World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -2

World Literature on Medicinal Plants from Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database -2

World Literature on Medicinal Plants 

Quoted/Consulted/Modified/Improved/Discussed/Used/Corrected in Pankaj Oudhia’s Medicinal Plant Database.

For details please visit http://www.pankajoudhia.com

1. Ivorra MD, Paya M, Villar A. A review of natural

products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs. J

Ethnopharmacol 1989; 27: 248-275.

2. Atta-Ur-Rahman, Zaman K. Medicinal plants with

hypoglycaemic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 26: 1-

55.

3. Bnouham M, Mekhfi H, Legssyer A, Ziyyat A.

Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes in

Morocco. Int J Diab Metab 2002; 10: 1-33.

4. Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, et al. Phytotherapy of

hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco.  J

Ethnopharmacol 1997; 58: 45-54.  

19

5. Al-Rowais NA. Herbal medicine in the treatment of

diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J 2002; 23: 1327-1331.

6. Bailey CJ, Day C.Traditional plant medicines as

treatments for diabetes; Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 553-

564.

7. Day C. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes

mellitus: Pharmaceutical foods. Br J Nutr 1998; 80: 5-

6.

8. Lin CC. Crude drugs used for the treatment of diabetes

mellitus in Taiwan. Am J Clin Med 1992; 20: 269-279.

9. Mahabir D, Gulliford MC. Use of medicinal plants for

diabetes in Trinidad and Tobago. Rev Panam Salud

Publica 1997; 1: 174-179.

10. Day C, Cartwright T, Provost J, Bailey CJ.

Hypoglycaemic effect of  Momordica charantia

extracts. Planta Med 1990; 56: 426-429. 

11. Marles RJ, Farnsworth NR. Plants as sources of

antidiabetic agents. Economic and medicinal plant

research. 1994; 6: 149-187.

12. Fernando MR, Wickramasinghe N, Thabrew MI,

Ariyananda PL, Karunanayake EH. Effect of

Artocarpus heterophyllus and Asteracanthus longifolia

on glucose tolerance in normal human subjects and in

maturity-onset diabetic patients. J Ethnopharmacol

1991; 31: 277-282.

13. Akhtar MS, Iqbal J. Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic

effect of  Achyrantes aspera  in normal and alloxandiabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 1: 49-57.

14. Aderibigebe AO, Emudianughe Lawal BA.

Antihyperglycaemic effect of Mangifera indica in rat.

Phytother Res 1999; 13: 504-507.

15. Neef H, Declercq P, Laekeman G. Hypoglycaemic

activity of selected European plants.  Phytother Res

1995; 9: 45-48. 

16. Swatson-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR.

Traditional plant treatments for diabetes: Studies in

normal streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia

1990; 33: 462-464.

17. Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL, Alarcon-Aguilar F.

Antihyperglycaemic effect of some edible plants. J

Ethnopharmacol 1995; 48: 25-32.

18. Ahmad M, Akhtar MS, Malik T, Gilani AH.

Hypoglycaemic action of the flavonoid fraction of

Cuminum nigrum seeds. Phytother Res 2000; 14: 103-

106.

19. Chattopadhyay RR, Sarkar SK, Ganguly S, Banerjee

RN, Basu TK. Hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic

effect of leaves of Vinca rosea Linn. Indian J Physiol

Pharmacol 1991; 35: 145-151.

20. Benjamin BD, Kelkar SM, Pote MS, et al.

Catharanthus roseus cell cultures: Growth, alkaloid

synthesis and antidiabetic activity. Phytother Res 1994;

8: 185-186.

21. Ali BH. The effect on plasma glucose, insulin and

glucagon levels of treatment of diabetic rats with the

medicinal plant Rhazya stricta and with glibenclamide,

alone and in combination. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;

49: 1003-1007.

22. Yang M, Wang BX, Jin YL, et al. Effects of ginseng

polysaccharides on reducing blood glucose and liver

glycogen. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1990; 11:

520-524.

23. Wang BX, Yang M, Jin YL, et al. Studies on the

hypoglycaemic effect of ginseng polypeptide. Yao

Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990; 25: 401-405.

24. Ohnishi Y, Takagi S, Miura T,  et al. Effect of ginseng

radix on Glut 2 protein content in mouse liver in normal

and epinephrine-induced hyperglycaemic mice.  Biol

Pharm Bull 1996; 19: 1238-1240.

25. Kimura I, Nakashima N, Sugihara Y, et al. The

antihyperglycaemic blend effect of traditional Chinese

medicine byakko-ka-ninjin-to on alloxan and diabetic

KK-CA(y) mice. Phytother Res 1999; 13: 484-488. 

26. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al.  American

ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) reduces postprandial

glycaemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with

type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2000;

160:1009-1013.

27. Sui DY, Lu Z.Z, Li SH, Cai Y. [Hypoglycaemic effect

of Saponin isolated from leaves of  Acanthopanax

senticosus (Rupr. Et Maxin.) Harms]. Chung Kuo

Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1994; 19:  683-685.

28. Yoshikawa M, Matsuda H, Harada E, et al. A new

hypoglycaemic principle from the root cortex of Aralia

elata Seem; Structure-related hypoglycaemic activity of

oleanolic acid glycosides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)

1994; 42: 1354-1356.

29. Yoshikawa M, Yoshizumi S, Ueno T, et al.  Medicinal

foodstuffs. I. Hypoglycaemic constituents from a

garnish foodstuff “taranome,” the young shoot of

Aralia elata Seem.: elatosides G, H, I, J, and K. Chem

Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995; 43: 1878-1882.

30. Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Harada E, et al. Bioactive

saponins and glycosides. VII. On the hypoglycaemic

principles from the root cortex of  Aralia elata Seem;

Structure related hypoglycaemic activity of oleanolic

acid oligoglycoside. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo); 1996; 

44: 1923-1927.

31. Park HJ, Kim DH, Choi JW, et al. A potent antidiabetic agent from Kalopanax pictus. Arch Pharm Res

1998; 21: 24-29.

32. Kim DH, Yu KW, Bae EA, et al. Metabolism of

kalopanaxsaponin B and H by human intestinal bacteria

and antidiabetic activity of their metabolites. Biol

Pharm Bull 1998; 21: 360-365.

33. Sindurani JA, Rajamohan T. Effects of different levels

of coconut fiber on blood glucose, serum insulin and

minerals in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000; 44:

97-100.

34. Shabana MM, Mirhom YW, Genenah AA, et al. Study

into wild Egyptian plants of potential medicinal

activity. Ninth communication : Hypoglycaemic

activity of some selected plants in normal fasting and

alloxanised rats. Archiv Fur Exp Veterinarmedizin

1990; 44: 389-394.

35. Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha

Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER.

Antidiabetic effect of leaf extract from  Gymnema

sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

patients. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30: 295-300.

20

36. Shanmugasundaram ER, Rajeswari G, Baskaran K,

Rajesh Kumar BR, Radha Shanmugasundaran K, Kizar

Ahmath B. Use of  Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in

the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent

diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30: 281-294.

37. Murakami C, Murakami T, Kadoya M, et al. New

hypoglycaemic constituents  in « gymnemic acid from

Gymnema sylvestre. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996;

44: 469-471.

38. Chattopadhyay RR. Possible mechanism of

antihyperglycaemic effect of  Gymnema sylvestre leaf

extract, part I. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 31: 495-496.

39. Bierer DE, Dubenko LG, Zhang P, et al.

Antihyperglycaemic activities of Cryptolepine

analogues: an ethnobotanical structure isolated from

Cryptolepis sanguinolenta.  J Med Chem 1998; 41:

2754-2764.

40. Luo J, Fort DM, Carlson TJ, et al.  Cryptolepsis

sanguinolenta: An ethnobotanical approach to drug

discovery and the isolation of a potentially useful new

antihyperglycaemic agent. Diab Med 1998; 15: 367-

374.

41. Ubillas RP, Mendez CD, Jolad SD, et al.

Antihyperglycaemic acetylenic glucosides from Bidens

pilosa. Planta Med 2000; 66: 82-83.

42. Perez-Gutierrez RM, Perez-Gonzalez C, ZavalaSanchez MA, Perez-Gutierrez S. Hypoglycaemic

activity of  Bouvardia terniflora, Brickellia

veronicaefolia, and Parmentiera edulis. Salud Publica

Mex 1998; 40: 354-358.

43. Perez RM, Cervantes H, Zavala MA, et al. Isolation

and hypoglycaemic activity of 5, 7, 3'-trihydroxy-3, 6,

4'-trimethoxyflavone from  Brickellia veronicaefolia.

Phytomedicine 2000; 7: 25-29.

44. Roman-Ramos R, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Lara-Lemus A,

Flores-Saenz JL. Hypoglycaemic effect of plants used

in Mexico as antidiabetics. Arch Med Res 1992; 23: 59-

64.

45. Zhang XF, Tan BK. Effects of an ethanolic extract of

Gynura procumbens on serum glucose, cholesterol and

triglyceride levels in normal and streptozotocin-induced

diabetic rats. Singapore Med J 2000; 41: 9-13.

46. Roman-Ramos R, Lara-Lemus A, Alarcon-Aguilar F.

Hypoglycaemic activity of  some antidiabetic plants.

Arch Med Res 1992; 23: 105-109.

47. Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Jimenez-Estrada

M, et al. Effect of three Mexican medicinal plants

(Asteraceae) on blood glucose levels in healthy mice

and rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 55: 171-177.

48. Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Jimenez-Estrada M, Reyes-Chilpa

R, Roman-Ramos R. Hypoglycaemic effect of extracts

and fractions from Psacalium decompositum in healthy

and alloxan-diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72:

21-27.

49. Niyonzima G, Laekeman G, Witvrouw M, et al.

Hypoglycaemic, anticomplement and anti-HIV

activities of  Spathodea campanulata stem bark.

Phytomedicine 1999; 6: 45-49.

50. Roman-Ramos R, Flores-Saenz JL, Partida-Hernandez

G, et al. Experimental study of the hypoglycaemic

effect of some antidiabetic plants. Arch Invest Med

(Mex) 1991; 22: 87-93.

51. Saleem R, Ahmad M, Hussain SA, et al. Hypotensive,

hypoglycaemic and toxicological studies on the

flavonol C-glycoside shamimin from  Bombax ceiba.

Planta Med 1999; 65: 331-334.

52. Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Roman-Ramos R, Perez-Gutierrez

S, et al. Study of the antihyperglycaemic effect of

plants used as antidiabetics. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;

61: 101-110.

53. El-Missiry MA, El Gindy AM. Amelioration of alloxan

induced diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress in rats by

oil of  Eruca sativa seeds. Ann Nutr Metab 2000; 44:

97-100.

54. Khan BA, Abraham A, Leelamna S. Hypoglycaemic

action of  Murraya Koenigii (curry leaf) and  Brassica

juncea (mustard): Mechanism of action.  Indian J

Biochem Biophys 1995; 32: 106-108.

