NATIONAL RESEARCH SEMINAR ON HERBAL CONSERVATION, CULTIVATION, MARKETING AND UTILIZATION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CHHATTISGARH “THE HERBAL STATE” DEC. 13-14, 2001 by EcoPort version by Pankaj Oudhia 6
MEDICINAL PLANTS BY V.R. PUSALKAR / ARUNA Shriman, 5/96 Q, NETHAJI STREET, ALAGAPURAM, SALEM 636016. ABSTRACT Medicinal plants have become a vibrant topic in recent years. Modern medicines dominated in the major period of 20th century but after 1970, scientists started realizing that although allopathic medicines could cure practically all the ailments, it is more difficult to cure the side effects of these drugs. Allopathy cures once upon a time fatal diseases like malaria, typhoid, small pox, cholera, heart ailments etc. but also it brings The side effects which include Diabetes, blood pressure, prostate, eye, sexual, nervous & orthopedic problems with alarming increase in sleeplessness, constipation & cancer. Due to these severe side effects, the developed countries showed aversion towards the allopathic drugs after 1970. The medicinal plants being nature’s gift, preferred in the place. The consumption of medicinal plants went up drastically and the natural resources started depleting with alarming speed. The major cultivation efforts started only after 1980. The so far neglected area definitely needed a lot of work in {{genetics}g}, agronomy, hybridization etc. Several countries started working on agronomic aspects. Several Indian institutes like {{CIMAP}g}, NBRI, IIHR etc. focussed more on cultivational aspects whereas European companies focussed on potent molecules and standardized extracts. Last decade withnessed the large scale cultivation. Of the developed countries started cultivating medicinal plants in a big way with modern technology. Before we select a medicinal plant for the cultivation, it is necessary to find out the details of its usage. The medicinal plants are consumed by 1. Ayurvedic or Siddha Industries 2. Pharmaceutical Industries Ayurvedic / Siddha Industries These industries make the products as per the old traditions or texts. Most of the herbs are available in wild. However, some plants are cultivated due to its shortage in wild. 1. Centella asiatica 2. Withania somnifera 3. Phyllanthus amarus 4. Mucuna pruriens 5. Chlorophytum borivilianum 6. Bacopa monnieri 7. Kaempferia galanga 8. Rauvolfia serpentina 9. Ocimum sanctum 10. Tinospora cordifolia 11. Hibiscus rosa sinensis 12. Adathoda vasica 13. Aloe vera 14. Solanum trilobatum 15. Plantago ovata These plants can be cultivated easily. There is no restriction regarding the quality since most of the plant are used as a whole and not for single active principle. Tips for growing & marketing : Select right soil & climate. No restriction on fertilizers or pesticides but it is advisable to use mild pesticides only. Cultivate more varieties on smaller extents. Have mixed plantation of trees, shrubs, climbers, herbs etc. since this industry needs many plants in relatively smaller quantities. Pharmaceutical Industry This Industry needs medicinal plants to make standardized extracts or to isolate active principle (pure product). Standardized Extracts There are several plants from old texts as well as from new research, where the active principle is known. E.g. Curcumin in Turmeric, L-dopa in Mucuna pruriens etc. These plants are used in the form of extract which is standardized to a certain percentage of active principle e.g. Passiflora extract with 1% isovitexine. The extracts are prepared by using water, alcohol or liquid CO2 Today most of the plants are used in this way. Coleus forskohlii Cassia angustifolia Passiflora incarnata Capsicum frutescens Matricaria chamomilla Centella asistica Polygala senaga Valeriana officinalis Mucuna pruriens Withania somnifera Phyllanthus amarus Cultivation technologies are available for most of the plants. The cultivation is simple. However, the quality parameters are stringent and many times the consignments are rejected for various reasons. Poor demand (It can be due to over production or may be that the product comes cheaper from wild or may be that it is cultivated in other country more economically.) Adulteration (Valuable medicinal plants usually adulterated with a cheaper substitute like Merremia with Centella asiatica, Brinjal root with Vinca, Rauvolfia roots etc.) Faulty processing (Plant is harvested earlier than the maturity or dried in intense sunlight, under moisture etc.) Poor quality Pure products Very few plants give the clinical products which are used in Pharmaceutical Industries as active principle in direct or converted from. These are marketed in the form of tablets, creams injections etc. along with the allopathic drugs. Ephedrine hydrochloride from Ephedra spp. Ajmalicine from Vinca rosea roots Vinblastine & Vincristine from Vinca rosea leaves Aloin from Aloe vera Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica Colchicine from Gloriosa superba Reserpine from Rauvolfia spp. Nicergoline from Ipomoea hederacea Proscillaridin from Urgenia indica Cortico-steroids (dexamethasone, betamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, testosterone) From Dioscoria floribunda, D. composita, D. deltoidea etc. Atopine form Atropa belladona Quinine from Cinchona Strychnine, Brucine from Strychnos nux-vomica Cultivation technologies of most of the plants are available. There are no restriction on pesticides, contamination etc. since it is extracted into pure from and mostly converted into the derivatives. These crops are purchased on the basis of the percentage of active principle. Growing & marketing tips Cultivation only through promoters with financial assistance & purchase assurance Use liberal quantity of manure & fertilizer and necessary dosage of pesticides but keep the crop under stress for a month or fortnight before the harvest. Select best variety with known percentage of active principle Follow the guidelines of experts in the field. Several quality problems arise For the plants which are used in Pharmaceutical Industry, Therefore it is necessary to have a network of farmers, promoters, industry & Research Institutions. Immediate contace of farmers is the promoter. We have suggested above mentioned solutions not on theoretical basis but practically proved on large scale in Tamilnadu for las 20 years. Our achievments are self explanatory. EXTENT