NATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR ON HERBAL CONSERVATION, CULTIVATION, MARKETING AND UTILIZATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CHHATTISGARH “THE HERBAL STATE” DEC. 13-14, 2001 by EcoPort version by Pankaj Oudhia 5
IN NORTH AMERICA. Conrad Richter, Vice-President, Richters Herbs, Goodwood, Ontario, L0C 1A0, Canada. ABSTRACT Indian herbs are grown commercially on a limited scale in North America for the botanicals market. Quality concerns with imported Indian herbs such as gotu kola (Centella asiatica) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) have led some manufacturers to contract with North American growers to produce these herbs. Plans by North American regulators to introduce mandatory Good Manufacturing Practices at the processing and manufacturing levels will increase quality expectations among buyers of raw botanicals and will add more pressure on suppliers to deliver Indian herbs with acceptable quality assurance and traceability documentation. The North American potplant market for Indian herbs is small, but growing due to increasing interest in ethnic herbs among home gardeners. Flowering and maturity of different generations of fenugreek crosses under two environments Ram Avtar Singh and B.S. Jhorar Forage Research Section,Deptt. of Plant Breeding CCS Haryana Agricultural University, {{Hisar}e}-125 004 ABSTRACT Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important multipurpose cash crop grown during rabi season. It is attacked by a number of diseases and among them powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni DC is the most devasting. This disease usually appears at later crop stages but if appeared before flowering, it causes even 100% yield losses. Early flowering and early maturing genotypes usually escape from this disease resulting in minimum yield losses. Therefore, performance of six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of four crosses viz., NLM x HM 350 (R x R), NLM x T 8 (R x S), HM 350 x HM 65 (R x S) and T 8 x HM 65 (S x S) was studied under inoculated (E1) and natural (E2) environments for days to flowering and days to maturity. The parents, HM 350 and T 8 in E2 took minimum and maximum days to flower, respectively. The F1s were generally intermediate between the parents for both flowering and maturity except HM 350 x HM 65. The F2s showed inbreeding depression under both environments except NLM x HM 350 for days flower. The earliness and lateness of flowering and maturity of backcross generations was related to their respective recurrent parents in both E1 and E2. The disease had no effect on days taken to flower, whereas it reduced significantly the days of maturity in case of susceptible parents as well as crosses. Performance of Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli L.) cultivars in northern Karnataka LAXMINARAYAN HEGDE Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, (University of Agricultural Sciences, {{Dharwad}e}) Arabhavi - 591 310, Dist. Belgaum, Karnataka ABSTRACT Patchouli is a shade-loving herbaceous aromatic crop. The oil from the dried leaves is used mainly in agarbatti industries, because of its fine fixative property. The oil is also used in aromatherapy due to its curative properties. The contract cultivation is being promoted in western Karnataka by many user industries in large acres. Five different cultivars (Johore, Mysore Johore, Java, Singapore and Local) were evaluated for their performance under replicated trial in northern Karnataka condition. Only two harvests could be obtained in a year. Cultivars Java and Singapore were significantly taller, while local cultivar was shorter type. The pooled data of two harvests also showed significantly higher fresh and dry herbage yield per plant in cvs. Java and Singapore. The herbage yields per hectare were 35.69 and 36.19, respectively, whereas oil yield was high in cv. Singapore (417.30 kg/ha). Lowest yield was in cv. Johore (47.50 kg/ha). Cultivar Mysore Johore yielded 118.90 kg oil per hectare. Quality analysis of oils is being carried out. FUTURE PROSPECTS OF CULTIVATION OF AROMATIC PLANTS IN CHHATTISGARH. A.K. GEDA*1, P. DUBEY2 AND P.K. TIWARI3 ABSTRACT The newly born Chhattisgarh state, have richest flora of medicinal plants and also good potential for cultivation of aromatic plants. Aromatic plants, contains volatile odoriferous substance, the so called essential oils. The essential oils have been claimed to possess antibacterial, antiseptic, antifungal, anthelmintic, germicidal, insect-repellent and fly-repellent properties. Looking the these properties of essential oil, they are used in perfumes, cosmetics, beverages and in pharmaceutics industries of National and International markets. The environment condition of Chhattisgarh like soil type, rainfall, temperature are to be made more suitable for cultivation of aromatic plants. A research is needed to carriedout a systematic study on cultivation practices and introduction of extraction of essential oil from plants. The quality of the oil is a prime importance like percentage of principal component present in it and olfactory assessment of oil. There quality characters are responsible for marketing and trading of essential oils. The commercially available aromatic plants and their hybrid strains of Palmarosa, Jamrosa (geraniol 60-70%), Lemongrass (citral 80-95%), Javacitronella (citronella 60-70%), Clocimum (eugenol 70%), mentha spp (menthol & menthone 50-80%) has been developed by CSIR laboratories. For these hybrid strain desire a research component on package of practices and transfer of technology for extraction of essential oil and its quality assessment could prove an achievement of this region. The essential oil of these hybrid strains has been accepted by the traders and industrialists, gives better returns. Some essential oil bearing herbs are also commercially available in market that could be encourage for extraction of oil, providing additional benefits. Lastly experiments could be framed out for utilization of uncultivated land for aromatic plant in forest area, which also support for the upliftment of tribal farmers. * Corresponding author. 