55. Witherup KM, McLaughlin JL, Judd RL, et al.

Identification of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaric acid

(HMG) as hypoglycaemic principle of spanish moss

(Tillandsia usneoïdes). J Nat Prod 1995; 58: 1285-

1290.

56. Frati AC, Jiminez E. Raoul Ariza C. Hypoglycaemic

effect of Opuntia ficus indica in non-insulin-dependent

Diabetes Mellitus patients. Phytother Res 1990; 4: 195-

197.

57. Frati AC, Gordillo BE, Altamirano P, et al. Influence of

nopal intake upon fasting glycaemia in type II diabetics

and healthy subjects. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1991; 22:

51-56.

58. Frati AC, Xilotl Diaz N, Altamirano P, et al. The effect

of two sequential doses  Opuntia streptacantha upon

glycaemia. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1991; 22: 333-336.

59. Nicola WG, Ibrahim KM, Mikhail TH, et al. Role of

the hypoglycaemic plant extract Cleome droserifolia in

improving glucose and lipid metabolism and its relation

to insulin resistance in fatty liver. Bull Chim Farm

1996; 135: 507-517. 

60. Jouad H, Eddouks M, Lacaille-Dubois MA, Lyoussi B.

Hypoglycaemic effect of  Spergularia purpurea in

normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J

Ethnopharmacol 2000; 71:169-177.

61. Konig GM, Wright AD, Keller WJ, et al.

Hypoglycaemic activity of HMG-Containing flavonoid

glucoside, chamaenmeloside, from  Chamaemelum

nobile. Planta Med 1998; 64: 612-614.

62. Al-Shamaony LA, Al-Khazraji SM, Twaij HA.

Hypoglycaemic effect of  Artemisia herba alba. II.

Effect of a valuable extract on some blood parameters

in diabetic animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 43: 167-

171.

63. Marrif HI, Ali BH, Hassan KM. Some pharmacological

studies on Artemisia herba-alba (Asso.) in rabbits and

mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 49: 51-55.

64. Al-Khazraji SM, Al-Shamaony LA, Twaij HA.

Hypoglycaemic effect of  Artemisia herba alba. Effect

of different parts and influence of the solvent on

hypoglycaemic activity. J  Ethnopharmacol 1993; 40:

163-166. 

21

65. Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P, Rajasekharan S, et

al. Effect of  Artemisia pallen Wall. on blood glucose

levels in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.  J

Ethnopharmacol 1996; 50: 13-17. 

66. Tunali T, Yarat A, Yanardag R, et al. The effect of

Chard (Beta vulgaris L. ver. Cicla) on the skin of

streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Pharmazie 1998;

53: 638-640.

67. Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Kadoya M, et al.

Medicinal foodstuffs. III. Sugar beet. (1):

Hypoglycaemic oleanolic acid oligoglycosides,

betavulgarosides I, II, III, and IV, from the root of Beta

vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull

(Tokyo) 1996; 44: 1212-1217. 

68. Yoshikawa M, Shimada H, Morikawa T, et al.

Medicinal foodstuffs. VII. On the saponin constituents

with glucose and alcohol absorption-inhibitory activity

from a food garnish “Tonburi”, the fruit of Japanese

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schard: structures of

scoparianosides A, B, and. C. Chem Pharm Bull

(Tokyo) 1997; 45: 1300-1305.

69. Kusano S, Abe H. Antidiabetic activity of white

skinned sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in obese

Zucker fatty rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2000;  23: 23-26.

70. Malalavidhane TS, Wickramasinghe SM, Jansz ER.

Oral hypoglycaemic activity of  Ipomoea aquatica. J

Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 293-298.

71. Cheng XJ, Di L, Wu Y,  et al. Studies on the

hypoglycaemic effect of  Rhodiola sachalinensis A.

Bor. Polysaccharides. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih

1993; 18: 557-9, 575.

72. Chem X, Di L, Wu Y, Liu X, Ren Q. Hypoglycaemic

effect of  Rhodiola Sachalinensis A. Bor.

Polysaccharides: Comparison of administration in

different ways. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1996;

21:  685-687.

73. Karagenzyan KG, Vartanyan GS, Agadjanov MI, et al.

Restoration of the disordered glucose fatty acid cycle in

alloxan-diabetic rats by trihydroxyoctadecadienoic

acids from Bryonia alba, a native Armenian medicinal

plant. Planta Med 1998; 64: 417-422.

74. Nmila R, Gross R, Rchid H, et al. Insulinotropic effect

of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extracts. Planta Med 2000;

66: 418-423.

75. Abdel-Hassan IA, Abdel-Barry JA, Tariq Mohammeda

S. The hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effect of

Citrullus colocynthis fruit aqueous extract in normal

and alloxan diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;

71:325-330.

76. Hossain MZ, Shibib BA, Rahman R. Hypoglycaemic

effects of  Coccina indica: inhibition of key

gluconeogenic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. Indian

J Exp Biol 1992; 30: 418-420.

77. Kumar GP, Sudheesh S, Vijayalakshmi NR.

Hypoglycaemic effect of  Coccina indica: Mechanism

of action. Planta Med 1993; 59:  330-332.

78. Higashino H, Suzuki A, Tanaka Pootakham K.

Hypoglycaemic effects of Siamese  Momordica

Charantia and  phyllantus urinaria extracts in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nippon

Yakurigaku Zasshi 1992; 100: 515-521.

79. Cakici I, Hirmoglu C, Tunctan B, et al. 

Hypoglycaemic effect of Momordica charantia extracts

in normoglycaemic or cyproheptadine-induced

hyperglycaemic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 44:

117-121.