OF ACHIEVEMENTS FOR Gloriosa superba, we had several collaborative projects with Gandhi krishi vidnyan kendra, University of Agricultural sciences, Bangalore during 1985 to 91.Lot of iinformation on agronomy, hand pollination, disease control, germination of seeds etc has been published in various journals, M. Sc. & Ph. D. Thesis were awarded to students working on it. The research students and their guides visited the plantations often in Salem area for getting the first hand knowledge of crop and then the trials for its improvement. For {{Coleus forskohlii}e}, the collaborative project was with Tamilnadu agricultural university, Coimbatore during 1988 to 1990. (Wrong choice of soil or altitude-e.g. Artemisia, {{Plamarosa}e} {{Coleus}e} etc.) poor variety of planting material (In many essential oil plants latest variety gives higher yields thus the old variety gives poor returns. E.g. Aromatic plants, Coleus, Senna etc.) Pesticide residues (Several pesticides used in India are banned in developed countries due to toxic residues which cause carcinogenic & allergic effects. Residues come either from the pesticides sprayed on the plant or nearby fields or used for the previous crops. These residues are difficult to wash in the extraction process.) Unhygenic methods (Presence of human & animal excreta near the drying place lead to dangerous microbial contamination E.coil,.) Aflatoxins (Fungal & bacterial infections on the crop as well as developed during the rotting of produce while drying, produces toxic chemicals which are harmful & difficult to remove.) Worldwide access has brought us big business but we should not forget that we have to compete with other countries in Quality & price because practically there is no produce which is coming only from India. Thus the chances of putting our terms for quality & rate are remote. Regulations regarding Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) have became very strict for these medicinal plants which are used in direct or simple extracted forms. Tips for growing & marketing : Cultivate medicinal plants only under the guidance of a promoter who knows all the technical details regarding that plant and can advise on GAP. Cultivate only for promoters, established export houses or companies. Transparency of relationship between promoter & exporting company. Satisfactory part record of promoter. fInformation about the final destination & use of the produce. Farmer has basic right to know the use of the produce which also helps them to handle the product properly. Produce only the required quantity. The rate of the commodity is crashed with Over-production and shoots up with the under-production. First situation is bad for the current year while the second is bad for the next year. Do not cultivate without financial assistance from the buyer. The Advance Amount is not much important but the binding on the buyer to purchase the produce is more important. It also reveals whether the buyer has serious thoughts about the business with the farmer) Enter into supply-purchase agreement with fixed price. There are two ways. Either agree for a mutually suitable suitable price and forget the price in the market or agree to supply 10-20% difference than the market price (lower in case of high market and higher in case if market in crashed.) There are some enterprising farmers who do not wish to enter into agreement with any promoters and negotiate the rate when the pro0duce is ready. It may be remunerative sometimes but in such cases farmer is cut off from some vital technical guidelines and the future market prospectus. It is important to select a pesticide before its use, Only Pyrethroids, DDVP,Bordeaux mix., Neem pesticides etc can be used. DDT, {{BHC}g}, Lindane, {{Chlorodane}g}, Aldrin, Chlorpyriphos, Phorate must be avoided strictly since these residues are carcinogenic and can not be removed even from the soil from the soil for several years. Selected research findings were transferred in the field which helped to improve the crop quality & quantity considerably. The classic example being the hand pollination of Gloriosa superba for higher yields. Such network of Industry, Research Institutes, Promoters & Farmers was possible because of the firm support on long term basis from M/s Indena spa, {{Milan}e}, Italy Apart from export, the domestic market for medicinal plants is large enough which gets its near total supplies from forest at the cost of loss to bio-diversity. If the other companies also could plan well in advance, they can develop such networks which will be most ideal not only for them but also for th farmers & the bio-diversity of the country. We introduced & commercialized following medicinal plants in last 20 years in Tamil nadu Name of the plant Year of Introduction Current extent {{Gloriosa superba}E} 1978 2500 acres Coleus forskohlii 1981 500 acres Passiflora incarnata 1989 50 acres Ipomoea hederacea 1983 300 acres Mappia foetida 1994 100 acres Under the collaboration with M/S INDENA SPA, MILAN, ITALY. Abstract for National Research Seminar on Herbal Conservation, cultivation, marketing and utilization with special emphasis on Chhattisgarh, "The Herbal State" Role of Phyto- Chemistry in Essential Oil Industries A.K.Geda*, R.L.Pandey, R.K.Mishra and P.Dubey1 Deptt of Plant Breeding & Genetics Deptt of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur 492012 ( C.G.) ABSTRACT Centuries ago, it has been known that certain aromatic plants contains volatile odoriferous substances, called ‘essential oil’ or ‘ethereal oil. Its active components are responsible for flavor and frangences. In the essential oil industries it has been used in perfumes, cosmetics, beverages and pharmaceuticals industries as antiseptics and flavoring agents. The essential oil or extracts of plants and animal origin having odours/flavors consists of acyclic, alicyclic, aromatic and hetrocyclic compoents. These are obtained either by steam/hydro distillation or extraction of solvents. They largely comprise terpenic compounds which constituted two or more isoterpenyl units. Most of the plant parts, are distilled with the help of steam. At laboratory scale, determination of the percentage of oil, calculated as v/w or w/w on fresh weight basis(FWM) or dry weight (DWB) is done by Clevenger apparatus. The most commercial essential oils bearing plants are Palma