Mimosa pudica) around the world Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Assam Adoribon, Nilajbon 2) Bengal Kajak, Lajak, Lajjabati, Lajjala 3) Brazil Sensitiva narese Hadergitte, Lojja, Mudugudavara 5) English Bash ful mimosa, Humble plant, Sensitive plant 6) Srilanka Toddachimunki, Toddavodikkodi 7) French Herbe Chaste, Herbe pudique 8) Hindi Lajak, Lajalu, Lajjavati, Lajwanti 9) Iraq Mustahi-yah 10) Jamaica Shame weed 11) Malyalam Tintar mani, Tottavati 12) Marathi Lajalu, Lajri 13) Maurititius Lajouny, Tottasiningi 14) Sanskrit Anjalikaraka, Kandiri, Gondamalika, Asrarodhani, Lajjika, Mahabhita, Prasarini, Shamipatra, Sprikha, Tamra, Svagupta 15) Sinhalese Hinnidikumba, Nidikumba 16) Spanish Matavirgen, Mirame y no me togues 17) Tamil Kasirottam, Samangai, Totta churungi 18) Telugu Mumghutamara, Peddanidrakanti 19) Urdu Lajjalu 20) Uriya Lajkur, Najuko, Dedhasurobarasuni In many ancient literature, I have read about the use of Aam bark with cow urine. I personally feel that there is a strong need for scientific evaluation and detailed studies in order to evaluate the efficacies of different methods. The traditional healer of Mudpar suggests his patients to drink the aqueous extract of Aam bark along with its application a around the umbilicus. According to him, both internal and external application are essential for complete cure. He prefers desi (indigenous) Aam trees for collection of bark. During his visits to nearby Sirpur forests along with the coast of Mahanadi river, he collects the bark from natural forests. He advises the patients to take aqueous extract once in a day up to three days. As medicine, Aam holds a reputed position in different systems of medicine. In my previous articles, I have written a lot on different ethnomedico uses of various parts of Aam. Many healers use it in treatment of Pelea (Jaundice). The bark is also used in treatment of menorrhagia, leucorrhoea (Safed Pani), bleeding piles and other related troubles. Like the bark of Aam, many healers use the bark of Aonla (Emblica officinalis) and juice of Aonla fruit for external application. The bark is mixed in fruit juice. The use of Aonla bark for this purpose is not reported in reference literatures. This is good to see that the traditional healers and natives are continuing the use of this traditional knowledge in their day today life. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that in general, the treatment of diarrhoea is very simple and one can be treated with home remedies. In rare cases they use specific herbs for treatment. I have collected the information regarding over 3000 common home remedies that are in use in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I am describing some promising and popular remedies, I have collected through interactions with the natives. The patients suffering from habitual (I am not aware whether it is correct terminology or not) diarrhoea are advised by the natives to include Dhania nder) in their routine diet in any form. Dried Dhania powder is preferred form. One teaspoonful Dhania powder daily after meal is recommended dose. Mr. Vishal Bharat, was not in favour of using Dhania powder regularly. According to him, regular use of Dhania powder can make common man impotent within few days, so one must be very careful while using the dried Dhania powder. Common and popular names of Helicteres isora Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Arabic Altwa-al-latu 2) Bengal Antamora, Antomura, Atmora 3) Myanmar Khungiche, Thuguaykhyae, Thungeche 4) Kanarese Bhutakarulu, Edamuri, Kaiyuri, Kavargi, Murudi 5) SriLanka Kawo, Vullum-puri 6) Hindi Bhendu, Jonkaphal, Murdasing, Marorphali 7) Marathi Kewan, Muradsing 8) Persian Kishtbur kisht, Pechaka 9) Sanskrit Avartani, Mrigashinga 10) Iran Pachman-i-puh 11) Sind Vurkatee 12) Sinhalese Liniya, Liniyagass 13) Tamil Vadampiri, Valamburi 14) Telugu Adosamanti, Gubanarra, Gubalada, Sadala, Syamali, Tada, Kavanchi 15) Urdu Marorphali iya Murmuria, Orola, Kaval, Modimodi, Murmuri The natives are not aware of this bitter fact and this is reason they are recommending its regular use in order to cure the problem of habitual diarrhoea. The use of fresh Dhania herb in salad is not much harmful as dried powder, according to Mr. Bharat. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives use Dhania herb with Kala namak (black salt). According to the traditional healers of these parts, Kala namak is capable of suppressing or eliminating the harmful effects of Dhania. The information provided by Mr. Vishal Bharat and explanation given by the traditional healers are not mentioned in reference literatures. This is one more new work or new challenge for young researcher. In reference literatures, many medicinal properties and use have been described. According to Ayurveda, the whole herb and fruit, are acrid, cooling, diuretic, antipyretic, stomachic, aphrodisiac (?), stimulant (?),laxative, anthelmintic and useful in treatment of thirst, bronchitis, biliousness and vomiting whereas leaves are hypnotic, analgesic and useful in treatment of hiccup, piles, bleeding gums, thirst, scabies, gleet, jaundice, stomatitis, toothache, eye-pains and tuberculous glands. Dhania’s role in causing impotency is not described. By giving the example of Dhania, I always try to warn the readers to be careful while using the herbs. It is common belief among us that herbs are free from side effects and there is no harm because it is natural but this is not true. Only specialists can tell us that which herb is useful for us and at what doses ? Through this article, I would like to request the researchers and herb experts around the world to focus their attention on this side effect of Dhania powder. I am sure that after confirmation, one can convert the side effect in to beneficial effect. The natives use matured fruits of Kela (Banana) for the treatment of diarrhoea. The patients are advised to take matured fruits with fresh curd during problem as diet. The juice of different parts of piyaz herb (Onion) is also used by the natives. The juice of fresh leaves, and bulbs is collected and applied around the umbilicus externally till relief. The juice of leaves is preferred as compared to the bulbs. The natives use different species of Tulsi, both wild and cultivated, for diarrhoea. The decoction of Tulsi (Ocimum sp.) leaves is prepared and given to the patients. It is general belief in Chhattisgarh that daily intake of ten fresh leaves just after the bath, develops enough resistance in body to fight all common troubles including diarrhoea. Disease and insect infestation free leaves are preferred and used by the natives. Leaves collected before flowering are considered best for the preparation of decoction. There is no standard method for preparation of decoction. In general, the native take 20 fresh leaves in a cup of water and boil it until the water remains half of initial quantity. The patients take this decoction till relief. The decoction is served hot to the patients. According to the traditional healers, the cold decoction can aggravate the symptoms. This is also an interesting information. The natives also use fresh ginger juice for diarrhoea. The half cup of hot water is taken and one teaspoonful of fresh ginger juice is mixed. The patients are advised to take this hot drink in order to check the diarrhoea. In Bastar region of Chhattisgarh, the natives prepare a special vegetable using immature fruit of papita (Papaya). This special preparation is served to the patients suffering from diarrhoea. According to natives, matured fruits should not be used as it can aggravate the symptoms. In Chhattisgarh plains, the native use the decoction of Jam Patti (Guava leaves) for the treatment of diarrhoea. This use is not much popular. This decoction is mostly used for dental care. As diet, the natives of Chhattisgarh prefer Dahi Bhat. Dahi is fresh curd and Bhat means cooked rice. During my ethnomedico surveys in Nagri-Sihawa region of Chhattisgarh, I got an interesting information about use of medicinal rice variety Dubraj in treatment of diarrhoea. The natives prefer this indigenous variety as compared to other varieties. The use of medicinal rice variety Dubraj in treatment of diarrhoea is not mentioned in reference literatures. I am proud to say that this a research finding of natives and this is good to see that they are still using it. In case of complications, the traditional healers use special herbal combinations to treat diarrhoea. In general , the healers use at least ten herbs in these combinations. Most of the healers avoid to disclose their secret formulas due to fear of exploitation and commercial utilization. I have noted that in these combinations Gondla or Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) is used most frequently. Babool gond (Acacia nilotica gum) is also used. The traditional healers of Rajnandgaon region use the seeds of Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Aam (Mangifera indica) and Babool gum to prepare a special powder. This powder is given to the patients suffering from diarrhoea. According to the healers, on the basis of need and severity of disease they add more herbs in this powder. Most of these herbs are collected from forests but for few herbs they are dependent on local herb shops because these herbs are not found in Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Narharpur region, collect the Boir fruits (Ber; Ziziphus sp.) from indigenous trees and put the fruits in earthen pot. It is kept on fire whole night. Next day the patients are advised to take these fruits in order to check the diarrhoea. Desi Boir (indigenous Ber) varieties are preferred by the healers. With this treatment, the patients are advised to take restricted diet also. Aithi Chudi is a popular non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. According to the traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh, the spirally coiled fruit of this herb, clearly indicates that it is use in griping of bowels and related troubles. In Hindi, griping is named as Marod. Its Hindi name is Morodphlai ( Phali-Pod). The traditional healers of Tilda region use the fruits in treatment of diarrhoea. They collect the fresh fruit and after washing, dip it in well water whole night. The patients suffering from diarrhoea is advised to take the leachate empty stomach next morning. During this treatment, the ler instruct the patients to avoid the use of salty and sour food materials. Although in reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, it is mentioned that fruit root and bark are of medicinal importance but the medicinal properties of root and bark are described in detail. According to these literatures, root and bark are expectorant, demulcent, astringent to bowels and anti-galactagogue. I am describing its botany in short. The scientific name of AithiChudi is Helicteres isora (family : Sterculiaceae). It is a small tree; young shoots clothed with stellate hairs; Leaves biferous, ovate orbicular, obliquely cordate, irregularly crowded , scabrous above; Flowers in axillary clusters 2-6 together, bilabiate, red at first fading to lead colour latter; Fruits follicle of 5-6, beaked, spirally coiled; Seeds numerous and angular. Like Aithi-Chudi, Mahua is also a popular non-wood forest produce of Chhattisgarh. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, use the bark of Mahua for diarrhoea. The aqueous extract of Mahua bark is collected and boiled in fire. During boiling process sonth (dried ginger) is added. This decoction is given to the patients. This use is popular in forest areas of Chhattisgarh and both healers and natives are aware of this special preparation. Before ending this article, I would like to mention the use of Chui-Mui herb in treatment of diarrhoea. I have collected this information from Ambikapur region. The natives collect this wasteland herb and wash the separated roots in water. The root juice is extracted with the help of stones and with sugar, given to the patients. Within a week, this juice cure this trouble. In healthy days, the natives use this juice in order to prevent the attack of bowel related troubles. The scientific name of Mui is Mimosa pudica (family Leguminoseae). In my previous articles, I have written on ethnomedico uses of this I am getting positive responses from the world community regarding my articles. Many international science journals are aching and inviting me to submit the articles for publication. I am not in favour of publishing these valuable information to these journals because these journals belong to very limited readers. I am borne to share my research to the world community. I have published over 100 research paper in national and international journals but now I have decided to write only for common readers in their own language and style. I am proud to write the articles on valuable knowledge and experiences of my people and I am fortunate to be a bridge between the world community and the natives of Chhattisgarh. Thank you very much for reading the article sincerely. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of gynaecological disorders in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In case of menorrhagia, the natives of Chhattisgarh use different soils for treatment. In general, the soil collected near to Chana (Chickpea) crop is used. After collection, soil is kept in pot filled with water and patients are advised to drink the filtrate twenty four hours after dipping. The soil nearer to Chana plant is taken. Organically grown Chana crop is preferred as presence of agrochemicals in soil can cause harmful effects. The soil is collected early morning and the natives prefer to collect the soil when crop is at vegetative stage. According to the natives, this filtrate is useful both for patients and normal person. In Chhattisgarh, Chana is cultivated as rabi (winter) season crop after harvesting of paddy (Oryza sativa). Heavy clay (locally known as Kanhar) soil is preferred for cultivation. In my previous articles. I have described traditional medicinal knowledge about the useful and valuable soils of Chhattisgarh. The natives informed me that in early days when there was no use of agrochemicals in Chana cultivation, the use of soil for the treatment of menorrhagia was very common and popular but these days, due to heavy use of agrochemicals, it is difficult to get chemical free soil and this is the reason, the natives are hesitating to use this cheap and effective treatment. This is very interesting to know that the natives use the soil from field where Chana is taken after the harvesting of paddy crop and if in previous season, the land was fallow, they never use the Chana soil for treatment. When I discussed this treatment with the traditional healers, they told me that they are not aware of Chemistry but they believe that both paddy and Chana herbs play a vital role in making the soil rich in medicinal properties. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine, the use of Chana leaves, acid exudation and seeds as medicine are described. I am proud to say that the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, are using its roots also and even the soil beneath the Chana herb is used for treatment. In reference literatures, the use of Chana herb in treatment of menorrhagia is not mentioned. I personally feel that there is a strong need to conduct a detailed study on this aspect. During my ethnomedico surveys in different parts of attisgarh, I have noted and observed the uses of different soils collected nearer to common herbs in treatment of many common troubles including menorrhagia but according to the traditional healers, there is no alternative to soil collected nearer to Chana herb. As native to Chhattisgarh, with the help of traditional healers, I am trying to popularize the use of Chana soil. It is common belief in Chhattisgarh, the soil collected and use during crop season is only useful and on storage, it looses the valuable medicinal properties. As Chana is cultivated in winter only and soil collected prior to flowering is preferred, very short time is available for its use. I am sure that the scientific research on this important aspect can help us a lot to preserve the soil in its natural from (as far as medicinal properties are concerned) for its use round the year. In Chhattisgarh, the natives also use the common wasteland herb Duddhi in treatment of menorrhagia. Duddhi is named as Duddhi because injury to any plant part results in secretion of milk (Dudh-Milk in Hindi) latex. In Chhattisgarh, many species of Duddhi have been reported and the natives and healers, are using almost every species in treatment of common disease. I will write a separate article on different species of Duddhi, like the article on major species of Ipomoea. The natives collect the herb from wasteland and dry it in shade. After drying, they convert it into powder and patients are advised to take a tea spoonful of this powder daily morning. In my previous article related to pot herbs of Chhattisgarh, I described an interesting observation related to use to Duddhi as potherb. When Mr. Sitaram of Bagbahera region tried this herb as vegetable, he found it sweet but large doses caused diarrhoea. The healers and natives are aware of this fact. This is the reason they suggest the patients to take the dried herb in recommended dose. The scientific name of Duddhi is Euphorbia hirta (family Euphorbiaceae). In reference literatures, not much has been written on different medicinal uses and properties of this useful herb. I am describing its botany in short, I have noted from reference literatures. It is an annual herb having 15-50 cm height, erect or ascending, hispid with long often yellowish hair, branches often four-angled; Leaves opposite, obliquely oblong - lanceolate, serrulate or dentate, dark green above, pale beneath, base unequal-sided; Flowers involucres numerous, crowded in small axillary globose cymes; glands minute; globose, with or without a limb; Fruit capsule, appressedly hairy; Seeds ovoid-trigonous, rugose, reddish brown; Flowering time-throughout the year. The natives of Chhattisgarh also use many home remedies in order to treat menorrhagia. The use of Dhania (Coriander and Anar (Pomegranate) is very common. The peels of Anar are converted into powder and patients are advised to take this powder with cold water. The Dhania is used as decoction. The use of Dhania decoction is most common and according to the natives, it is promising treatment. Before describing other herbs, I would like to apologize, if there is any mistake in medicinal terminologies. As I am Bachelor, it is always very difficult to write or collect information on gynaecological troubles. Fortunately, the healers and natives have rich traditional medicinal knowledge about various herbs useful in treatment of these disorders, but unfortunately, I am weak in this field and this is the reason, I make mistakes in writing articles on this aspect. Last week, when I was discussion Dr. Dass’s experience in remote part of Chhattisgarh, Abhujmarh as social work, she informed me that the tribal use many herbs for birth control and abortion. Dr Dass has worked in Abhujmarh and presently living in Raipur City. During discussion, we talked on different herbs. I am describing details regarding some promising herbs and method of use. As birth control measure, the natives use many common herbs both externally and internally. The females are advised by the natives to put specific parts of herbs inside the vagina at (and for) specific time for birth control. It is common practice in Chhattisgarh to use Bemchi seeds for this purpose. The seeds are collected and converted into powder and after mixing this powder in Sesamum oil, the females are advised to put this mixture inside the vagina just after the mensustral cycle. It is very interesting that the Bemchi herb growing near to Doomar ( Ficus glomerata) trees are preferred for preparation of this mixture. Bemchi (Psoralea corylifolia) is a common wasteland herb in Chhattisgarh. I personally feel that there is a strong need to evaluate the medicinal potential of Bemchi herb, growing in wastelands and Bemchi herb collected nearer to Doomar trees. This is very typical observation. Unfortunately, the natives and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh are unable to explain the science behind this but as it is part of their traditional knowledge, they are following the rules strictly. As scientific explanation is not available, the young generation is loosing