80. Tennekoom KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Angunawala P,

Karunanayake EH, Jayasinghe KS. Effect of

Momordica charantia on key hepatic enzymes.  J

Ethnopharmacol 1994; 44: 93-97.

81. Sarkar S, Pranava M, Marita R. Demonstration of the

hypoglycaemic action of  Momordica Charantia in a

validated model of diabetes. Pharmacol Res 1996; 33: 

1-4.

82. Raza H, Ahmed I, Lakhani MS, Sharma AK, et al.

Effect of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fruit

juice on the hepatic cytochrome P450-dependent

monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferase in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biochem

Pharmacol 1996; 52: 1639-1642.

83. Sitasawad SL, Shewade Y, Bhonde R. Role of

bittergourd fruit juice in STZ-induced diabetic state in

vivo and in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 73: 71-79.

84. Jayasooriya AP, Sakono M, Yukizaki C, et al. Effects

of  Momordica charantia powder on serum glucose

levels and various lipid parameters in rats fed with

cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets. J

Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 331-336.

85. Rao BK, Kesavulu MM, Giri R, Appa Rao C.

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of  Momordica

cymbalaria Hook. Fruit powder in alloxan-diabetic rats.

J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 103-119. 

86. Sanchez de Medina F, Gamez MJ, Jimenez I, Osuna JI,

Zarzuelo A. Hypoglycaemic activity of

juniper "berries". Planta Med 1994; 60: 197-200.

87. Iwu MM, Okunji CO, Akah P, et al. Discoretine: The

hypoglycaemic principle of  Discorea dumetorum.

Planta Med 1990; 56: 119-120.

88. Iwu MM, Okunji CO, Ohiaeri GO, et al.

Hypoglycaemic activity of discoretine from tubers of

Discorea dumetorum in normal and alloxan diabetic

rabbits. Planta Med 1990; 56: 264-267.

89. Andrade Cetto A, Wiedenfeld H, Revilla MC, Sergio

IA. Hypoglycaemic effect of Equisetum myriochaetum

aerial parts on streptozotocin diabetic rats.  J

Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 129-133.

90. Farias RA, Rao VS, Viana GS, et al. Hypoglycaemic

effect of trans-dehydrocrotocin, a nor-clerodane

diterpene from Croton cajucara. Planta Med 1997; 63:

558-560.

91. Srividya N, Periwal S. Diuretic, hypotensive and

hypoglycaemic effect of Phyllanthus amarus. Indian J

Exp Biol 1995; 33: 861-864.

92. Carney JR, Krenisky JM, Williamson RT, et al.

Maprouneacin, a new daphnane diterpenoid with potent

antihyperglycaemic activity from Maprounea africana.

J Nat Prod 1999; 62: 345-347.

93. Ali AA, Mohamed MH, Kamel MS, et al. Studies on

Securigera securidacea (L.) Deg. Et Dprfl. (Fabaceae)

22

seeds, an antidiabetic Egyptian folk medicine.

Pharmazie 1998; 53: 710-715.

94. Amalraj T, Ignacimuthu S. Evaluation of the

hypoglycaemic effect of Cajanus cajan (seeds) in mice.

Indian J Exp Biol 1998; 36: 1032-1033.

95. Krenisky JM, Luo J, Reed MJ, Carney JR. Isolation and

antihyperglycaemic activity of bakuchiol from

Otholobium pubescens (Fabaceae), a Peruvian

medicinal plant used for the treatment of diabetes. Biol

Pharm Bull 1999; 22:1137-1140.

96. Rodriguez J, Loyola JI, Maulen G,

Schmedahirschmann G. Hypoglycaemic activity of

Geranium core-core, oxaliss rossa and Plantago major

extract in rats. Phytother Res 1994; 8: 372-374.

97. Shukla K, Narain JP, Puri P, et al. Glycaemic response

to maize, bajra and barley. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

1991; 35: 249-254.

98. Fernando MR, Tabrew MI, Karunanayake EH.

Hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants in

Sri-Lanka. Gen Pharmacol 1990; 21: 779-782.

99. Bajpai MB, Asthana RK, Sharma NK, et al.

Hypoglycaemic effect of Swerchirin from the hexane

fraction  Swertia chirayita. Planta Med 1991; 57: 102-

104.

100.Saxena AM, Bajpai MB, Mukherjee SK. Swerchirin

induced blood sugar lowering of streptozotocin treated

hyperglycaemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1991; 29: 674-

675.

101.Saxena AM, Bajpai MB, Murthy PS, Mukherjee SK.

Mechanism of blood sugar lowering by a Swerchrincontaining hexane fraction (SWI)  Swertia chirayita.

Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31: 178-181.

102.Basnet P, Kadota S, Shimizu M, Namba T. Bellidifolin:

a potent hypoglycaemic agent in streptozotocin (STZ)-

induced diabetic rats from  Swertia japonica.  Planta

Med 1994; 60: 507-511.

103.Basnet P, Kadota S, Shimizu M, et al. Bellidifolin

stimulates glucose uptake in rat 1 fibroblasts and

ameliorates hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-

induced diabetic rats. Planta Med 1995; 61: 402-405.

104.Kudolo GB. The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo

biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in

response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant

individuals. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40:647-654.

105.Skim F, Lazrek HB, Kaaya  A, et al. Pharmacological

studies of two antidiabetic plants:  Globularia alypum

and  Zygophyllum gaetulum. Therapie 1999; 54: 711-

715.

106.Jaouhari JT, Lazrek HB, Jana M. The hypoglycaemic

activity of  Zygophyllum gaetulum extracts in alloxaninduced hyperglycaemic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;

69:17-20.