Rosa, lemongrass, mentha spp, Java citronella, vitiver, jamrosa etc are obtained by steam distillation process. The quality evaluation involves the determination of physico-chemical contents, identification of isolates/constituents and their percentage by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and performance of organoleptic tests. The preliminary physico-chemical contents of essential oil are compared with standard commercial sample developed by different organizations. These specifications are - appearance color, flavor, specific gravity, refractive index, ester value after acetylation, alcohol contents, carbonyl value and phenyl content. ISI regularly publishing bulletins for procedures and tools used them presently in those determination. Secondly, the quality evaluation of E.oil is being done by GLC. It is a more specific and sensitive analytical technique required to distinguish various isomers and percentage of chemical components present in the oil. The market quality of the oil depends upon a specific component present in it like Palma Rosa content geraniol and geranyl acetate. High amount of free geraniol / lowest amount of geranyl acetate, and presence of esters in traces results a good quality of oil; lemongrass, it serve a good source of citral (neral+geranial) for preparation of ionones,geraniol and vitamin ‘A’. Oil fractions are also used in flavour formulation; java citronella components like citronellal, citronellol and geraniol are commercially important; oil of mentha spp to separate l-menthol by freezing, rectification and other ancillary process, used in flavor industries. Dementholised oil are also used in pharmaceutical and confectionary preparation. A series of E.oil has been reported for its commercial use with the presence of specific components. Thirdly, organoleptic quality of oil evaluated the odour as well as taste using olfactory and gustatory method. Hence, organoleptic evaluations are of primary importance specially in case of nature of oil and isolates. It may differ only due to the presence of trace components which could be detected by GC-MS. Therefore for marketing and trading of essential oils these quality characters has much more importance of judging the essential oils of natural origin. *corresponding author Preliminary Studies Of Pollinator Fauna Of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal)in West Nimar Of Madhya Pradesh. M.Paliwal, S.B. Das, V.S.Kandalkar and O.P. Veda Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, {{KHARGONE}e}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) (Solanaceae) raised during late Kharif 2001-2002 at Zonal Agriculture Research Station. JNAU, Kharagone (M.P.) was in bloom during October-November. Preliminary observations revealed that some important insect pollinators were visiting the crop. Insect pollinators that were visiting the flowers mostly included honey bees, were collected from 0600 to 1800 hours at two hourty intervais by using standard insect collecting hand-net. Such sampling of insect pollinators was done for 5 minutes throughout the flowering period. The collected pollinators were later sent for identification. The prelimenary studies are very interesting and also encouraging as it gives a good indication that with the introduction of Ashwagandha cultivation, prospects of spiculture are very bright in the area. | |||||||||||||||||
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| Occurrence of aphid on Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) in West Nimar Of Madhya Pradesh M.Paliwal, S.B. Das, V.S.Kandalkar and O.P. Veda Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, {{KHARGONE}e}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) (Soloanaceae) is an important medicinal crop. While studying the insect pest/s of Withania somnifera Dunal during late Kharif 2001-2001 at Zonal Agriculture Research Station, JNAU, Khargone (M.P.), aphids were found to be the major pest Aphids were first recorded during the second fortnight of October. It was further noticed that the newly emerged, tender leaves harboured more aphid population than the older ones. Detail studies on population dynamics of the pest is being carried out. The aphids collected were later went for identification. Insect pests of Gmeline arborea-a medicinal tree M.Paliwal, S.B. Das, V.S.Kandalkar and O.P. Veda Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, {{KHARGONE}e}-451001 (M.P.) ABSTRACT Gmelina arborea Linn. (Verbenaceae) is an important medicinal tree and grown for timber in agrosilviculture system. Observations were made at weekly intervats on the insect pests infesting Gmelina arborea which were planted at a spacing of 4x4 metres during {{Kharif}g} 2001-2002 at Zonal Agriculture Research Station, JNAU. Khargone (M.P.). Twenty five plants were randomly selected and insect pests found feeding on the plants were collected and reared in the laboratory to confirm their feeding nature and symptoms of damage etc. The insects recorded were aphids, jassids, mites, white fly and lady bird beetle. The insects collected were later sent for identification. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraum) extract for preservation of ghee Dr. P.L. Choudhary Assoc. Prof. College of Dairy Technology, IGAU, Raipur. ABSTRACT Oxidation of lipids has detrimental effect on colour, flavour, texture and nutritional value of foods. Addition of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) can control lipid oxidation in foods. However use of such compounds has been related to health risks resulting in strict retulation over their use in food products. Increasing consumers concern over such risk has stimulated research for alternative antioxidant sources which has led to use of natural antioxidants such as Tocopherols in place of BHA, BHT and TBHQ. Fenugreek leaves contains many natural antioxidants such as tocopherols, flavonoids and oleoresins which prevent oxidation of fat. 500 ppm and 1000 ppm pure fenugreek seed and leaf extract gives significant (P<0 .05="" 0.58="" 12="" 40="" acid="" and="" at="" br="" c="" for="" g="" ghee="" malonaldehyde="" mg="" months="" of="" preserved="" sample.