interest in these traditional uses. The researchers can play a vital role here. There explanation can help and motivate the young generation to understand the importance of traditional knowledge. This is very long process but I am confident that a small effort will result in big outcome. The timely step is essential as we are already very late. In many parts of Chhattisgarh, the natives put Kali Mirchi (Black Piper) in side the vagina as birth control measure. According to them, it is not convenient for all to adopt this method. The uses of neem oil and pure honey are also common. According to healers the use of neem oil is promising method but due to very odd smell of neem oil no one is ready to adopt this promising method. The healers told me that neem oil’s medicinal properties are responsible for action not the smell of oil and if we are able to eliminate this odd smell, this use will become very popular. The use of honey is also having its own limitations. The availability of pure honey is one of the major problem. The honey having adulteration of sugar syrup can not serve the purpose. Due to viscosity its use is very difficult. Many natives informed me that it is not of practical use during intercourse because of its sticky nature. During discussion with my Guru Shri Vishal Bharat, once he told me that the external application of Sesamum oil (Til ka Tel) on male genitals with common table salt is good birth preventive but the natives hesitate to use this method also. There are several such methods but due to some constraints they are not in use. I personally feel that after detailed and systematic research, we can remove these constraints and make these methods popular. For example, in Til oil- Salt method, crude salt is used. If fine powdered salt is adopted in place of crude salt, there will be no problem during intercourse. Many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, suggest the females to take a teaspoonful of Haldi (Turmeric) powder daily with lukewarm water. This is simple method, but not a promising lthough Thura (Euphorbia neriifolia) is not a common herb in Chhattisgarh, but many natives use this thorny herb as fence to prevent the entry of animals in farm or home. The traditional healers of Bastar region informed me that the ash collected after burning the herb, is very useful. The females are advised to take this ash with sugar as birth control measure. The natives use this combination under strict supervision of the traditional healers, as overdose can cause great harm to the patients. It is also common practice in Chhattisgarh, to put the globule prepared by mixing the seeds of Munga (Moringa oliefera) in ghee and pure honey. This globule is kept inside the vagina. Although the natives of Chhattisgarh are having rich traditional medicinal knowledge about herbs useful in Abortion but in general they prefer to consult and take the herbs under supervision of the traditional healers. During my ethnomedico surveys, I have noted that there are many traditional healers specialized in Abortion and they are not aware of other treatments. This is really surprising and interesting. During my visits to Pendra region, I have seen the use of decoction prepared from fresh leaves of Bans (Bamboo) for abortion. The node of Bamboo (green) are also used this purpose. In this part of Chhattisgarh, natural Bamboo population occur and the natives and healers are specialized in different potential uses of Bamboo herb. Gahunsa (Phalaris minor) is one of the obnoxious weeds in wheat fields and in India, the scientists and farmers use tons of agrochemicals to manage this weed. Although for the natives and healers of Chhattisgarh, this is very new exotic weed but I am proud to write that in wheat growing areas of Chhattisgarh, the natives and healers have discovered new uses of this weed. This is positive sign that their experiments to enrich the traditional medicinal knowledge are in good progress. Their research findings regarding new medicinal uses of obnoxious exotic weeds like Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara, Phalaris minor etc. Are not good news for multinational companies engaged in production and promotion of agrochemicals in fertile lands of Chhattisgarh. The medicinal uses of Phalaris minor is yet not reported in reference literatures. The natives and healers have discovered many unique uses of Phalaris. I will describe it in separate article. Here I am describing its use in abortion. The natives collect the herb from crop field and dry it. This dried herb is converted into powder and with Aloe (Dhikuar) put it into the vagina to induce abortion. Many healers add the root powder of Punarnava herb in this combination in order to increase its potential. Bathua seeds (Chenopodium album) are also added in this combination. Bathua is also a common weed in wheat crop ields in Chhattisgarh. The natives collect the flowers of Jason (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Anar (Pomegranate), Arand (Castor) and peels of Anar fruits and after drying, burn it. It is general belief that inhalation of fumes result in abortion. The natives also prepare a decoction from the bark of Munga (Moringa oleifera) and fruit peels of Anar with sugar in order to induce the abortion. I will write a separate article on Leucorrhoea (Safed Pani) and related troubles. Thank you very much for reading the Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs suitable for home gardens in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In ancient literatures related to different systems of medicine, it is clearly mentioned that any patient can be treated only with the herbs of his surroundings and there is no need to go far in search of herbs. The herbs planted at home gardens play an important role. The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about common herbs suitable for plantation in home gardens. They never give preference to exotic herbs and warn the natives, fond of exotic beautiful ornamental plants to be prepare for mental and physical health problems. In general, the healers prefer the herbs having multiple uses for home gardens. According to them, they have gained the knowledge about selection of suitable herbs from their forefathers and since generations, they are strictly following the instructions. Unfortunately, not much has been written in form of scientific document about this valuable knowledge. The healers are agree that they are not following all the instructions and during transfer of this knowledge from one generation to other, many valuable parts are mixing. I personally feel that the documentation of these practices and knowledge, through my articles, can serve the purpose and help the future generations to understand the discoveries and science of their forefathers. Last week, I got an e-mail from an organization engaged in conservation (?) of traditional knowledge in India. The convener warned me whether you have taken the permission of natives before documenting their knowledge . He instructed me to give all information to his organization (Why?) and his organization is only authorized to release the information. I was shocked. I wrote to him, you are not aware that I am ‘Son of Soil" (native) to Chhattisgarh. The knowledge, I am documenting is our knowledge. As our people are illiterate and poor, the experts and organizations outside from the state are coming and extracting the knowledge in name of documentation and traditional knowledge database. After their visits, they never inform the natives what they have done to their traditional knowledge. Now when a native of Chhattisgarh, has decided to document the knowledge and to aware the world community about valuable traditional medicinal knowledge of Chhattisgarh natives, these organizations are feeling uneasy. I am proud to say that I have yet not taken any financial aid for my surveys and studies and charge no money for documenting this valuable knowledge in form of articles and research papers. If you are aware of funding agencies at international level, any organization can take a grand project to document the traditional knowledge of Chhattisgarh and can show the investment of millions of rupees. I am not in favour of cheating the funding organization. Common Indian Names of Desi Gulab (Rosa damascena) Languages/Regions Names 1) Gujarati Gulab 2) Hindi Gulab, Sudburj 3) kanarese Pannira, Tarana 4) Marathi Gulab 5) Sanskrit Atimanjula, Soumyagandha, Shatadala, Lakshmipuspha I have started writing articles at Botanical dot com from 12 th June, 2002. During this short period I have contributed over 75 articles and lost five eminent traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. You will be surprised to know that their valuable knowledge is documented in form of my articles, they have even not disclosed the facts to the next generation. They were worried seeing the activities of modern generation and suspicious about their attitude towards traditional knowledge. I am unfortunate, that I have gained only a drop from their knowledge ocean. Many organizations are active in my state, and claiming that they are protecting the rights of healers but unfortunately all works are in reports because ing agencies (mostly) believe in reports. I am aware of this bitter fact that these so called established organization can blame me for this documentation, but I have decided to continue this important work for the benefit of world community and I am aware that after my departure from this world, the new generation will acknowledge my work (as usual trend in all over the world). So, I was describing the herbs in home gardens. During my ethnomedico surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have noted that the healers of different parts recommend different herbs in home gardens. For example, the traditional healers belong to Bengali community of Ambikapur region suggest the natives to plant a Nishindi herb in their home garden near to entry point (Gate). It is common belief in this region, that plantation of Nishindi prevents the entry of ill spirits in home and protect the family from diseases. The natives are aware of utilities of almost every part of Nishindi. I have observed its use in over 50 common diseases both internally and externally. You can get more details about various uses and botany of Nishindi in my previous article on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of rheumatism in Chhattisgarh, India. Before instructing the natives, about the suitable herb in home gardens, the healers generally, ask about common troubles in particular home. Based on this short interaction, they recommend specific herbs. But some herbs are common for all like Neem, Nishindi, Aak etc. While surfing on net. I got an information on "Horticulture Therapy", developed by the horticulturist of western world. In this therapy, the experts first interview the home owner with the help of questionnaire and on the basis of their problem recommend suitable herbs to be plant in home gardens. I am proud to write that this therapy is in existence since centuries in Chhattisgarh and it is still in practice. As in "Horticulture Therapy" scientists and experts are involved, they have explanation for each recommended herb but in Chhattisgarh, the natives believe, that the healers are aware of science but in fact they are just (most of them) following the instructions of their forefathers. Through this article, I would like to request the Indian researchers at first to accept this valuable traditional knowledge and as second step, try to explain it for next generation. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich knowledge about herbs suitable for not only the home gardens but also for place of work, crop fields and hospitals. I request the readers to go through my previous article on Tree shade therapy for more interesting information on role of herbs in home gardens. During my lectures in different seminars, I have noted the fact that in rural and forest areas of Chhattisgarh, there is no need to aware the natives about this therapy because it is in practice whereas in urban areas, the natives are not ready to replace the exotic ornamentals from their gardens. The traditional healers suggest the natives to avoid planting cactus in home gardens and it is common belief in Chhattisgarh, that the presence of spiny and xerophytic herbs in home gardens can cause disturbances particularly the mental disturbances in family. As a student of science, I was not agree with this belief. When I conducted a small study in order to explain this fact, I got surprising and encouraging results. Many respondents told me that these xerophytic and spiny herbs are shelter of venomous insects and snakes. As home gardens are play ground for little children, these herbs can cause harm to them. Some respondent said the presence of spiny herbs in home gardens make the mood gloomy and causes depression. My university, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur is having a great collection of cactus. Over 2000 species of Cactus are planted in green houses and Dr. Prashant Dubey is taking care of these species. He is also aware of this belief. And according to him, this belief is creating a hindrance in sell of beautiful cactus species in Chhattisgarh. He questions this belief by giving the example of good record of relations among the staff members working at Cactus nursery. According to him, if this belief is genuine, then these 2000 species have enough potential to cause big disturbances in our relations. But I have noted that fact that he has not planted even a single cactus in his home garden. In this article, I am describing different herbs, their suitability (as informed by the natives and healers) and common uses. It is common belief that the lands having white flowered Fudhar herbs are best and lucky for construction of home. The natives also believe that this herb is an indicator of presence of treasure inside the soil. This is the reason they prefer and give higher price for land having natural growth of white flowered Fudhar. In home gardens, the healers avoid to plant the herbs having latex but Fudhar is an exception. It is planted in boundaries. The healers advise the patients to stand near to this herb for at least one hour morning and evening observing the whole herb. According to them, it is good for the patients having mental troubles. During construction of home, the natives avoid to damage this herb and they design the home so that it can damage least to the herb. Many healers told me that only spontaneously grown Fudhar herb gives best effects. If any one want to plant this herb in home garden, he should follow the strict rules regarding selection of herbs and specific date and time of planting. The healers provide this important information to needy persons without charging any consultancy fees. As this herb is related to wealth, the rich natives engaged in business, take special care of this herb. They regularly worship the herb. Many consultants are also active in sgarh and exploiting the rich natives taking advantage of their blind faith. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis procera. I have written a lot on Ethnobotanical uses of this common but valuable herb in Chhattisgarh. Medicinally white flowered Fudhar species are preferred by the traditional healers. Every part of this herb is used as medicine both internally and externally. When I discuss the role of Fudhar in increasing the wealth, many healers laugh and comment that only plantation or caring cannot result in wealth. According to them, their forefathers have associated the information with Fudhar because they were aware that coming generations will forget the uses of this herb. In order to conserve this herb forever, they have associated the information related to wealth. According to healers, as every part of Fudhar is useful, by understanding the various medicinal uses of this herb with the help of traditional healers, the natives can get good health through this herb and save lot of expenses in terms of doctor’s bill. But the natives specially those living in urban areas are not using this herb for their daily use. They are just planting and caring the herb and thinking that the presence of this herb can increase the wealth . Many healers suggest the natives to irrigate the Fudhar herb with water having the power of Haldi (Turmeric) instead of water alone. In place of water, they prefer well or river water. According to them, the use of Haldi water increases the effects of Fudhar. As researcher of Allelopathy, I feel there is a need to study the effect of Haldi water applied as irrigation on growth as well as medicinal properties of Fudhar herb. I have started some trials, but it is too early to derive any conclusion. Through these trials, I am now assured that Haldi water cannot damage the Fudhar herb. During my is its to nearby forests rich in natural population of both Haldi and Fudhar, I always try to observe keenly the behaviour and growth pattern of both herbs growing side by side. Although it is not important for common readers but I would like to mention that I am also conducting trials to see the effects of Fudhar herb on growth and medicinal properties of Haldi herb. As mentioned earlier, many rich natives worship with this herb, during worship they use water and Haldi powder and apply it near to the roots. Directly or indirectly through this worship, they are contributing in growth of this herb. Although Bonsai culture is becoming popular in Chhattisgarh, but the traditional healers warn the natives to avoid the use of Bonsai herbs. The Bonsai of Pipal tree is very common in Chhattisgarh. Due to population pressure, the area is decreasing and in urban areas, multi storied building and flat system of living are becoming common . Pipal is a big tree and it is not possible to plant this herb in each compartment of multi storied buildings. To solve this problem, the natives use Bonsai Pipal tree and plant it in small pots. The traditional healers are not happy with this solution and they say that ong use of deformed tree can result in harmful effects. Pipal is a sacred tree for Hindus and Buddhists. In ancient literatures, it is mentioned that Pipal tree should be planted in western direction of home. The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh are aware of this fact. Although Pipal is frequently used in different religious ceremonies in India, but you will be surprised to know that its natural population is decreasing very rapidly in the state. As it is large sized tree with spreading roots, no one is ready to plant large tree nearer to home. It is common observation that the tree planted near the home, penetrates its roots inside the walls and destroys the homes. The ancient experts were aware of this fact. This is the reason they have advised to plant this tree outside the boundary wall. Although the natural population of large sized tree is decreasing but this is also a fact that the number of Bonsai Pipal is increasing in Chhattisgarh. An eminent Bonsai expert of Chhattisgarh Mr. Chandrashekhar Vyas told me that it is difficult process to prepare a Bonsai of Pipal tree. The natives take special care of Pipal tree. Daily morning (except on Saturday) They worship the tree, take one leaf and kept it with them whole day. At evening, they keep the leaf in locker (or place where money is kept). Next morning the same procedure is repeated. On Saturday morning, all six leaves are collected and after worship, flow them in river water. The natives facing downfall in their business are advised to put the leaves in their shops or working places. According to the healers, one should be very careful during planting. The tree planted other than western direction can cause adverse effects. I am trying to explain the science and facts behind this belief. scientific name of Pipal is Ficus religiosa ( family : Moraceae). Pipal holds a reputed position in almost every systems of medicine in India. According to reference literatures, all parts of Pipal are cooling and useful in diseases of blood, vagina, uterus, leucorrhoea (Safed Pani), burning sensation, biliousness and ulcers. Ripe fruit is alexipharmic and good for gout and rheumatism. The root bark (Jad Ki Chhal) is aphrodisiac and good in stomatitis, ulcers, leucorrhoea and bone fractures. The seeds are useful in urinary troubles. Although for the agricultural researchers specially for the weed scientists, Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) is unwanted herb but for the natives and