1 Sr. Scientist, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; 2 Scientist, Department of Horticulture; 3 Scientist, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur. Influence of Propagation Methods on root quality and productivity Of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) A.K. Pandey and A.K. Patra Forestry Research and Human Resource Development, (Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education) Chhindwara 4880001 (M.P.) INDIA ABSTRACT Withania somnifera Dunal (Winter cherry, Ashwagandha or Asagandh), family Solanaceae is an important medicinal plant in Indian traditional systems of medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. It is nicknamed as Indian ginseng due to its restorative properties. Its is used to cure diseases like leprosy, nervous disorders, intestinal infection, rheumatism, {{leucorrhoea}g}, {{spermatorrhoea}g} and menstrual troubles. W. somnifera is characterized by the presence of steroidal lactone (withanolides), alkaloids like withanine, somniferine and flavonoides. It is cultivated for its roots over about 4000 hectares in India mainly in north-western Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh comprising Manasa, {{Neemuch}e}, Jawad and Bhanpura tehsils of the Mandasur and Neemuch district and nearby Nagaur district of Rajasthan. Withania somnifera is cultivated in sandy loam or light red soils having a pH of 7.5 to 8.0 with good drainage. It is a late rainy season crop. It requires relatively dry season, and its roots are fuly developed when one or two late winter rains are received. The areas receiving 65-75 cm rainfall are best suited for its cultivation. Withania somnifera is mainly grown on residual fertility and hence no manuar or fertilizers are recommended. Since it has the potential to grow under rainfed conditions, there is need to extend its cultivation in newer areas. Farmers employ different propagation practices for the cultivation of ashwagandha like broadcasting of seeds and transplantation of seedlings raised in nursery. However, the quality of roots varies with different propagation methods. A field experiment was conducted at Chhindwara to find out the best method of its propagation. The study revealed that method of direct seed sowing (broadcasting) is the best method for cultivation of ashwgandha as it yielded better quality of roots and more economical. MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL AND HERBAL PLANTS IN CHHATTISGARH STATE K.N.S. Banafar*, A.K. Gauraha*, B.C. Jain**, andV.K. Choudhary** ABSTRACT In India almost 47 thousand Herbals are available out of which about 10 thousand species have medicinal values among those about 750 medicinal plants are used as Ayurvedic medicines. In the last few decades the herbal and medicinal plants are disappeared specially in tribal areas due to deforestation and over exploitations and other external influences. However, these medicinal plants are used by the tribals since age for their treatment and other uses. The traditional knowledge of various uses of medicinal plants are also distinct because of the knowledge of traditional treatment is not being transferred generation to generation. The traditional knowledge about medicinal plants is not documented properly. Similarly the conservation Herbal and medicinal plants are not done systematically. The package of practices of different economically important Herbal plants are not available to the farmers of the region. Market for these plants are very limited it means there is monopoly market of medicinal and Herbal plants due to these market structure the collectors and producers are not getting remunerative price of their products. There is an urgent needs to documentation and identification of medicinal and Herbal plants. To develop suitable and economically viable package of practices of Herbal and medicinal plants there is a multidisciplinary team of scientist is needed. Looking to the availability of raw material the pharmaceutical industries may be established alongwith institutional marketing structure assuring support price of different medicinal and Herbal plants. These arrangements should increase the income and employment of tribal farmers. *Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) **Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) GAP IN PACKAGE OF PRACTICES IN HINA CULTIVATION UNDER RARM FORESTRY SYSTEM D.P. Singh, H.G. Prakash and R.A. Singh C.S. Azad University of Agricultural & Technology, Kanpur-2 ABSTRACT An investrigation was conducted in four village viz. Jabalpur Punwara, Pendabad, Raipur Laraita and Hirapurwa of district Kannauj (U.P.) during 1998-1999 by using PRA tools and techniques. Major Hina growing areas were grouped into two Agro-ecological situations (AES) i.e. I (Ioamy sand) and II (sandy loam). The study reflects that none of Hina growers were using recommended varieties of Hina because of non-availability of high quality germplasm. Cutting per pit were significantly (P<0 .05="" a="" aes.="" both="" fertilizer="" href="http://ecoport.org/ep?searchType=glossaryShow&glossaryId=47623&viewType=S" in="" of="" recommendation="" style="color: #a14e00; text-decoration-line: none;" than="" the="" use="">FYM | |||||||||||||||||
Agrotechnique practices for cultivation of Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Linn. (Fam: Convolvulaceae), an important medicinal herb
Pawan K. Kasera and Priya Saharan
Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of botany
Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur 342 001, India.