="" samples="" stability="" to="" value="" was="" were="" when=""> Bio efficacy studies with the methanolic extract of Blumea solidaginoides (Compositae) Rajendra Prasad Y. and Punukolu Baby Division of Organic Chemistry Govt. (P.G.) College, (Andhra University), {{Rajahmundry}e}-5333105 ABSTRACT Blumea solidaginoides (fam. Compositae), the wild tobacco plant grows abundantly in all tropical lands, inside gardens, road sides etc,. bearing small ball like red inflorescences. In the rural areas of East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, the aerial parts of the herb are kept near birds in the poultry at night and in the morning lices of the bird are attracted to the herb and thus eliminated. In the present investigation by efficacy studies were carried out with the leaf ash and methanol extract of aerial parts. The anti feedant activity against S. litura on Castor leaves, grain protectan activity against {{Callasobruchus chinesis}e} on grains and pulses, anti microbial activity adopting filter paper disc method were carried out with the herbs. It should good anti feedant activity, grain protectant activity at 2% (w/w) with different grains and pulses and microbicidal or microbistatic activity withsome of the organisms tested. Bioactivity of weeds against common fungi and insect pest of field crops. Kaushal Gautam and S.V.S. Chauhan Dept. of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, AGRA, U.P. ABSTRACT Survival of rapidly growing population is dependent on the ensured production of food grains but simulatenously the environment may also not be ignored. Therefore, use of biopesticides in agroecosystemis emerging as one of the prime means to protect crop produce and environment from chemical pollution. Experiments were conducted during 1998-99 and 1999-2000 in the Department of Biologycal Sciences, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar and Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra to screen the weeds of the family Asteraceae found at around Pantnagar University Campus for their bioactivity against fungi i.e. {{Rhizoctonia solani}e} Khun, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and {{Sclerotium rolfsii}e} Sacc insect i.e. Spilosoma oblique Wk, bacteria i.e. Erwinia chrysanthemi pv zeae and Xanthomonas campestris pv oryzae causing major disease and pest incidence of field crops of this region. Twenty four species were collected duing their flowering and dried in shade. Organic and aqueous extracts were prepared and used at concentrations i.e. 1000, 200 and 40ug mL-1 and at time intervals i.e. 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h (fungicidal), 24, 48 and 72 h (insecticidal), 0, 12, 36, and 48 h (antibacterial) activity. All plants showed fungicidal, insecticidal and antibacterial activityin different time intervals and concentrations. Maximum activity against R. solani was noted in Xanthium strumarium L with acetone extract 1000ug mL-1 at 60 h while in Youngia japonica L. with 200ug mL-1 at 72 h. Activity was maximum in Ageratum conyzoides L. methanol extract with 1000 and 200ug mL-1 at 72 h. Maximum activity against M. phaseolina was obse4rved in Emilia sonchifolia acetone extract 1000ug mL-1 at 60 h while it was maximum in Chrysanthemum coronarium methanol extract 1000ug mL-1 at 72 h. Ageratum conyzoides L. acetone extract 1000ug mL-1 showed maximum activity against Sclerotium rolfsii at all time intervals while its methanol extract 1000ug mL-1 had maximum activity at 48, 60 and 72 h. Maximum mortality of S. oblique was noted in acetone extract of Blumea sp. With 1000 and 200ug mL-1 concentration at 72 h while inmethanol extract it was maximum in S. heteromala with 1000 and 200ug mL-1 concentrations at 72 h. Maximum activity against E. chrysanthemi was noted in acetone extract of 1000ug mL-1 concentration while maximum activity against X. compestris was observed in acetone extract in C. arvense, B. pilosa and T. procumbens at 12, 24 and 36 h repectively. Activity was also maximum in T. procumbens at 48 h. Post Harvest Technology of Selected Herbal and Medicanal Plants* Prof. P.K. Srivastava Chairman and Dean Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 ABSTRACT India is endowed with a rich wealth of serval medicinal, herbal and aromatic plants, which have been making a significant contribution sinced times immemorial in development of Indian material madica. Even today, many of such plants are in great demand in traditional systems of medicines viz. Aurveda, Siddha and Unnai as well as in folk lore prescriptions. The modern pharmaceutical industry also requi4es a large quantity of such plants for manufacturing several drugs. These plants may belong to different habits as well as habitats of India. Their curative properties are mainly due to the presence of complex chemical substances of varied composition present as secondary plant metabolites, grouped as alkaloids, glycosides, corticosteroids, essential oils etc. Extraction of such active principles and manufacture of drug formulations is a little sophisticated and capital intensive technology which may involve a gamut of several unit operations such as drying / dehydration, extraction, fractionation, purification, packaging etc. These post harvest operations ensure quality. Some of these unit operations, especially primary processing operations viz. drying / dehydration, pachaging, extraction etc. may be carried out at farm level to constitute a promising rural industry with attractive rumeneration. The semi-processed products have a ready market with, herb dealers and pharmaceutical industries. In view of above, this paper presents an overview of post harvest technologies of selected herbal plants viz. Tulsi ({{Ocimum basilicium}e} Linm), Mehandi (Henna / Lawsonia inermis Linn), betelvine (Piper betle L.), Neem, Papaya, Chicory ({{Chichorium intybus}e}). Pathogenic potential of {{Meloidogyne incognita}e} on different cultivars Of {{Mentha arvensis}e} Akhtar Haseeb and Prabhat Kumar Shukla Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India ABSTRACT Mints, Mentha spp. (family Labiatae) has been grown and utilized since ancient times. Mints were introduced in India during 1954 at Regional Research Labortory, Jammu. Since then, as a result of the efforts made by the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow and Essential Oil Association of India, New Delhi our country now rank first in the export of mint oil. In India, the highest area under commercial cultivation of mint has been in Uttar Pradesh, but during past few years its cultivation has expended