traditional healers it is a valuable herb. From herbal tooth brush to treatment of lethal diseases they use this herb very frequently. As Chirchita possess anti venom and snake repellent properties, the natives prefer this herb in home gardens. If this herb grows spontaneously as weed in home gardens, the natives never root out pontaneously grown herb is considered best as compared to the planted one. Babool (Acacia nilotica) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. Babool trees spontaneously grows in bunds of rice fields and since centuries both herbs are growing to gather without affecting each other’s growth. The natives never root out this herb from rice bunds but as herb in home garden, they avoid this herb. As this herb posses spines, it is general belief in Chhattisgarh, that presence of this herb in home gardens may result in dispute among family members. Dasmool is also a common herb in forests of Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers are well aware of different medicinal uses of Dasmool. As climber, it is preferred in home gardens. As Dasmool is reputed and well established female tonic, the healers instruct their female patients to plant this herb in home gardens and use regularly different parts as medicine. According to the healers, as any home is incomplete without woman, similarly any home garden is incomplete without Dasmool herb. As appearance and growth pattern of Dasmool are good even the natives not aware of its valuable medicinal properties, plant this herb as ornamental plant in home gardens. The use of fresh leaves of Dasmool (Asparagus racemosus) is not much popular in the state, so natives in general give emphasis on medicinal root collection rather than the leaves collection. Although Dasmool is a wild herb, but many nurseries grow and sell this herb, as ornamental herb at very fair prices in the state. Like Babool, any species of Bamboo is also not permitted for plantation in home gardens. According to the natives, the dense growth of Bamboo clusters are best shelter place for venomous creatures and this is the reason no one plant this herb in home gardens. This is very dangerous to convince the natives particularly the natives living in urban areas that the rose that the rose varieties are not suitable for any home gardens. As these species are spiny, the healers instruct the natives to avoid this beautiful herb in home garden. You will be surprised to know that the healers are not against all varieties of roses. They suggest the natives to plant Desi (indigenous) Gulab (Rose) in place of exotic varieties. According to them Desi Gulab is full of valuable medicinal properties and also full of natural aroma. Desi Gulab is used as main ingredient in many popular herb mixtures in India. Desi Gulab (Rosa domscena) is also preferred by the traditional healers. In early days, this species was very common, but now it is becoming rare due to introduced hybrid varieties. I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, it is a perennial shrub attaining the height up to 1.5 meters, stems with stout and hooked prickles, sometimes glandular, hairy; Leaves pinnate, leaflets usually five (sometimes seven), ovate oblong, serrate, stipules scarcely dilated; petioles prickly; Flowers usually corymbose, double, red, pink or white, sometimes striped; pedicels and receptacle glandular hispid; Fruit obovate. The Desi Gulab flowers round the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures, many valuable medicinal properties and uses of Desi Gulab have been described in detail. According to these literatures, the flower of Desi Gulab is bitter, acrid, cooling, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, cardiotonic, expectorant , sweetish and useful in treatment of leprosy, biliousness, burning sensation, eye diseases, headache, toothache, stomatitis, heat of body, chronic fevers, inflammations etc. The syrup prepared from fresh petals, locally known as Gulkand, is very popular in Chhattisgarh. Sometimes back when I disclosed the benefits of Desi Gulab among the participants of seminar organized by Chhattisgarh Horticulture Society, they replied they are eager to plant this rose species in gardens but not aware from where they will get the plants. Unfortunately, this indigenous variety is not available for sale in nurseries. With the help of horticulturists of Chhattisgarh, now we are trying hard to supply this variety to natives. Among fruit plants, Sitaphal (annona squamosa) herb is not preferred in home gardens. As this herb grows naturally in graveyards, the natives hesitate to plant this herb in home gardens. According to the healers, the natives must not plant herb but if it grows spontaneously in home gardens, in general, they never instruct, the natives to remove it. Nariyal (Coconut) is not a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The natives and healers are also not aware of its multiple uses, however many natives plant this herb in home gardens. According to them the plantation of this herb in home gardens bring prosperity and good news in home. Many research works have been conducted but the Nariyal planted in Chhattisgarh, never give desirable production. There is controversy in case of Papita (Papaya). According to the healers, this herb is valuable and poor man’s tonic whereas many healers instruct the natives to root out this harmful herb. This is responsible for diseases in family members. I am not agree with them. I have planted Papita in my home garden and as it is poor man’s fruits, you will find this fruit tree is almost every home in Chhattisgarh. The healers considering the Papita as harmful herb, instruct their followers to apply Hing inside the stem and roots in order to destroy this herb completely. I have noted the fact that the natives and traditional healers, in general, prefer the herbs in home gardens having multiple uses. This is really a bitter fact that due to lack of awareness, now new exotic species are taking place of these important indigenous herbs in home gardens. I am sure that this article will help the world community to understand the rich traditional knowledge about common herbs suitable for home gardens in Chhattisgarh, India. Traditional Medicinal Knowledge about common herbs suitable for home gardens in Chhattisgarh, India Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved In ancient literatures related to different systems of medicine, it is clearly mentioned that any patient can be treated only with the herbs of his surroundings and there is no need to go far in search of herbs. The herbs planted at home gardens play an important role. The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh have rich traditional knowledge about common herbs suitable for plantation in home gardens. They never give preference to exotic herbs and warn the natives, fond of exotic beautiful ornamental plants to be prepare for mental and physical health problems. In general, the healers prefer the herbs having multiple uses for home gardens. According to them, they have gained the knowledge about selection of suitable herbs from their forefathers and since generations, they are strictly following the instructions. Unfortunately, not much has been written in form of scientific document about this valuable knowledge. The healers are agree that they are not following all the instructions and during transfer of this knowledge from one generation to other, many valuable parts are mixing. I personally feel that the documentation of these practices and knowledge, through my articles, can serve the purpose and help the future generations to understand the discoveries and science of their forefathers. Last week, I got an e-mail from an organization engaged in conservation (?) of traditional knowledge in India. The convener warned me whether you have taken the permission of natives before documenting their knowledge . He instructed me to give all information to his organization (Why?) and his organization authorized to release the information. I was shocked. I wrote to him, you are not aware that I am ‘Son of Soil" (native) to Chhattisgarh. The knowledge, I am documenting is our knowledge. As our people are illiterate and poor, the experts and organizations outside from the state are coming and extracting the knowledge in name of documentation and traditional knowledge database. After their visits, they never inform the natives what they have done to their traditional knowledge. Now when a native of Chhattisgarh, has decided to document the knowledge and to aware the world community about valuable traditional medicinal knowledge of Chhattisgarh natives, these organizations are feeling uneasy. I am proud to say that I have yet not taken any financial aid for my surveys and studies and charge no money for documenting this valuable knowledge in form of articles and research papers. If you are aware of funding agencies at international level, any organization can take a grand project to document the traditional knowledge of Chhattisgarh and can show the investment of millions of rupees. I am not in favour of cheating the funding organization. Common Indian Names of Desi Gulab (Rosa damascena) Languages/Regions Names 1) Gujarati Gulab 2) Hindi Gulab, Sudburj 3) kanarese Pannira, Tarana 4) Marathi Gulab 5) Sanskrit Atimanjula, Soumyagandha, Shatadala, Lakshmipuspha I have started writing articles at Botanical dot com from 12 th June, 2002. During this short period I have contributed over 75 articles and lost five eminent traditional healers of Chhattisgarh. You will be surprised to know that their valuable knowledge is documented in form of my articles, they have even not disclosed the facts to the next generation. They were worried seeing the activities of modern generation and suspicious about their attitude towards traditional edge. I am unfortunate, that I have gained only a drop from their knowledge ocean. Many organizations are active in my state, and claiming that they are protecting the rights of healers but unfortunately all works are in reports because funding agencies (mostly) believe in reports. I am aware of this bitter fact that these so called established organization can blame me for this documentation, but I have decided to continue this important work for the benefit of world