107.Iwu MM, Igboko OA, Okunji CO, Tempesta MS.

Antidiabetic and aldose reductase activities of

biflavones of Garcinia kola. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;

42: 290-292.

108.Yoshikawa M, Harada E, Murakami T,  et al. Escins-Ia,

Ib, IIa, IIb and IIIa bioactive triterpene oligoglycosides

from the seeds of  Aesculus hippocastanum L: Their

inhibitory effects on ethanol absorption, and

hypoglycaemic activity on glucose tolerance test. Chem

Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1994;  42: 1357-1359.

109.Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Matsuda H, et al.

Bioactive saponins and glycosides. III. Horse chestnut.

(1): The structure, inhibitory effect on ethanol

absorption, and hypoglycaemic activity of escins Ia, Ib,

II a, II b and III a from the seeds of  Aesculus

hippocastanum L. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996; 44:

1454-1464.

110.Augusti KT, Joseph P, Babu TD. Biologically active

principles isolated from Salacia oblonga wall. Indian J

Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 39: 415-417. 

111.Serasinghe S, Serasinghe P, Yamazaki H, et al. Oral

hypoglycaemic effect of  Salacia reticulata in the

streptozotocin induced diabetic rat. Phytother Res

1990; 4: 205-206. 

112.Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Yashiro K, Matsuda H.

Kotalanol, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor with

thiosugar sulfonium sulfate structure, from antidiabetic

ayurvedic medicine  Salacia reticulata. Chem Pharm

Bull (Tokyo) 1995; 46: 1339-1340.

113.Chattopadhyay RR. Hypoglycaemic effect of Ocimum

sanctum leaf extract in normal and streptozotocin

diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31: 391-393.

114.Rai  V,  Iyer  U,  Mani  UV.  Effect  of  Tulasi  (Ocimum

sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar

levels, serum lipids and tissues lipids in diabetic rats.

Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1997; 50: 9-12.

115.Agrawal P, Rai V, Singh RB. Randomized placebocontrolled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in

patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996, 34: 406-409.

116.Zarzuelo A, Risco S, Gamez MJ, et al. Hypoglycaemic

action of  Salvia lavandufolia Vahl. Spp. Oxyodon: a

contribution to studies on the mechanism of action. Life

Sci 1990; 47: 909-915.

117.Jimenez I. Jimenez J, Gamez J, et al. Effects of Salvia

lavandulifolia Vahl ssp oxyodon extract on pancreatic

endocrine tissue in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

Phytother Res 1995; 9: 536-537.

118.Perfumi M, Arnold N, Tacconi R. Hypoglycaemic

activity of  Salvia fruticosa Mill. From Cyprus. J

Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34: 135-140.

119.Sharma SR, Dwivedi SK, Swarup D. Hypoglycaemic,

antihyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic activities of

Caesalpinia bonducella seeds in rats. J Ethnopharmacol

1997; 58: 39-44.

120.Lemus I, Garcia R, Delvillar E, Knop G.

Hypoglycaemic activity of four plants used in Chilean

popular medicine. Phytother Res 1999; 13: 91-94.

121.Sharma RD, Raghuran TC, Raos NS. Effect of

fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in

type I diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990; 44 : 301-306.

122.Khosla P, Gupta DD, Nagpal RK. Effect of Trigonella

foenum graecum (Fenugreek) on blood glucose in

normal and diabetic rats.  Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

1995; 39: 173-174.

123.Abdel-barry JA, Abdel-Hassan IA, Al-Hakiem MH.

Hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects of

Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf in normal and alloxan 

23

induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 58: 149-

155.

124.Ali L, Azad Khan AK, Hassan Z, et al. Characterization

of the hypoglycaemic effects of  Trigonella foenum

graecum seed. Planta Med 1995; 61:358-360.

125.Petit PR, Sauvaire YD, Hillaire-Buys DM, et al. Steroid

saponins from fenugreek seeds: extraction, purification,

and pharmacological investigation on feeding behavior

and plasma cholesterol. Steroids 1995; 60: 674-80.

126.Ravikumar P, Anuradha CV. Effect of fenugreek seeds

on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic

rats. Phytother Res 1999; 13: 197-201.

127.Gray AM, Flatt PR. Pancreatic and extra-pancreatic

effects of the traditional anti-diabetic plant, Medicago

sativa (Lucerne). Br J Nutr 1997; 78: 325-334.

128.Perez S, Perez R.M, Perez C, et al. Coyolosa, a new

hypoglycaemic from Acrocomia mexicana. Pharm Acta

Helv 1997; 72: 105-111.

129.Manickam M, Ramanathan M, Jahromi MA, et al.

Antihyperglycaemic activity of phenolics from

Pterocarpus marsupium. J Nat Prod 1997; 60: 609-610. 

130.Nojima H, Kimura I, Chen FJ, et al.

Antihyperglycaemic effects  of N-containing sugars

from  Xanthocecis zambesiaca,  Morus bombycis,

Aglaenema treubii and  Castanospermum autrale in

streptozotocin-diabetic mice. J Nat Prod 1998; 61: 397-

400.

131.Sheela CG, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effects of S-allyl

cysteine sulphoxide isolated from garlic Allium sativum

Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 1992; 30: 523-526.

132.Sheela CG, Kumud K, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effects

of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta

Med 1995; 61: 356-357.

133.Augusti KT, Sheela CG. Antiperoxide effect of S-allyl

cysteine sulfoxide, an insulin secretagogue, in diabetic

rats. Experientia 1996; 52: 115-120.