to several more states especially in north and north west. Among different oil yielding species of mint, (M. Piperita), spearmint (M. spicata), Bergamot mint (M. citrata)and Scotch spearmint (M. cardiaca) respectively. Being economically most important species of mint, efforts were made to develop high oil yielding disease resistant cultivars of M. arvensis. In order to determine the pathogenic potential of M. incognita on different recently bred cultivars of M. arvensis studies were made under controlled conditions. Observations indicated that the increase in initial number of nematodes per pot, resulted increased reduction in plant fresh and dry weights, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency of leaves and essential oil content in fresh herb of different cultivars. Significant reduction in above-mentioned test parameters was observed in Hybrid-77 at Pi of 500 J2 larvae/pot (5kg soil), in Gomti at 1000 J2/pot, in Shivalik and Kosi at 2000 J2/pot and in Himalaya at 5000 J2/pot. Thus, among different cultivars, Hybrid-77 was found most susceptible to M. incognita followed by Gomti, Shivalik, Kosi and Himalaya respectively. Reproduction of M. incognita and extent of galling on roots and suckers were observed directly proportional to susceptibility of cultivars. Production and Marketing of Esabgol (herbs) and Pacholi (grass) in Maharashtra M.S. Jadhav, B.V. Pagri and R.D. Vaidkar Department of Agricultural Economics, M.P.K.V., {{Rahuri}e} ABSTRACT The cultivation of medicinal herbs in Maharashtra State is a recent one. The area under different plant species, cultivation in the state has been recorded as 32 hectare. Day by day the farmers of Maharashtra State are being attracted towards the cultivation of different medicinal plants/herbs. Now a days people are preferring the Ayurvedic medicines than the adopatic as they do not have or very little side effects and as such, the demand for the Ayurvedic medicines will be increase very largely in near future. For this, the scientific and large scale cultivation of these plants/herbs is of prime importance. The present paper focused on the cost of cultivation, returns and marketing cost of esabgoal and pacholi are the important medicinal plants. The per hectare cost of cultivation of esabgoal and pacholi was Rs. 9866.33 and Rs. 80786.78 respectively. The major contribution in cost ‘C’ was of the as hired human labour charges, irrigation charges, family labour charges and manure cost etc. the per quintal cost of cultivation of esabgoal was Rs. 448.46 and Rs. 323.15 of pacholi. The per hectare returns were Rs. 12775 and Rs. 250000 from esabgoal and pacholi respectively. The per hectare return of pacholi was maximum than the esabgoal. Because esabgoal is planted in long time but pacholi is very short time. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.26 and 2.00 for esabgoal and pacholi, respectively indicating that the highest profit from pacholi. The per quintal cost of marketing of esabgoal and pacholi was Rs. 20.00 and Rs. 21.83, respectively. "An Exploratory Survey of Medicinal plants flora of North Bastar Region of Madhya Pradesh". O.P. Asthana, K.C. Trivedi* & M. Iiyamutullan** Dept. of Agril. Botany, College of Agriculture, J.N. Krishi Vishwavidyalaya’s Campus : Gwalior (M.P.) ABSTRACT An initial exploratory attempt was made to study the prevalent medicinal plants flora on North Bastar region, which is a potentially rich heritage of floristic elements of medicinal and therapeutical value. Total number of species recorded for medicinal plants alone were 88, belonging to 39 angiospermic families of these 34 families were dicotyledonous and 5 were monocotyledonous, the ratio being 1:6,8. The species being 88, of which 68 were dicots and 20 monocots respectively, the ratio being 1,3,4. The first six dominant families observed were in the order Leguminosae, Acanthaceae, Liliaceae, Diocoreaceae, Vitaceae and Zingiberaceas amounting to 44.3% of total species of medicinal plants flora recorded during survey. However, the proportion of recorded medicinal plants flora to the total vegetation surveyed was in the ration of 1:2.68. ETHNOMEDICOBOTANY OF CERTAIN PLANTS USED BY THE TRIBALS OF {{SEHORE}e} DISTRICT OF M.P. FOR CURING VARIOUS AILMENTS K. VINNU KUMAR, DOLLY MALHOTRA & *S.S. KHAN. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, M.V.A.M. BHOPAL *DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, SAIFIA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & EDUCATION,BHOPAL. ABSTRACT Sehore District of Bhopal Commissioner’s Division lies in the Central part of Madhya Pradesh. The extremities of the Sehore District measures from 22033’ to 23054’ North Latitude & from 76028’ to 78002’ East Longitude. The tribal live in forest environments in close association with plants. The tribal experimented with plants to cure numerous ailments even with the advancement of chemotheraphy & radiotheraphy. The majority of tribal are still sticking to their age old traditional medicines, the knowledge of which came from their forefathers in the form of oral folkores. Some wild plants of ethno medicinal importance are : a) Phyllanthus niruri - against jaundice b) Enicostema hyssopifolium - against fever. c) Butea monosperma - against swelling. d) {{Bacopa monneiri}e} - against diabetes & problems e) Euphorbia hirta - against asthma & dysentery f) {{Chlorophytum arundinanceum}e} - for smooth delivery. g) Tectona grandis - against pimples. h) {{Asparagus recemosus}e} - against epilepsy. Other relevant information about plants, forest environment, tribal & ethno medicines will be dealt in detail in the paper. * |