community and I am aware that after my departure from this world, the new generation will acknowledge my work (as usual trend in all over the world). So, I was describing the herbs in home gardens. During my ethnomedico surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh. I have noted that the healers of different parts recommend different herbs in home gardens. For example, the traditional healers belong to Bengali community of Ambikapur region suggest the natives to plant a Nishindi herb in their home garden near to entry point (Gate). It is common belief in this region, that plantation of Nishindi prevents the entry of ill spirits in home and protect the family from diseases. The natives are aware of utilities of almost every part of Nishindi. I have observed its use in over 50 common diseases both internally and externally. You can get more details about various uses and botany of Nishindi in my previous article on traditional medicinal knowledge about common herbs used in treatment of rheumatism in Chhattisgarh, India. Before instructing the natives, about the suitable herb in home gardens, the healers generally, ask about common troubles in particular home. Based on this short interaction, they recommend specific herbs. But some herbs are common for all like Neem, Nishindi, Aak etc. While surfing on net. I got an information on "Horticulture Therapy", developed by the horticulturist of western world. In this therapy, the experts first interview the home owner with the help of questionnaire and on the basis of their problem recommend suitable herbs to be plant in home gardens. I am proud to write that this therapy is in existence since centuries in Chhattisgarh and it is still in practice. As in "Horticulture Therapy" scientists and experts are involved, they have explanation for each recommended herb but in Chhattisgarh, the natives believe, that the healers are aware of science but in fact they are just (most of them) following the instructions of their forefathers. Through this article, I would like to request the Indian researchers at first to accept this valuable traditional knowledge and as second step, try to explain it for next generation. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh have rich knowledge about herbs suitable for not only the home gardens but also for place of work, crop fields and hospitals. I request the readers to go through my previous article on Tree shade therapy for more interesting information on role of herbs in home gardens. During my lectures in different seminars, I have noted the fact that in rural and forest areas of Chhattisgarh, there is no need to aware the natives about this therapy because it is in practice whereas in urban areas, the natives are not ready to replace the exotic ornamentals from their gardens. The traditional healers suggest the natives to avoid planting cactus in home gardens and it is common belief in Chhattisgarh, that the presence of spiny and xerophytic herbs in home gardens can cause disturbances particularly the mental disturbances in family. As a student of science, I was not agree with this belief. When I conducted a small study in order to explain this fact, I got surprising and encouraging results. Many respondents told me that these xerophytic and spiny herbs are shelter of venomous insects and snakes. As home gardens are play ground for little children, these herbs can cause harm to them. Some respondent said the presence of spiny herbs in home gardens make the mood gloomy and causes depression. My university, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur is having a great collection of cactus. Over 2000 species of Cactus are planted in green houses and Dr. Prashant Dubey is taking care of these species. He is also aware of this belief. And according to him, this belief is creating a hindrance in sell of beautiful cactus species in Chhattisgarh. He questions this belief by giving the example of good record of relations among the staff members working at Cactus nursery. According to him, if this belief is genuine, then these 2000 species have enough potential to cause big disturbances in our relations. But I have noted that fact that he has not planted even a single cactus in his home garden. In this article, I am describing different herbs, their suitability (as informed by the natives and healers) and common uses. It is common belief that the lands having white flowered Fudhar herbs are best and lucky for construction of home. The natives also believe that this herb is an indicator of presence of treasure inside the soil. This is the reason they prefer and give higher price for land having natural growth of white flowered Fudhar. In home gardens, the healers avoid to plant the herbs having latex but Fudhar is an exception. It is planted in boundaries. The healers advise the patients to stand near to this herb for at least one hour morning and evening observing the whole herb. According to them, it is good for the patients having mental troubles. During construction of home, the natives avoid to damage this herb and they design the home so that it can damage least to the herb. Many healers told me that only spontaneously grown Fudhar herb gives best effects. If any one want to plant this herb in home garden, he should follow the strict rules regarding selection of herbs and specific date and time of planting. The healers provide this important information to needy persons without charging any consultancy fees. As this herb is related to wealth, the rich natives engaged in business, take special care of this herb. They regularly worship the herb. Many consultants are also active in Chhattisgarh and exploiting the rich natives taking advantage of their blind faith. The scientific name of Fudhar is Calotropis procera. I have written a lot on Ethnobotanical uses of this common but valuable herb in Chhattisgarh. Medicinally white flowered Fudhar species are preferred by the traditional healers. Every part of this herb is used as medicine both internally and externally. When I discuss the role of Fudhar in increasing the wealth, many healers laugh and comment that only plantation or caring cannot result in wealth. According to them, their forefathers have associated the information with Fudhar because they were aware that coming generations will forget the uses of this herb. In order to conserve this herb forever, they have associated the information related to wealth. According to healers, as every part of Fudhar is useful, by understanding the various medicinal uses of this herb with the help of traditional healers, the natives can get good health through this herb and save lot of expenses in terms of doctor’s bill. But the natives specially those living in urban areas are not using this herb for their daily use. They are just planting and caring the herb and thinking that the presence of this herb can increase the wealth . Many healers suggest the natives to irrigate the Fudhar herb with water having the power of Haldi (Turmeric) instead of water alone. In place of water, they prefer well or river water. According to them, the use of Haldi water increases the effects of Fudhar. As researcher of Allelopathy, I feel there is a need to study the effect of Haldi water applied as irrigation on growth as well as medicinal properties of Fudhar herb. I have started some trials, but it is too early to derive any conclusion. Through these trials, I am now assured that Haldi water cannot damage the Fudhar herb. During my is its to nearby forests rich in natural population of both Haldi and Fudhar, I always try to observe keenly the behaviour and growth pattern of both herbs growing side by side. Although it is not important for common readers but I would like to mention that I am also conducting trials to see the effects of Fudhar herb on growth and medicinal properties of Haldi herb. As mentioned earlier, many rich natives worship with this herb, during worship they use water and Haldi powder and apply it near to the roots. Directly or indirectly through this worship, they are contributing in growth of this herb. Although Bonsai culture is becoming popular in Chhattisgarh, but the traditional healers warn the natives to avoid the use of Bonsai herbs. The Bonsai of Pipal tree is very common in Chhattisgarh. Due to population pressure, the area is decreasing and in urban areas, multi storied building and flat system of living are becoming common . Pipal is a big tree and it is not possible to plant this herb in each compartment of multi storied buildings. To solve this problem, the natives use Bonsai Pipal tree and plant it in small pots. The traditional healers are not happy with this solution and they say that wrong use of deformed tree can result in harmful effects. Pipal is a sacred tree for Hindus and Buddhists. In ancient literatures, it is mentioned that Pipal tree should be planted in western direction of home. The traditional healers and natives of Chhattisgarh are aware of this fact. Although Pipal is frequently used in different religious ceremonies in India, but you will be surprised to know that its natural population is decreasing very rapidly in the state. As it is large sized tree with spreading roots, no one is ready to plant large tree nearer to home. It is common observation that the tree planted near the home, penetrates its roots inside the walls and destroys the homes. The ancient experts were aware of this fact. This is the reason they have advised to plant this tree outside the boundary wall. Although the natural population of large sized tree is decreasing but this is also a fact that the number of Bonsai Pipal is increasing in Chhattisgarh. An eminent Bonsai expert of Chhattisgarh Mr. Chandrashekhar Vyas told me that it is difficult process to prepare a Bonsai of Pipal tree. The natives take special care of Pipal tree. Daily morning (except on Saturday) They worship the tree, take one leaf and kept it with them whole day. At evening, they keep the leaf in locker (or place where money is kept). Next morning the same procedure is repeated. On Saturday morning, all six leaves are collected and after worship, flow them in river water. The natives facing downfall in their business are advised to put the leaves in heir shops or working places. According to the healers, one should be