134.Kumari K, Mathew BC, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic and

hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide

isolated from  Allium cepa Linn. Indian J Biochem

Biophys 1995; 32: 49-54.

135.Babu PS, Srinivasan K. Influence of dietary capsaicin

and onion on the metabolic  abnormalities associated

with streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell

Biochem 1997; 175: 49-57.

136.Ajabnoor MA. Effect of aloes on blood glucose levels

in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol

1990; 28: 215-220.

137.Nakashima N, Kimura I, Kimura M, Matsuura H.

Isolation of pseudoprotoprototimosaponin AIII from

rhizomes of  Anemarrhena asphodeloides an its

hypoglycaemic activity in streptozotocin-induced

diabetic mice. J Nat Prod 1993; 56: 345-350.

138.Miura T, Kako M, Ishihara E, et al. Antidiabetic effect

of Seishin-Kanro-to in KK-Ay mice. Planta Med 1997;

63: 320-322.

139.Kako M, Miura T, Usami M, Kato A, Kadowaki S.

Hypoglycaemic effect of the rhizomes of Ophiopogonis

tuber in normal and diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull

1995; 18: 785-787.

140.Kato M, Miura T. Hypoglycaemic action of the

rhizomes of  Polygonatum officinale in normal and

diabetic mice. Planta Med 1994; 60: 201-203.

141.Kato M, Miura T, Yano H, et al. Suppresive effects of

Polygonatum rhizoma on hepatic glucose output Glut 2

mRNA expression and its protein content in rat liver.

Endocr J 1994; 41: 139-144.

142.Miura T, Kato A, Usami M, et al. Effect of Polygonati

rhizoma on blood glucose and facilitative glucose

transporter isoform 2(Glut 2)mRNA expression in

wistar fatty rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1995; 18: 624-625.

143.Miura T, Kato A. The difference in hypoglycaemic

action between  Polygonati rhizoma and  Polygonati

officinali rhizoma. Biol Pharm Bull 1995; 18: 1605-

1606.

144.Fukunaga T, Miura T, Furuta K, Kato A.

Hypoglycaemic effect of the rhizomes of Smilax glabra

in normal and diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 1997; 20:

44-46.

145.Abuh FY, Wambebe C, Rai PP, Sokamba EN.

Hypoglycaemic activity of Anthocleista voglii (Planch)

aqueous extract in rodents. Phytother Res 1990; 4: 20-

24.  

146.Miao N, Tao H, Tong C, Xuan H, Zhang G. The

Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) spring complex in the

treatment of experimental diabetes and its effect on

blood rheology. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih

1996; 21: 493-495.

147.Murakami C, Myoga K, Kasai R, et al. Screening of

plant constituents for effect on glucose transport

activity in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Chem Pharm

Bull (Tokyo) 1993; 41: 2129-2131.

148.Kakuda T, Sakane I, Takihara T, et al. Hypoglycaemic

effect of extracts from  Lagerstroemia speciosa L.

leaves in genetically KK-AY mice. Biosci Biotechnol

Biochem 1996; 60: 204-208. 

149.Tomoda M, Shimizu N, Gonda R, et al.

Anticomplementary and hypoglycaemic activities of

the glycans from the seeds of Malva verticillata. Planta

Med 1990; 56: 168-170.

150.Kanth VR, Diwan PV. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory

and hypoglycaemic activities of  Sida cordifolia.

Phytother Res 1999; 13: 75-77.

151.Amalraj T, Ignacimuthu S. Evaluation of the

hypoglycaemic effect of  Memecylon umbellatum in

normal and alloxan diabetic mice.  J Ethnopharmacol

1998; 62: 247-250.

152.Chattopadhyay RR. Possible mechanism of

antihyperglycaemic effect of  Azadirachta indica leaf

extract, part IV. Gen Pharmacol 1996; 27: 431-434.

153.Chattopadhyay RR. Possible mechanism of

antihyperglycaemic effect of  Azadirachta indica leaf

extract, part V. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 373-376.

154.Chattopadhyay RR. A comparative evaluation of some

blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. J

Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 367-372.

155.Noor H, Ashcrof SJ. Pharmacological characterization

of the Antihyperglycaemic properties of  Tinospora

crispa extracts. J Ethnopharmacol1998; 62: 7-13.

24

156.Stanely P, Prince M, Menon VP. Hypoglycaemic and

other related actions of  Tinospora cordifolia roots in

alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;

70: 9-15.

157.Serraclara A, Hawkins F, Perez C, et al.

Hypoglycaemic action of an oral fig-leaf decoction in

type-I diabetic patients. Diab Res Clin Pract 1998; 39:

19-22.

158.Canal JR, Torres MD, Romero A, Perez C. A

chloroform extract obtained from a decoction of Ficus

carica leaves improves the cholesterolaemic status of

rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Physiol

Hung 2000; 87: 71-76.

159.Achrekar S, Kaklij GS, Pote MS, Kelkar SM.

Hypoglycaemic activity of  Eugenia jambolana and

Ficus bengalensis : Mechanism of action. In vivo 1991;

5: 143-147.

160.Cherian S, Kumar RV, Augusti KT, Kidwai JR.

Antidiabetic effects of glycoside of pelargonidin

isolated from the bark of  Ficus bengalensis Linn.

Indian J Exp Biol 1992; 29: 380-382.

161.Cherian S, Augusti KT. Antidiabetic effects of

glycoside of Leucopelargonidin isolated from  Ficus

bengalensis Linn. Indian J Exp Biol 1993; 31: 26-29.