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| Rice as medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh (India) : A survey G.K. Das and P.Oudhia Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur-492001-India ABSTRACT Due to non-availability of any information regarding medicinal values and uses of traditional rice varieties in Chhattisgarh (India), a survey was conducted in purposively selected districts namely Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Rajnandgaon and Sarguja. The survey revealed that more than 50 traditional rice varieties posses medicinal properties. Some promising economic ethnomedicinal plants Of Bastar District, C.G. B.P. Nonhare* and T.R. Sahu** *Divisional forest officer (W.P.), Jagdalpur, Distt. Bastar, (C.G.). ** Department of Botany, Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, {{Sagar}e}, (M.P.). ABSTRACT The old Bastar district is very rich in biodiversity and well known for its luxuriant sal forests and forest dwelling tribes. The main tribes of Bastar are, Muria, Madia, Bhatra, And Gond. The main forest types are sub tropical moist and dry deciduous type. These forests are chief source of ethnomedicinal plants of economic importance. They also provide food, fodder, shelter and enormous ethnomedicinal plant wealth to cure various ailments. In this paper 50 plant species are described, which have high economic value because of their ethnomedicinal uses. These plant species have been classified in to two main categories : 1. Herbs, shrubs and trees which are found in abundance. 2. Herbs and shrubs which are not found in abundance. Though every ethnomedicinal plant is very important, as its use is concerned but certain ethnomedicinal plants that have high commercial value are exploited much. Due to over exploitation from natural forests, they are depleting rapidly. The occurrence of frequent fire, overgrazing, soil erosion, deforestation, excessive interference by men & faulty practices of exploitation have accelerated the rate of depletion of these economically valuable ethnomedicinal plants. This depletion can be checked by intensive forests conservation methods and promotion of medicinal plants cultivation among tribal people. Production and Marketing of Esabgoal (herbs) and Pacholi (grass) in Maharashtra M.S. Jadhav, B.V. Pagri and R.D. Vaidkar Department of Agricultural Economics, M.P.K.V., {{Rahuri}e} ABSTRACT The herbs and plants are being used for medicinal purposes in different parts of the world since ancient times and its an age-old practice in many countries viz., India, China, etc. Today, 2000 medicinal plant species have been found and grown in different climatic conditions in India. MPKV, Rahuri has collected 442 such plant species and these plant species are being grown in an area of 4 ha. It is called as "Dhanvantri Garden" of MPKV, Rahuri in Maharashtra. The area under medicinal plants in Maharashtra has been recorded as 32 ha. and under dufferent plant species. Recently plants such as Aswagandha, Sonamukha, Esabgoal, Ranwaghi, Roshagavat, Javasectronali, Burphad, etc. are being cultivated in different parts of Maharashtra State on commercial basis. Now-a-days, some farmers are attracted to grow the medicinal plants viz., Corphad, Esabgoal and Pacholi in large scale because of finding or having good returns and profit from these medicinal plants. Amongst these medicinal plants, the Esabgoal and Pacholi are used in making medicines and scented oil, respectively on large scale. The present excurse has been carried out with the views to know the estimated cost of cultivation of these plants, the cost involved in the marketing of these plants and the returns. Ethno-Medico-Botanical Study of Hepatoprotective remedies in Some Tribal Dominated Pockets of Kamrup District, ASSAM, India. Jibon Kotoky*, Parama Nanda Das (Late) Medicinal and Economic Plants Section, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advance Study in Science & Technology, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, {{ASSAM}E} India ABSTRACT Indigenous knowledge of Plant used in the preparation of ethno-medicine was gathered from the people inhabited in some parts of {{Kamrup}e} district of {{Assam}e}, a North-Eastern state of India. The information collected from the tribal and rural people who were experienced and knowledgeable informants practicing indigenous medicine based on plants. As the area is prone to liver ailments due to many reasons, we had concentrated our focus on the plant-based remedies for liver-ailments. The ethno-Medico-Botanical survey was conducted in some tribal dominated pockets of Kamrup. This report deals with 15 plant species used as herbal remedies for the treatment of liver-ailments in some places of the district. Some of the remedies given by the people of these areas have been found to be effective against liver ailments, which was ascertained by interactions with the users/patients. Each entry includes the botanical and prevalent local name(s), part(s) and mode of use. Many plants used by the local people of these areas for curing the liver ailments need to be evaluated for actual efficacy scientifically. We have selected two plants out of the list claimed to have hepatoprotective activities, viz. Sida cordifolia (root) and Leucas lavendulaefolia (leaves) and these showed encouraging results against experimental animal models. Keywords : Ethno-medico-botanical, hepatoprotective, folk medicine, herbal remedies, North-Eastern Region. Summary : There are some practitioners who practice herbal remedies in some rural and tribal dominated parts of Kamrup district of Assam, a North-Eastern India are found to be effective, which was ascertained on the basis of the interactions with the actual patients treated by the herbalists. Two plants have been studied against experimental models and show encouraging results. Many such remedies based on plants, which are found to be effective need to be evaluated scientifically. CONSERVATION AND MARKETING OF HERBAL PLANTS IN CHHATTISGARH STATE B.C. Jain* A.K. Guraha ** K.N.S. Banafar** *Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) **Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural & Natural Resource Economics, I.G. Agricultural University, Raipur (C.G.) ABSTRACT Potential of Herbal & medicinal plants are well recognized in chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh is universally famour for its rich tribal culture, beautiful hills, hillocks, forests covered, natural caves, perennial rivers, spring and valleys and rich sources of very precious minerals and ores. The main source of income of tribals for their livelihood are forest and agriculture. In forest products non-timber forest products which includes medicinal & Herbal plants play very important role in tribal economy. Mainly tribals are collecting the herbal & medicinal plants from nearest forest and sell it in the local market at very low price. There is no support price of different herbal plants due to these the collectors of medicinal & herbal plants are fully exploited by the middleman. Similarly the tribal people