ABSTRACT
Evolvulus alsinoides is an annual herb found during rainy season in open & rocky aras, garden, lawns, along roadsides, and also in cultivated fields. The species flourishes wellin humid and shady places. It is locally know as Shankhpushpi/Shankhahulli. The whole plant is used medicinally, which contains important alkaloids such as evolvine, betaine, and B-sitosterol. It is an astringent, hot, aphrodiasic, rejuvenating, which are used to treat neuroulogical disorders. It has also got antidysenteric and antiseptic properties. Shankhpushpi is used as a brain tonic in increasing memory. Looking nito the medicinal importance of the plant species, an attampt has been made for development of agrotechniques for cultivation of E. alsinoides under harsh environmental conditions of Indian Thar desert. Therefore in the present studies, experiments were conducted on various agrotechnique aspects at the Botany Department, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, during rainy season 2000 * 2001. The various experiments conducted were: )a) nutritional treatments: control, AM (Arbascular mycorrizhae): 100 g plant-1; Compost: 25 q ha-1; FYM (farmyard manure): 8, 10 & 14 t ha-1; Hexameal (an organic manure): 25 q ha-1; NPK: 60:40:30 kg ha -1; & NPK + Hexameal, (b) spacing: 25 x 25, 35 x 35 & 50x 50 cm, (c) plant density: singly, 2, 3, 4, & 5 plants in a groups, 9d0 differernt irrigation schedules: control, 5, 10 & 15 days, and (e) under & overcanopy.
The experimental results revealthat plantation at 25 x 25 cm spacing with plant density of three plant in a group gape maximum plant growith and biomass yield. The nutritional treatments results reveal that FYM @ 8 t ha-1; was suitable for obtaining maximum plant growth and biomass under field conditions. The irrigation at an interval of 5 days was better for obtaining optimum plant growth. To achieve maximumplant biomass, the crop should be harvested within two months after transplanting under field conditions. E alsinoides being a shade loving plant, so it flourishes well when grown under the canopy of trees (undercanopy) as compared to control 9overcanopy).
Prospects of development of cropping systems involving
Medicinal herbs
E.V.S. Prakasa Rao, K. Puttanna and K. Mallikarjuna
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Field Station, Allalasandra, GKVK PO, Bangalore-560065
ABSTRACT
Out of some 8000 plant species known to be in use for medicinal purpose in India, about twenty plants are consumed in large quantities by pharmaceutical industries. Also, a large number of plants are being used in indigenous systems of medicines. There is a short supply of genuine raw materials because 95% of the supply is from wild sources, which are dwindling due to biotic pressure and excessive exploitation. Further, the world market for these materials is growing faster than the supply. There is an urgent need to culativate these plants to ensure sustained supply of quality raw materials for pharmaceutical industries. In order to make the cultivation of medicinal plants economically viable, adaptation of intercropping/polycropping, improved agrotechniques, organic methods, etc., is necessary. The quality of raw material as affected by the environment, cultivation and harvesting practices and post harvest handling should be monitored. Details will be presented on the research methods to be adopted such as (1) selection of species appropriate for the agroclimate, (2) design of statistically valid experiments, (3) growth studies, (4) estimation of land use efficienciencies, (5) economics, (6) post harvest handling techniques, (7) standardisation of quality and (8) formulation of package of practices.
(3)
Technical Session – IV (Oral Presentation)
Technical Session – VI A (Poster Presentation)
(E) Pest management,
(F) Post harvest management ho herbs,
(G) Quality control and standardization.
Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Products
Dr.Subrata De,
Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Lab.,
Institute of P.G. Teaching and Research in Ayurved,Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar-361 008.
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda, one of the renowned traditional systems of medicine is practiced in India since centuries for curing various ailments. With the increase in the interest in Ayurvedic and herbal medicine throughout the world the trend of manufacturing the drugs has been shifted to commercial manufacturing on large scale from the earlier tradition of preparation of drug by the physicians them selves. As a result of this trend the standardization and quality control of Ayurvedic drugs have gained much attention and importance and also have become the need of the hour. Analysis or quality control is basically the check functions carried out at different stages so that the batch-to-batch variation can be controlled and product of uniform quality can be produced. For doing this check functions standardization of protocols is necessary. In case of allopathic drugs the finished products can be analyzed completely and the results of the analysis, if found within the prescribed limit, can be taken as a proof of batch quality. But in case of Ayurvedic drugs it is difficult to prescribe such a comprehensive analytical protocol.
For minimizing batch-to-batch variation it is essentials to carry out- (i) Quality Control of raw materials, (ii) Process validation, (iii) quality control of finished products and quality control of packaging materials. In the G.M.P. of A.S.U. drugs, which has been included in the ‘Schedule T’ of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, emphasis has been given on various aspects of Q.C. along with documentation of various steps involved in manufacturing and storage of drugs.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia committee has finalized the formats for preparing monographs of single Ayurvedic drugs and compound Ayurvedic formulations. WHO has published general guidelines for methodologies and evaluation of traditional medicines and also quality control methods for medicinal plant materials.
In spite of the availability of such guidelines lot of difficulties are faced for evolving analytical protocols for Ayurvedic formulations. Evolving standards for single Ayurvedic drugs/raw materials is comparatively easier in comparison to evolving standards for compound formulations. About 50% of the formulations included in A.F.I. contain over 10 ingredients. Lack of knowledge about the therapeutically active ingredients and limited knowledge about the processing/preparation of different formulations are the main constrains for preparing Ayurvedic drugs having uniform therapeutic efficacy.