162.Augusti KT, Daniel RS, Cherian S, et al Effect of

leucopelargonin derivative from  Ficus bengalensis

Linn. on diabetic dogs. Indian J Med Res 1994; 99: 82-

86. 

163.Geetha BS, Mathew BC, Augusti KT. Hypoglycaemic

effects of leucodelphinidin derivative isolated from

Ficus bengalensis (Linn.). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol

1994; 38: 220-222.

164.Basnet P, Kadota S, Terashima S, et al. Two new 2-

arylbenzofuran derivatives from hypoglycaemic

activity-bearing fractions of  Morus insignis. Chem

Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1993; 41: 1238-1243.

165.Chen F, Nakashima N, Kimura I, Kimura M.

Hypoglycaemic activity and mechanisms of extracts

from mulberry leaves (folium mori) and cortex radicis

in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Yakugaku

Zasshi 1995; 115: 476-482.

166.Miura T, Kato A. Hypoglycaemic action of  Embelia

madagascariensis in normal and diabetic mice. Am J

Chin Med 1997; 25: 169-173.

167.Yoshikawa M, Shimada H, Nishida N, et al.

Antidiabetic principles of natural medicines. II. Aldose

reductase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from

Brazilian natural medicine, the leaves of Myrcia

multiflora DC. (Myrtaceae): structures of myrciacitrins

I and II and myrciaphenones A and B. Chem Pharm

Bull (Tokyo) 1998; 46: 113-192.

168.Russo EM, Reichelt AA, De-Sa JR, et al.  Clinical trial

of Myrcia uniflora and Bauhinia forficata leaf extract s

in normal and diabetic patients. Braz J Med Biol Res

1990; 23: 11-20.

169.Pepato MT, Oliveira JR, Kettelhut IC, Migliorini RH.

Assessment of antidiabetic activity of Myrcia uniflora

extracts in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Diab Res 1993;

22: 49-57.

170.Gray AM, Flatt PR. Antihyperglycaemic actions of

Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) are associated with

pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects in mice. J Nutr

1998; 128: 2319-2323.

171.Prince PS, Menon VP, Pari L. Hypoglycaemic activity

of  Syzigium cumini seeds: effect on lipid peroxidation

in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 61: 1-

7.

172.Pari L, Umamaheswari J. Antihyperglycaemic activity

of Musa sapientum flowers: effect on lipid peroxidation

in alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2000; 14:136-

138.

173. Mukherjee PK, Pal M, Saha K, Saha BP.

Hypoglycaemic activity of  Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn

(Fam nymphaeaceae) rhizome (Methanolic extract) in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res

1995; 58: 522-524.

174. Mukherjee PK, Saha K, Pal M, Saha BP. Effect of

Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on blood sugar level

in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 58: 207-213.

175.Gonzalez M, Zarzuelo A, Gamez MJ, Utrilla MP,

Jimenez J, Osuna I. Hypoglycaemic activity of olive

leaf.  Planta Med 1992; 58: 513-515.

176.Pushparaj P, Tan CH, Tan BK. Effects of  Averrhoa

bilimbi leaf extract on blood glucose and lipids in

streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;

72: 69-76.

177.Puri D, Baral N. Hypoglycaemic effect of  Biophytum

sensitivum in the alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian J

Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42: 401-416.

178.Villaroel M, Biolley E, Larenas G, et al. [Chemical,

sensory and clinical characterization of  lupin

marmalades]. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1996; 46: 234-237.

179.Diaz J, Durruty P, Tapia JC, et al. The effect of dietary

fiber (white lupine bran) in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Rev Med Chil 1990; 118: 

24-32.

180.Pengvicha P, Thirawarapan SS, Watanabe H.

Hypoglycaemic effect of water extract of the root of

Pandanus odorus RIDL. Biol Pharm Bull 1996; 19:

364-366.

181.Pengvicha P, Temsiririrkkul R, Prassain JK, et al.  4-

Hydoxybenzoic acid: a hypoglycaemic constituent of

aqueous extract of  Pandanus odorus root. J

Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62: 79-84.

182.Pengvicha P, Thirawapan SS, Watanabe H. Possible

mechanism of hypoglycaemic effect of 4-

hydroxybenzoic acid, a constituent of Pandanus odorus

root. Jap J Pharmacol 1998; 78: 395-398.

183.Lores RI, Cires Pujol M.  Petiveria alleaceae L.

(anamu). Study of the hypoglycaemic effect. Med

Intern 1990; 28: 347-352.

184.Pengvicha P, Thirawapan SS,  Temsiririrkkul R, et al.

Hypoglycaemic effect of the water extract of  Piper

sarmentosum  in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 60: 27-

32.

185.Pastors JG, Blaisdell PW, Balm TK, et al.  Psyllium

fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin

concentrations in patients with no-insulin-dependent

diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1431-1435. 

25

186.Frati Munari AC, Benitez Pinto W, Raul Ariza Andraca

C, Casarrubias M. Lowering glycaemic index of food

by acarbose and plantago psyllium mucilage. Arch Med

Res 1998; 29: 137-141.

187.Kako M, Miura T, Usami M, et al. Effect of Senegin-II

on blood sugar in normal and NIDDM mice. Biol

Pharm Bull 1995; 18: 1159-1161.

188.Kako M, Miura T, Nishiyama Y, et al. Hypoglycaemic

effect of the rhizomes of  Polygala senega in normal

and diabetic mice and its main component, the

triterpenoid glycoside senegin-II. Planta Med 1996; 62:

440-443.