don’t know about its appropriate price. Most of the medicinal & herbal plants are exported from this region to other parts of country. The cultivation of medicinal & herbal plants are no;t popular in this region due to lack of knowledge about its technologies, as well as its market. Looking to the rich biodiversity in the region there is a need of systematic survey of available medicinal & Herbal plants including identification, uses, valuation etc.Considering the agro climatic & practices of Herbal & medicinal plants involving local farmers. Biodiversity board should be established to conserve the biodiversity of the state. The board should be given emphasis on indexing of herbal plants, collection centers, preparation of herbal medicines, cultivation, marketing and export of herbal and medicinal plants. SUSTAINABLE MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR HERBAL DAIRY PRODUCTS Dr. K.K. Choudhary*, Dr. P.L. Choudhary* & Vijay Choudhary** *Assoc. Prof., College of Dairy Technology, I.G.A.U., Raipur. **Assoc. Prof., College of Agriculture, I.G.A.U., Raipur. ABSTRACT The medicinal and aromatic plants have a high market potential with the world demand for herbal products growing at the rate of 7% per annum with the current growth rate of 0.5% per year in India has emerged in the world first position. Medicinal plants in India are estimated to be worth rupees 550 crores per year and total turn over of Ayurvedic and herbal products is about 23 hundred crores major over the counter products contribute around 12 hundred crores. Ayurvedic ethical formulation constitute the remaining sum. The export market for medicinal plant is growing faster than the Indian domestic market. Till today under liberalization export promotion was nullified by the policy of import liberalization, consequently the export potential has been restricted to only 46 emerging medicinal plants, those are potentially used for preparation of herbal dairy products. About 7% of world medicinal plant flora have been utilized in India by the pharmaceutical Industries. The present study was performed with an objective to make an efforts to obtain maximum pay off from the present market situation, constant monitoring, redefinition of the product, adoption and revaluation of objectives and strategies, it’s implementation and control are widely needed. Elimination of trade barriers make possible the mushrooming growth of new institutes in the markets with other high quality herbal dairy products. Marketing of Mentha in western, U.P. Ajab Singh*, J.P.Mishra** and K.K.Singh*** * Senior Research Fellow, NDUAT, Kumarganj Faizabad. U.P ** Prof. And Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. ***Assistant Prof., Deptt. of Agricultural Economics, NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. ABSTRACT Marketing system in mint oil industry reveals that are good number of mint oil buyers in mint growing region. Local buyers purchase mint oil from producer’s and sell to local traders. These local traders generally sell their mint oil to big trader located at town, tehsil and district head Quarters. These big traders sell their mint oil either to processing unit or exporter. Mint oil and processed products are being used in tobacco, panmasala, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, toothpaste, hair oil, chewing gums, pain relieving balm, food and beverage industries. The study was carried out to examine prevailing marketing channels, costs and margin in mint industry with a view to examine these aspects of marketing, Shambhal and Badaun Markets, serving as the main market of the sample area were purposively selected. In order to study the various service provided by the commission agents to the mint growers, 10 intermediaries from each selected market were selected randomly and relevant information regarding source of purchase, transportation etc. were collected from the commission agents.Price spread were studied at the point of times in the selected markets. In mode method, modal price at different levels were obtained to work out the gross margin of various agencies. There were three marketing channels through which the farmers sold their marketed produce. channel –I (producer-processor –home industry), channel- II (producer –trader –processor-exporter), channel-III (producer-local trader-trader processor-exporter).Marketing channel – I, II and III are used by 13.33, 66.67 and 20.00 percent of the small farms and by 25.00, 52.50 and 22.50 percent of the large farms, respectively. Of the total volume sales of mint oil, lower farms accounted 13.24, 66.76 and 20.00 percent in channel-I,II and III, respectively and upper farms accounted 24.94, 52.50 and 22.56 percent respectively. Among different channels, majority of farms used channel-II (producer-trader-processor-exported) followed by III and I, primarily because of price fluctuation and low retention power of the farmers which compelled them to sell the producer immediately after the produce. The producer received the maximum share of the home industry/exporter’s rupee (74.60 percent) in channel –I and minimum in channel III (61.22 percent) in Shambhal market. In Badaun market maximum share of the home industry/exporters rupee was 73.47 percent in channel –I and minimum i.e. 59.34 percent in channel –III. However, the trader’s margin, processor’s margin and total marketing cost were high in channel III compare to that of channel-II and channel –I in Shambhal and Badaun market. The result showed that producer’s share in home industry/exporter’s rupee decreased with increase in the intermediaries. The share of producer in home industry/exporter’s rupee in each channel-I, channel-II and channel-III was more in Shambhal market than that of corresponding channel in Badaun market. It is therefore, inferred that the Shambhal is efficient compared to Badaun market. MARKETING OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS A.K. Gauraha, H.Pathak and K.N.S. Banafar* ABSTRACT The study aims at examining the marketing of non-timber forest products in Bastar district. The study was conducted in three purposively selected village of Narayanpur Tehsil of Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The major source of income and imployment were agriculture and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). About. 