very careful during planting. The tree planted other than western direction can cause adverse effects. I am trying to explain the science and facts behind this belief. The scientific name of Pipal is Ficus religiosa ( family : Moraceae). Pipal holds a reputed position in almost every systems of medicine in India. According to reference literatures, all parts of Pipal are cooling and useful in diseases of blood, vagina, uterus, leucorrhoea (Safed Pani), burning sensation, biliousness and ulcers. Ripe fruit is alexipharmic and good for gout and rheumatism. The root bark (Jad Ki Chhal) is aphrodisiac and good in stomatitis, ulcers, leucorrhoea and bone fractures. The seeds are useful in urinary troubles. Although for the agricultural researchers specially for the weed scientists, Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) is unwanted herb but for the natives and traditional healers it is a valuable herb. From herbal tooth brush to treatment of lethal ases they use this herb very frequently. As Chirchita possess anti venom and snake repellent properties, the natives prefer this herb in home gardens. If this herb grows spontaneously as weed in home gardens, the natives never root out it. Spontaneously grown herb is considered best as compared to the planted one. Babool (Acacia nilotica) is a common tree in Chhattisgarh. Babool trees spontaneously grows in bunds of rice fields and since centuries both herbs are growing to gather without affecting each other’s growth. The natives never root out this herb from rice bunds but as herb in home garden, they avoid this herb. As this herb posses spines, it is general belief in Chhattisgarh, that presence of this herb in home gardens may result in dispute among family members. Dasmool is also a common herb in forests of Chhattisgarh. The natives and traditional healers are well aware of different medicinal uses of Dasmool. As climber, it is preferred in home gardens. As Dasmool is reputed and well established female tonic, the healers instruct their female patients to plant this herb in home gardens and use regularly different parts as medicine. According to the healers, as any home is incomplete without woman, similarly any home garden is incomplete without Dasmool herb. As appearance and growth pattern of Dasmool are good even the natives not aware of its valuable medicinal properties, plant this herb as ornamental plant in home gardens. The use of fresh leaves of Dasmool (Asparagus racemosus) is not much popular the state, so natives in general give emphasis on medicinal root collection rather than the leaves collection. Although Dasmool is a wild herb, but many nurseries grow and sell this herb, as ornamental herb at very fair prices in the state. Like Babool, any species of Bamboo is also not permitted for plantation in home gardens. According to the natives, the dense growth of Bamboo clusters are best shelter place for venomous creatures and this is the reason no one plant this herb in home gardens. This is very dangerous to convince the natives particularly the natives living in urban areas that the rose that the rose varieties are not suitable for any home gardens. As these species are spiny, the healers instruct the natives to avoid this beautiful herb in home garden. You will be surprised to know that the healers are not against all varieties of roses. They suggest the natives to plant Desi (indigenous) Gulab (Rose) in place of exotic varieties. According to them Desi Gulab is full of valuable medicinal properties and also full of natural aroma. Desi Gulab is used as main ingredient in many popular herb mixtures in India. Desi Gulab (Rosa domscena) is also preferred by the traditional healers. In early days, this species was very common, but now it is becoming rare due to introduced hybrid varieties. I am describing its botany in short. According to reference literatures, it is a perennial shrub attaining the up to 1.5 meters, stems with stout and hooked prickles, sometimes glandular, hairy; Leaves pinnate, leaflets usually five (sometimes seven), ovate oblong, serrate, stipules scarcely dilated; petioles prickly; Flowers usually corymbose, double, red, pink or white, sometimes striped; pedicels and receptacle glandular hispid; Fruit obovate. The Desi Gulab flowers round the year in Chhattisgarh conditions. In reference literatures, many valuable medicinal properties and uses of Desi Gulab have been described in detail. According to these literatures, the flower of Desi Gulab is bitter, acrid, cooling, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, cardiotonic, expectorant , sweetish and useful in treatment of leprosy, biliousness, burning sensation, eye diseases, headache, toothache, stomatitis, heat of body, chronic fevers, inflammations etc. The syrup prepared from fresh petals, locally known as Gulkand, is very popular in Chhattisgarh. Sometimes back when I disclosed the benefits of Desi Gulab among the participants of seminar organized by Chhattisgarh Horticulture Society, they replied they are eager to plant this rose species in gardens but not aware from where they will get the plants. Unfortunately, this indigenous variety is not available for sale in nurseries. With the help horticulturists of Chhattisgarh, now we are trying hard to supply this variety to natives. ng fruit plants, Sitaphal (annona squamosa) herb is not preferred in home gardens. As this herb grows naturally in graveyards, the natives hesitate to plant this herb in home gardens. According to the healers, the natives must not plant this herb but if it grows spontaneously in home gardens, in general, they never instruct, the natives to remove it. Nariyal (Coconut) is not a common tree in Chhattisgarh. The natives and healers are also not aware of its multiple uses, however many natives plant this herb in home gardens. According to them the plantation of this herb in home gardens bring prosperity and good news in home. Many research works have been conducted but the Nariyal planted in Chhattisgarh, never give desirable production. There is controversy in case of Papita (Papaya). According to the healers, this herb is valuable and poor man’s tonic whereas many healers instruct the natives to root out this harmful herb. This is responsible for diseases in family members. I am not agree with them. I have planted Papita in my home garden and as it is poor man’s fruits, you will find this fruit tree is almost every home in Chhattisgarh. The healers considering the Papita as harmful herb, instruct their followers to apply Hing inside the stem and roots in order to destroy this herb completely. I have noted the fact that the natives and traditional healers, in general, prefer the herbs in home gardens having multiple uses. This is really a bitter fact that due to lack of awareness, now new exotic species are taking place of these important indigenous herbs in home gardens. I am sure that this article will help the world community to understand the rich traditional knowledge about common herbs suitable for home gardens in Chhattisgarh, India. Interactions with the herb growers and traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, India associated with useful medicinal herb Asgandh (Withania somnifera) Research Note - Pankaj Oudhia © 2001,2002,2003 Pankaj Oudhia - All Rights Reserved Although it was not reported by early workers but in different parts of Chhattisgarh, Asgandh grows naturally. The interactions with forest officer at Marwahi, natives of Doomar Village and healers of Gandai region confirmed the natural occurrence of Asgandh in Chhattisgarh. According to them, the occurrence is rare and in isolated patches and fortunately, the traders are not aware of its natural occurrence. During my Ethnobotanical surveys in different parts of Chhattisgarh, I have not seen naturally growing Asgandh herb. The traditional healers are also aware of its natural occurrence, and they prefer native herb for their treatment as compared to herb purchased from local herb shops. In areas where the natural occurrence of Asgandh is not reported, the healers are dependent on local herb shops for this The Indian names of Asgandh Languages/Regions/Countries Names 1) Bengal Ashvagandha glish Withania radix, Withania root, Indian Ginseng 3) Hindi Asgand, Furir 4) Marathi Askandha 5) Sanskrit Ashvangandha 6) Tamil Asuragandi 7) Telugu Asvagandhi, Penneru 8) Urdu Asgandanagaori In these areas, many traditional healers have discovered other indigenous herbs as promising alternative to Asgandh. These healers have poor faith in herbs available for sale in local herb shops. They are aware of adulteration. This is really surprising that the owners of local herb shops are also not aware of natural occurrence of Asgandh in Chhattisgarh. They purchase this herb from neighbouring states Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The Asgandh from Nagore holds a reputed position among Ayurveda experts of India. In reference literatures related to different systems of medicine in India, Asgandh from Nagore region is considered as best. Possibly they were not aware of medicinal potential of Asgandh found naturally in Chhattisgarh . Many traditional healers of Chhattisgarh, specialized in use of Asgandh, claims that Asgandh from Chhattisgarh is equally effective as the Asgandh of Nagore. I have not seen any scientific report confirming their observations and experiences. The Mandsaur region of neighbouring state Madhya Pradesh is well known for Asgandh cultivation and marketing. The scientists of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur are actively involve in promotion of Asgandh as promising medicinal crop for their farmers. They have developed many improved varieties as per international demand and standard and also on the basis of suggestion by herb growers. The Asgandh growers of this state are adopting the improved farming practices developed by these scientists. They have published many important and valuable literatures on Asgandh both in English and Hindi. During my visit to Chindwara for attending a National Seminar on herbs, I got an opportunity to meet Dr. J. N. Pandey, actively involved in Asgandh research. The innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh have also found this crop beneficial and following the package of practices developed