A detailed presentation will be made covering all these aspects with illustrations based on the data generated in our laboratory during studies carried out on different aspects of standardization including evolving protocols for analyzing single and compound Ayurvedic drugs and the changes brought about in chemical profile due to the influence of cultivation and different processing and manufacturing techniques.
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| Ecofriendly weed and MPTS litter management in Herbal Cultivation through allelopathic methods. Banwari Lal and Pankaj Oudhia* Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003 * Srishti Herbal Academy and Research Institute (SHARI), Raipur ABSTRACT Introduction to Allelopathy The plants being the original source of organic matter, as they convert the solar energy in to the chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. Under natural conditions, the tops and roots of trees, shrubs, grasses and other native plants annually supply large quantities of organic residues. Under arable cropping systems 1/10th to 1/3rd plant tops commonly fall to soil surface and roots remain in the soil except some of the commercially used modified roots etc. This shows in the natural process that the residues of higher plants provide food for soil organisms and maintain soil organic directly absorb organic matter. Although this opinion was later on discarded by the advancement in the scientific knowledge. However, the amino acids such as alanine and glycine can be directly absorbed by higher plants from the soil system to of decomposition of added organic matter number of alleochemicals produced and take part in the physico-chemical properties of soil advancement.The whole phenomenon thus reflect as allelopathy. Allelopathy is the emerging science in day to day life for future generations. It is the joint effort of interaction among plant to plant, plant to animal and plant to microorganisms. Allelopathy is generally referred to the harmful effect of one plant on another plant till the middle on 20th century. But recent studies clearly indicated the new dimension in stimulatory/beneficial effects of allelopathy in general and crop production in particular. Allelopathy is govern by Allelochemicals that Allelochemicals refers mostly to the secondary metabolites produced by the plants and are by products of primary metabolic processes. These secondary metabolites/ Allelochemical play greater role in reduction as well as enhancement of germination, establishment, growth, development and final biomass production of various species. This whole process can be understand as allelopathy. Major weeds in Herbal fields Parthenium hysterophoirus L. - A green cancer in India Parthenium hysterophoirus L. is an annual weed with wide amplitude of ecological adaptability. This plant prefers moist shady and organically rich habitats. It has wider adaptability in terms of photoperiodicaly as well as thermoperiodically. Various plant organs of Parthenium release over two dozen allelochemicals which influence the neighboring plant species. It has rapid colonizing capacity and cause dermatitis and other allergies to human beings. Healthy plants of this noxious weed produce on an average of 7000 fruits (cypsela). Therefore, it is prolific seed producer. The seeds are extremely lightweight and armed with papus and wind, water, birds and animals disseminate them. Although the farmers in general and human as well as livestock in present day agriculture facing problem of Parthenium, but its difficult to control Parthemiun by any single approach. We are more and more concerned to control this weed on cultivated and adjoining wastelands. At this stage we are hopeful to get some useful allelochemicals from the extract of this noxious weed for human as well as livestock. Chemically Parthenium contain (0.08 to 0.11%) oil with allelochemicals viz. germacrene-D (8.37%), Geroionol (7.84%), Oct. Len-3ol (2.3%), Trans-ocimene (1.52%), b-myrecene (4.16%), geranyl acetate (1.45%), Caryophyleene (2.43%), caryophyllene (2.27%). Uses of Parthenium yet tobe identified for large scale testing and adaptation. Lantana camara L. – A unhealthy aroma Lantana camara an erect perennial shrub is a weed of cultivated, wasteland, fence lined, roadsides etc. It grows well on dry as well as wet regions. The stem is uually four-angled, covered with recurred prickles. The whole plant is strongly aromatic with number of allelochemicals. Lantana camara is widely distributed in the tropical, sub-tropical to temperate regions. It is most serious weeds in coffee in Indonesia, Oilpalm in Nigeria, cotton in Turkey, coconut in Fiji and Trinidad, cropped areas in India. Numbers of herbicides/ arboricides have been tried but regrowth of shoot is the major problem in cropped area. Since the whole plant is aromatic, which may be a boon for the herbal industry in future as it grow on all types of climate and soil with little effort. Its leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds viz.Protocatedhuic acid, gentistic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, o-coumaric acid, t-cinnamic acid, vanillin,methyl coumarin. The phytotoxicity of its leaf extracts was due to complex interactions between these phenolic compounds. The plant extract of Lantana camera deyed the sccd germination and scriously inhibited the root, shoot and leaf development in most field crops. Use : Medicinal uses of Lantana yet to be indetified for large scale testing and adaptation. Cyperus rotundus L. – A nutsedge without kernels Cyprus rotundus is a perennial herb with linear leaves, apparently looking like a grass. Purple nutsedge type weed is one of the most difficult weeds of the world, particularly on heavy soil. The rhizomes give rise to underground tubers, which proliferate intensively. Most of the tubers grow in the top 12-cm of the soil