189.Yoshikawa M, Murakami T,  Ueno T, et al. Bioactive

saponins and glycosides. I.  Senegae radix. (1): Esenegasaponins a and b and Z-senegasaponins a and b,

their inhibitory effect  on alcohol absorption and

hypoglycaemic activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)

1995; 43:  2115-2122.

190.Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Matsuda H, et al.

Bioactive saponins and glycosides. II.  Senegae radix.

(2): Chemical structures  and hypoglycaemic activity,

and ethanol absorption inhibitory effect of Esenegasaponin c, Z-senegasaponins c, and Z-senegins

II, III and IV. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1996; 44:

1305-1313.

191.Kako M, Miura T, Nishiyama Y, Ichimaru M,

Moriyasu M, Kato A. Hypoglycaemic activity of some

triterpenoid glycosides. J Nat Prod 1997; 60: 604-605.

192.Yuan Z, He P, Cui J, Takeuchi H. Hypoglycaemic

effect of water-soluble polysaccharide from Auricularia

auricula-judae Quel. On genetically diabetic KK-Ay

mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62: 1898-1903.

193.Jafri MA, Aslam M, Javed K, Singh S. Effect of Punica

granatum Linn. (flowers) on blood glucose level in

normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.  J

Ethnopharmacol 2000; 70:309-314.

194.Hsu FL, Lai CW, Cheng JT. Antihyperglycaemic

effects of paeoniflorin and 8-debenzoylpaeniflorin,

glucosides from the root of Paeonia lactiflora.  Planta

Med 1997; 63: 323-325.

195.Glombitza KW, Mahran GH, Mirhom YW, et al.

Hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects of

Zizyphus spina-christi in rats. Planta Med 1994; 60:

244-247.

196.Gray AM, Flatt PR. Actions of the traditional antidiabetic plant, Agrimomy eupatoria (agrimomy): effects

on hyperglycaemia, cellular glucose metabolism and

insulin secretion. Br J Nutr 1998; 80: 109-114.

197.De Tommasi N, De Simone  F,  Cirino  G,  et  al.

Hypoglycaemic effects of sesquiterpene glycosides and

polyhydroxylated triterpenoids of Eriobotrya japonica.

Planta Med 1991; 57: 414-416.

198.Teotia S, Singh M. Hypoglycaemic of  Prunus

amygdalus seeds in albino rabbits. Indian J Exp Biol

1997; 35: 295-296.

199.Choi JS, Suh SS, Young HS, Park HJ. Hypolipemic and

hypoglycaemic activities of  Prunus davidiana in high

fat-fed rats. Arch Pharm Res 1991; 1: 44-47.

200.Korec R, Heinz Sensch K, Zoukas T. Effects of the

neoflavonoid coutareagenin, one of the antidiabetic

active substances of  Hintonia latiflora, on

streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats.

Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50: 122-128.

201.Kamanyi A, Njamen D, Nkeh B. Hypoglycaemic

properties of the aqueous root extract of  Morinda

lucida (Benth) (Rubiaceae). Studies in the mouse.

Phytother Res 1994; 8: 369-371.

202.Olajide OA, Awe SO, Makinde JM, Morebise O.

Evaluation of the anti-diabetic property of  Morinda

lucida leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.  J Pharm

Pharmacol 1999; 51: 1321-1324.

203.Seema PV, Sudha B, Padayatti PS, et al. Kinetic studies

of purified malate deshydrogenase liver of

streptozotocin-diabetic rats and the effect of leaf extract

of Aegle marmelose (L.) Correa ex Roxb. Indian J Exp

Biol 1996; 34:  600-602. 

204.Ponnachan PT, Paulose CS, Panikkar KR. Effect of leaf

extract of  Aegle marmelose in diabetic rats. Indian J

Exp Biol 1993; 31: 345-347.

205.Naik SR, Barbosa Filho JM, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh V.

Probable mechanism of mechanism of hypoglycaemic

activity of bassic acid, a natural product isolated from

Bumelia sartorum. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33: 37-44.

206.Kiho T, Watanabe T, Nagai K, Ukai S. Hypoglycaemic

activity of polysaccharides fraction from fhizome of

Rehmania glutinosa Libosch. f. hueichingensis Hsiao

and the effect on carbohydrate metabolism in normal

mouse liver. Yakugaku Zasshi 1992; 112: 393-400.

207.Miura T, Noda M, Fukunaga T, Furuta K.

Hypoglycaemic activity of to-Kai-San (Chinese

medicines) in normal and KK-Ay mice.  J Nutr Sci

Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1997; 43: 11-17.

208.Kamel MS, Ohtani K, Kurokawa T, et al. Studies on

Balanites aegyptiaca fruits, an antidiabetic Egyptian

folk medicine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991; 39:

1229-1233.

209.Andallu B, Radhika B. Hypoglycaemic, diuretic and

hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania

somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol 2000; 38:

607-609.

210.Ibrahim N, el-Eraky W, el-Gengaihi S, Shalaby AS.

Chemical and biological evaluation of proteins and

mucilage from roots and seeds of  Glossostemon

bruguieri Desf. (Moghat). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1997;

50: 55-51.

211.Gomes A, Vedasiromoni JR, Das M, et al.

Antihyperglycaemic effect of black tea (Camelia

sinensis) in rat. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 45: 223-226.

212.Garg SK, Shah MA, Garg KM, et al. Antilymphocytic

and immunosuppressive effects of  Lantana camara

leaves in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1997; 35: 1315-1318.

213.Luo J, Chuang J, Cheung J, et al. Masoprocol

(nordihydroguaiaretic acid): A new antihyperglycaemic

agent isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea

tridentata). Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 346: 77-79.

(contd.)