75 percent of NTFPs collected were marketed. Non-institutional markets (middle men) played an important role in the procurement of NTFPs. About 33.95 percent of the total quantity were traded to the institutional markets. Rest of the quantity were traded to villagers and co-villagers (21.10%) and non-institutional markets e.g. local merchants, wholesalers and retailers (44.95%), out of the total quantity traded. It was observed that the primary wholesalers (54.82%) cum retailers were the key individuals in procuring NTFPs from the Collectors among the non-institutional markets. Study suggested some measures to boost the economics of NTFPs which included strengthening of market intelligence and marketing extension, elimination of exploitative middlemen, availability of markiting finance to tribals, and an effective role of cooperatives. Study of potential of different medicinal plants in existing markets of Chhattisgarh A.S. Rajput, S.K. Nair, H.C. Nanda, S.M. Umate and S.S. Shaw Shahid Gundadhur College of Agriculture & Research Station, IGAU, Kumhrawand, {{Jagdalpur}e}, {{Chhattisgrh}e} 494005 ABSTRACT Chhattisgarh region is divided into three major Agro climatic zones on the basis of climatic and edaphic factors that lead to occurrence of different micro and macro flora. These floras include many plants that have medicinal values and is consumed by ;the local population. Its medicinal properties fetches market value, which can be utilized for improving the economic condition of tribals of this region. On contrary, due to injudicious consumption, these medicinal plants are exhausting day by day from tribal dominating state. This study aims at conservation and judicious marketing of these medicinal plants. To investigate the above fact a specific survey conducted at different market places of chhattisgarh viz. Raipur, Mahasamund, Gariyabad, Mawapara, Durg, Balod, Rajnandgaon, Khairagarh, Mungeli, Bilaspur, {{Ambikapur}e}, Bhanupratappur, {{Narayanpur}e}, Kanker, {{Jagdalpur}e}, {{Sukma}e} etc. and about 2-3 questionnaires from each places were interviewed separately for this study. Data obtained from above survey were quite encouraging and hence summarized as below: In general some of the medicinal plants possessed high market values in all the locations surveyed while some were area specific like Rasnajadi in Narayanpur. The real value of each medicinal plants were also assessed as (i) High valued (>Rs. 20/kg.), (ii) medium (Rs. 10-20/kg.) and (iii) low ( Based on overall observations plants like Safed musali (Chlorophytum sp.), Satawar (Asparagus sp.), Tikhur (Curcuma sp.), Kamraj and Hathjod were found to be widely accepted, high valued and hence may given priority for their conservation and safe marketing. |
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| (4) Technical Session – VII (Oral Presentation) Technical Session – IX A (Poster Presentation) (K) Aromatherapy, (L) Role of herbs for better health, (N) Herbal drug formulations and its use in chronic and incurable diseases, Systematic Studies of crude drugs in Ayurvedic Formulation Dr. M. R. Uniyal (Director-Farm) M.A.P., Noida. ABSTRACT In the Indian Systems of Medicine, comprising Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha drugs of plant, animal and {{mineral}g} origin, are used in their natural or so called "Crude" forms singly or in their mixture or combination, to make a compound preoaration or formulation. Nearly 90% of the crude drugs are obtaind from the plant sources while remaining of the drugs are derived from animal and mineral sources. The drugs of plant origin especially of herbaceous nature are frequently used as whole plant; otherwise their parts, such as root, stem, leaf, flower, seed, fruit modifications of stem and root, bark of a stem or root, wood and their exudates or gums etc. constitute as single drug. These herbs are either used in dried forms or sometimes as whole fresh or their juice. The study of Gignosco- to these crude drugs made with a view to recognize them is called Pharmacognosy (Pharmakon-Drug; Gignosco- to acquire knowledge of), is meaning the knowledge of science of drugs. In Pharmacognosy a complete and systematic study of a drug is done, which comprises of (I) origin, common names, scientific nomenclature and family, (ii) geographical source (and history), (iii) cultivation, collection, preservation and storage, (iv) Macroscopic, Microscopic and sensory (organoleptic) characters, (v) Chemical composition, wherever possible, (vi) identity, purity, strength and Assay, (vii) substitute and adulterants etc. Systematic study of a drug as complete as possible, is claimed to be the scientific or pharmacognostical evalution. As mentioned each crude drug derived from the vegetable kingdom consists of a definite part of plant e.g., leaf, stem, fruit, seed, wood, bark, root etc. Morphological or Macroscopically details of the respective part are given by observing it with a naked eye or with the aid of a magnifying lens. In these description general conditions of the drug viz. size, shape, outer surface, inner surface etc are referred to. Drugs can be identified with the aid of the above, only if they are available in entire condition. Sensory or organoleptic characters describe colour, odour, taste, consistency etc. The microscopic examination of different parts of the drug provides several diagnostic characters. In case of leaves, surface preparation and transverse section, preferably through midrib, are made and nature of {{epidermis}g}, {{trichomes}g}, stomata, arrangement of tissues, like palisade cells, vascular bundles and nature of cell content are studied. Similarly in case of bark, root, rhizome and {{wood}g}, transverse and longitudinal sections are made and from characteristic arrangements of tissues of each drug and from diagnostic elements, like stone cells, fibres, vessels etc as also from the study of the cell deposits like crystals, starch etc; the drugs are identified. The studies of diagnostic elements are helpful especially when the drugs are in powdered condition and give clues in the identification of drugs. Linear measurements and other methods of quantitative microscopy give further aid in the identification of the drugs. The sections or the powdered drug samples are cleared by clearing agents, mostly chloralhydrate solution, before mounting on to the side. |
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