and store food for other part of the plant and serve as very effective means of propagation. Although it is serious weeds in many dry land and irrigated crops in India. The Cyprus rolundus plant parts contain different phytochemicals. Cypra esculantus L contained inhibitory compounds (p-hydroxybonzoic, vanillic, syringic, ferulic, p-coumaric acid) which inhibit the germination of oat, sugarbeet, peas, lettuce, tomato, clover etc. while Cyperus kyllingia is rich in terpenses-a-cypernose, pselinene, a-humilene. Different plant parts of Cyprus show different symptoms when associated with field crops. In most cases higher concentration of extract definitely influence the physiological stages of plant growth. Cyprus rotundus, which may be a boon for the herbal industry in future as it, grow on all types of climate and soil with little effort except temperate regions. Uses : Medicinal uses of Cyperus yet to be indentified for large scale testing and adaptation. Datura innoxia Linn.- Thorn aple : A dedicated plant to Lord Shiva Datura innoxia is a perennial broad leafy weed with long size of white, purple and pink flowers. It occurs mostly no wastelands and sides of railways tracks as well as roads. It bears a cricket ball shape-size fruit with thorns on it. That why its called Thorn apple. It propagatcs mostly through seeds. Its seed lcachate contain tropanc alkaloids (scopolamine and hyposeyamine) which enhance the germination as well as shoot/root elongation. Uses : The leaves are used as plaster on the Baatt pain when put the leaves after putting ghee and salt. The pitti also cured when leaves powder applied as lapes. The green leaves with high temperature can cure the wounds. Fruits used in curing the skin diseases when burnt ashes are used. Cynodon dactylon L. (pers).- ever green hariyali Cynodon dactylon is a perennial grass with long runners, which strike roots at the nodes and extensive underground rhizomes. It occurs throughout the tropical, sub-tropical and Semi-arid region of the world. It propagates vegetatively more than by seed as the seeds being less important for its dispersal. It is a variable species with some varieties used as lawn grasses. Uses : Number of diseases like nakseer dysentry, etc. Ageratum conyzoides L. – A Goat weed Ageratum conyzoides is an erect softly hairy and 50 to 90 cm tall annual herb. It is distributed in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is grouped as winter annual. It is prolific seed producer. Wind and water spread seeds, and they germinate under a wide range of condition. It is a common weed in tea gardens in north as ell as south India. Ageratum conyzoides contain chroncecs (68.1%), Monotcrpcncs (10.8%), Sesquiterpense (18.97%) and Hydrocoarbon, phenol, acids (0.11%). Chemically Ageratum conyzoides contain Percocen I (23.34%), Percocen II (43.99%), b-caryoplyllene. Uses : Snake bite, Kidney stone Sorghum halepense L. Pers. Sorghum halepense is the worst weed in the world and causes severe reduction in the yield of maize, sugarcane, soybean, cotton etc. Leaf, rhizome extract seed germination and seedling development of most field crops weather cereals or legumes. The seed germination and seedling growth of crops inhibited owing to the presence of inhibitore such as chlorogenic, p-coumeric, fernlic p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, dhurrin, vanillin, taxiphyllin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the in fresh and decomposed leaves as well as rhizomes. In general p-coumaric acid present In the entire plant in the carly stagcs of crop growth while chlorogenic acid and dhurrin are present in leaf and rhizome respectively. Uses : Medicinal uses of Sorghum yet to be identified for large scale testing and adaptaion. {{Avena}e} spp. Its two species A. fatua L. and A. steriles sub. Spp. ludoviciana are serious weeds an arable areas and reduce the yield of wheat, barley, flax, green gram, lettuce etc. The presence of ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, scopolitin, vanillic etc. A ludoviciana enhance the growth of wheat but possible reason due to release of allelochemicals on vegetative growth yet to be identify. Number of ointments, turpins substances have been manufactured from the in Homeopathic as well as Ayurvedic process. On the other side oat is one of the best forage crop in the arid and scmi-arid tracts of the world and liked by horses. Major MPTS in Herbal fields Porential allelopathy in the field of ariculture have been extensively reviewed and talked about. However, meager emphases have been given to the MPTs as well as orchard for better utilization in agroforestry systems. Because replant problem has been reported in apple, grapes, cherries, plum, peaches, apricots, guava and citrus. Apple p-hydrocinnamic acid, Phlorizin (avonoide), Quercetin, Kaempferol, Epicatechin, Carechin, Phloroglucinol, p-hydroxy acid, patulin. While, Juglans nigra L. (Blach walnut) Jugons (quinone) (5-hydroxy-a napthaquinone), Psidium guajava L. (Guava) Phenolic, Terepenoides, Prunus persica L. Batsch (Peach) Amygoderlin (HCN, p-hydroybenzaldehyde), Citrus jambhiri, Lush (Rough lemon) Homovanillic acid fat soluble phenolics. Orchrads could be easily managed using compalible allelopathic legume cover crops as understriiry and as mulches to supply biological nitrogen fixation, control weeds, and repel pests. The plant which have suppresive capacity for nematodes, arthopods, vertibrates etc may be selected. The silviculture trees in India planted on large scale as per need and aavailable resourees and play vital role in the economy of the people. Time to time the interest of farmers and farm women shifted to wards the use of such trees. Eucalytus spp have been talked about very much in few decades as it created several problem to the field crops by releasing number of volatile oils viz. A-pinen. Review work of harmful effects of plants