by the scientists of neighbouring state, they started its commercial cultivation. After seeing the enthusiastic farmers, the scientists from Chhattisgarh got aware and started research (?) on this important crop You will be surprised to know that within three to four years, the innovative Chhattisgarh farmers have developed many improved farming practices according to their climatic and edaphic factors and now the scientists are learning from these farmers and publishing research papers in their own credit .The varietal development programme focused on Asgandh has yet not been started in any research institute of Chhattisgarh. The innovative farmers engaged in Asgandh cultivation have complaint that the varieties from neighbouring states are not performing well in their conditions and many insects are attacking the standing crop. The varietal development programme is very essential and there is a strong need to start this programme without any more delay, as the area under Asgandh is increasing very rapidly in Chhattisgarh. In this varietal development programme, the native Asgandh species found in wild can play a vital role. In the state, many in-situ and ex-situ conservation programmes are in progress but unfortunately, Asgandh in not in list of herbs on which these programmes are focused. As you are aware, in herbal cultivation the emphasis should be given on quality not on the quantity. Unfortunately, the improved package of practices developed by the scientists of neighbouring states, support the use of chemical inputs. This is true that these agrochemicals are contributing in the production to greater extent but harming the quality also. The international exporters very frequently complaint about the pesticide residue in the products of cultivated origin. Initially, when the seeds were limited, this production concept has helped the growers to multiply the seeds with the help of agrochemicals in relatively less time but when the export started, the use of agrochemicals became a curse. I personally feel that there is a strong need to focus the future research programmes on organic farming of herbs including Asgandh. I am proud to write that the innovative herb growers of Chhattisgarh engaged in commercial cultivation of Asgandh have developed organic farming practices and they are using it successfully in their fields . This is bitter fact that the use of organic inputs in case of Asgandh results in less production as compare to crop grown chemically but as these growers are engaged in marketing of this herb, they are getting higher prices for their produces. These higher prices are compensating the loss in terms of lower production. When I asked the traditional healers about cultivation of herbs, they simply answered that please go to forest and observed the herb in nature from germination to maturity, you will get the complete details about nature’s research and experimentation. According to them, the herbs present in surroundings of any specific herb play an important role in contributing and enhancing the medicinal properties of that particular herb and if in commercial cultivation, the same herbs germinate in crop fields with the cultivated herb, do not consider them as weeds and never try to root out (even disturb) them. After adopting this process, one can definitely get desired medicinal properties in cultivated herbs. Working with the herb growers of Chhattisgarh, we have observed, the truth of the traditional healer’s saying. Through this article, I would to request humbly to the researcher to think on this aspect seriously and sincerely, as it is a recommendations and experiences of the "Real scientists". In Chhattisgarh as per recommendations in published literatures, the herb growers start its farming after the August month. This is good to see that many traditional healers are cultivating this herbs in order to fulfill their requirement of herb. Many Ayurveda experts are also following them. Farmer cum Ayurvedic practitioner Mr. Hemant Verma is one of them. He is cultivating this herb in Siliyari village near to the capital city Raipur. I purchase bulk quantity of powdered roots from him every year and use it for family and friends. As it is cent percent pure, every winter the friends pressure me to provide more and more quantity of Asgandh root powder. Asgandh is popularly known as Indian Ginseng among world community. As medicinal herb, detailed information of medicinal properties and uses of this valuable herb are available in reference literatures. fore describing traditional medicinal knowledge about this herb in Chhattisgarh, I am describing reported medicinal uses and its botany. All parts of Asgandh are used as medicine but the roots are used most frequently. According to Ayurveda, roots are bitter, acrid, tonic, alterative, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, and useful in treatment of inflammations, psoriasis, bronchitis, asthma, consumption, ulcers, scabies, marasmus of children, insomnia, senile debility, leucoderma, lumbago, arthritis and related troubles whereas leaves are applied on tumours and tubercular glands. According to reference literatures, it is a branched erect under shrub having 0.3-1.5 meter height, branches ternetea, hoary tomentose; Leaves ovate, entire, minutely hairy , base dentate; flowers greenish or lurid yellow, usually about five to gather in a sessile umbellate cyme; Fruits berry red, smooth, 6mm diam; enclosed in inflated calyx, slightly five-angled; seeds yellow, somewhat scurfy. In Chhattisgarh, the traditional healers advise the patents having poor vitality to take bath from decoction prepared by boiling the whole herb (before flowering) in water. This bath is taken once in a month preferably on Sundays. The healers suggest the female patient to use the whole herb at flowering stage for bath. According to them, this special bath is very useful for pregnant woman. The use of whole herb decoction for special bath is not reported by early workers. In areas where it is hard to get Asgandh in wild, the traditional healers suggest the patient to dip a piece of root (dried) in water bucket and two hours after dipping use the water for bath. After bath taken with medicated water, in general there is no permission to use clean water to wash the body to remove the medicated water. The patients suffering from sex related diseases are advised by the traditional healers to wash the male genitals with the medicated water. Many healers informed me that it is a good remedy for piles also. For hair growth dried root powder is used in combination with other herbs. The decoction is prepared and hairs are washed with this decoction. The traditional healer of Mudpar village informed me that since generation they are preparing the Herbal Mala using Asgandh roots. This herbal Mala is useful for small children having the problem of enuresis. In order to make the children free from fear, the natives request the healers to prepare this Herbal Mala. The healers perform special "Pooja" (worship) to prepare the Herbal Mala. The odd numbers of root pieces are used in this herbal Mala. The blue string is used to prepare the Mala. In early days, when most of the areas were covered with dense forests, and natives have to travel long distance through these forests having wild animals, the natives were using the Asgandh roots tied around the wrist for protection. For this protection, they were using the red string instead of blue string. Now a days it is out of practice and only old natives are aware of this use. Scientifically it is hard to explain how Asgand root tied around the wrist was capable of protecting the natives from wild animals. When I asked this question to the healers, he laughed and replied that the use of Asgandh root both internally make the body enough stronger to run and climb on trees to get protection from wild animals. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh suggest the natives to use the root powder of Asgandh during winter season in order to get enough resistance to fight the diseases whole year. In generally they recommend one teaspoonful of powder twice daily with water (if milk suits, it is best). During this use, the healers advise to avoid intercourse in order to get the desire effects in less time. The patients having troubles due to sexual abuse, are advised by the healers to take powder with ghee. Although many healers suggest that one can use the powder round the year, but most of the healers specialized in use of Asgandh are not in favour of using herb round the year. According to healers, the powder with milk is good remedy also for the patients suffering from rheumatism and gout. I have experienced the miracle effects of root powder as tonic. Many natives use it in name of sex tonic and ignoring the instructions of traditional healers, indulge in sex. According to healers, these natives are wrong and use of Asgandh with Saiyam (patience) results in more beneficial effects. Many healers suggests the patients to apply the Asgandh root powder with Sesamum oil on male genitals, half an hour prior to intercourse, in order to get long retention and delayed ejaculation. In India, Asgandh root powder based many massage creams are available. The traditional healers of Chhattisgarh informed me that the root powder in combination with other herbs can be used externally for breast enlargement. As the natives are very conservative and never use this combination, its use is becoming extinct in Chhattisgarh. In response of my articles, I receive many queries related to herbs useful for breast enlargement. I have mentioned in my previous articles that the traditional healers and natives also use the oil prepared from Red velvet mite (Rani Keeda, (Trombidium sp.) externally for breast enlargement. Through this article, I would like to request humbly to the Indian researchers to evaluate the efficacies of these important herbal combinations and inform the local administration. Their research results can help us to develop the village level small cottage industries to prepare the herbal combinations based on the traditional knowledge for troubles like cancer, hepatitis AIDS etc. Asgandh as spontaneously growing herb in home gardens are preferred by the natives but they never plant this herb themselves (Contd.)