on weeds In general weeds competing annual crops in two ways-above ground competition for solar radiation, CO2 and space for shoot growth and under ground competition for nutrient, moisture and space for root growth. The plants which release S-hydroindole, 3 acetic, 5 hydrotryptophen increase the growth of wheat, com and bean (Hagin, 1989). Similarly sowing of wheat in mixture with Agrostemna githago increased the seed yield in comparison to sole wheat crop. Root exudates of Cynodon dactylon stimulated the seed germination and dry matter and had no adverse efect on the nodulation in soybean (Pope, et al, 1985). Its roots exudates also promoted the growth and yield of green gram (Peswani, 1981). in field condition grain yield of wheat increased when sown in mixture with Agrostemma githago (Gajic, 1966). The work of other worker compiled and presented in Table-I. Similarly the beneficial weeds for human health through phytochemicals have been listed in Table-2. Conculsion Allelopathy is the emerging science in day to day life for future generations. It is the joint effort of interaction among plant to plant, plant to animal and plant to. Allelopathy is the emerging science in day to day life for future generations. It is the joing effort of interaction among plant to plant, plant to animal and plant to microorganisms. In general weeds competing annual crops in two ways-above ground competition for solar radiation, CO2 and spade for shoot growth and under ground competition for nutrient, moisture and space for root growth. Beneficial effect of weed residues on arable crops is a great concern in the present day agriculture because use of high analysis artificial fertilizer and chemicals linearly increased in past half century. But their residual effect on human as well as livestock’s cant be ignored for environmental point of view. Although the farmers in India are totally not removing the weed flora from wastelands as well as adjoining to the cultivated fields as they are in day to day use for human as well as livestock health. IPM- An Ecologically Safe Plant Protection Approach S.B. Das Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University,{{KHARGONE}E}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT India is endowed with a rich wealth of herbal plants which includes both medicinal and aromatic plants. The major herbal plants commercially grown in the country and whose cultivation has attained priority in the country are Belladonna (Atropa belladonna Linn.). Cinchona (Cinchona calisaya Wedd., C. ledgeriana Moens, C. officinalis, C. succirubra Pavan). Dioscorea (Dioscorea floribunda). Foxglove (Digitalis tanate Ehrn). Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk), Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum Linn.), Rauwolfla (Rauwolfia serpentina Benth) Senna (Cassia augustifolia Vahl), Sowa (Anethum graveolens Linn.) among the medicinal ones and Bach (Acorus calamus L.), Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis DC), Pippermint (Mentha piperita Linn.), "Rajanigandha" (Polianthus tuberosa L.), Muskmello (Abelmoschus moschatus media) are among the aromatic plants. Inspite of the importance of hernbal crops and their contribution in the agricultural economy the optimum production has still not been harnessed. The reason being that, several blotic and ablotic stresses limits their production. Among the biotic ones, Insect pests pose a serious threat in the realisation of potential yield of these crops. The major insects of herbal crops are generally soil insects viz. White grub, cutworm and termites are reposted to damage the roots. Besides these some of the crops are also attacked by folliage feeders, which includes leaf miners, leaf rollers, aphids, thrips, white fly, hairy caterpillars and red pumpkln beetle etc. Earlier, research on these crops were negligble or received very little attention Cosequently development of plant protection techniques for effective management of major insect pests Infesting these cropps has not taken place. Recently efforts have been made by seientists towards development of shitable Integrated Pest Management technology of the achieved in this direction. In this present paper, efforts have been made to review the progress made so far on different methods of pest management and adoption of the available technology by the farmer’s and their impact on the farmer’s fields. STANDARDISATION OF A POLY HERBALAYURVEDIC DRUG-HUTABHUGADI CURNA A.Saraswathy and S.Rukmani Captain Srinivasa Murti Drug ReSEARCH institute For Ayurveda Arumbakkam (CCRAS) Chennai 600106 ABSTRACT Recently there has been an increase in interest and use of herbal medicine for the treatment of various ailments, though the use of herbal drugs in healthcare is as old as the mankind itself. Traditional medicine has also been steadily gaining interest and acceptance even amongst the practitioners of modern medicine. With this the market potential of herbs and herbal products has increased significantly. In view of the increased market potential, many pharmaceutical companies are diversifying in the manufacture of herbal drugs. With the resurgence of interest in herbal products all over the world, the global market for herbal products expanded with a concurrent demand for good quality herbal raw material as well as herbal products. In this context, the need for ensuing the efficacy and safety have to be established. Hence an attempt was made to evolve the pharmacopoieal standards for a polyherbal drug-Hutabhugadi curna. One sample was prepared using authentic ingredients in small scale and four samples were procured from different regions (Patiala, Jaipur, Almora and Jamnagar) of the country, all of them were subjected to pharmacognostic, physico-chemical, TLC/HPLC and microbial studies and the data have been evolved. Piperine, thymol, piperonal and tannic acid were used as "Chemical marker" The evolved parameters can be used for fixing pharmacopoeial standards. First record of Orange banded blister beetle Zonabris pustulata Thunb. (Coleoptera : Meloidae) on Safed Moosli (Chlorophytum borivilianum L.) P. OUDHIA Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492001 India E-mail – Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT Safed Moosli (family : Liliaceae) is one of the important medicinal crops of India. In Indian systems of medicine Safed Moosli holds a reputed position. It is widely used as natural sex tonic. In Chhattisgarh,. Its commercial cultivation has started in 1999-2000 for the first time. In Safed Moosli, as commercial crop no major infestation have been reported in India and abroad. A survey was conducted in Safed Moosli fields of different districts of Chhattisgarh. From each field, 100 plants were selected randomly and percentage infestation was noted. In Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh, heavy infestation (80%) of Orange banded blister beetle Zonabris pustulaa Thunb was noted. This is the first record of this beetle on Safed Moosli. Average 3-4 beetles/plant have been observed. Serious infestation of this beetle on more than 32 plants of Chhattisgarh region including Ipomoea. Datura, Lantana, Hibiscus etc. have been observed. These beetles were found eating the flowers of Safed Moosli. For commercial breeding programme formation of seed in an essential process. Thus these beetles are causing serious damage. In farmer’s fields where Safed Moosli in propagated from fleshy roots. it is not causing much problem. Phyllotreta crucifera Goeze : A new pest of medicinal crop Lepidium sativum L. in Chhattisgarh (India). P. Oudhia Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492110 India. ABSTRACT The commercial cultivation of Garden cress (Lepidum sativum L : family Cruciferae) has started in Chhattisgarh from year 1997-1998. Lepidium is a native to West Asia and its leaves are consumed raw in salads and seeds are used as vegetable. Medicinally it is used as tonic. Seed mucilage is used as substitute for tragacanth and gum Arabic. In early years of commercial cultivation of Lepidium in Chhattisgarh, no insect infestation was observed. In the year 1999-2000, in Mahasamund district, where it is being cultivated in larger area, heavy infestation of flea beetle Phyllotreta crucifera Goeze (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) was observed. At flowering stage, average 20-22 adults per plant were observed. As the use of chemical insecticides is restricted in medicinal plans and due to nonavailability of biocontrol agents, heavy damage have been observed Lepidium crop and 40-50 percent reduction (observations from farmer’s field) in yield was observed in heavily infested fields. Next year (i.e. 2000-2001). Again heavy infestation was observed in 4 districts of Chhattisgarh (for the first time in 3 districts) including Mahasamund. "IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL AND STANDARDISATION IN HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINAL PLANTS". P. SUBRAMANIAN Homoeopathic Drug Research Institute, B-1433, Indira Nagar, Lucknow-226 016 (U.P.) ABSTRACT The object of the present paper is to highlight the reliability and validity of certain chemical parameters adopted for standardization of Homoeopathic medicinal plants. It is utmost importance to provide affordable the quality also includes organoleptic, physical and analytical. The seeds of Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) found to cytosine, an alkaloid of nicotine type. The extract of seeds is used in diagnosis of human blood sub-groups A and AB and also in forensic medicine as putative paternity. Analysis of seeds reveals moisture content 7.2% w/w, total ash 3.87% w/w, acid insoluble ash 1.05% w/w. Mother tincture was prepared in 75% alcohol by percolation method. Analytical value of the mother tincture are wt. Per ml 0.9 g, total solids 1.56% w/v, pH 5.2 and alcohol content 71% v/v. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) shows two prominent spots having Rf value at 0.4 and 0.72 (orange red) using methanol : ammonia (100 : 1.5 v/v) as mobile phase and Dragendroff reagent as detecting agent. Diluted mother tincture (1 part of Q with 99 parts 75% alcohol) when scanned in the U.V. Spectrophotometer, exhibited two distinct peaks at 273.0 nm and 221.5 nm. The observed data and methodology adopted may serve as pharmacopial standards and also ensure the availability of quality medicine with assured efficacy to the common public. Evaluation of plant extracts against top borer Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker SUCHITA SINGH *ANIL DIXIT** AND SHAMBHU SINGH YADAV*** Uttar Pradesh Ganna Kisan Sansthan, Lucknow ABSTRACT The leaf extract of Calotropis procera, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, Nicotiana tabacum, Cannabis sativa and Calestrimon strinus at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent concentration were tested against Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker in laboratory as well as in the field conditions. The results indicated that at 2.0 percent concentration the mortality percentage of larvae was 90 percent in spraying of leaf extract of C.procera, A. indica and E. globules after 24 hours, while after 72 hours, all the tested leaf extracts used for experimental purpose resulted 90 percent mortality in laboratory conditions. In the field conditions spraying leaf extract of all the plants were significantly superior over control. The effect of spraying at 3 percent concentration of C. Procera. A. indica and E. globules leaf extract resulted incidence 1.73, 1.88 and 1.97 (First brood), 2.39, 3.19 and 2.12 (Second brood) 2.88, 3.99 and 2.78 (Third brood), and 8.15, 9.62 and 7.84 percent (at harvest ) over 27.90 percent in check of top borer. * Subject matter specialist (Entomology), U.P. Ganna Kisan Sansthan, Lucknow. ** Reader, Christ Church College, Kanpur (Zoology department). *** Director, U.P. Ganna Kiasan Sansthan Lucknow. Process Standardization for the Preparation of Whey Based Mango Herbal Beverages. S. Prashanth Department of Agricultural Processing and Food Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKVV, Raipur, ( C.G.) ABSTRACT Various recipes were evaluated for preparation of Whey Based Mango Herbal Beverages containing dairy whey (acidity 0.23%, fat 0.2% and total solids 5.95%), mango (Neelum, Banganapalli and Langra ), sugar, stabilizer and three different levels of ginger extract (50% solution) i.e. 1,2,& 3 percent. The investigation was carried out with the view to asses the suitability of different mango varieties, assessment of overall acceptability and to evaluate the shelf- life of beverages at refrigerated (8 ± 2 O C) temperature up to 30 days of storage at an interval of 10 days. Techno - economic feasibility of the product was also estimated. The whey was analyzed for fat, solid not fat, acidity and pH. Mango, pulp and beverage samples were analyzed for average weight, stone percent, pulp percent, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, acidity, pH, ascorbic acid and sensory characteristics. Average weight (196 g) and stone percent (22.4%) of Banganapalli mango variety was found to be highest, Langra recorded the highest pulp percent (58.2%), total soluble solids (24 O B), ascorbic acid (11.33 mg/100 g) and acidity (0.45%). Total sugar (16.7%) and reducing sugar (8.21%) of Neelum variety was found to be highest. Further, it was observed that during storage of the products at (8 ± 2 O C ) the total soluble solids and total sugar remained unchanged. Acidity was increased in the preserved products, pH value decreased. Ascorbic acid content reduced significantly. Where as reducing sugar increased significantly. The results revealed that product prepared from Langra mango variety having composition of 20 % pulp, 8 % sugar, 0.1 % stabilizer and 69.9 % whey with 2% level of ginger extract, was found to be excellent for beverage preparation. It is also resume that by addition of ginger extract will provide quality products with longer shelf life as well as increase the palatability and overall acceptability of the final product. The product was found to be techno- economically feasible. |
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| ROOM TEMPERATURE DEHYDRATION KEY TO POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT OF HERBS Lalit D. Meisheri, B.Tech.(Chem.), Proprietor, TECH KNOW CONSULTANTS B-138, Ghatkopar Industrial Estate, off L.B.S.Marg, Ghatkopar(w), MUMBAI 400086. ABSTRACT Herbs are natural plant material either with wild growth or cultivated, depend on season for their production in form of agri produce If end use of these herbs is targeted as Medicinal , mankind will require it round the year .During the season one would use it as fresh and rest of the period in preserved form. Dehydration or Drying ,as normally known is simplest method of preserving such agri produce. Even though with evolution of science &technology, Drying has moved from very primitive mode of sun drying to high tech region of Freez Drying , depending upon objects and purpose behind process. Key to dehydration of herbs lies in preserving their natural chemical composition so that as and when they are used during off season, their efficacy would be as good as they were fresh. Paper written by a qualified chemical technologist from IIT, Mumbai and an renowned expert in Value Addition to Agri Produce by processing them suitably , evaluates various drying technologies which are available today in various process industries keeping Herbs (Medicinal ) in mind. With in house process development facilities author has, he proposes new innovative method for Dehydration of Herbs which can keep its chemical compositions /colour /flavour /taste intact at very economically viable scale. His unique method dehydrates HERBS at room temperature ,27-34 degree centigrade without vacuum and use of any fuels .System is totally eco-friendly in its truest sense. System operates at ambient conditions of pressure and temperature ,making plant cost relatively cheap. Paper covers practical aspects of Dehydration with respects to wide field of friuts, vegetables, flowers, Medicinal and Aromatic plants. Piper colubrinum : A wilt tolerant rootstock for betel Vine (Piper betel) S.K. Godse, B.P. Patil, M.B. Dalvi, A.K. Shinde and K. Pujari Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle 416516, Dist. Sindhuddurg (MS) Abstract The microclimate in the betel vine garden is very conducive for the development of soil borne wilt pathogens viz., Phytopthora and Sclerotium. Chemical control of such soil borne pathogens is very difficult. The betel vine is highly susceptible to these pathogens and hence little success is achieved with the application of fungicides with no recovery of partially wilted plants. To overcome this problem efforts are being made at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle, Dist. Sindhudurg to find out wilt tolerant rootstock for betel vine to these pathogens causing heavy economic losses to the farmers. For this purpose a known rootstock for wilt viz., Piper colubrinum, which was reported to be Phytopthora resistant in black pepper, was tested for compatibility of grafting in betel vine. The rootstock viz., Piper colubrinum can easily be multiplied on mass scale in shortest time with cutting and such sprouted cutting of four months age was found most compatible for soft wood grafting of betel vine plants showed more vigour as compared to the cuttings plant at the same time. The further study is in progress. In near future this potential technology promises eco-friendly control of betel vine wilt. |
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